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Hu G, Huang N, Zhang J, Zhang D, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang L, Du Y, Kuang S, Ma K, Zhu H, Xu N, Liu M. LKB1 loss promotes colorectal cancer cell metastasis through regulating TNIK expression and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1659-1672. [PMID: 37449799 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Approximately 5%-6% of CRC cases are associated with hereditary CRC syndromes, including the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as STK11, is the major gene responsible for PJS. LKB1 heterozygotic deficiency is involved in intestinal polyps in mice, while the mechanism of LKB1 in CRC remains elusive. In this study, we generated LKB1 knockout (KO) CRC cell lines by using CRISPR-Cas9. LKB1 KO promoted CRC cell motility in vitro and tumor metastases in vivo. LKB1 attenuated expression of TRAF2 and NCK-interacting protein kinase (TNIK) as accessed by RNA-seq and western blots, and similar suppression was also detected in the tumor tissues of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal-specific LKB1-KO mice. LKB1 repressed TNIK expression through its kinase activity. Moreover, attenuating TNIK by shRNA inhibited cell migration and invasion of CRC cells. LKB1 loss-induced high metastatic potential of CRC cells was depended on TNIK upregulation. Furthermore, TNIK interacted with ARHGAP29 and further affected actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Taken together, LKB1 deficiency promoted CRC cell metastasis via TNIK upregulation and subsequently mediated cytoskeleton remodeling. These results suggest that LKB1-TNIK axis may play a crucial role in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Hu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Die Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuren Wang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxi Du
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuwen Kuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Cosi I, Pellecchia A, De Lorenzo E, Torre E, Sica M, Nesi G, Notaro R, De Angioletti M. ETV4 promotes late development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cell proliferation through direct and p53-mediated downregulation of p21. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32791988 PMCID: PMC7427297 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETV4 is one of the ETS proteins overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC) as a result of recurrent chromosomal translocations. In human prostate cell lines, ETV4 promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation; however, its role in PC has been unclear. In this study, we have explored the effects of ETV4 expression in the prostate in a novel transgenic mouse model. METHODS We have created a mouse model with prostate-specific expression of ETV4 (ETV4 mice). By histochemical and molecular analysis, we have investigated in these engineered mice the expression of p21, p27, and p53. The implications of our in vivo findings have been further investigated in human cells lines by chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays. RESULTS ETV4 mice, from two independent transgenic lines, have increased cell proliferation in their prostate and two-thirds of them, by the age of 10 months, developed mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). In these mice, cdkn1a and its p21 protein product were reduced compared to controls; p27 protein was also reduced. By ChIP assay in human prostate cell lines, we show that ETV4 binds to a specific site (-704/-696 bp upstream of the transcription start) in the CDKN1A promoter that was proven, by luciferase assay, to be functionally competent. ETV4 further controls CDKN1A expression by downregulating p53 protein: this reduction of p53 was confirmed in vivo in ETV4 mice. CONCLUSIONS ETV4 overexpression results in the development of mPIN but not in progression to cancer. ETV4 increases prostate cell proliferation through multiple mechanisms, including downregulation of CDKN1A and its p21 protein product: this in turn is mediated through direct binding of ETV4 to the CDKN1A promoter and through the ETV4-mediated decrease of p53. This multi-faceted role of ETV4 in prostate cancer makes it a potential target for novel therapeutic approaches that could be explored in this ETV4 transgenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cosi
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy.,Doctorate School GenOMeC, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pellecchia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Eugenio Torre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michela Sica
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nesi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Notaro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy. .,ICCOM-National Council of Research, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy.
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Kim SH, Kim H, Lee JH, Park JW. Oxalomalate suppresses metastatic melanoma through IDH-targeted stress response to ROS. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:418-429. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1597974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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ETS1 regulates Twist1 transcription in a Kras G12D/Lkb1 -/- metastatic lung tumor model of non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:149-165. [PMID: 29909489 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Distinct members of the Ets family of transcription factors act as positive or negative regulators of genes involved in cellular proliferation, development, and tumorigenesis. In human lung cancer, increased ETS1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. We tested whether ETS1 contributes to lung tumorigenesis by binding to Twist1, a gene involved in tumor cell motility and dissemination. We used a mouse lung cancer model with metastasis driven by conditionally activated Kras and concurrent tumor suppressor Lkb1 loss (KrasG12D/ Lkb1-/- model) and a similar model of lung cancer that does not metastasize, driven by conditionally activated Kras alone (KrasG12D model). We show that Ets1 and Twist1 gene expression differs between KrasG12D tumors (low Ets1 and Twist1 expression) and KrasG12D/Lkb1-/- tumors (high Ets1 and Twist1 expression). In human lung tumors, ETS1 and TWIST1 expression positively correlates and low combined ETS1 and TWIST1 levels are associated with improved survival compared to high levels. Using mouse cell lines derived from KrasG12D and KrasG12D/Lkb1-/- mouse models and the human lung cancer (A549) cell line, we show that ETS1 regulates Twist1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm binding of ETS1 to the Twist1 promoter. Overexpression studies show that ETS1 transactivates Twist1 promoter activity in mouse and human cells. Silencing endogenous Ets1 by siRNA in mouse cell lines decreases Twist1 mRNA levels, decreases invasion, and increases cell growth. Ets1 and Twist1 are at the crossroad of several signaling pathways in cancer. Understanding their regulation may inform the development of therapies to impair lung tumor metastasis.
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5
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Alkaf A, Al-Jafari A, Wani TA, Alqattan S, Zargar S. Expression of STK11 gene and its promoter activity in MCF control and cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:362. [PMID: 29043114 PMCID: PMC5628056 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase gene (STK11) is identified as tumor suppressor gene whose mutation can lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). STK11 is emerging as a multifunctional protein, it activates 14 different AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members, important in the regulation of cell polarity, cell cycle arrest, energy and hemostasis. Present study was designed to evaluate STK11 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cancer and MCF-10 normal breast cells lines. mRNA expression was studied by real-time PCR. Further, human STK11 promoter construct was fused to a luciferase reporter and transfected into both MCF-7 and MCF-10 cells to identify the promoter activity in these cells. STK11 mRNA was found significantly higher in MCF-7 compared to MCF-10 cells (p value < 0.0005) indicating its role in the onset of breast cancer. Interestingly, it was found that the promoter activity of STK11 gene in MCF-7 cells was also significantly higher when compared to MCF-10 cells (p value < 0.005). Positive correlation was observed in promoter activity and gene expression (p = 0.048, r2 = 0.587). This study for the first time relates the altered STK11 gene expression in breast cancer cells with altered promoter activity. The present finding may shed light on the new therapeutic approaches against breast cancer by targeting gene or its promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Alkaf
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer A. Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Somaya Alqattan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Xue X, Fei X, Hou W, Zhang Y, Liu L, Hu R. miR-342-3p suppresses cell proliferation and migration by targeting AGR2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:170-178. [PMID: 29107102 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AGR2 is a well-studied secreted protein that is involved in multiple biological processes including cell proliferation and migration. The mechanism by which AGR2 increases the growth and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) is still unknown. In this study, we report that AGR2 is directly targeted by miR-342-3p. Functional studies suggest that overexpression of miR-342-3p inhibits the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Overexpression of AGR2 counteracts the phenotypes induced by miR-342-3p. Moreover, AGR2 expression is up-regulated and negatively correlated with miR-342-3p levels in NSCLC cells and tissues. A meta-analysis of survival data indicates that NSCLC patients with high levels of AGR2 in their tumors have a worse prognosis. Collectively, the identification of miR-342-3p and AGR2 might facilitate the development of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Fei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Wenjie Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to the an Hui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongkuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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7
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钟 超, 彭 亮, 李 冉, 陈 静, 陈 新, 曾 笛, 徐 晓, 王 志, 陈 楚, 王 亚, 李 爱, 刘 思, 吴 保. [LKB1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Peutz-Jeghers hamartoma and intestinal epithelial cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1078-1084. [PMID: 28801289 PMCID: PMC6765722 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.08.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism by which LKB1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Peutz-Jeghers hamartoma and intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to detect gene expression of LKB1, E-cadherin, and vimentin in 20 hamartoma tissues and 10 normal intestinal tissues, and collagen fiber deposition was analyzed using Masson trichrome staining. Normal intestinal epithelial NCM460 cells were transfected with LKB1 shRNA plasmid or negative control via lentiviral vectors, and the role of LKB1 in cell polarization and migration were determined using CCK8 and Transwell assays. Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence were used to assess the alterations of EMT markers in the cells with LKB1 knockdown. RESULTS Compared with normal intestinal tissues, hamartoma polyps showed significantly decreased LKB1 and E-cadherin expressions and increased vimentin expression with increased collagen fiber deposition. The cells with LKB1 knockdown exhibited enhanced cell proliferation and migration activities (P<0.01). Western blot analysis, qPCR and immunofluorescence all detected decreased E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, and Slug expressions in the cells with LKB1 knockdown. CONCLUSION s LKB1 deficiency triggers EMT in intestinal epithelial cells and Peutz-Jeghers hamartoma, suggesting that EMT can serve as the therapeutic target for treatment of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- 超 钟
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 亮 彭
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 冉 李
- 青岛大学附属医院感染科, 山东 青岛 370200Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao 370200, China
| | - 静 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 新琦 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 笛 曾
- 广东省广州市番禺区人民医院消化内科, 广东 广州 510000Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - 晓平 徐
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 志青 王
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 楚弟 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 亚东 王
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 爱民 李
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 思德 刘
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 保平 吴
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科//广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室, 广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology/Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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8
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Hu R, Huffman KE, Chu M, Zhang Y, Minna JD, Yu Y. Quantitative Secretomic Analysis Identifies Extracellular Protein Factors That Modulate the Metastatic Phenotype of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:477-86. [PMID: 26736068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for men and women in the United States, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) representing 85% of all diagnoses. Late stage detection, metastatic disease and lack of actionable biomarkers contribute to the high mortality rate. Proteins in the extracellular space are known to be critically involved in regulating every stage of the pathogenesis of lung cancer. To investigate the mechanism by which secreted proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of NSCLC, we performed quantitative secretomic analysis of two isogenic NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H1993 and NCI-H2073) and an immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBEC3-KT) as control. H1993 was derived from a chemo-naïve metastatic tumor, while H2073 was derived from the primary tumor after etoposide/cisplatin therapy. From the conditioned media of these three cell lines, we identified and quantified 2713 proteins, including a series of proteins involved in regulating inflammatory response, programmed cell death and cell motion. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicates that a number of proteins overexpressed in H1993 media are involved in biological processes related to cancer metastasis, including cell motion, cell-cell adhesion and cell migration. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock down of a number of these proteins, including SULT2B1, CEACAM5, SPRR3, AGR2, S100P, and S100A14, leads to dramatically reduced migration of these cells. In addition, meta-analysis of survival data indicates NSCLC patients whose tumors express higher levels of several of these secreted proteins, including SULT2B1, CEACAM5, SPRR3, S100P, and S100A14, have a worse prognosis. Collectively, our results provide a potential molecular link between deregulated secretome and NSCLC cell migration/metastasis. In addition, the identification of these aberrantly secreted proteins might facilitate the development of biomarkers for early detection of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Kenneth E Huffman
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Michael Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - John D Minna
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and ‡Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
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Grageda M, Silveyra P, Thomas NJ, DiAngelo SL, Floros J. DNA methylation profile and expression of surfactant protein A2 gene in lung cancer. Exp Lung Res 2014; 41:93-102. [PMID: 25514367 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.976298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the methylation profile of genes allow for the identification of biomarkers that may guide diagnosis and effective treatment of disease. Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in lung homeostasis and immunity, and is encoded by two genes (SFTPA1 and SFTPA2). The goal of this study was to identify differentially methylated CpG sites in the promoter region of the SFTPA2 gene in lung cancer tissue, and to determine the correlation between the promoter's methylation profile and gene expression. For this, we collected 28 pairs of cancerous human lung tissue and adjacent noncancerous (NC) lung tissue: 17 adenocarcinoma (AC), 9 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 2 AC with SCC features, and we evaluated DNA methylation of the SFTPA2 promoter region by bisulfite conversion. Our results identified a higher methylation ratio in one CpG site of the SFTPA2 gene in cancerous tissue versus NC tissue (0.36 versus 0.11, p = 0.001). When assessing AC samples, we also found cancerous tissues associated with a higher methylation ratio (0.43 versus 0.10, p = 0.02). In the SCC group, although cancerous tissue showed a higher methylation ratio (0.22 versus 0.11), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.35). Expression of SFTPA2 mRNA and total SP-A protein was significantly lower in cancer tissue when compared to adjacent NC tissue (p < 0.001), and correlated with the hypermethylated status of an SFTPA2 CpG site in AC samples. The findings of this pilot study may hold promise for future use of SFTPA2 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Grageda
- 1Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State Children's Hospital, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , United States
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Recent progress on liver kinase B1 (LKB1): expression, regulation, downstream signaling and cancer suppressive function. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16698-718. [PMID: 25244018 PMCID: PMC4200829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), known as a serine/threonine kinase, has been identified as a critical cancer suppressor in many cancer cells. It is a master upstream kinase of 13 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related protein kinases, and possesses versatile biological functions. LKB1 gene is mutated in many cancers, and its protein can form different protein complexes with different cellular localizations in various cell types. The expression of LKB1 can be regulated through epigenetic modification, transcriptional regulation and post-translational modification. LKB1 dowcnstream pathways mainly include AMPK, microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK), salt-inducible kinase (SIK), sucrose non-fermenting protein-related kinase (SNRK) and brain selective kinase (BRSK) signalings, etc. This review, therefore, mainly discusses recent studies about the expression, regulation, downstream signaling and cancer suppressive function of LKB1, which can be helpful for better understanding of this molecular and its significance in cancers.
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Liclican EL, Walser TC, Hazra S, Krysan K, Park SJ, Pagano PC, Gardner BK, Larsen JE, Minna JD, Dubinett SM. Loss of miR125a expression in a model of K-ras-dependent pulmonary premalignancy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:845-55. [PMID: 24913817 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer is necessary to identify biomarkers/targets specific to individual airway molecular profiles and to identify options for targeted chemoprevention. Herein, we identify mechanisms by which loss of microRNA (miRNA)125a-3p (miR125a) contributes to the malignant potential of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) harboring an activating point mutation of the K-ras proto-oncogene (HBEC K-ras). Among other miRNAs, we identified significant miR125a loss in HBEC K-ras lines and determined that miR125a is regulated by the PEA3 transcription factor. PEA3 is upregulated in HBEC K-ras cells, and genetic knockdown of PEA3 restores miR125a expression. From a panel of inflammatory/angiogenic factors, we identified increased CXCL1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by HBEC K-ras cells and determined that miR125a overexpression significantly reduces K-ras-mediated production of these tumorigenic factors. miR125a overexpression also abrogates increased proliferation of HBEC K-ras cells and suppresses anchorage-independent growth (AIG) of HBEC K-ras/P53 cells, the latter of which is CXCL1-dependent. Finally, pioglitazone increases levels of miR125a in HBEC K-ras cells via PEA3 downregulation. In addition, pioglitazone and miR125a overexpression elicit similar phenotypic responses, including suppression of both proliferation and VEGF production. Our findings implicate miR125a loss in lung carcinogenesis and lay the groundwork for future studies to determine whether miR125a is a possible biomarker for lung carcinogenesis and/or a chemoprevention target. Moreover, our studies illustrate that pharmacologic augmentation of miR125a in K-ras-mutated pulmonary epithelium effectively abrogates several deleterious downstream events associated with the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira L Liclican
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Tonya C Walser
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Saswati Hazra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kostyantyn Krysan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Stacy J Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Paul C Pagano
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Brian K Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jill E Larsen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care Center, Los Angeles, California; and
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He TY, Tsai LH, Huang CC, Chou MC, Lee H. LKB1 loss at transcriptional level promotes tumor malignancy and poor patient outcomes in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 Suppl 4:S703-10. [PMID: 24879590 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) loss by gene mutation, loss of heterozygosity, and promoter methylation rarely occurs in colorectal cancer. We wondered whether LKB1 loss could be deregulated at the transcriptional level to promote tumor progression and poor outcome in colorectal cancer. METHODS Mechanistic studies were performed in two each of p53 wild-type (HCT116, LoVo) and p53-mutated (SW480, HT29) colon cancer cells to explore whether LKB1 loss could be deregulated by NKX2-1-mediated p53 pathway. LKB1 and NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1) expressions in colorectal tumors were determined by immunohistochemistry, and the prognostic value of both molecules was assessed by Kaplan-Meier test and Cox regression model. RESULTS Mechanistically, LKB1 loss at the transcriptional level due to alteration of the NKX2-1-mediated p53 pathway promotes invasiveness in colon cancer cells. The cell invasiveness induced by LKB1 loss was nearly suppressed by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor (rapamycin and everolimus) and mTOR/AKT dual inhibitor Palomid 529 (P529). Among patients, low LKB1 tumors exhibited shorter overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival periods than high LKB1 tumors. The highest hazard ratio value for OS and relapse-free survival was observed in wild-type p53 with low LKB1/low NKX2-1 tumors and in mutated p53 with low LKB1/high NKX2-1 tumors when wild-type p53 with high LKB1/high NKX2-1 and mutated p53 with high LKB1/low NKX2-1 tumors were used as references. CONCLUSIONS LKB1 loss at the transcriptional level via alteration of the NKX2-1/p53 axis promotes cell invasion, consequently resulting in poor outcome in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ying He
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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LKB1 controls human bronchial epithelial morphogenesis through p114RhoGEF-dependent RhoA activation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2671-82. [PMID: 23648482 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00154-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LKB1 is a Ser/Thr kinase that plays an important role in controlling both energy metabolism and cell polarity in metazoan organisms. LKB1 is also a tumor suppressor, and homozygous, inactivating mutations are found in a wide range of human cancers. In lung cancer, inactivating mutations are found in 10 to 50% of cases, but the consequences of functional loss in this context are poorly understood. We report here that LKB1 is required for the maturation of apical junctions in the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o- (16HBE). This activity is dependent on an interaction with the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor p114RhoGEF but is independent of LKB1 kinase activity. Together, LKB1 and p114RhoGEF control RhoA activity in these cells to promote apical junction assembly.
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Overexpression of ETV4 is oncogenic in prostate cells through promotion of both cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e20. [PMID: 23552736 PMCID: PMC3412649 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of translocations that involve one of the genes of the ETS family (ERG, ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5) has been a major advance in understanding the molecular basis of prostate cancer (PC). Each one of these translocations results in deregulated expression of one of the ETS proteins. Here, we focus on the mechanism whereby overexpression of the ETV4 gene mediates oncogenesis in the prostate. By siRNA technology, we show that ETV4 inhibition in the PC3 cancer cell line reduces not only cell mobility and anchorage-independent growth, but also cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and tumor growth in a xenograft model. Conversely, ETV4 overexpression in the nonmalignant human prostate cell line (RWPE) increases anchorage-independent growth, cell mobility and cell proliferation, which is probably mediated by downregulation of p21, producing accelerated progression through the cell cycle. ETV4 overexpression is associated with changes in the pattern of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression; the cells also become spindle-shaped, and these changes are characteristic of the so-called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In RWPE cells overexpressing ETV4 EMT results from a marked increase in EMT-specific transcription factors such as TWIST1, SLUG1, ZEB1 and ZEB2. Thus, whereas ETV4 shares with the other ETS proteins (ERG, ETV5 and ETV1) a major role in invasiveness and cell migration, it emerges as unique in that it increases at the same time also the rate of proliferation of PC cells. Considering the wide spectrum in the clinical course of patients with PC, it may be highly relevant that ETV4 is capable of inducing most and perhaps all of the features that make a tumor aggressive.
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Enhanced antitumor effect of cisplatin in human NSCLC cells by tumor suppressor LKB1. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:489-98. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yuen HF, McCrudden CM, Chan KK, Chan YP, Wong MLY, Chan KYK, Khoo US, Law S, Srivastava G, Lappin TR, Chan KW, El-Tanani M. The role of Pea3 group transcription factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:992-1003. [PMID: 21689625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Pea3, Erm, and Er81 can promote cancer initiation and progression in various types of solid tumors. However, their role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that the expression levels of Pea3 and Erm, but not that of Er81, were significantly higher in ESCC compared with nontumor esophageal epithelium. A high level of Pea3 expression was significantly correlated with a shorter overall survival in a cohort of 81 patients with ESCC and the subgroup with N1 stage tumor (Wilcoxon-Gehan test, P = 0.016 and P = 0.001, respectively). Pea3 was overexpressed in seven ESCC cell lines compared with two immortalized esophageal cell lines. Pea3 knockdown reduced cell proliferation and suppressed nonadherent growth, migration, and invasion in ESCC cells in vitro. In addition, Pea3 knockdown in ESCC cells resulted in a down-regulation of phospho-Akt and matrix metalloproteinase 13, whereas a significant positive correlation in the expression levels was observed between Pea3 and phospho-Akt (r = 0.281, P < 0.013) and between Pea3 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 in the human specimens (r = 0.462, P < 0.001). Moreover, Pea3 modulated the sensitivity of EC109 cells to doxorubicin, probably via reduced activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of Rapamycin complex 1 pathway on Pea3 knockdown. In conclusion, our results suggest that Pea3 plays an important role in the progression of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Herrmann JL, Byekova Y, Elmets CA, Athar M. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in the pathogenesis of epithelial cancers. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:1-9. [PMID: 21450399 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
LKB1 acts as a master kinase, with its major protein targets being the family of AMPKs. Through activation of multiple signaling pathways, LKB1's main physiologic functions involve regulating cellular growth, metabolism, and polarity. Germline mutations in LKB1 result in Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome, a rare cancer susceptibility syndrome. In addition, multiple LKB1 mutations have been identified in sporadic cancers, especially those of the lung. Recent studies from a variety of murine models have helped characterize LKB1's role in the pathogenesis of epithelial cancers. In some tumor types, LKB1 might function chiefly to suppress cell growth or invasion, while in other cases, it may serve to prevent metastasis. Moreover, molecular signatures of individual tumors likely influence LKB1's operational role, as multiple studies have shown that LKB1 can synergize with other tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes to accelerate tumorigenesis. To date, LKB1 has been considered mainly a tumor suppressor; however, some studies have suggested its potential oncogenic role, mainly through the suppression of apoptosis. In short, LKB1 is a tissue and context-specific kinase. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of epithelial cancers.
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Abstract
Metastasis is characterized by the ability of cancer cells to invade into adjacent tissue, intravasate into blood or lymphatic vessels, and extravasate into a distant tissue. Metastatic disease is primarily responsible for the low 5-year survival rate of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate NSCLC metastasis is clearly warranted. The serine/threonine kinase and tumor suppressor LKB1 is mutated in 30% of NSCLC tumors, and recent evidence points to a prominent role in NSCLC metastasis. This review summarizes LKB1-dependent invasion pathways where compromised LKB1 function could promote NSCLC metastasis.
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Yuen HF, Chan YK, Grills C, McCrudden CM, Gunasekharan V, Shi Z, Wong ASY, Lappin TR, Chan KW, Fennell DA, Khoo US, Johnston PG, El-Tanani M. Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein promotes breast cancer metastatic progression through Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2011; 224:78-89. [PMID: 21404275 DOI: 10.1002/path.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein (Pea3), also known as ETV4, is a member of the Ets-transcription factor family, which promotes metastatic progression in various types of solid cancer. Pea3-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in lung and ovarian cancers. The mechanisms of Pea3-induced EMT, however, are largely unknown. Here we show that Pea3 overexpression promotes EMT in human breast epithelial cells through transactivation of Snail (SNAI1), an activator of EMT. Pea3 binds to the human Snail promoter through the two proximal Pea3 binding sites and enhances Snail expression. In addition, knockdown of Pea3 in invasive breast cancer cells results in down-regulation of Snail, partial reversal of EMT, and reduced invasiveness in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of Snail partially rescues the phenotype induced by Pea3 overexpression, suggesting that Snail is one of the mediators bridging Pea3 and EMT, and thereby metastatic progression of the cancer cells. In four breast cancer patient cohorts whose microarray and survival data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, Pea3 and Snail expression are significantly correlated with each other and with overall survival of breast cancer patients. We further demonstrate that nuclear localization of Pea3 is associated with Snail expression in breast cancer cell lines and is an independent predictor of overall survival in a Chinese breast cancer patient cohort. In conclusion, our results suggest that Pea3 may be an important prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for metastatic progression of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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Ratovitski EA. ΔNp63α/IRF6 interplay activates NOS2 transcription and induces autophagy upon tobacco exposure. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 506:208-15. [PMID: 21129360 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-induced oxidative stress leads to chronic inflammation and is implicated in the development of many human epithelial cancers, including head and neck cancer. Cigarette smoke exposure was shown to induce the expression of the ΔNp63α and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells and immortalized oral keratinocytes. The NOS2 promoter was found to contain various cognate sequences for several transcription factors including interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-6 and p63, which were shown in vivo binding to the NOS2 promoter in response to smoke exposure. Small interfering (si)-RNAs against both ΔNp63α and IRF6 decreased the induction of NOS2 promoter-driven reporter luciferase activity and were shown to inhibit NOS2 activity. Furthermore, both mainstream (MSE) and sidestream (SSE) smoking extracts induced changes in expression of autophagic marker, LC3B, while siRNA against ΔNp63α, IRF6 and NOS2 modulated these autophagic changes. Overall, these data support the notion that ΔNp63α/IRF6 interplay regulates NOS2 transcription, thereby underlying the autophagic-related cancer cell response to tobacco exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Gao Y, Ge G, Ji H. LKB1 in lung cancerigenesis: a serine/threonine kinase as tumor suppressor. Protein Cell 2011; 2:99-107. [PMID: 21380642 PMCID: PMC4875258 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is featured with high mortality, with a 15% five-year survival rate worldwide. Genetic alterations, such as loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, frequently contribute to lung cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), as a serine/threonine kinase and tumor suppressor, is frequently mutated and inactivated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent studies have provided strong evidences that LKB1 loss promotes lung cancerigenesis process, especially lung cancer progression and metastasis. This review will summarize recent progress on how LKB1 modulates the process of lung cancerigenesis, emphasizing on LKB1 downstream signaling pathways and biological functions. We will further discuss the potential development of prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in lung cancer clinic based on the molecular alteration associated with deregulated LKB1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Gaoxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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Huang Y, Ratovitski EA. Phospho-ΔNp63α/Rpn13-dependent regulation of LKB1 degradation modulates autophagy in cancer cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2010; 2:959-68. [PMID: 21191146 PMCID: PMC3034184 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress was shown to promote the translocation of Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) to cytoplasm and trigger the LKB1-AMPK-tuberin pathway leading to a down-regulation of mTOR and subsequently inducing the programmed cell death II (autophagy). Cisplatin was previously found to induce the ATM-dependent phosphorylation of ΔNp63α in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. In this study, phosphorylated (p)-ΔNp63α was shown to bind the ATM promoter, to increase the ATM promoter activity and to enhance the ATM cytoplasmic accumulation. P-ΔNp63α protein was further shown to interact with the Rpn13 protein leading to a proteasome-dependent degradation of p-ΔNp63α and thereby protecting LKB1 from the degradation. In SCC cells (with an altered ability to support the ATM-dependent ΔNp63α phosphorylation), the non-phosphorylated ΔNp63α protein failed to form protein complexes with the Rpn13 protein and thereby allowing the latter to bind and target LKB1 into a proteasome-dependent degradation pathway thereby modulating a cisplatin-induced autophagy. We thus suggest that SCC cells sensitive to cisplatin-induced cell death are likely to display a greater ratio of p-ΔNp63α/non-phosphorylated ΔNp63α than cells with the innate resistant/impaired response to a cisplatin-induced cell death. Our data also suggest that the choice made by Rpn13 between p-ΔNp63α or LKB1 to be targeted for degradation is critical for cell death decision made by cancer cells in response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Ratovitski EA. LKB1/PEA3/ΔNp63 pathway regulates PTGS-2 (COX-2) transcription in lung cancer cells upon cigarette smoke exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:317-24. [PMID: 21150337 PMCID: PMC3154041 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.5.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to show that cigarette smoking induced the LKB1/PEA 3/ΔNp63-dependent transcriptional regulation of inflammatory molecules, such as COX-2/PTGS-2. Using mainstream smoke extract (MSE) and sidestream smoke extract (SSE) as modeling tools for primary and secondhand smoking, we found that both MSE and SSE downregulated protein levels for LKB1, while upregulated protein levels for PEA 3 and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Using the endogenous ChIP analysis, we further found that the C/EBPβ, NFκB, NF-Y (CHOP), PEA 3 (ETS) and ΔNp63 proteins bound to the specific area (-550 to -130) of the COX-2 promoter, while forming multiple protein complexes in lung cancer cells exposed to MSE and SSE. Our results define a novel link between various transcription factors occupying the COX-2 promoter and cellular response to cigarette smoke exposure bringing a new component, ΔNp63α, showing a critical role for cooperation between various chromatin components in regulation of COX-2 expression and, therefore strengthening the central role of inflammatory process in tumorigenesis of epithelial cells, especially after cigarette smoke exposure (both primary and secondhand).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.
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Roy BC, Kohno T, Iwakawa R, Moriguchi T, Kiyono T, Morishita K, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Akiyama T, Yokota J. Involvement of LKB1 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 2010; 70:136-45. [PMID: 20207041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical phenotypic alteration of cancer cells that triggers invasion and metastasis. Lung cancer cells often show mesenchymal phenotypes; however, a causative genetic alteration for the induction of EMT in lung cancer cells remains unknown. Recent studies have shown that the LKB1 gene is mutated in up to one-third of lung adenocarcinomas. Therefore, to pursue the possible involvement of LKB1 inactivation in the induction of EMT in lung carcinogenesis, we generated immortalized lung epithelial cells and lung adenocarcinoma cells with stable or transient LKB1 knockdown. LKB1 knockdown increased cell motility and invasiveness, and induced the expression of several mesenchymal marker proteins accompanied by the expression of ZEB1, a transcriptional repressor for E-cadherin and an EMT inducer. In agreement with the recent findings, expression of miR-200a/c was inversely correlated with that of ZEB1 in LKB1 knockdown clones with mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, transient knockdown of LKB1 induced ZEB1 mRNA and increased cell motility, and this motility was suppressed by ZEB1 repression. These results strongly indicate that LKB1 inactivation triggers EMT in lung cancer cells through the induction of ZEB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badal C Roy
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Baker R, Kent CV, Silbermann RA, Hassell JA, Young LJT, Howe LR. Pea3 transcription factors and wnt1-induced mouse mammary neoplasia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8854. [PMID: 20107508 PMCID: PMC2809747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the PEA3 subfamily of Ets transcription factors in breast neoplasia is controversial. Although overexpression of PEA3 (E1AF/ETV4), and of the related factors ERM (ETV5) and ER81 (ETV1), have been observed in human and mouse breast tumors, PEA3 factors have also been ascribed a tumor suppressor function. Here, we utilized the MMTV/Wnt1 mouse strain to further interrogate the role of PEA3 transcription factors in mammary tumorigenesis based on our previous observation that Pea3 is highly expressed in MMTV/Wnt1 mammary tumors. Pea3 expression in mouse mammary tissues was visualized using a Pea3NLSlacZ reporter strain. In normal mammary glands, Pea3 expression is predominantly confined to myoepithelial cells. Wnt1 transgene expression induced marked amplification of this cell compartment in nontumorous mammary glands, accompanied by an apparent increase in Pea3 expression. The pattern of Pea3 expression in MMTV/Wnt1 mammary glands recapitulated the cellular profile of activated β-catenin/TCF signaling, which was visualized using both β-catenin immunohistochemistry and the β-catenin/TCF-responsive reporter Axin2NLSlacZ. To test the requirement for PEA3 factors in Wnt1-induced tumorigenesis, we employed a mammary-targeted dominant negative PEA3 transgene, ΔNPEA3En. Expression of ΔNPEA3En delayed early-onset tumor formation in MMTV/Wnt1 virgin females (P = 0.03), suggesting a requirement for PEA3 factor function for Wnt1-driven tumor formation. Consistent with this observation, expression of the ΔNPEA3En transgene was profoundly reduced in mammary tumors compared to nontumorous mammary glands from bigenic MMTV/Wnt1, MMTV/ΔNPEA3En mice (P = 0.01). Our data provide the first description of Wnt1-mediated expansion of the Pea3-expressing myoepithelial compartment in nontumorous mammary glands. Consistent with this observation, mammary myoepithelium was selectively responsive to Wnt1. Together these data suggest the MMTV/Wnt1 strain as a potential model of basal breast cancer. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for a protumorigenic role of PEA3 factors in breast neoplasia, and supports targeting the PEA3 transcription factor family in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Baker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire V. Kent
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Silbermann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John A. Hassell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence J. T. Young
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Louise R. Howe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Gazdar AF, Gao B, Minna JD. Lung cancer cell lines: Useless artifacts or invaluable tools for medical science? Lung Cancer 2010; 68:309-18. [PMID: 20079948 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple cell lines (estimated at 300-400) have been established from human small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). These cell lines have been widely dispersed to and used by the scientific community worldwide, with over 8000 citations resulting from their study. However, there remains considerable skepticism on the part of the scientific community as to the validity of research resulting from their use. These questions center around the genomic instability of cultured cells, lack of differentiation of cultured cells and absence of stromal-vascular-inflammatory cell compartments. In this report we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of cell lines, address the issues of instability and lack of differentiation. Perhaps the most important finding is that every important, recurrent genetic and epigenetic change including gene mutations, deletions, amplifications, translocations and methylation-induced gene silencing found in tumors has been identified in cell lines and vice versa. These "driver mutations" represented in cell lines offer opportunities for biological characterization and application to translational research. Another potential shortcoming of cell lines is the difficulty of studying multistage pathogenesis in vitro. To overcome this problem, we have developed cultures from central and peripheral airways that serve as models for the multistage pathogenesis of tumors arising in these two very different compartments. Finally the issue of cell line contamination must be addressed and safeguarded against. A full understanding of the advantages and shortcomings of cell lines is required for the investigator to derive the maximum benefit from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi F Gazdar
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
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27
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Stražišar M, Mlakar V, Rott T, Glavač D. Somatic Alterations of the Serine/Threonine KinaseLKB1Gene in Squamous Cell (SCC) and Large Cell (LCC) Lung Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2009; 27:407-16. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802427919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Sloan KA, Marquez HA, Li J, Cao Y, Hinds A, O'Hara CJ, Kathuria S, Ramirez MI, Williams MC, Kathuria H. Increased PEA3/E1AF and decreased Net/Elk-3, both ETS proteins, characterize human NSCLC progression and regulate caveolin-1 transcription in Calu-1 and NCI-H23 NSCLC cell lines. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1433-42. [PMID: 19483189 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 protein has been called a 'conditional tumor suppressor' because it can either suppress or enhance tumor progression depending on cellular context. Caveolin-1 levels are dynamic in non-small-cell lung cancer, with increased levels in metastatic tumor cells. We have shown previously that transactivation of an erythroblastosis virus-transforming sequence (ETS) cis-element enhances caveolin-1 expression in a murine lung epithelial cell line. Based on high sequence homology between the murine and human caveolin-1 promoters, we proposed that ETS proteins might regulate caveolin-1 expression in human lung tumorigenesis. We confirm that caveolin-1 is not detected in well-differentiated primary lung tumors. Polyoma virus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3), a pro-metastatic ETS protein in breast cancer, is expressed at low levels in well-differentiated tumors and high levels in poorly differentiated tumors. Conversely, Net, a known ETS repressor, is expressed at high levels in the nucleus of well-differentiated primary tumor cells. In tumor cells in metastatic lymph node sites, caveolin-1 and PEA3 are highly expressed, whereas Net is now expressed in the cytoplasm. We studied transcriptional regulation of caveolin-1 in two human lung cancer cell lines, Calu-1 (high caveolin-1 expressing) and NCI-H23 (low caveolin-1 expressing). Chromatin immunoprecipitation-binding assays and small interfering RNA experiments show that PEA3 is a transcriptional activator in Calu-1 cells and that Net is a transcriptional repressor in NCI-H23 cells. These results suggest that Net may suppress caveolin-1 transcription in primary lung tumors and that PEA3 may activate caveolin-1 transcription in metastatic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Sloan
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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29
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Rodriguez-Nieto S, Sanchez-Cespedes M. BRG1 and LKB1: tales of two tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 19p and lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:547-54. [PMID: 19176640 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Losses of heterozygosity (LOH) of the short arm of chromosome 19 are frequent in lung cancer, suggesting that one or more tumor suppressor genes are present in this region. The LKB1 gene, also called STK11, is somatically inactivated through point mutations and large deletions in lung tumors, demonstrating that LKB1 is a target of the LOH of this chromosomal arm. Data from several independent groups have provided information about the profiles of lung tumors with LKB1 inactivation and it is generally agreed that this alteration strongly predominates in non-small cell lung cancer, in particular adenocarcinomas, in smokers. The LKB1 protein has serine-threonine kinase activity and is involved in the regulation of the cell energetic checkpoint through the phosphorylation and activation of adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK). LKB1 is also involved in other processes such as cell polarization, probably through substrates other than AMPK. Interestingly, another gene on chromosome 19p, BRG1, encoding a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, has emerged as a tumor suppressor gene that is altered in lung tumors. Similar to LKB1, BRG1 is somatically inactivated by point mutations or large deletions in lung tumors featuring LOH of chromosome 19p. These observations suggest an important role for BRG1 in lung cancer and highlight the need to further our understanding of the function of Brahma/SWI2-related gene 1 (BRG1) in cancer. Finally, simultaneous mutations at LKB1 and BRG1 are common in lung cancer cells, which exemplifies how a single event, LOH of chromosome 19p in this instance, targets two different tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Rodriguez-Nieto
- Genes and Cancer Group, Programa de Epigenetica y Biologia del Cancer (PEBC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Durant i Reynals, 08907-L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Firlej V, Ladam F, Brysbaert G, Dumont P, Fuks F, de Launoit Y, Benecke A, Chotteau-Lelievre A. Reduced tumorigenesis in mouse mammary cancer cells following inhibition of Pea3- or Erm-dependent transcription. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3393-402. [PMID: 18827017 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pea3 and Erm are transcription factors expressed in normal developing branching organs such as the mammary gland. Deregulation of their expression is generally associated with tumorigenesis and particularly breast cancer. By using RNA interference (RNAi) to downregulate the expression of Pea3 and/or Erm in a mammary cancer cell line, we present evidence for a role of these factors in proliferation, migration and invasion capacity of cancer cells. We have used different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting pea3 and erm transcripts in transiently or stably transfected cells, and assessed the physiological behavior of these cells in in vitro assays. We also identified an in vivo alteration of tumor progression after injection of cells that overexpress pea3 and/or erm short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in immunodeficient mice. Using transcriptome profiling in Pea3- or Erm-targeted cells, two largely independent gene expression programs were identified on the basis of their shared phenotypic modifications. A statistically highly significant part of both sets of target genes had previously been already associated with the cellular signaling pathways of the ;proliferation, migration, invasion' class. These data provide the first evidence, by using endogenous knockdown, for pivotal and complementary roles of Pea3 and Erm transcription factors in events crucial to mammary tumorigenesis, and identify sets of downstream target genes whose expression during tumorigenesis is regulated by these transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Firlej
- UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS Universités de Lille 1 and 2, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR 142, BP 447, 1 rue Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
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31
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Huang Y, Sen T, Nagpal J, Upadhyay S, Trink B, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D. ATM kinase is a master switch for the Delta Np63 alpha phosphorylation/degradation in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells upon DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:2846-55. [PMID: 18769144 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.18.6627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that the pro-apoptotic DNA damaging agent, cisplatin, mediated the proteasome-dependent degradation of Delta Np63 alpha associated with its increased phosphorylated status. Since Delta Np63 alpha usually plays an opposite role to p53 and TAp63 in human cancers, we tested the notion that phosphorylation events induced by DNA damage would affect the protein degradation of Delta Np63 alpha in HNSCC cells upon cisplatin exposure. We found that Delta Np63 alpha is phosphorylated in the time-dependent fashion at the following positions: S385, T397 and S466, which were surrounded by recognition motifs for ATM, CDK2 and p70s6K kinases, respectively. We showed that chemical agents or siRNA inhibiting the activity of ATM, CDK2 and p70s6K kinases blocked degradation of Delta Np63 alpha in HNSCC cells after cisplatin exposure. Site-specific mutagenesis of Delta Np63 alpha residues targeted for phosphorylation by ATM, CDK2 or p70s6k led to dramatic modulation of Delta Np63 alpha degradation. Finally, we demonstrated that the Delta Np63 alpha protein is a target for direct in vitro phosphorylation by ATM, CDK2 or p70s6K. Our results implicate specific kinases, and target phosphorylation sites in the degradation of Delta Np63 alpha following DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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32
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Makowski L, Hayes DN. Role of LKB1 in lung cancer development. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:683-8. [PMID: 18728656 PMCID: PMC2528145 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three phenotypically related genetic syndromes and their lesions (LKB1, PTEN, and TSC1/2) are identified as frequently altered in lung cancer. LKB1, a kinase inactivated in 30% of lung cancers, is discussed in this review. Loss of LKB1 regulation often coincident with KRAS activation allows for unchecked growth and the metabolic capacity to accommodate the proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Makowski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Sarah W Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D N Hayes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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33
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Wei Y, Liu D, Ge Y, Zhou F, Xu J, Chen H, Gu J, Jiang J. Identification of E1AF as a target gene of E2F1-induced apoptosis in response to DNA damage. J Biochem 2008; 144:539-46. [PMID: 18687701 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor E1AF plays critical roles in neuronal development and tumour metastasis and is regulated by a number of signalling cascades, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Accumulated evidence indicted that E1AF might contribute to cell survival in response to environment factors. Here, we provided evidence the cell cycle and apoptosis regulator E2F1 induces E1AF expression at the transcriptional level. DNA damage by etoposide causes E2F1-dependent induction of E1AF expression at transcriptional level. Furthermore, disruption of E1AF expression by E1AF RNAi decreased E2F1-induced apoptosis in response to etoposide. Thus, we conclude that activation of E1AF provides a means for E2F1 to induce cell apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjuates Research & Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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34
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Zhang S, Schafer-Hales K, Khuri FR, Zhou W, Vertino PM, Marcus AI. The tumor suppressor LKB1 regulates lung cancer cell polarity by mediating cdc42 recruitment and activity. Cancer Res 2008; 68:740-8. [PMID: 18245474 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor LKB1 is mutated in 30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors and cell lines and is proposed to be a key regulator of epithelial cell polarity; however, how LKB1 regulates cancer cell polarity is not known. The experiments described herein show for the first time that LKB1 is a dynamic, actin-associated protein that rapidly polarizes to the leading edge of motile cancer cells. LKB1 proves to be essential for NSCLC polarity, because LKB1 depletion results in classic cell polarity defects, such as aberrant Golgi positioning, reduced lamellipodia formation, and aberrant morphology. To probe how LKB1 regulates these events, we show that LKB1 colocalizes at the cellular leading edge with two key components of the polarity pathway - the small rho GTPase cdc42 and its downstream binding partner p21-activated kinase (PAK). Importantly, LKB1 functionality is required for cdc42 polarization to the leading edge, maintaining active cdc42 levels, and downstream PAK phosphorylation. To do this, LKB1 interacts only with active form of cdc42 and PAK, but not with inactive cdc42. Taken together, these results show that LKB1 is a critical mediator of the NSCLC polarity program in lung cancer cells through a novel LKB1-cdc42-PAK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30043, USA
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35
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Sanchez-Cespedes M. A role for LKB1 gene in human cancer beyond the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Oncogene 2007; 26:7825-32. [PMID: 17599048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Germline LKB1 mutations are responsible for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Tumors at several locations frequently arise in these patients, confirming that LKB1 is linked to cancer predisposition and is therefore a bona fide tumor-suppressor gene. In humans, the LKB1 gene is located in the short arm of chromosome 19, which is frequently deleted in many tumors of sporadic origin. However, LKB1 alterations in tumors other than those of PJS are rarely reported. Notably, this is not the case for non-small-cell lung cancer, where nearly half of the tumors harbor somatic and homozygous inactivating mutations in LKB1. The present review considers the frequency and pattern of LKB1 gene mutations in sporadic cancers of various origins, and the role of the encoded protein in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sanchez-Cespedes
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernandez Almagro, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Upadhyay S, Chatterjee A, Trink B, Sommer M, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D. TAp63γ regulates hOGG1 and repair of oxidative damage in cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:823-8. [PMID: 17399686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We showed that TAp63gamma regulates hOGG1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found that TAp63gamma binds to the hOGG1 promoter. Reintroduction of wild-type TAp63gamma into HEK 293 cells, induced transcription of hOGG1 promoter, leading to increase in RNA and protein. Using RNAi studies, we observed that TAp63gamma-RNAi resulted in reduced hOGG1 RNA and protein in HeLa cells. This decrease in hOGG1 expression was associated with reduced cell viability upon oxidative damage. Taken together, our results indicate that hOGG1 is a direct target of TAp63gamma, suggesting a role for TAp63gamma in oxidative damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Upadhyay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, 5N.03 Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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37
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Jiang J, Wei Y, Liu D, Zhou J, Shen J, Chen X, Zhang S, Kong X, Gu J. E1AF promotes breast cancer cell cycle progression via upregulation of Cyclin D3 transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:53-8. [PMID: 17467662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
E1AF transcription factor, a member of Ets family, is deregulated in many tumors and widely known to play critical roles in tumor metastasis via directly binding to the promoter of genes involved in tumor migration and invasion. Here, we found that E1AF overexpression promoted breast cancer cell cycle progression and growth in vivo as well as the transcription of cell cycle-related protein Cyclin D3. And, the interference of Cyclin D3 expression by transfecting with Cyclin D3 RNAi inhibited the positive role of E1AF in cell cycle progression. We further showed that decreasing the expression of E1AF by E1AF RNAi reduced Cyclin D3 transcription and expression, and inhibited cell cycle progression that was abrogated by Cyclin D3 overexpression. Taken together, E1AF increases cell cycle progression via upregulation of Cyclin D3 transcription, which elicits a new mechanism of breast cancer growth and a new mechanism of Cyclin D3 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Ministry of Public Health and Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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38
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Matsumoto S, Iwakawa R, Takahashi K, Kohno T, Nakanishi Y, Matsuno Y, Suzuki K, Nakamoto M, Shimizu E, Minna JD, Yokota J. Prevalence and specificity of LKB1 genetic alterations in lung cancers. Oncogene 2007; 26:5911-8. [PMID: 17384680 PMCID: PMC3457639 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Germline LKB1 mutations cause Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a hereditary disorder that predisposes to gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis and several types of malignant tumors. Somatic LKB1 alterations are rare in sporadic cancers, however, a few reports showed the presence of somatic alterations in a considerable fraction of lung cancers. To determine the prevalence and the specificity of LKB1 alterations in lung cancers, we examined a large number of lung cancer cell lines and lung adenocarcinoma (AdC) specimens for the alterations. LKB1 genetic alterations were frequently detected in the cell lines (21/70, 30%), especially in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) (20/51, 39%), and were significantly more frequent in cell lines with KRAS mutations. Point mutations were detected only in AdCs and large cell carcinomas, whereas homozygous deletions were detected in all histological types of lung cancer. Among lung AdC specimens, LKB1 mutations were found in seven (8%) of 91 male smokers but in none of 64 females and/or nonsmokers, and were significantly more frequent in poorly differentiated tumors. The difference in the frequency of LKB1 alterations between cell lines and tumor specimens was likely to be owing to masking of deletions by the contamination of noncancerous cells in the tumor specimens. These results indicate that somatic LKB1 genetic alterations preferentially occur in a subset of poorly differentiated lung AdCs that appear to correlate with smoking males.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsumoto
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - R Iwakawa
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Takahashi
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kohno
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Nakanishi
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Matsuno
- Diagnostic Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Suzuki
- Thoracic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nakamoto
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - E Shimizu
- Division of Medical Oncology and Molecular Respirology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - JD Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Cencter, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J Yokota
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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