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Gu F, Yang P, Li L, Li C. Drug-induced liver injury associated with savolitinib: a novel case report and causality assessment. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:384. [PMID: 39123181 PMCID: PMC11316428 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Savolitinib, a small molecule inhibitor, has gained approval as the inaugural medication in China that specifically targets MET kinase. Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who show MET exon 14 skipping now have a new and innovative treatment option available. CASE REPORT In this case report, we describe a patient who experienced drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to the administration of savolitinib. After being prescribed with savolitinib (400 mg per day, oral), a 73-year-old male diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC with MET exon 14 skipping mutation experienced an increase in liver enzymes and bilirubin levels according to his laboratory tests conducted one month later. Following a 14-day course of hepatoprotective medication, the liver function reverted back to its normal state. After receiving savolitinib (200 mg per day, oral) for one week, the patient was once again diagnosed with severe liver impairment. Then savolitinib was discontinued and received treatment with hepatoprotective drugs for one week. Following the restoration of normal liver function, another attempt was made to administer a small amount of savolitinib (100 mg per day, oral). Thus far, the patient has been followed up and there has been no recurrence of liver damage. Additionally, the lung CT scan revealed ongoing tumor shrinkage with no apparent indications of spreading or metastasis. The Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) determined that savolitinib was "highly probable" cause of DILI. Moderate-severe was determined to be the extent of DILI severity. CONCLUSION To the best of our understanding, this is the initial instance of DILI resulting from the use of savolitinib as a standalone treatment in a real-world setting. During the administration of savolitinib, healthcare professionals should carefully consider the potential occurrence of DILI. Administering the patient with a small amount of savolitinib resulted in a remarkable response against the tumor, leading us to speculate that the effectiveness of savolitinib might be associated with its plasma concentration. Studying the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of savolitinib is beneficial for tailoring and accurately prescribing the medication to each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Soyer SM, Ozbek P, Kasavi C. Lung Adenocarcinoma Systems Biomarker and Drug Candidates Identified by Machine Learning, Gene Expression Data, and Integrative Bioinformatics Pipeline. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:408-420. [PMID: 38979602 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2024.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a significant planetary health challenge with its high morbidity and mortality rate, not to mention the marked interindividual variability in treatment outcomes and side effects. There is an urgent need for robust systems biomarkers that can help with early cancer diagnosis, prediction of treatment outcomes, and design of precision/personalized medicines for LUAD. The present study aimed at systems biomarkers of LUAD and deployed integrative bioinformatics and machine learning tools to harness gene expression data. Predictive models were developed to stratify patients based on prognostic outcomes. Importantly, we report here several potential key genes, for example, PMEL and BRIP1, and pathways implicated in the progression and prognosis of LUAD that could potentially be targeted for precision/personalized medicine in the future. Our drug repurposing analysis and molecular docking simulations suggested eight drug candidates for LUAD such as heat shock protein 90 inhibitors, cardiac glycosides, an antipsychotic agent (trifluoperazine), and a calcium ionophore (ionomycin). In summary, this study identifies several promising leads on systems biomarkers and drug candidates for LUAD. The findings also attest to the importance of integrative bioinformatics, structural biology and machine learning techniques in biomarker discovery, and precision oncology research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Melis Soyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Pemra Ozbek
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ceyda Kasavi
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Lin HH, Chang CW, Liao YT, Yeh SD, Lin HP, Ho HM, Cheung CHY, Juan HF, Chen YR, Su YW, Chen LM, Tan TH, Lin WJ. DUSP22 inhibits lung tumorigenesis by suppression of EGFR/c-Met signaling. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:285. [PMID: 38877005 PMCID: PMC11178881 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
DUSP22, an atypical dual-specificity phosphatase enzyme, plays a significant role in regulating multiple kinase signaling pathways by dephosphorylation. Our study demonstrated that decreased DUSP22 expression is associated with shorter disease-free survival, advanced TNM (tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis), cancer stage, and higher tumor grade in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. Exogenous DUSP22 expression reduces the colony-forming capacity of lung cancer cells and inhibits xenograft tumor growth primarily by targeting EGFR and suppressing its activity through dephosphorylation. Knockdown of DUSP22 using shRNA enhances EGFR dependency in HCC827 lung cancer cells and increases sensitivity to gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor. Consistently, genetic deletion of DUSP22 enhances EGFRdel (exon 19 deletion)-driven lung tumorigenesis and elevates EGFR activity. Pharmacological inhibition of DUSP22 activates EGFR, ERK1/2, and upregulates downstream PD-L1 expression. Additionally, lentiviral deletion of DUSP22 by shRNA enhances lung cancer cell migration through EGFR/c-Met and PD-L1-dependent pathways. Gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor, mechanistically suppresses migration induced by DUSP22 deletion and inhibits c-Met activity. Furthermore, cabozantinib, a c-Met inhibitor, reduces migration and attenuates EGFR activation caused by DUSP22 deletion. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis that loss of DUSP22 function in lung cancer cells confers a survival advantage by augmenting EGFR signaling, leading to increased activation of downstream c-Met, ERK1/2, and PD-L1 axis, ultimately contributing to the progression of advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Han Lin
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Chang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shauh-Der Yeh
- Department of Urology, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ping Lin
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Ho
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jye Lin
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
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4
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Rosell R, Jantus-Lewintre E, Cao P, Cai X, Xing B, Ito M, Gomez-Vazquez JL, Marco-Jordán M, Calabuig-Fariñas S, Cardona AF, Codony-Servat J, Gonzalez J, València-Clua K, Aguilar A, Pedraz-Valdunciel C, Dantes Z, Jain A, Chandan S, Molina-Vila MA, Arrieta O, Ferrero M, Camps C, González-Cao M. KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy based on tepotinib and omeprazole combination. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:324. [PMID: 38867255 PMCID: PMC11167791 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) shows a relatively low response rate to chemotherapy, immunotherapy and KRAS-G12C selective inhibitors, leading to short median progression-free survival, and overall survival. The MET receptor tyrosine kinase (c-MET), the cognate receptor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), was reported to be overexpressed in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cells leading to tumor-growth in anchorage-independent conditions. METHODS Cell viability assay and synergy analysis were carried out in native, sotorasib and trametinib-resistant KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines. Colony formation assays and Western blot analysis were also performed. RNA isolation from tumors of KRAS-mutant NSCLC patients was performed and KRAS and MET mRNA expression was determined by real-time RT-qPCR. In vivo studies were conducted in NSCLC (NCI-H358) cell-derived tumor xenograft model. RESULTS Our research has shown promising activity of omeprazole, a V-ATPase-driven proton pump inhibitor with potential anti-cancer properties, in combination with the MET inhibitor tepotinib in KRAS-mutant G12C and non-G12C NSCLC cell lines, as well as in G12C inhibitor (AMG510, sotorasib) and MEK inhibitor (trametinib)-resistant cell lines. Moreover, in a xenograft mouse model, combination of omeprazole plus tepotinib caused tumor growth regression. We observed that the combination of these two drugs downregulates phosphorylation of the glycolytic enzyme enolase 1 (ENO1) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/6 in the H358 KRAS G12C cell line, but not in the H358 sotorasib resistant, indicating that the effect of the combination could be independent of ENO1. In addition, we examined the probability of recurrence-free survival and overall survival in 40 early lung adenocarcinoma patients with KRAS G12C mutation stratified by KRAS and MET mRNA levels. Significant differences were observed in recurrence-free survival according to high levels of KRAS mRNA expression. Hazard ratio (HR) of recurrence-free survival was 7.291 (p = 0.014) for high levels of KRAS mRNA expression and 3.742 (p = 0.052) for high MET mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS We posit that the combination of the V-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole plus tepotinib warrants further assessment in KRAS-mutant G12C and non G12C cell lines, including those resistant to the covalent KRAS G12C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain.
- IOR, Hospital Quiron-Dexeus Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital (IGTP), Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- Trial Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain.
- Joint Unit: Nanomedicine, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Peng Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- State Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou Peoples Hospital, Quzhou, China.
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Xueting Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Baojuan Xing
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Masaoki Ito
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Vazquez
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Calabuig-Fariñas
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Trial Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de Valéncia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Institute of Research and Education, Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo Cancer Treatment and Research Center - CTIC, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jordi Codony-Servat
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
- Pangaea Oncology, Hospital Quiron-Dexeus Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Gonzalez
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Anisha Jain
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - S Chandan
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Oscar Arrieta
- National Institute of Cancerology (INCAN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Macarena Ferrero
- Trial Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Camps
- Trial Mixed Unit, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe-Fundación Investigación Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, General University Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Mohan CD, Shanmugam MK, Gowda SGS, Chinnathambi A, Rangappa KS, Sethi G. c-MET pathway in human malignancies and its targeting by natural compounds for cancer therapy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155379. [PMID: 38503157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase which is classically activated by HGF to activate its downstream signaling cascades such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and STAT3. The c-MET modulates cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune response, morphogenesis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The c-MET has been shown to serve a prominent role in embryogenesis and early development. The c-MET pathway is deregulated in a broad range of malignancies, due to overexpression of ligands or receptors, genomic amplification, and MET mutations. The link between the deregulation of c-MET signaling and tumor progression has been well-documented. Overexpression or overactivation of c-MET is associated with dismal clinical outcomes and acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Since c-MET activation results in the triggering of oncogenic pathways, abrogating the c-MET pathway is considered to be a pivotal strategy in cancer therapeutics. Herein, an analysis of role of the c-MET pathway in human cancers and its relevance in bone metastasis and therapeutic resistance has been undertaken. Also, an attempt has been made to summarize the inhibitory activity of selected natural compounds towards c-MET signaling in cancers. METHODS The publications related to c-MET pathway in malignancies and its natural compound modulators were obtained from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar and summarized based on PRISMA guidelines. Some of the keywords used for extracting relevant literature are c-MET, natural compound inhibitors of c-MET, c-MET in liver cancer, c-MET in breast cancer, c-MET in lung cancer, c-MET in pancreatic cancer, c-MET in head and neck cancer, c-MET in bone metastasis, c-MET in therapeutic resistance, and combination of c-MET inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents. The chemical structure of natural compounds was verified in PubChem database. RESULTS The search yielded 3935 publications, of which 195 reference publications were used for our analysis. Clinical trials were referenced using ClinicalTrials.gov identifier. The c-MET pathway has been recognized as a prominent target to combat the growth, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance in cancers. The key role of the c-MET in bone metastasis as well as therapeutic resistance has been elaborated. Also, suppressive effect of selected natural compounds on the c-MET pathway in clinical/preclinical studies has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakrabhavi Dhananjaya Mohan
- FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001, India
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | | | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kanchugarakoppal S Rangappa
- Institution of Excellence, Vijnana Bhavan, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka 570006, India.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
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6
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Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P, Chen HF, Babaeizad A, Roustai Geraylow K, Yamaguchi H, Hung MC. Unlocking c-MET: A comprehensive journey into targeted therapies for breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216780. [PMID: 38462033 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, posing a formidable health challenge worldwide. In this complex landscape, the c-MET (cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), also recognized as the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor (HGFR), emerges as a prominent protagonist, displaying overexpression in nearly 50% of breast cancer cases. Activation of c-MET by its ligand, HGF, secreted by neighboring mesenchymal cells, contributes to a cascade of tumorigenic processes, including cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. While c-MET inhibitors such as crizotinib, capmatinib, tepotinib and cabozantinib have garnered FDA approval for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), their potential within breast cancer therapy is still undetermined. This comprehensive review embarks on a journey through structural biology, multifaceted functions, and intricate signaling pathways orchestrated by c-MET across cancer types. Furthermore, we highlight the pivotal role of c-MET-targeted therapies in breast cancer, offering a clinical perspective on this promising avenue of intervention. In this pursuit, we strive to unravel the potential of c-MET as a beacon of hope in the fight against breast cancer, unveiling new horizons for therapeutic innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Ali Babaeizad
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
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7
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Guérin C, Tulasne D. Recording and classifying MET receptor mutations in cancers. eLife 2024; 13:e92762. [PMID: 38652103 PMCID: PMC11042802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) directed against MET have been recently approved to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbouring activating MET mutations. This success is the consequence of a long characterization of MET mutations in cancers, which we propose to outline in this review. MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), displays in a broad panel of cancers many deregulations liable to promote tumour progression. The first MET mutation was discovered in 1997, in hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC), providing the first direct link between MET mutations and cancer development. As in other RTKs, these mutations are located in the kinase domain, leading in most cases to ligand-independent MET activation. In 2014, novel MET mutations were identified in several advanced cancers, including lung cancers. These mutations alter splice sites of exon 14, causing in-frame exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain. Because these mutations are not located in the kinase domain, they are original and their mode of action has yet to be fully elucidated. Less than five years after the discovery of such mutations, the efficacy of a MET TKI was evidenced in NSCLC patients displaying MET exon 14 skipping. Yet its use led to a resistance mechanism involving acquisition of novel and already characterized MET mutations. Furthermore, novel somatic MET mutations are constantly being discovered. The challenge is no longer to identify them but to characterize them in order to predict their transforming activity and their sensitivity or resistance to MET TKIs, in order to adapt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Guérin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020 – UMR1277 - Canther – Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to TherapiesLilleFrance
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8
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Mer AH, Mirzaei Y, Misamogooe F, Bagheri N, Bazyari A, Keshtkaran Z, Meyfour A, Shahedi A, Amirkhani Z, Jafari A, Barpour N, Jahandideh S, Rezaei B, Nikmanesh Y, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M. Progress of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting c-Met in cancer therapy; insights from clinical and preclinical studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01564-3. [PMID: 38597995 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinase c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) is overexpressed in a wide range of solid tumors, making it an appropriate target antigen for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Various antitumor c-Met-targeting therapies (including monoclonal antibodies [mAbs] and tyrosine kinases) have been developed for the treatment of c-Met-overexpressing tumors, most of which have so far failed to enter the clinic because of their efficacy and complications. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a new emerging class of cancer therapeutic agents that harness the target specificity of mAbs to deliver highly potent small molecules to the tumor with the minimal damage to normal cells, could be an attractive therapeutic approach to circumvent these limitations in patients with c-Met-overexpressing tumors. Of great note, there are currently nine c-Met-targeting ADCs being examined in different phases of clinical studies as well as eight preclinical studies for treating various solid tumors. The purpose of this study is to present a broad overview of clinical- and preclinical-stage c-Met-targeting ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hussein Mer
- Department of Nursing, Mergasour Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yousef Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Fatemeh Misamogooe
- Student Research Committee, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, 8813733450, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Bazyari
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Keshtkaran
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anna Meyfour
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahedi
- Student Research Committee, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Zahra Amirkhani
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Barpour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Jahandideh
- Department of Research and Development, Orchidgene Co, Tehran, 1387837584, Iran
| | - Behzad Rezaei
- Laparoscopy Research Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran
| | - Yousef Nikmanesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Xia S, Duan W, Xu M, Li M, Tang M, Wei S, Lin M, Li E, Liu W, Wang Q. Mesothelin promotes brain metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer by activating MET. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:103. [PMID: 38570866 PMCID: PMC10988939 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastasis (BM) is common among cases of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is the leading cause of death for these patients. Mesothelin (MSLN), a tumor-associated antigen expressed in many solid tumors, has been reported to be involved in the progression of multiple tumors. However, its potential involvement in BM of NSCLC and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. METHODS The expression of MSLN was validated in clinical tissue and serum samples using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The ability of NSCLC cells to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was examined using an in vitro Transwell model and an ex vivo multi-organ microfluidic bionic chip. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to detect the disruption of tight junctions. In vivo BBB leakiness assay was performed to assess the barrier integrity. MET expression and activation was detected by western blotting. The therapeutic efficacy of drugs targeting MSLN (anetumab) and MET (crizotinib/capmatinib) on BM was evaluated in animal studies. RESULTS MSLN expression was significantly elevated in both serum and tumor tissue samples from NSCLC patients with BM and correlated with a poor clinical prognosis. MSLN significantly enhanced the brain metastatic abilities of NSCLC cells, especially BBB extravasation. Mechanistically, MSLN facilitated the expression and activation of MET through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, which allowed tumor cells to disrupt tight junctions and the integrity of the BBB and thereby penetrate the barrier. Drugs targeting MSLN (anetumab) and MET (crizotinib/capmatinib) effectively blocked the development of BM and prolonged the survival of mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that MSLN plays a critical role in BM of NSCLC by modulating the JNK/MET signaling network and thus, provides a potential novel therapeutic target for preventing BM in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkai Xia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhe Duan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengyi Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Wei
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manqing Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Encheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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10
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Yadav AK, Wang S, Shin YM, Jang BC. PHA-665752's Antigrowth and Proapoptotic Effects on HSC-3 Human Oral Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2871. [PMID: 38474118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
c-Met is a tyrosine-kinase receptor, and its aberrant activation plays critical roles in tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastatic spread in many human tumors. PHA-665752 (PHA) is an inhibitor of c-Met and has antitumor effects on many hematological malignancies and solid cancers. However, the activation and expression of c-Met and its role and the antitumor effect of PHA on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells remain unclear. Here, we investigated the activation and expression of c-Met and the effects of PHA on the growth of a highly tumorigenic HSC-3 human OSCC cell line with high c-Met phosphorylation and expression. Of note, c-Met was highly expressed and phosphorylated on Y1234/1235 in HSC-3 cells, and PHA treatment significantly suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis of these cells. Moreover, PHA that inhibited the phosphorylation (activation) of c-Met further caused the reduced phosphorylation and expression levels of Src, protein kinase B (PKB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTtor), and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in HSC-3 cells. In addition, the antiangiogenic property of PHA in HSC-3 cells was shown, as evidenced by the drug's suppressive effect on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a critical tumor angiogenic transcription factor. Importantly, genetic ablation of c-Met caused the reduced growth of HSC-3 cells and decreased Src phosphorylation and HIF-1α expression. Together, these results demonstrate that c-Met is highly activated in HSC-3 human oral cancer cells, and PHA exhibits strong antigrowth, proapoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects on these cells, which are mediated through regulation of the phosphorylation and expression of multiple targets, including c-Met, Src, PKB, mTOR, Mcl-1, and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Yadav
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55455, USA
| | - Saini Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Shin
- Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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11
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Han Y, Yu Y, Miao D, Zhou M, Zhao J, Shao Z, Jin R, Le X, Li W, Xia Y. Targeting MET in NSCLC: An Ever-Expanding Territory. JTO Clin Res Rep 2024; 5:100630. [PMID: 38361739 PMCID: PMC10867448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2023.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
MET protooncogene (MET) alterations are known driver oncogenes in NSCLC. Since the identification of MET as a potential therapeutic target, extensive clinical trials have been performed. As a result, MET-targeted therapies, including MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and MET antibody-drug conjugates now play important roles in the standard treatment of MET-altered NSCLC; they have considerably improved the outcomes of patients with tumors that harbor MET oncogenic drivers. Although clinical agents are currently available and numerous other options are in development, particular challenges in the field require attention. For example, the therapeutic efficacy of each drug remains unsatisfactory, and concomitantly, the resistance mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, there is an urgent need for optimal drug sequencing and combinations, along with a thorough understanding of treatment resistance. In this review, we describe the current landscape of pertinent clinical trials focusing on MET-targeted strategies and discuss future developmental directions in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Miao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuning Le
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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12
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Rocco D, Gravara LD, Palazzolo G, Gridelli C. The Treatment of a New Entity in Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: MET Exon 14 Skipping Mutation. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:3043-3056. [PMID: 37534484 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230803094432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MET (MET Proto-Oncogene, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase) exon 14 skipping mutation represents one of the most common MET alterations, accounting for approximately 1-3% of all mutations in advanced lung adenocarcinomas. While until 2020 no specific treatment was available for this subset of patients, as of today, three MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) are currently approved in this setting, namely capmatinib, tepotinib and savolitinib. OBJECTIVE This article aims to provide an extensive overview of the current therapeutic standard of care for exon 14 skipped advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients, alongside with mentions of the main future challenges and opportunities. CONCLUSION FDA-approved MET-TKIs currently represent the best option for treating exon 14 skipped advanced NSCLC patients, thanks to their excellent efficacy profile, alongside their manageable safety and tolerability. However, we currently lack specific agents to treat patients progressing on capmatinib or tepotinib, due to a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying both on- and off-target resistance. In this respect, on-target mutations presently constitute the most explored ones from a mechanistic point of view, and type II MET-TKIs are currently under investigation as the most promising agents capable of overcoming the acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Rocco
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, AORN dei Colli Monaldi, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Della Gravara
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
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13
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Guérin C, Vinchent A, Fernandes M, Damour I, Laratte A, Tellier R, Estevam GO, Meneboo JP, Villenet C, Descarpentries C, Fraser JS, Figeac M, Cortot AB, Rouleau E, Tulasne D. MET variants with activating N-lobe mutations identified in hereditary papillary renal cell carcinomas still require ligand stimulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565283. [PMID: 37965202 PMCID: PMC10635098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRCC), the MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) mutations recorded to date are located in the kinase domain and lead to constitutive MET activation. This contrasts with MET mutations recently identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which lead to exon 14 skipping and deletion of a regulatory domain: in this latter case, the mutated receptor still requires ligand stimulation. Sequencing of MET in samples from 158 HPRCC and 2808 NSCLC patients revealed ten uncharacterized mutations. Four of these, all found in HPRCC and leading to amino acid substitutions in the N-lobe of the MET kinase, proved able to induce cell transformation, further enhanced by HGF stimulation: His1086Leu, Ile1102Thr, Leu1130Ser, and Cis1125Gly. Similar to the variant resulting in MET exon14 skipping, the two N-lobe MET variants His1086Leu, Ile1102Thr further characterized were found to require stimulation by HGF in order to strongly activate downstream signaling pathways and epithelial cell motility. The Ile1102Thr mutation displayed also transforming potential, promoting tumor growth in a xenograft model. In addition, the N-lobe-mutated MET variants were found to trigger a common HGF-stimulation-dependent transcriptional program, consistent with an observed increase in cell motility and invasion. Altogether, this functional characterization revealed that N-lobe variants still require ligand stimulation, in contrast to other RTK variants. This suggests that HGF expression in the tumor microenvironment is important for tumor growth. The sensitivity of these variants to MET TKIs opens the way for use of targeted therapies for patients harboring the corresponding mutations.
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14
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Spitaleri G, Trillo Aliaga P, Attili I, Del Signore E, Corvaja C, Corti C, Uliano J, Passaro A, de Marinis F. MET in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Cross 'a Long and Winding Road' Looking for a Target. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4779. [PMID: 37835473 PMCID: PMC10571577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) can harbour different MET alterations, such as MET overexpression (MET OE), MET gene amplification (MET AMP), or MET gene mutations. Retrospective studies of surgical series of patients with MET-dysregulated NSCLC have shown worse clinical outcomes irrespective of the type of specific MET gene alteration. On the other hand, earlier attempts failed to identify the 'druggable' molecular gene driver until the discovery of MET exon 14 skipping mutations (METex14). METex14 are rare and amount to around 3% of all NSCLCs. Patients with METex14 NSCLC attain modest results when they are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). New selective MET inhibitors (MET-Is) showed a long-lasting clinical benefit in patients with METex14 NSCLC and modest activity in patients with MET AMP NSCLC. Ongoing clinical trials are investigating new small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, or antibodies drug conjugate (ADCs). This review focuses on the prognostic role of MET, the summary of pivotal clinical trials of selective MET-Is with a focus on resistance mechanisms. The last section is addressed to future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Spitaleri
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Pamela Trillo Aliaga
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Ilaria Attili
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Ester Del Signore
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Carla Corvaja
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Chiara Corti
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (J.U.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Uliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (J.U.)
- Department of Oncology and Haematology (DIPO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Passaro
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
| | - Filippo de Marinis
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (P.T.A.); (I.A.); (E.D.S.); (C.C.); (F.d.M.)
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15
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Durham M, Vadde S, Brooks AN. MET exon 14 skipping is overexpressed in an allele-specific manner in lung adenocarcinoma primary samples. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000957. [PMID: 37829573 PMCID: PMC10565573 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
MET exon 14 skipping ( METΔ14 ) is a well-characterized oncogene in the Ras-MAPK pathway driving lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Previous studies on METΔ14 revealed this aberrantly spliced oncogene is expressed in LUAD primary samples and is associated with heterozygous somatic mutations and deletions near exon 14 splice sites. Upon further examination of DNA and RNA sequencing data from primary samples, we highlight that METΔ14 is overexpressed in an allele-specific manner. These data suggest that dose-dependence of METΔ14 may be critical to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Durham
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Swetha Vadde
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Angela N Brooks
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
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16
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Altintas DM, Comoglio PM. An Observatory for the MET Oncogene: A Guide for Targeted Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4672. [PMID: 37760640 PMCID: PMC10526818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The MET proto-oncogene encodes a pivotal tyrosine kinase receptor, binding the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, also known as scatter factor, SF) and governing essential biological processes such as organogenesis, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. The pleiotropic physiological functions of MET explain its diverse role in cancer progression in a broad range of tumors; genetic/epigenetic alterations of MET drive tumor cell dissemination, metastasis, and acquired resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Therefore, targeting MET emerged as a promising strategy, and many efforts were devoted to identifying the optimal way of hampering MET signaling. Despite encouraging results, however, the complexity of MET's functions in oncogenesis yields intriguing observations, fostering a humbler stance on our comprehension. This review explores recent discoveries concerning MET alterations in cancer, elucidating their biological repercussions, discussing therapeutic avenues, and outlining future directions. By contextualizing the research question and articulating the study's purpose, this work navigates MET biology's intricacies in cancer, offering a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo M. Comoglio
- IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milano, Italy;
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17
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Gu L, Zhao Y, Wen F, Zhang D, Cai J, Chen Z. A durable response to savolitinib in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring two novel MET exon 14 skipping sites. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:949-953. [PMID: 36846984 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
MET exon 14 ( METex14 ) skipping variants are oncogenic drivers in non-small-cell lung cancer. Several METex14 skipping alterations have been identified, but different mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) exon splicing variants tend to present different clinical outcomes. Here, we reported that a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harbored two novel METex14 skipping mutations (c.2888-35_2888-16del and c.2888-4T>G) identified by the tissue-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) and received savolitinib treatment after chemotherapy failed with brain metastasis. The patient responded well to savolitinib until disease progression in brain lesions and achieved a progress-free survival (PFS) of over 19.7 months. Considering the durable response for extracranial lesions and the same METex14 skipping sites identified by circulating tumor DNA-based NGS, the patient was still given savolitinib combined with stereotactic body radiation therapy for brain lesions. An extracranial PFS of 28 months was achieved. This is the first report of a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring two novel METex14 skipping mutations that responded to the MET inhibitor savolitinib. Our case may provide evidence for the treatment of patients with two novel METex14 skipping variants and offer a therapy regimen for those with intracranial progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Gu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai
| | - Fengcai Wen
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Cai
- The Medical Department, 3D Medicines Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai
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18
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Khedkar HN, Chen LC, Kuo YC, Wu ATH, Huang HS. Multi-Omics Identification of Genetic Alterations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Therapeutic Efficacy of HNC018 as a Novel Multi-Target Agent for c-MET/STAT3/AKT Signaling Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10247. [PMID: 37373393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The failure of standard treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, demands the need for in-depth understanding of the complex signaling networks involved in the development of treatment resistance. A tumor's invasive growth and high levels of intrinsic or acquired treatment resistance are the primary causes of treatment failure. This may be a result of the presence of HNSCC's cancer stem cells, which are known to have self-renewing capabilities that result in therapeutic resistance. Using bioinformatics methods, we discovered that elevated expressions of MET, STAT3, and AKT were associated with poor overall survival in HNSCC patients. We then evaluated the therapeutic potential of our newly synthesized small molecule HNC018 towards its potential as a novel anticancer drug. Our computer-aided structure characterization and target identification study predicted that HNC018 could target these oncogenic markers implicated in HNSCC. Subsequently, the HNC018 has demonstrated its anti-proliferative and anticancer activities towards the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, along with displaying the stronger binding affinities towards the MET, STAT3, and AKT than the standard drug cisplatin. Reduction in the clonogenic and tumor-sphere-forming ability displays HNC018's role in decreasing the tumorigenicity. Importantly, an vivo study has shown a significant delay in tumor growth in HNC018 alone or in combination with cisplatin-treated xenograft mice model. Collectively with our findings, HNC018 highlights the desirable properties of a drug-like candidate and could be considered as a novel small molecule for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Nivrutti Khedkar
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Ching Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute (THI), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Translational Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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19
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Ullo MF, Case LB. How cells sense and integrate information from different sources. WIREs Mech Dis 2023:e1604. [PMID: 36781396 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling is a fundamental cellular process that enables cells to sense and respond to information in their surroundings. At the molecular level, signaling is primarily carried out by transmembrane protein receptors that can initiate complex downstream signal transduction cascades to alter cellular behavior. In the human body, different cells can be exposed to a wide variety of environmental conditions, and cells express diverse classes of receptors capable of sensing and integrating different signals. Furthermore, different receptors and signaling pathways can crosstalk with each other to calibrate the cellular response. Crosstalk occurs through multiple mechanisms at different levels of signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss how cells sense and integrate different chemical, mechanical, and spatial signals as well as the mechanisms of crosstalk between pathways. To illustrate these concepts, we use a few well-studied signaling pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinases and integrin receptors. Finally, we discuss the implications of dysregulated cellular sensing on driving diseases such as cancer. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Ullo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsay B Case
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Sattler M, Salgia R. Exploring the Next Frontier in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With High MET and Mutated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1129-1131. [PMID: 36331252 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
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21
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Greenwell JC, Torres-Gonzalez E, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J. Fibroblast-derived conditioned media promotes lung cancer progression. Am J Med Sci 2023; 365:189-197. [PMID: 36087640 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. Recent studies have implicated the tumor microenvironment as a new chemotherapeutic target by demonstrating the importance of tumor cell-stromal interactions in cancer progression. However, the exact mechanisms by which tumor cell-stromal interactions drive lung cancer progression remain undefined, particularly in the lung. We suspect host fibroblasts represent an important component of the tumor microenvironment that drives tumor progression. We found that human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines show alterations in cell morphology, proliferation, migration, and colony formation on soft agar when exposed to fibroblast-conditioned media (FCM). Interestingly, FCM also promoted tumor cell resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These effects varied depending on the cancer cell line used. Similar observations were made when exposing murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells to conditioned media harvested from primary murine lung fibroblasts. Certain effects of FCM, but not all, could be prevented by using a cMET inhibitor. In vivo, we observed enhanced growth of the primary tumors when treated with FCM, but no changes in metastatic behavior. Although the identity of the stimulating agent(s) in the fibroblast-conditioned media was not unveiled, further studies revealed that the activity is more than one factor with a high-molecular weight (over 100 kDa). These studies implicate lung fibroblast-derived factors in lung cancer progression. These data suggest that targeting the lung tumor stroma alone, or in combination with other interventions, is a promising concept that warrants further study in the setting of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Greenwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care and The Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care and The Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care and The Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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22
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Antibody-drug conjugates in lung cancer: dawn of a new era? NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:5. [PMID: 36631624 PMCID: PMC9834242 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of fastest growing classes of oncology drugs in modern drug development. By harnessing the powers of both cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy, ADCs are unique in offering the potential to deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents to cancer cells which express a pre-defined cell surface target. In lung cancer, the treatment paradigm has shifted dramatically in recent years, and now ADCs are now joining the list as potential options for lung cancer patients. Since 2020, the first ADC for NSCLC patients has been FDA-approved (trastuzumab deruxtecan) and two ADCs have been granted FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation, currently under evaluation (patritumab deruxtecan, telisotuzumab vedotin). Furthermore, several early-phase trials are assessing various novel ADCs, either as monotherapy or in combinations with advanced lung cancer, and more selective and potent ADCs are expected to become therapeutic options in clinic soon. In this review, we discuss the structure and mechanism of action of ADCs, including insights from pre-clinical work; we summarize the ADCs' recent progress in lung cancer, describe toxicity profiles of ADCs, and explore strategies designed to enhance ADC potency and overcome resistance. In addition, we discuss novel ADC strategies of interest in lung cancer, including non-cytotoxic payloads, such as immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic agents.
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23
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Moiseenko F, Bogdanov A, Egorenkov V, Volkov N, Moiseyenko V. Management and Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with MET Alteration and Mechanisms of Resistance. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1664-1698. [PMID: 36269457 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT MET-driven tumors are a heterogenous group of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with activating mutations. Pathologic activation of MET can be achieved with increased number of gene copies overexpression, or decreased protein degradation through several mechanisms, including mutations, amplifications, or fusions. Besides its role as primary driver, MET activation might also mediate resistance to kinase inhibitors in NSCLC with various other actionable alterations. While checkpoint inhibitors have modest efficacy in MET-driven tumors, several approaches of targeted blockade are available. Among them the most promising are small tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and bispecific antibodies. Unfortunately, resistance is virtually inevitable. Resistance to small kinase inhibitors might be mediated by kinase domain mutations or activation of shunting cascades. Various resistance mechanisms might be present in one patient, making it overcoming an unresolved problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Moiseenko
- Saint-Petersburg City Cancer Center, Leningradskay 68a, Lit.A, Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia. .,N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 68, Leningradskaya st., Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia. .,State Budget Institution of Higher Education "North-Western State Medical University named after I.I Mechnikov" under the Ministry of Public Health of the Russian Federation, 41, Kirochnaya str, Saint Petersburg, 191015, Russia.
| | - Alexey Bogdanov
- Saint-Petersburg City Cancer Center, Leningradskay 68a, Lit.A, Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Egorenkov
- Saint-Petersburg City Cancer Center, Leningradskay 68a, Lit.A, Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Nikita Volkov
- Saint-Petersburg City Cancer Center, Leningradskay 68a, Lit.A, Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
| | - Vladimir Moiseyenko
- Saint-Petersburg City Cancer Center, Leningradskay 68a, Lit.A, Pesochny, St. Petersburg, 197758, Russia
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24
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetamide chalcone hybrids as potential c-Met kinase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Lai GGY, Guo R, Drilon A, Shao Weng Tan D. Refining patient selection of MET-activated non-small cell lung cancer through biomarker precision. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 110:102444. [PMID: 36108503 PMCID: PMC10961969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated MET signaling plays an important role in lung oncogenesis, tumor growth and invasiveness. It may occur through various mechanisms, such as MET overexpression or gene amplification or mutation, all of which can be detected by specific methods. The utility of MET overexpression as a biomarker remains unclear due to discrepancies in its occurrence and non-standardized cut-off thresholds. MET exon 14 skipping mutation (METex14) was established as a strong predictor of response to selective MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and clinical trial results in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring METex14 led to the approval of capmatinib and tepotinib by regulatory agencies worldwide. MET amplification is an emerging biomarker, with clinical data indicating an association between MET gene copy number and response to MET-TKIs. Additionally, MET amplification represents an important mechanism of resistance to TKIs in oncogene-driven NSCLC. The identification of molecular alterations for which targeted therapies are available is important, and high-throughput next-generation sequencing techniques can provide information on multiple genes at the same time, helping to provide valuable predictive information for oncogene-driven cancers. This review summarizes the current methods used for the detection of METex14, MET amplification and MET overexpression, and discusses the evidence for the use of MET-TKIs in patients with NSCLC with MET dysregulation. We discuss the practical challenges that impact the use of METex14 in the clinic and the evidence gaps that need to be addressed to validate additional genomic markers for MET-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillianne G Y Lai
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robin Guo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Xu L, Wang F, Luo F. MET-targeted therapies for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1013299. [PMID: 36387098 PMCID: PMC9646943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1013299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) pathway contributes to poor clinical outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Numerous clinical trials are currently investigating several therapies based on modulation of the MET pathway. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to systematically evaluate the activity and safety of MET inhibitors in patients with NSCLC. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to June 02, 2022. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were extracted as the main outcomes and pooled using the weighted mean proportion with fixed- or random-effects models in cases of significant heterogeneity (I 2>50%). Safety analysis was performed based on adverse events reported in all studies. RESULTS Eleven studies (882 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled ORR was 28.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.223-0.354), while the pooled DCR was 69.1% (95% CI, 0.631-0.756). ORRs were higher for tepotinib (44.7% [95% CI, 0.365-0.530]) and savolitinib (42.9% [95% CI, 0.311-0.553]) than for other types of MET inhibitors. Patients with NSCLC with exon 14 skipping exhibited higher ORRs (39.3% (95% CI, 0.296-0.522)) and DCRs (77.8% (95% CI, 0.714-0.847)) than those with MET protein overexpression or amplification. Intracranial response rate and intracranial disease control rates were 40.1% (95% CI, 0.289-0.556) and 95.4% (95% CI, 0.892-0.100), respectively. Adverse events were mild (grade 1 to 2) in 87.2% of patients. Common adverse events above grade 3 included lower extremity edema (3.5% [95% CI, 0.027-0.044]), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation (2.4% [95% CI, 0.014-0.033]), and lipase elevation (2.2% [95% CI, 0.016-0.031]). CONCLUSION MET inhibitors, which exhibited a satisfactory safety profile in the current study, may become a new standard of care for addressing MET dysregulation in patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC, and even in those with brain metastases, particularly tepotinib, savolitinib and capmatinib. Further randomized trials are required to establish standard predictive biomarkers for MET therapies and to compare the effects of different MET inhibitors in NSCLC with MET dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrui Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Faping Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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27
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Zografos E, Dimitrakopoulos FI, Koutras A. Prognostic Value of Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) in Oncogene-Driven NSCLC: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194954. [PMID: 36230877 PMCID: PMC9563444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Personalized medicine has significantly changed the clinical outcome of oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) due to the efficacy of molecular targeted therapies. Despite the advances in the management of this group of patients, the need for powerful biomarkers with the potential for a real-time assessment of the tumor genomic profile as well as for detecting and monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) remains unmet. The aim of this article is to present the current knowledge and the future perspectives regarding the prognostic value of ctDNA in NSCLC, focusing on the most common druggable driver mutations, including those in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1), rearranged during transfection (RET), kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF), and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor receptor (MET) genes. Abstract As we enter an unprecedented era of personalized medicine, molecular targeted therapies have the potential to induce improved survival outcome in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a significant percentage of oncogene-driven NSCLC patients will relapse even after definitive treatment, whereas chronic and durable response to targeted therapies is a less common event in advanced-stage lung cancer. This phenomenon could be attributed to minimal residual disease (MRD), defined as a population of disseminated tumor cells that survive during the course or after treatment, eventually leading to recurrence and limiting patient survival. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a powerful biomarker for MRD detection and monitoring and is a non-invasive approach of treating cancer, and especially NSCLC, based on a real-time assessment of the tumor genomic landscape. In this review, we present the key findings of studies that have used ctDNA with regard to its prognostic value and in respect to the most common druggable driver mutations of genes in NSCLC, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1), rearranged during transfection (RET), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF), and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor receptor (MET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Zografos
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Foteinos-Ioannis Dimitrakopoulos
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2610-999535
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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28
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Zeng J, Zhang B, Zhou N, Zu L, Song Z, Wang C, Xu S. Use of savolitinib as neoadjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer patient with MET exon 14 skipping alterations: A case report. Front Oncol 2022; 12:968030. [PMID: 36176406 PMCID: PMC9514319 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.968030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Savolitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) factor exon 14 skipping alterations. However, the role of savolitinib in neoadjuvant therapy for lung cancer remains unclear. Here, we present a case of a 65-year-old woman diagnosed with stage IIIA (cT2bN2M0, eighth TNM stage) upper right lung adenocarcinoma harboring MET exon 14 skipping alterations. After 4 weeks of therapy, a partial response was achieved with neoadjuvant savolitinib, and significant shrinkage in tumor and lymph nodes was observed. We also measured the immune microenvironment of the primary tumor pre- and posttreatment with savolitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingtong Zeng
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Zu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuoqing Song
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Changli Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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29
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Kim SY, Yin J, Bohlman S, Walker P, Dacic S, Kim C, Khan H, Liu SV, Ma PC, Nagasaka M, Reckamp KL, Abraham J, Uprety D, Wang F, Xiu J, Zhang J, Cheng H, Halmos B. Characterization of MET Exon 14 Skipping Alterations (in NSCLC) and Identification of Potential Therapeutic Targets Using Whole Transcriptome Sequencing. JTO Clin Res Rep 2022; 3:100381. [PMID: 36082279 PMCID: PMC9445394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Genomic alterations in the juxtamembrane exon 14 splice sites in NSCLC lead to increased MET stability and oncogenesis. We present the largest cohort study of MET Exon 14 (METex14) using whole transcriptome sequencing. Methods A total of 21,582 NSCLC tumor samples underwent complete genomic profiling with next-generation sequencing of DNA (592 Gene Panel, NextSeq, whole exome sequencing, NovaSeq) and RNA (NovaSeq, whole transcriptome sequencing). Clinicopathologic information including programmed death-ligand 1 and tumor mutational burden were collected and RNA expression for mutation subtypes and MET amplification were quantified. Immunogenic signatures and potential pathways of invasion were characterized using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis and mRNA gene signatures. Results A total of 533tumors (2.47%) with METex14 were identified. The most common alterations were point mutations (49.5%) at donor splice sites. Most alterations translated to increased MET expression, with MET co-amplification resulting in synergistic increase in expression (q < 0.05). Common coalterations were amplifications of MDM2 (19.0% versus 1.8% wild-type [WT]), HMGA2 (13.2% versus 0.98% WT), and CDK4 (10.0% versus 1.5% WT) (q < 0.05). High programmed death-ligand 1 > 50% (52.5% versus 27.3% WT, q < 0.0001) and lower proportion of high tumor mutational burden (>10 mutations per megabase, 8.3% versus 36.7% WT, p < 0.0001) were associated with METex14, which were also enriched in both immunogenic signatures and immunosuppressive checkpoints. Pathways associated with METex14 included angiogenesis and apical junction pathways (q < 0.05). Conclusions METex14 splicing alterations and MET co-amplification translated to higher and synergistic MET expression at the transcriptomic level. High frequencies of MDM2 and CDK4 co-amplifications and association with multiple immunosuppressive checkpoints and angiogenic pathways provide insight into potential actionable targets for combination strategies in METex14 NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jun Yin
- Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Stephen Bohlman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Sanja Dacic
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chul Kim
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hina Khan
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Stephen V. Liu
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Haiying Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
- Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Balazs Halmos, MD, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York.
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30
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Pohl L, Friedhoff J, Jurcic C, Teroerde M, Schindler I, Strepi K, Schneider F, Kaczorowski A, Hohenfellner M, Duensing A, Duensing S. Kidney Cancer Models for Pre-Clinical Drug Discovery: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Oncol 2022; 12:889686. [PMID: 35619925 PMCID: PMC9128013 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.889686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is among the most lethal urological malignancies once metastatic. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of metastatic RCC, nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients will experience disease progression. Novel treatment options are therefore still needed and in vitro and in vivo model systems are crucial to ultimately improve disease control. At the same time, RCC is characterized by a number of molecular and functional peculiarities that have the potential to limit the utility of pre-clinical model systems. This includes not only the well-known genomic intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of RCC but also a remarkable functional ITH that can be shaped by influences of the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, RCC is among the tumor entities, in which a high number of intratumoral cytotoxic T cells is associated with a poor prognosis. In fact, many of these T cells are exhausted, which represents a major challenge for modeling tumor-immune cell interactions. Lastly, pre-clinical drug development commonly relies on using phenotypic screening of 2D or 3D RCC cell culture models, however, the problem of “reverse engineering” can prevent the identification of the precise mode of action of drug candidates thus impeding their translation to the clinic. In conclusion, a holistic approach to model the complex “ecosystem RCC” will likely require not only a combination of model systems but also an integration of concepts and methods using artificial intelligence to further improve pre-clinical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pohl
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Friedhoff
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Jurcic
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Teroerde
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabella Schindler
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantina Strepi
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Schneider
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Kaczorowski
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hohenfellner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anette Duensing
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Precision Oncology of Urological Malignancies, Department of Urology University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Osude C, Lin L, Patel M, Eckburg A, Berei J, Kuckovic A, Dube N, Rastogi A, Gautam S, Smith TJ, Sreenivassappa SB, Puri N. Mediating EGFR-TKI Resistance by VEGF/VEGFR Autocrine Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101694. [PMID: 35626731 PMCID: PMC9139342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients acquire resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) via EGFR mutations or overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). In this study, we elucidated the mechanism of EGFR-TKI resistance mediated by VEGF/VEGFR in EGFR-mutated NSCLC cell lines and Erlotinib-resistant cell lines as compared to parental cell lines. Increased expression of VEGF, VEGFR-2, and NP1 was observed in Erlotinib-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, we observed an increased efficacy of Erlotinib in combination with a VEGFR-2 inhibitor in Erlotinib-resistant cell lines. Late-stage NSCLC patients with high expression of VEGFR-2 had shorter survival times compared to patients with low VEGFR-2 expression. These results indicate that VEGFR-2 may play a key role in EGFR-TKI resistance that can be overcome with a combination treatment of Erlotinib and a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, which may serve as an effective treatment option for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. Abstract NSCLC treatment includes targeting of EGFR with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as Erlotinib; however, resistance to TKIs is commonly acquired through T790M EGFR mutations or overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). We investigated the mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC cell lines with EGFR mutations or acquired resistance to Erlotinib. These studies showed upregulated gene and protein expression of VEGF, VEGFR-2, and a VEGF co-receptor neuropilin-1 (NP-1) in Erlotinib-resistant (1.4–5.3-fold) and EGFR double-mutant (L858R and T790M; 4.1–8.3-fold) NSCLC cells compared to parental and EGFR single-mutant (L858R) NSCLC cell lines, respectively. Immunofluorescence and FACS analysis revealed increased expression of VEGFR-2 and NP-1 in EGFR-TKI-resistant cell lines compared to TKI-sensitive cell lines. Cell proliferation assays showed that treatment with a VEGFR-2 inhibitor combined with Erlotinib lowered cell survival in EGFR double-mutant NSCLC cells to 9% compared to 72% after treatment with Erlotinib alone. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed shorter median survival in late-stage NSCLC patients with high vs. low VEGFR-2 expression (14 mos vs. 21 mos). The results indicate that VEGFR-2 may play a key role in EGFR-TKI resistance and that combined treatment of Erlotinib with a VEGFR-2 inhibitor may serve as an effective therapy in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike Osude
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Leo Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Adam Eckburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Joseph Berei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Adijan Kuckovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Namrata Dube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Aayush Rastogi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Shruti Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- College of Education, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA;
| | | | - Neelu Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, IL 61107, USA; (C.O.); (L.L.); (M.P.); (A.E.); (J.B.); (A.K.); (N.D.); (A.R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-815-395-5678
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Fang G, Zhang C, Liu Z, Peng Z, Tang M, Xue Q. MiR-144-3p inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of lung cancer A549 cells via targeting HGF. J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 17:117. [PMID: 35568918 PMCID: PMC9107261 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim MicroRNAs have been confirmed as vital regulators in gene expression, which could affect multiple cancer cell biological behaviors. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of miR-144-3p in lung cancer cellular proliferation and metastasis. Methods MiR-144-3p expression in lung cancer tissues and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR. HGF was predicted as the target gene of miR-144-3p using TargetScan and dual luciferase reporter assay. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were used to explore the impacts of HCF on lung cancer tissues and cell lines. Impacts of miR-144-3p and HGF on cancer cellular proliferation, migration and invasion were elucidated by CCK-8, Flow cytometry, Transwell invasion and Wound-healing assay. Moreover, nude mouse xenograft model was established to evaluate the effects of miR-144-3p on lung cancer cells. Results MiR-144-3p exhibited a reduction in both lung cancer tissues and cell lines. HGF was a direct target of miR-144-3p. In contrast to the miR-144-3p expression level, HGF showed a higher level in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression miR-144-3p suppressed A549 and NCI-H1299 cell proliferation and metastasis, whereas this was reversed by HGF. MiR-144-3p exhibited an inhibitory effect on A549 cell-induced tumor growth of nude mice. Conclusions This study reveals miR-144-3p/HGF axis may be involved in the suppression of lung cancer cellular proliferation and development, and miR-144-3p may function as a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiju Fang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, People's Republic of China
| | - Canhui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningde Municipal Hospital of Ningde Normal University, Ningde, 352100, People's Republic of China.
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Hamilton G, Rath B. Met inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer: the evidence to date. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:815-825. [PMID: 35377279 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2062227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor MET is an oncogenic driver in a subpopulation of Non-small Lung Cancer Cells (NSCLC) at the primary tumor stage or in acquired resistance to treatment with tumor-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). AREAS COVERED This article summarizes the mechanisms leading to overexpression and activation of MET by amplification and mutations including exon 14 aberrations. Furthermore, the methods to detect and categorize MET as a tumor driver and the selective TKIs for patient treatment are discussed. EXPERT OPINION : Activating mutations and rearrangements of kinases in NSCLC are the target of successful therapeutic intervention. However, MET activation involves a number of complex alterations including gene amplification, prevention of degradation by METex14 exon skipping and a host of gene mutations. A high-level of MET expression is the precondition for tumor responses to TKIs and the confirmation of MET-dependent tumor progression is difficult in primary lesions and in tumors exhibiting resistance to mutated EGFR-directed therapy in absence of standardized and concordant assays of MET amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Garcia-Robledo JE, Rosell R, Ruíz-Patiño A, Sotelo C, Arrieta O, Zatarain-Barrón L, Ordoñez C, Jaller E, Rojas L, Russo A, de Miguel-Pérez D, Rolfo C, Cardona AF. KRAS and MET in non-small-cell lung cancer: two of the new kids on the 'drivers' block. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022; 16:17534666211066064. [PMID: 35098800 PMCID: PMC8808025 DOI: 10.1177/17534666211066064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease, and therapeutic management has advanced to identify various critical oncogenic mutations that promote lung cancer tumorigenesis. Subsequent studies have developed targeted therapies against these oncogenes in the hope of personalized treatment based on the tumor's molecular genomics. This review presents a comprehensive review of the biology, new therapeutic interventions, and resistance patterns of two well-defined subgroups, tumors with KRAS and MET alterations. We also discuss the status of molecular testing practices for these two key oncogenic drivers, considering the progressive introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and RNA sequencing in regular clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)/Dr. Rosell Oncology Institute (IOR), Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ruíz-Patiño
- Direction of Research and Education, Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo Cancer Treatment and Research Center (CTIC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Sotelo
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Personalized Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCan), México City, México
| | - Lucia Zatarain-Barrón
- Thoracic Oncology Unit and Personalized Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCan), México City, México
| | - Camila Ordoñez
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia Molecular Oncology and Biology Systems Research Group (Fox-G), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elvira Jaller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Rojas
- Foundation for Clinical and Applied Cancer Research (FICMAC), Bogotá, Colombia Department of Clinical Oncology, Clínica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia Clinical and Translational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Medical Oncology Unit, A.O. Papardo, Messina, Italy Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diego de Miguel-Pérez
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Coleman N, Harbery A, Heuss S, Vivanco I, Popat S. Targeting un-MET needs in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 164:56-68. [PMID: 35033939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer classification has been radically transformed in recent years as genomic profiling has identified multiple novel therapeutic targets including MET exon 14 (METex14) alterations and MET amplification. Utilizing targeted therapies in patients with molecularly-defined NSCLC leads to remarkable objective response rates and improved progression-free survival. However, acquired resistance is inevitable. Several recent phase II trials have confirmed that METex14 NSCLC can be treated effectively with MET kinase inhibitors, such as crizotinib, capmatinib, tepotinib, and savolitinib. However, response rates for many MET TKIs are modest relative to the activity of targeted therapy in other oncogene-driven lung cancers, where ORRs are more consistently greater than 60%. In spite of significant gains in the field of MET inhibition in NSCLC, challenges remain: the landscape of resistance mechanisms to MET TKIs is not yet well characterized, and there may be intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms that require further characterization to enable increased MET TKI activity. In this review, we overview MET pathway dysregulation in lung cancer, methods of detection in the clinic, recent clinical trial data, and discuss current mechanisms of TKI resistance, exploring emerging strategies to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Coleman
- Lung Unit. The Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA.
| | - Alice Harbery
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sara Heuss
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Lung Unit. The Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
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36
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Yang X, Liao HY, Zhang HH. Roles of MET in human cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:69-83. [PMID: 34951962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The MET proto-oncogene was first identified in osteosarcoma cells exposed to carcinogens. Although expressed in many normal cells, MET is overexpressed in many human cancers. MET is involved in the initiation and development of various human cancers and mediates proliferation, migration and invasion. Accordingly, MET has been successfully used as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis, survival, post-operative recurrence, risk assessment and pathologic grading, as well as a therapeutic target. In addition, recent work indicates that inhibition of MET expression and function has potential clinical benefit. This review summarizes the role, mechanism, and clinical significance of MET in the formation and development of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Camidge DR, Morgensztern D, Heist RS, Barve M, Vokes E, Goldman JW, Hong DS, Bauer TM, Strickler JH, Angevin E, Motwani M, Parikh A, Sun Z, Bach BA, Wu J, Komarnitsky PB, Kelly K. Phase I Study of 2- or 3-Week Dosing of Telisotuzumab Vedotin, an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting c-Met, Monotherapy in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5781-5792. [PMID: 34426443 PMCID: PMC9401525 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Telisotuzumab vedotin (Teliso-V) is an anti-c-Met-directed antibody-drug conjugate. Here, we present safety and efficacy data from a phase I/Ib study of Teliso-V monotherapy evaluated in once every 2 weeks/once every 3 weeks schedules in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS During dose escalation, patients received Teliso-V monotherapy intravenously once every 3 weeks (0.15-3.3 mg/kg) or once every 2 weeks (1.6-2.2 mg/kg). The dose-expansion phase enrolled patients with NSCLC and c-Met H-score ≥150 (c-Met+) or MET amplification/exon 14 skipping mutations. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy were assessed. Herein, the analysis of patients receiving ≥1.6 mg/kg once every 2 weeks or ≥2.4 mg/kg once every 3 weeks Teliso-V is reported. RESULTS Fifty-two patients with NSCLC were enrolled and received ≥1.6 mg/kg Teliso-V once every 2 weeks (n = 28) or ≥2.4 mg/kg Teliso-V once every 3 weeks (n = 24). The most common adverse events were fatigue (54%), peripheral neuropathy (42%), and nausea (38%). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed for Teliso-V once every 2 weeks and once every 3 weeks up to 2.2 and 2.7 mg/kg, respectively. The recommended phase II dose was established at 1.9 mg/kg once every 2 weeks and 2.7 mg/kg once every 3 weeks on the basis of overall safety and pharmacokinetics. Forty of 52 patients were c-Met+ (33 nonsquamous, 6 squamous, 1 mixed histology) and were included in the efficacy-evaluable population. Of those, 9 (23%) had objective responses with median duration of response of 8.7 months; median progression-free survival was 5.2 months. CONCLUSIONS Teliso-V monotherapy was tolerated and showed antitumor activity in c-Met+ NSCLC. On the basis of overall safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy outcomes, 1.9 mg/kg Teliso-V once every 2 weeks and 2.7 mg/kg once every 3 weeks schedules were selected for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ross Camidge
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.,Corresponding Author: D. Ross Camidge, Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 1665 Aurora Court, Room 2256, Aurora, CO 80045. Phone: 720-848-0449; E-mail:
| | | | - Rebecca S. Heist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Minal Barve
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - David S. Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd M. Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee.,Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | - Apurvasena Parikh
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., Redwood City, California
| | | | | | - Jun Wu
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Karen Kelly
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
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Ali MF, Latimer AJ, Wang Y, Hogenmiller L, Fontenas L, Isabella AJ, Moens CB, Yu G, Kucenas S. Met is required for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell migration in Danio rerio. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab265. [PMID: 34568921 PMCID: PMC8473979 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate central nervous system development, most oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are specified in the ventral spinal cord and must migrate throughout the neural tube until they become evenly distributed, occupying non-overlapping domains. While this process of developmental OPC migration is well characterized, the nature of the molecular mediators that govern it remain largely unknown. Here, using zebrafish as a model, we demonstrate that Met signaling is required for initial developmental migration of OPCs, and, using cell-specific knock-down of Met signaling, show that Met acts cell-autonomously in OPCs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate in vivo, the role of Met signaling in OPC migration and provide new insight into how OPC migration is regulated during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Andrew J Latimer
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Yinxue Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Leah Hogenmiller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Laura Fontenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Adam J Isabella
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Karmacharya U, Guragain D, Chaudhary P, Jee JG, Kim JA, Jeong BS. Novel Pyridine Bioisostere of Cabozantinib as a Potent c-Met Kinase Inhibitor: Synthesis and Anti-Tumor Activity against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189685. [PMID: 34575841 PMCID: PMC8468607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel bioisosteres of cabozantinib, 3 and 4, were designed and synthesized. The benzene ring in the center of the cabozantinib structure was replaced by trimethylpyridine (3) and pyridine (4), respectively. Surprisingly, the two compounds showed extremely contrasting mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) inhibitory activities at 1 μM concentration (4% inhibition of 3 vs. 94% inhibition of 4). The IC50 value of compound 4 was 4.9 nM, similar to that of cabozantinib (5.4 nM). A ligand-based docking study suggested that 4 includes the preferred conformation for the binding to c-Met in the conformational ensemble, but 3 does not. The anti-proliferative activity of compound 4 against hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B and Huh7) and non-small-cell lung cancer (A549 and H1299) cell lines was better than that of cabozantinib, whereas 3 did not show a significant anti-proliferative activity. Moreover, the tumor selectivity of compound 4 toward hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines was higher than that of cabozantinib. In the xenograft chick tumor model, compound 4 inhibited Hep3B tumor growth to a much greater extent than cabozantinib. The present study suggests that compound 4 may be a good therapeutic candidate against hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwala Karmacharya
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (U.K.); (D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Diwakar Guragain
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (U.K.); (D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Prakash Chaudhary
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (U.K.); (D.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Jun-Goo Jee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (U.K.); (D.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.-A.K.); (B.-S.J.); Tel.: +82-53-810-2816 (J.-A.K.); +82-53-810-2814 (B.-S.J.)
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (U.K.); (D.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.-A.K.); (B.-S.J.); Tel.: +82-53-810-2816 (J.-A.K.); +82-53-810-2814 (B.-S.J.)
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Sonkar A, Kumar P, Gautam A, Maity B, Saha S. New Scope of Targeted Therapies in Lung Carcinoma. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:629-639. [PMID: 34353252 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210805104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent research has also shown LC as a genomic disease, causing somatic mutations in patients. Tests related to mutational analysis and genome profiles have lately expanded significantly in the genetics/genomics field of LC. This review summarizes the current knowledge about different signalling pathways of LC based on the clinical impact of molecular targets. It describes the main molecular pathways and changes involved in the development, progression, and cellular breakdown of LC and the molecular changes. This review focuses on approved and targeted experimental therapies such as immunotherapy and clinical trials that examine the different targeted approaches to treating LC. We aimto clarify the differences in the extent of various genetic mutations in several areas for LC patients. Targeted molecular therapies for LC can be continued with advanced racial differences in genetic changes, which have a significant impact on the choice of drug treatment and our understanding of the profile of drug susceptibility/resistance. The most relevant genes described in this review are EGFR, KRAS, MET, BRAF, PIK3CA, STK11, ERBB3, PTEN, and RB1. Combined research efforts in this field are required to understand the genetic difference in LC outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Sonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226025. India
| | - Pranesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226025. India
| | - Anurag Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226025. India
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226025. India
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Li D, Gui Q, Xu C, Shen M, Chen K. Dramatic response to osimertinib combined with crizotinib in EGFR T790 M mutation only in blood and Met amplification only in tumor tissue expressive non-small cell lung cancer: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26375. [PMID: 34397683 PMCID: PMC8322536 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Besides the T790 M mutation, it may coexist with bypass pathway activation in real clinical cases for patients with EGFR mutations who resisted to the first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are limited clinical trial data describing the efficacy of osimertinib combined with MET inhibition in EGFR T790M-mutant NSCLC patients with Met amplification. PATIENT CONCERNS A non-smoking 53-year-old male patient with lung adenocarcinoma underwent gefitinib, afatinib, and osimertinib combined with crizotinib treatment and developed different EGFR resistance mutations. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (stage cT4N2M0, IIIB). After resistance to the therapy targeting EGFR exon 21 L858R point mutation, T790 M mutation was detected in liquid biopsy and Met amplification was detected via tissue biopsy by next-generation sequencing (NGS). INTERVENTIONS The patient received systemic treatments, including chemotherapy, gefitinib, afatinib, and osimertinib combined with crizotinib. OUTCOMES The patient died of multisystem organ failure and had an overall survival of 24 months. LESSONS Although osimertinib combined with crizotinib therapy showed dramatic tumor shrinkage in both the primary tumor and bone metastasis to an EGFR T790M-mutant NSCLC patient with MET amplification, the progression-free survival (PFS) was only two months.
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Wan Mohd Tajuddin WNB, Abas F, Othman I, Naidu R. Molecular Mechanisms of Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Activity by 1,5-Bis(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)1,4-Pentadiene-3-one (MS13) on Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147424. [PMID: 34299042 PMCID: PMC8307969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarylpentanoid (DAP), an analog that was structurally modified from a naturally occurring curcumin, has shown to enhance anticancer efficacy compared to its parent compound in various cancers. This study aims to determine the cytotoxicity, antiproliferative, and apoptotic activity of diarylpentanoid MS13 on two subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells: squamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H520) and adenocarcinoma (NCI-H23). Gene expression analysis was performed using Nanostring PanCancer Pathways Panel to determine significant signaling pathways and targeted genes in these treated cells. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that MS13 exhibited greater inhibitory effect in NCI-H520 and NCI-H23 cells compared to curcumin. MS13 induced anti-proliferative activity in both cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Morphological analysis revealed that a significant number of MS13-treated cells exhibited apoptosis. A significant increase in caspase-3 activity and decrease in Bcl-2 protein concentration was noted in both MS13-treated cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. A total of 77 and 47 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were regulated in MS13 treated-NCI-H520 and NCI-H23 cells, respectively. Among the DEGs, 22 were mutually expressed in both NCI-H520 and NCI-H23 cells in response to MS13 treatment. The top DEGs modulated by MS13 in NCI-H520—DUSP4, CDKN1A, GADD45G, NGFR, and EPHA2—and NCI-H23 cells—HGF, MET, COL5A2, MCM7, and GNG4—were highly associated with PI3K, cell cycle-apoptosis, and MAPK signaling pathways. In conclusion, MS13 may induce antiproliferation and apoptosis activity in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of NSCLC cells by modulating DEGs associated with PI3K-AKT, cell cycle-apoptosis, and MAPK pathways. Therefore, our present findings could provide an insight into the anticancer activity of MS13 and merits further investigation as a potential anticancer agent for NSCLC cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nur Baitty Wan Mohd Tajuddin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
- Global Asia in the 21s Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (W.N.B.W.M.T.); (I.O.)
- Global Asia in the 21s Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-5514-63-45
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Kordbacheh F, Farah CS. Molecular Pathways and Druggable Targets in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3453. [PMID: 34298667 PMCID: PMC8307423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, affecting an ever increasing global population. Despite advances in diagnostic technology and surgical approaches to manage these conditions, survival rates have only marginally improved and this has occurred mainly in developed countries. Some improvements in survival, however, have been a result of new management and treatment approaches made possible because of our ever-increasing understanding of the molecular pathways triggered in head and neck oncogenesis, and the growing understanding of the abundant heterogeneity of this group of cancers. Some important pathways are common to other solid tumours, but their impact on reducing the burden of head and neck disease has been less than impressive. Other less known and little-explored pathways may hold the key to the development of potential druggable targets. The extensive work carried out over the last decade, mostly utilising next generation sequencing has opened up the development of many novel approaches to head and neck cancer treatment. This paper explores our current understanding of the molecular pathways of this group of tumours and outlines associated druggable targets which are deployed as therapeutic approaches in head and neck oncology with the ultimate aim of improving patient outcomes and controlling the personal and economic burden of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Kordbacheh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Camile S. Farah
- The Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Genomics for Life, Brisbane, QLD 4064, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, Australian Clinical Labs, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Head and Neck Cancer Signalling Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Fu J, Su X, Li Z, Deng L, Liu X, Feng X, Peng J. HGF/c-MET pathway in cancer: from molecular characterization to clinical evidence. Oncogene 2021; 40:4625-4651. [PMID: 34145400 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive landscape of HGF/c-MET (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) /mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET)) signaling pathway in cancers. First, we generalize the compelling influence of HGF/c-MET pathway on multiple cellular processes. Then, we present the genomic characterization of HGF/c-MET pathway in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we extensively illustrate the malignant biological behaviors of HGF/c-MET pathway in cancers, in which hyperactive HGF/c-MET signaling is considered as a hallmark. In addition, we investigate the current clinical trials of HGF/c-MET-targeted therapy in cancers. We find that although HGF/c-MET-targeted therapy has led to breakthroughs in certain cancers, monotherapy of targeting HGF/c-MET has failed to demonstrate significant clinical efficacy in most cancers. With the advantage of the combinations of HGF/c-MET-targeted therapy, the exploration of more options of combinational targeted therapy in cancers may be the major challenge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorui Su
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Deng
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuancheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, China.
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Feng X, Ding W, Ma J, Liu B, Yuan H. Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancers: Current Landscape and Future Prospects. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 16:540-551. [PMID: 34132185 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210615161501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common and malignant cancer worldwide. Targeted therapies have emerged as a promising treatment strategy for lung cancers. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the current landscape of targets and finding promising targets for future new drug discovery for lung cancers by identifying the science-technology-clinical development pattern and mapping the interaction network of targets. METHODS Targets for cancers were classified into 3 groups based on a paper published in Nature. We search for scientific literature, patent documents and clinical trials of targets in Group 1 and Group 2 for lung cancers. Then, a target-target interaction network of Group 1 was constructed, and the science-technology-clinical(S-T-C) development patterns of targets in Group 1 were identified. Finally, based on the cluster distribution and the development pattern of targets in Group 1, interactions between the targets were employed to predict potential targets in Group 2 on drug development. RESULTS The target-target interaction(TTI)network of group 1 resulted in 3 clusters with different developmental stages. The potential targets in Group 2 are divided into 3 ranks. Level-1 is the first priority and level-3 is the last. Level-1 includes 16 targets, such as STAT3, CRKL, and PTPN11, that are mostly involved in signaling transduction pathways. Level-2 and level-3 contain 8 and 6 targets related to various biological functions. CONCLUSION This study will provide references for drug development in lung cancers, emphasizing that priorities should be given to targets in Level-1, whose mechanisms are worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Ding
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junhong Ma
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baijun Liu
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongmei Yuan
- School of Business Administration, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Lee M, Jain P, Wang F, Ma PC, Borczuk A, Halmos B. MET alterations and their impact on the future of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) targeted therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:249-268. [PMID: 33945380 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1925648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The MET gene and its pathway normally plays a crucial role in cell homeostasis, motility, and apoptosis. However, when the MET gene is altered, there is an imbalance toward cell proliferation and invasion commonly seen in numerous different types of cancers. The heterogeneous group of MET alterations that includes MET amplification, MET exon 14 skipping mutation, and MET fusions has been difficult to diagnose and treat. Currently, treatments are focused on tyrosine kinase inhibitors but now there is emerging data on novel MET-targeted therapies including monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates that have emerged.Areas covered: We introduce new emerging data on MET alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that has contributed to advances in MET targeted therapeutics. We offer our perspective and examine new information on the mechanisms of the MET alterations in this review.Expert opinion: Given the trends currently involving the targeting of MET altered malignancies, there will most likely be a continued rapid expansion of testing, novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors and potent antibody approaches. Combination treatments will be necessary to optimize management of advanced and early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lee
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Prantesh Jain
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Patrick C Ma
- Penn State CancerInstitute, PennState College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Buckle T, van Alphen M, van Oosterom MN, van Beurden F, Heimburger N, van der Wal JE, van den Brekel M, van Leeuwen FWB, Karakullukcu B. Translation of c-Met Targeted Image-Guided Surgery Solutions in Oral Cavity Cancer-Initial Proof of Concept Data. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112674. [PMID: 34071623 PMCID: PMC8198422 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Translation of tumor-specific fluorescent tracers is crucial in the realization intraoperative of tumor identification during fluorescence-guided surgery. Ex vivo assessment of surgical specimens after topical tracer application has the potential to reveal the suitability of a potential surgical target prior to in vivo use in patients. In this study, the c-Met receptor was identified as a possible candidate for fluorescence-guided surgery in oral cavity cancer. Freshly excised tumor specimens obtained from ten patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were incubated with EMI-137 and imaged with a clinical-grade Cy5 prototype fluorescence camera. In total, 9/10 tumors were fluorescently illuminated, while non-visualization could be linked to non-superficial tumor localization. Immunohistochemistry revealed c-Met expression in all ten specimens. Tumor assessment was improved via video representation of the tumor-to-background ratio. Abstract Intraoperative tumor identification (extension/margins/metastases) via receptor-specific targeting is one of the ultimate promises of fluorescence-guided surgery. The translation of fluorescent tracers that enable tumor visualization forms a critical component in the realization of this approach. Ex vivo assessment of surgical specimens after topical tracer application could help provide an intermediate step between preclinical evaluation and first-in-human trials. Here, the suitability of the c-Met receptor as a potential surgical target in oral cavity cancer was explored via topical ex vivo application of the fluorescent tracer EMI-137. Freshly excised tumor specimens obtained from ten patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were incubated with EMI-137 and imaged with a clinical-grade Cy5 prototype fluorescence camera. In-house developed image processing software allowed video-rate assessment of the tumor-to-background ratio (TBR). Fluorescence imaging results were related to standard pathological evaluation and c-MET immunohistochemistry. After incubation with EMI-137, 9/10 tumors were fluorescently illuminated. Immunohistochemistry revealed c-Met expression in all ten specimens. Non-visualization could be linked to a more deeply situated lesion. Tumor assessment was improved via video representation of the TBR (median TBR: 2.5 (range 1.8–3.1)). Ex vivo evaluation of tumor specimens suggests that c-Met is a possible candidate for fluorescence-guided surgery in oral cavity cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.N.v.O.); (F.v.B.); (N.H.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.A.); (M.v.d.B.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maarten van Alphen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.A.); (M.v.d.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Matthias N. van Oosterom
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.N.v.O.); (F.v.B.); (N.H.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.A.); (M.v.d.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Florian van Beurden
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.N.v.O.); (F.v.B.); (N.H.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
| | - Nina Heimburger
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.N.v.O.); (F.v.B.); (N.H.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
| | - Jaqueline E. van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michiel van den Brekel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.A.); (M.v.d.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Fijs W. B. van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.N.v.O.); (F.v.B.); (N.H.); (F.W.B.v.L.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.A.); (M.v.d.B.); (B.K.)
| | - Baris Karakullukcu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.A.); (M.v.d.B.); (B.K.)
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Subramanian J, Tawfik O. Detection of MET exon 14 skipping mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: overview and community perspective. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:877-886. [PMID: 33957836 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1924683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for the majority of lung cancer diagnoses in the United States, has many known driver mutations, including MET exon 14 skipping mutation (METex14). The detection of oncogenic driver mutations in NSCLC and the development of drugs to target these alterations, including METex14, has created the need for accurate and reliable testing, of which next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the gold standard. However, detection of METex14 in patients with NSCLC can be challenging due to the complex biology of METex14 and the abilities of different NGS platforms to detect METex14.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of METex14 biology, discusses the optimal platforms for the detection of METex14 in NSCLC, and provides an overview of the use of NGS in the community setting.Expert opinion: Broad molecular testing is crucial for identifying actionable oncogenic drivers in NSCLC. METex14 is a complex oncogenic driver mutation requiring carefully optimized platforms for proper detection. To identify patients eligible for targeted therapies - including therapies targeting novel oncogenic drivers, such as MET inhibitors - community oncologists need to be aware of both the use of NGS platforms and the differences in their capabilities to detect certain oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janakiraman Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Division of Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Department of Pathology, Saint Luke's Health System of Kansas City, MAWD Pathology Group, Lenexa, Kansas, USA
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Fujino T, Suda K, Mitsudomi T. Lung Cancer with MET exon 14 Skipping Mutation: Genetic Feature, Current Treatments, and Future Challenges. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 12:35-50. [PMID: 34295201 PMCID: PMC8290191 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s269307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MET exon 14 skipping mutation (MET∆ex14) is present about 3% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). NSCLC patients with MET∆ex14 are characterized by an average age of over 70 years at diagnosis, a smoking history and a higher frequency in pleomorphic carcinoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma. It has also been reported that NSCLCs with MET∆ex14 often have codriver alterations such as EGFR amplification (6–28%), FGFR1 alterations (5–17%), KRAS alterations (~8%), BRAF alterations (~21%), or PIK3CA mutation/amplification (~14%). In 2020, the approval of two MET-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), capmatinib and tepotinib, for NSCLCs carrying MET∆ex14 dawned a new era for MET-targeted therapy. These drugs yielded progression-free survival of 5.4−12.4 months in clinical trials; however, it has also been reported that one-third to half of patients show inherent resistance to MET-TKIs. In addition, the emergence of acquired resistance to MET-TKIs is inevitable. In this review, we summarize the clinical and molecular characteristics of NSCLCs with MET∆ex14, the efficacy and safety of capmatinib and tepotinib, the inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms to MET-TKIs, and new treatment strategies for NSCLCs with MET∆ex14 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fujino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Suda
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mitsudomi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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Liu C, Jiang W, Zhang L, Hargest R, Martin TA. SIPA1 Is a Modulator of HGF/MET Induced Tumour Metastasis via the Regulation of Tight Junction-Based Cell to Cell Barrier Function. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1747. [PMID: 33917539 PMCID: PMC8038768 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. SIPA1 is a mitogen induced GTPase activating protein (GAP) and may hamper cell cycle progression. SIPA1 has been shown to be involved in MET signaling and may contribute to tight junction (TJ) function and cancer metastasis. METHODS Human lung tumour cohorts were analyzed. In vitro cell function assays were performed after knock down of SIPA1 in lung cancer cells with/without treatment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting were performed to analyze expression of HGF (hepatocyte growth factor), MET, and their downstream markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IFC) staining were performed. RESULTS Higher expression of SIPA1 in lung tumours was associated with a poorer prognosis. Knockdown of SIPA1 decreased invasiveness and proliferation of in vitro cell lines, and the SIPA1 knockdown cells demonstrated leaky barriers. Knockdown of SIPA1 decreased tight junction-based barrier function by downregulating MET at the protein but not the transcript level, through silencing of Grb2, SOCS, and PKCμ (Protein kinase Cµ), reducing the internalization and recycling of MET. Elevated levels of SIPA1 protein are correlated with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), especially HGF/MET and TJs. The regulation of HGF on barrier function and invasion required the presence of SIPA1. CONCLUSIONS SIPA1 plays an essential role in lung tumourigenesis and metastasis. SIPA1 may be a diagnostic and prognostic predictive biomarker. SIPA1 may also be a potential therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with aberrant MET expression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Lijian Zhang
- Peking University School of Oncology and Peking University Cancer Hospital, Fucheng Road, Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Rachel Hargest
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Tracey A. Martin
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (C.L.); (W.J.)
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