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Baldan J, Camacho-Roda J, Ballester M, Høj K, Kurilla A, Maurer HC, Arcila-Barrera S, Lin X, Pan Z, Castro JL, Mayorca-Guiliani AE, Rift CV, Hasselby J, Bouwens L, Lefebvre V, David CJ, Parnas O, DelGiorno KE, Erler JT, Rooman I, Arnes L. Resolution of Acinar Dedifferentiation Regulates Tissue Remodeling in Pancreatic Injury and Cancer Initiation. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:718-732.e18. [PMID: 38729450 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is crucial in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, our understanding of the induction and resolution of ADM remains limited. We conducted comparative transcriptome analyses to identify conserved mechanisms of ADM in mouse and human. METHODS We identified Sox4 among the top up-regulated genes. We validated the analysis by RNA in situ hybridization. We performed experiments in mice with acinar-specific deletion of Sox4 (Ptf1a: CreER; Rosa26-LSL-YFPLSL-YFP; Sox4fl/fl) with and without an activating mutation in Kras (KrasLSL-G12D/+). Mice were given caerulein to induce pancreatitis. We performed phenotypic analysis by immunohistochemistry, tissue decellularization, and single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS We demonstrated that Sox4 is reactivated in ADM and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias. Contrary to findings in other tissues, Sox4 actually counteracts cellular dedifferentiation and helps maintain tissue homeostasis. Moreover, our investigations unveiled the indispensable role of Sox4 in the specification of mucin-producing cells and tuft-like cells from acinar cells. We identified Sox4-dependent non-cell-autonomous mechanisms regulating the stromal reaction during disease progression. Notably, Sox4-inferred targets are activated upon KRAS inactivation and tumor regression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that our transcriptome analysis can be used to investigate conserved mechanisms of tissue injury. We demonstrate that Sox4 restrains acinar dedifferentiation and is necessary for the specification of acinar-derived metaplastic cells in pancreatic injury and cancer initiation and is activated upon Kras ablation and tumor regression in mice. By uncovering novel potential strategies to promote tissue homeostasis, our findings offer new avenues for preventing the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baldan
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Translational Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Juan Camacho-Roda
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Ballester
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Høj
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anita Kurilla
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Carlo Maurer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Arcila-Barrera
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xinyi Lin
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China; Peking University-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolong Pan
- Translational Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joana Leitão Castro
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Charlotte Vestrup Rift
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Hasselby
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Surgery/Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles J David
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China; Peking University-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Oren Parnas
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Janine Terra Erler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilse Rooman
- Translational Oncology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luis Arnes
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Chang JX, Zhang M, Lou LL, Chu HY, Wang HQ. KIS, a target of SOX4, regulates the ID1-mediated enhancement of β-catenin to facilitate lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and metastasis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:366. [PMID: 39052126 PMCID: PMC11272720 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kinase interacting with stathmin (KIS) is a serine/threonine kinase involved in RNA processing and protein phosphorylation. Increasing evidence has suggested its involvement in cancer progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of KIS in the development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Dual luciferase assay was used to explore the relationship between KIS and SOX4, and its effect on ID1/β-catenin pathway. METHODS Real-time qPCR and western blot were used to assess the levels of KIS and other factors. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were monitored, and xenograft animal model were established to investigate the biological functions of KIS in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In the present study, KIS was found to be highly expressed in LUAD tissues and cell lines. KIS accelerated the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of LUAD cells in vitro, and promoted the growth of LUAD in a mouse tumor xenograft model in vivo. Mechanistically, KIS activated the β-catenin signaling pathway by modulating the inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1) and was transcriptionally regulated by SOX4 in LUAD cells. CONCLUSION KIS, a target of SOX4, regulates the ID1-mediated enhancement of β-catenin to facilitate LUAD cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xia Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Lou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - He-Ying Chu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P.R. China
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Khanna P, Mehta R, Mehta GA, Bhatt V, Guo JY, Gatza ML. SOX4-SMARCA4 complex promotes glycolysis-dependent TNBC cell growth through transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.10.557071. [PMID: 37745600 PMCID: PMC10515838 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.10.557071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells rely on increased glycolytic capacity to promote cell growth and progression. While glycolysis is known to be upregulated in the majority of triple negative (TNBC) or basal-like subtype breast cancers, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used integrative genomic analyses to identify a subset of basal-like tumors characterized by increased expression of the oncogenic transcription factor SOX4 and its co-factor the SWI/SNF ATPase SMARCA4. These tumors are defined by unique gene expression programs that correspond with increased tumor proliferation and activation of key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the SOX4-SMARCA4 complex mediates glycolysis through direct transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) and that aberrant HK2 expression and altered glycolytic capacity are required to mediate SOX4-SMARCA4-dependent cell growth. Collectively, we have defined the SOX4-SMARCA4-HK2 signaling axis in basal-like breast tumors and established that this axis promotes metabolic reprogramming which is required to maintain tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Khanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Rushabh Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Gaurav A. Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jessie Y. Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Michael L. Gatza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Chen G, Chen Y, Xu R, Zhang G, Zou X, Wu G. Impact of SOX2 function and regulation on therapy resistance in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020675. [PMID: 36465380 PMCID: PMC9709205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a malignant disease with high rates of recurrence and mortality. It is mainly classified as non-muscle-invasive BC and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC). Often, MIBC is chemoresistant, which, according to cancer stem cells (CSCs) theory, is linked to the presence of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Sex-determining region Y- (SRY) Box transcription factor 2 (SOX2), which is a molecular marker of BCSCs, is aberrantly over-expressed in chemoresistant BC cell lines. It is one of the standalone prognostic factors for BC, and it has an inherently significant function in the emergence and progression of the disease. This review first summarizes the role of SRY-related high-mobility group protein Box (SOX) family genes in BC, focusing on the SOX2 and its significance in BC. Second, it discusses the mechanisms relevant to the regulation of SOX2. Finally, it summarizes the signaling pathways related to SOX2 in BC, suggests current issues to be addressed, and proposes potential directions for future research to provide new insights for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiquan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gengqing Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Xia G, Wang A, Li L. hsa_circ_0000218/hsa-miR-139-3p/SOX4 regulatory feedback circuit influences the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:89-98. [PMID: 35185288 PMCID: PMC8816988 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that circular (circ)RNAs serve an important role in cancer progression, but the effects of hsa_circRNA_0000218 (circ_0000218) and its potential underlying mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) are not completely understood. In the present study, dual luciferase reporter and RNA pull down assays were performed to detect the relationship between microRNA (miR)-139-3p and circ_0000218, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect circ_0000218, miR-139-3p and SRY-box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) mRNA expression levels in GC and GES-1 cells. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting was performed to assess cleaved-Caspase3 and Caspase3 expression levels in GC cells. circ_0000218 and SOX4 were highly expressed, whereas miR-139-3p was lowly expressed in GC cells. Moreover, circ_0000218 negatively regulated miR-139-3p in GC cells. circ_0000218 knockdown inhibited GC cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis and enhanced cleaved-Caspase3 expression in GC cells, whereas miR-139-3p knockdown reversed these effects. miR-139-3p overexpression inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in GC cells, but these effects were reversed by SOX4 overexpression. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that circ_0000218 upregulated SOX4 via downregulating miR-139-3p to promote GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganlin Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Puren Hospital, Wuhan, 430080 China
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Puren Hospital, Wuhan, 430080 China
| | - Liangxue Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Wuhan Puren Hospital, No. 1 Benxi Street, Qingshan District, Wuhan, 430080 China
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Rezayi Soufiani A, Dolatkhah R, Raeisi M, Chavoshi H, Mohammadi P, Mehdinavaz Aghdam A. Hypermethylation of MIR129-2 Regulates SOX4 Transcription and Associates with Metastasis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:718-724. [PMID: 34499308 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-129-2 (miR-129-2), targeting SOX4, has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of different cancers. Here in this study, we examined the methylation levels of the promoter region of MIR19-2 gene as well as transcription of miR-129-2 and mRNA expression of SOX4 in the tumoral tissues from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and compared those in the normal marginal tissues. METHODS Fifty CRC patients with Iranian Azari ethnicity were recruited. Genomic DNAs were extracted from the tumoral and normal tissues and the methylation level of the promoter regions of the MIR129-2 gene was determined using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) by evaluating 100 CG sites. The RNA content of the samples was isolated and the transcript levels of miR-129-2 and SOX4 were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Methylation level of the MIR192-2 promoter was significantly higher in the tumoral tissues compared to that in the normal marginal tissues (84% vs. 28%; P = 0.0041). The expression level of miR-192-2 was significantly downregulated (fold change = 0.34, P = 0.028) but SOX4 mRNA expression was upregulated (fold change = 2.7, P = 0.019) in the tumoral tissues compared to that in the normal marginal tissues. There was a significant correlation between the methylation level of the MIR192-2 promoter and the expression levels of miR-192-2 and SOX4 in the tumoral tissues. Associations were observed between the methylation of the MIR192-2 promoter and lymph node and liver metastasis. CONCLUSIONS It seems that MIR192-2 promoter hypermethylation might regulate the expression of SOX4 and therefore modulate metastasis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rezayi Soufiani
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Daneshgah St, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Dolatkhah
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Raeisi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Chavoshi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Payam Mohammadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Daneshgah St, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Mehdinavaz Aghdam
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Daneshgah St, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Parol-Kulczyk M, Gzil A, Maciejewska J, Bodnar M, Grzanka D. Clinicopathological significance of the EMT-related proteins and their interrelationships in prostate cancer. An immunohistochemical study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253112. [PMID: 34157052 PMCID: PMC8219170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammation influences a microenvironment, where as a result of losing control over tissue homeostatic mechanisms, the carcinogenesis process may be induced. Inflammatory response cells can secrete a number of factors that support both initiation and progression of cancer and also they may consequently induct an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the process responsible for development of distant metastasis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is considered as a link between chronic inflammation and tumor development. MIF can function as a modulator of important cancer-related genes expression, as well as an activator of signaling pathways that promotes the development of prostate cancer. The study was performed on FFPE tissues resected from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. To investigate the relationship of studied proteins with involvement in tumor progression and initiation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, we selected clinicopathological parameters related to tumor progression. Immunohistochemical analyses of MIF, SOX-4, β-catenin and E-cadherin were performed on TMA slides. We found a statistically significant correlation of overall β-catenin expression with the both lymph node metastasis (p<0.001) and presence of angioinvasion (p = 0.012). Membrane β-catenin expression was associated with distant metastasis (p = 0.021). In turn, nuclear MIF was correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.003). The positive protein-protein correlations have been shown between the total β-catenin protein expression level with level of nuclear SOX-4 protein expression (r = 0.27; p<0.05) as well as negative correlation of β-catenin expression with level of nuclear MIF protein expression (r = -0.23; p<0.05). Our results seem promising and strongly highlight the potential role of MIF in development of nodal metastases as well as may confirm an involvement of β-catenin in disease spread in case of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Parol-Kulczyk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gzil
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Maciejewska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bodnar
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzanka
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
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8
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Zhang M, Li H, Han Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Ma S. Clinicopathological significance of SOX4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 48:1167-1175. [PMID: 34001394 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex-determining region-Y-related high-mobility-group box 4 (SOX4) is associated with the metastasis and prognosis of many cancer types. However, studies on the role of SOX4 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are few, and hence the mechanism is unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows neoplastic cells to gain the plasticity and motility required for tumor progression and metastasis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between SOX4 and EMT, and their relationship with clinicopathological factors and related prognosis. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the positive expression of SOX4 protein, EMT-related transcription factor protein, and related marker protein in 127 LSCC tissue samples. At the same time, data on various parameters of clinical pathology and postoperative survival were collected. RESULTS The positive expression rate of SOX4 and Slug in LSCC was related to pathological differentiation, Lymph node metastasis (LNM), and pathological TNM of a tumor. The expression rates of ZEB1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin in LSCC correlated with LNM and pTNM. The expression of SOX4, combined expression of SOX4 and ZEB1, and LNM were independent prognostic factors for the total survival time of patients with LSCC. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SOX4 was vital in the LSCC EMT process, which might be mediated by transcription factor ZEB1. SOX4 and ZEB1 might serve as potential biomarkers of metastasis and prognosis, as well as promising therapeutic targets of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Yuefeng Han
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233000, China.
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Lindskrog SV, Prip F, Lamy P, Taber A, Groeneveld CS, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Jensen JB, Strandgaard T, Nordentoft I, Christensen E, Sokac M, Birkbak NJ, Maretty L, Hermann GG, Petersen AC, Weyerer V, Grimm MO, Horstmann M, Sjödahl G, Höglund M, Steiniche T, Mogensen K, de Reyniès A, Nawroth R, Jordan B, Lin X, Dragicevic D, Ward DG, Goel A, Hurst CD, Raman JD, Warrick JI, Segersten U, Sikic D, van Kessel KEM, Maurer T, Meeks JJ, DeGraff DJ, Bryan RT, Knowles MA, Simic T, Hartmann A, Zwarthoff EC, Malmström PU, Malats N, Real FX, Dyrskjøt L. An integrated multi-omics analysis identifies prognostic molecular subtypes of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2301. [PMID: 33863885 PMCID: PMC8052448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular landscape in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by large biological heterogeneity with variable clinical outcomes. Here, we perform an integrative multi-omics analysis of patients diagnosed with NMIBC (n = 834). Transcriptomic analysis identifies four classes (1, 2a, 2b and 3) reflecting tumor biology and disease aggressiveness. Both transcriptome-based subtyping and the level of chromosomal instability provide independent prognostic value beyond established prognostic clinicopathological parameters. High chromosomal instability, p53-pathway disruption and APOBEC-related mutations are significantly associated with transcriptomic class 2a and poor outcome. RNA-derived immune cell infiltration is associated with chromosomally unstable tumors and enriched in class 2b. Spatial proteomics analysis confirms the higher infiltration of class 2b tumors and demonstrates an association between higher immune cell infiltration and lower recurrence rates. Finally, the independent prognostic value of the transcriptomic classes is documented in 1228 validation samples using a single sample classification tool. The classifier provides a framework for biomarker discovery and for optimizing treatment and surveillance in next-generation clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sia Viborg Lindskrog
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frederik Prip
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philippe Lamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ann Taber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clarice S Groeneveld
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Oncologie Moleculaire, UMR144, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Karin Birkenkamp-Demtröder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Bjerggaard Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Trine Strandgaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iver Nordentoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Emil Christensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mateo Sokac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Birkbak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Maretty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers G Hermann
- Department of Urology, Herlev hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid C Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Veronika Weyerer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Horstmann
- Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Urology, Malteser Hospital St. Josephshospital, Krefeld Uerdingen, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Gottfrid Sjödahl
- Division of Urological Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mattias Höglund
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Karin Mogensen
- Department of Urology, Herlev hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurélien de Reyniès
- Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT) Program, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Brian Jordan
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Lin
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dejan Dragicevic
- Clinic of Urology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Douglas G Ward
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anshita Goel
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Urology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ulrika Segersten
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Danijel Sikic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kim E M van Kessel
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology and Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Urology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Bladder Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ellen C Zwarthoff
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Per-Uno Malmström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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10
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Zhang M, Li H, Han Y, Wang M, Zhang J, Ma S. Clinicopathological significance of SOX4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25028. [PMID: 33761659 PMCID: PMC9282127 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sex-determining region-Y-related high-mobility-group box 4 (SOX4) is associated with the metastasis and prognosis of many cancer types. However, studies on the role of SOX4 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are few, and hence the mechanism is unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows neoplastic cells to gain the plasticity and motility required for tumor progression and metastasis. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between SOX4 and EMT, and their relationship with clinicopathological factors and related prognosis. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the positive expression of SOX4 protein, EMT-related transcription factor protein, and related marker protein in 127 LSCC tissue samples. At the same time, data on various parameters of clinical pathology and postoperative survival were collected. RESULTS The positive expression rate of SOX4 and Slug in LSCC was related to pathological differentiation, lymphatic invasion, and pathological tumor node metastasis (TNM) of a tumor. The expression rates of ZEB1, Twist, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin in LSCC correlated with lymphatic invasion and pathological tumor node metastasis. The expression of SOX4, combined expression of SOX4 and ZEB1, and lymphatic invasion were independent prognostic factors for the total survival time of patients with LSCC. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SOX4 was vital in the LSCC EMT process, which might be mediated by transcription factor ZEB1. SOX4 and ZEB1 might serve as potential biomarkers of metastasis and prognosis, as well as promising therapeutic targets of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuefeng Han
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyin Ma
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department Of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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11
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Zhang J, Chai S, Ruan X. SOX4 Serves an Oncogenic Role in the Tumourigenesis of Human Breast Adenocarcinoma by Promoting Cell Proliferation, Migration and Inhibiting Apoptosis. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:49-58. [PMID: 32048979 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200212112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is among the most common malignant cancers worldwide, and breast adenocarcinoma in glandular tissue cells has excessive metastasis and invasion capability. However, little is known on the molecular process by which this disease develops and progresses. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explored the effects of sex-determining region Y-box 4 (SOX4) protein on proliferation, migration, apoptosis and tumourigenesis of breast adenocarcinoma and its possible mechanisms. METHODS The SOX4 overexpression or knockdown Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell lines were established. Among the SOX4 overexpression or MCF-7 knockdown cell lines, proliferation, migration ability and apoptosis rate were detected. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Cleaved caspase-3) were analysed using Western blot. The effect of SOX4 on tumourigenesis was analysed using the clone formation assay in vitro and tumour xenograft experiment in nude mice. RESULTS Compared with the overexpression of control cells, proliferation and migration ability of SOX4 overexpression cells significantly increased, the apoptosis rate significantly decreased in addition to the expression levels of Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 (P < 0.05). Compared with the knockdown of control cells, proliferation and migration ability of SOX4 knockdown cells significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate and expression levels of Bax and Cleaved caspase-3 significantly increased (P < 0.05). Clone formation and tumour growth abilities of SOX4 overexpression cells were significantly higher than those of the control cells (P < 0.05), whereas SOX4 knockdown cells had the opposite effect. CONCLUSION SOX4 plays an oncogenic role in breast adenocarcinoma tumourigenesis by promoting cell proliferation, migration and inhibiting apoptosis. It can be used as a potential molecular target for breast cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Shujie Chai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Ruan
- Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China
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12
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SRY-related high-mobility-group box 4: Crucial regulators of the EMT in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Wu Z, Yu B, Jiang L. MiR-212-3p mediates apoptosis and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting SOX4. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:4357-4367. [PMID: 32944348 PMCID: PMC7475581 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant subtype of esophageal cancer in East Asia, with approximately half of ESCC cases occurring in China. ESCC poses a serious threat to the quality of life of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are extremely important in the occurrence and development of ESCC. Current studies have shown that miR-212-3p is expressed at low levels in esophageal adenocarcinoma tumor tissues; however, its function and mechanism in ESCC have not been studied. Methods The expression levels of miR-212-3p and SOX4 were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in ESCC tissues and adjacent tissues, and ESCC cell lines from 60 patients. The interaction of miR-212-3p and SOX4 was determined using a dual-luciferase reporter gene system. EC9706 Cells were transfected with miR-212-3p mimic, NC mimic, si-NC and si-SOX4 and miR-212-3p mimic + overexpressing-SOX4, and the effects on miR-212-3p and SOX4 expression were observed, respectively. An MTT assay was carried out to detect the proliferation ability of ESCC. The invasion ability and apoptosis level of the cells were determined by Transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. qPCR was used to detect expression of miR-212-3p and SOX4. Western blot was performed to observe the expression of SOX4, Wnt1, β-catenin, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1. Results miR-212-3P was observed to be down-regulated in ESCC tissues and cells, while SOX4 expression was up-regulated; the two were negatively correlated. The dual-luciferase reporter gene further confirmed that miR-212-3p targeted SOX4. miR-212-3p overexpression and interference with SOX4 significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of ESCC EC970 cells, and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, the results of Western blot confirmed that miR-212-3p overexpression and interference with SOX4 down-regulated the expression of Wnt1, β-catenin, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1. Meanwhile, SOX4 overexpression reversed the effect of up-regulation of miR-212-3p on EC970 function. Conclusions miR-212-3p mediates the apoptosis and invasion of ESCC cells through inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway by targeting SOX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Boyao Yu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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14
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Chiu YF, Wu CC, Kuo MH, Miao CC, Zheng MY, Chen PY, Lin SC, Chang JL, Wang YH, Chou YT. Critical role of SOX2-IGF2 signaling in aggressiveness of bladder cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8261. [PMID: 32427884 PMCID: PMC7237425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling elicited by the stem cell factors SOX2, OCT4, KLF4, and MYC not only mediates reprogramming of differentiated cells to pluripotency but has also been correlated with tumor malignancy. In this study, we found SOX2 expression signifies poor recurrence-free survival and correlates with advanced pathological grade in bladder cancer. SOX2 silencing attenuated bladder cancer cell growth, while its expression promoted cancer cell survival and proliferation. Under low-serum stress, SOX2 expression promoted AKT phosphorylation and bladder cancer cells’ spheroid-forming capability. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of AKT phosphorylation, using MK2206, inhibited the SOX2-mediated spheroid formation of bladder cancer cells. Gene expression profiling showed that SOX2 expression, in turn, induced IGF2 expression, while SOX2 silencing inhibited IGF2 expression. Moreover, knocking down IGF2 and IGF1R diminished bladder cancer cell growth. Lastly, pharmacological inhibition of IGF1R, using linsitinib, also inhibited the SOX2-mediated spheroid formation of bladder cancer cells under low-serum stress. Our findings indicate the SOX2–IGF2 signaling affects the aggressiveness of bladder cancer cell growth. This signaling could be a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Chiu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Wu
- Department of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, and TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney (TMU-RCUK), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Miao
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Junn-Liang Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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15
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Liao C, Long Z, Zhang X, Cheng J, Qi F, Wu S, Huang T. LncARSR sponges miR-129-5p to promote proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer cells through increasing SOX4 expression. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1-11. [PMID: 31892841 PMCID: PMC6930381 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidences have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential biomarkers, playing important roles in the development of cancer. LncRNA Activated in RCC with Sunitinib Resistance (lncARSR) is a novel lncRNA that functions as a potential biomarker and is involved in the progression of cancers. However, the clinical significance and molecular mechanism of lncARSR in bladder cancer (Bca) remains unknow. In this study, we discovered that lncARSR was significantly up-regulated in bladder cancer. In addition, increased expression of lncARSR was positively correlated with higher histological grade and larger tumor size. Further experiments demonstrated that suppression of lncARSR attenuated the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of Bca cells. Mechanistically, lncARSR was mainly located in the cytoplasm and acted as a miRNA sponge to positively modulate the expression of Sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4 (SOX4) via sponging miR-129-5p and subsequently promoted the proliferation and metastasis of Bca cells, thus playing an oncogenic role in Bca pathogenesis. In conclusion, our study indicated that lncARSR plays a critical regulatory role in Bca cells and lncARSR may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxian Liao
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City 528308, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaolin Long
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City 528308, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinji Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City 528308, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianli Cheng
- Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Fuming Qi
- Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shihao Wu
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City 528308, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan City 528308, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Mehta GA, Khanna P, Gatza ML. Emerging Role of SOX Proteins in Breast Cancer Development and Maintenance. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:213-230. [PMID: 31069617 PMCID: PMC6790170 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-019-09430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX genes encode a family of more than 20 transcription factors that are critical regulators of embryogenesis and developmental processes and, when aberrantly expressed, have been shown to contribute to tumor development and progression in both an oncogenic and tumor suppressive role. Increasing evidence demonstrates that the SOX proteins play essential roles in multiple cellular processes that mediate or contribute to oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. In the context of breast cancer, SOX proteins function both as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and have been shown to be associated with tumor stage and grade and poor prognosis. Experimental evidence demonstrates that a subset of SOX proteins regulate critical aspects of breast cancer biology including cancer stemness and multiple signaling pathways leading to altered cell proliferation, survival, and tumor development; EMT, cell migration and metastasis; as well as other tumor associated characteristics. This review will summarize the role of SOX family members as important mediators of tumorigenesis in breast cancer, with an emphasis on the triple negative or basal-like subtype of breast cancer, as well as examine the therapeutic potential of these genes and their downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav A Mehta
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, CINJ 4558, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pooja Khanna
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, CINJ 4558, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael L Gatza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, CINJ 4558, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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17
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Moreno CS. SOX4: The unappreciated oncogene. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:57-64. [PMID: 31445218 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SOX4 is an essential developmental transcription factor that regulates stemness, differentiation, progenitor development, and multiple developmental pathways including PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ signaling. The SOX4 gene is frequently amplified and overexpressed in over 20 types of malignancies, and multiple lines of evidence support that notion that SOX4 is an oncogene. Its overexpression is due to both gene amplification and to activation of PI3K, Wnt, and TGFβ pathways that SOX4 regulates. SOX4 interacts with multiple other transcription factors, rendering many of its impacts on gene expression context and tissue-specific. Nevertheless, there are common themes that run through many of the effects of SOX4 hyperactivity, such as the promotion of cell survival, stemness, the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, migration, and metastasis. Specific targeting of SOX4 remains a challenge for future cancer research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Bldg, Rm 105J, 615 Michael St. Atlanta, GA, USA.
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18
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Zhao G, Yin Y, Zhao B. miR-140-5p is negatively correlated with proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis in malignant melanoma by targeting SOX4 via the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB cascades. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2161-2170. [PMID: 31385607 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been validated as critical regulators in the development of melanoma. miR-140 was abnormally downregulated in uveal melanoma samples. However, the expression level and roles of miR-140-5p remain unclear in melanoma for now. We speculate that miR-140-5p is abnormally expressed and may play an important role in melanoma. The expressions of miR-140-5p and SOX4 messenger RNA were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Western blot assays were employed to detect the expression levels of SOX4, Ki67, MMP-2, MMP-7, p-β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, p65, and IκBα. Luciferase reporter assays were employed to elucidate the interaction between SOX4 and miR-140-5p. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) and transwell invasion assays were applied to evaluate capabilities of cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. Xenograft models of melanoma were established to verify the role and molecular basis of miR-140-5p. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were employed to measure the Ki67 and SOX4 at the protein level in xenografted melanoma tissues. Herein, these observations showed that, miR-140-5p was abnormally downregulated in melanoma tissues and cells, while SOX4 was upregulated. miR-140-5p directly targeted SOX4 and inhibited its expression in melanoma cells. miR-140-5p overexpression repressed melanoma cell proliferation and invasion and its effects were partially restored SOX4 overexpression. Moreover, miR-140-5p hindered melanoma growth in vivo by downregulating SOX4. Mechanistically, miR-140-5p suppressed activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways by targeting SOX4. Our study concluded that miR-140-5p hindered cell proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis by targeting SOX4 via inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling pathways in malignant melanoma, which provides an underlying molecular mechanism for the treatment for melanoma with miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yakun Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Provincial People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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Ha Thi HT, Kim HY, Kim YM, Hong S. MicroRNA-130a modulates a radiosensitivity of rectal cancer by targeting SOX4. Neoplasia 2019; 21:882-892. [PMID: 31387015 PMCID: PMC6690642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance poses a major challenge in the treatment of advanced rectal cancer. Therefore, understanding the detailed mechanisms of radioresistance may improve patient response to irradiation and the survival rate. To identify the novel targets that modulate the radiosensitivity of rectal cancer, we performed small RNA sequencing with human rectal cancer cell lines. Through bioinformatics analysis, we selected microRNA-310a (miR-130a) as a promising candidate to elucidate radioresistance. miR-130a was dramatically upregulated in radiosensitive rectal cancer cells and overexpression of miR-130a promotes rectal cancer cell radiosensitivity. Mechanically, miR-130a reversed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of rectal cancer cells following inhibition of cell invasion upon irradiation. Moreover, miR-130a also inhibited the repair of irradiation-induced DNA damage followed by cell death. We identified that SOX4 was a direct target of miR-130a. Overexpression of SOX4 reversed the promotion activity of miR-130a on radiosensitivity. Together, our findings suggest that miR-130a functions as a radiosensitizer in rectal cancer and reveals a potential therapeutic target and preoperative prognostic marker for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Trang Ha Thi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Zhao Y, Ai Y. Overexpression of lncRNA Gm15621 alleviates apoptosis and inflammation response resulting from sevoflurane treatment through inhibiting miR-133a/Sox4. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:957-965. [PMID: 31264218 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is the most widely used anesthetic administered by inhalation. Exposure to sevoflurane can elicit learning deficits and abnormal cognitive disorder. In this study, we investigated the function of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Gm15621. Primary hippocampal neuron cells were used to analyze the function of lncRNA Gm15621 in vitro. The tunel, inflammation markers, and cell survival rates were detected to evaluate the function of lncRNA Gm15621. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to identify the interaction between microRNA 133a and Gm15621. We found that lncRNA Gm15621 located in the cytoplasm. The expression of lncRNA Gm15621 was decreased with the development of sevoflurane exposure. Overexpression of lncRNA Gm15621 significantly reduced the apoptosis and cell survival rates. The inflammation response was also attenuated in lncRNA Gm15621 overexpressed group. The dual-luciferase assay revealed that miR-133a was the direct target of lncRNA Gm15621. In addition, we also found that Sox4 was a downstream target of miR-133a and lncRNA Gm15621 exerted its biological functions by regulating the expression of Sox4. In summary, our findings revealed that lncRNA Gm15621 ameliorated the sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity and the important role of Gm15621/miR-133a/Sox4 axis in cognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanqiu Ai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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21
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Moran JD, Kim HH, Li Z, Moreno CS. SOX4 regulates invasion of bladder cancer cells via repression of WNT5a. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:359-370. [PMID: 31268162 PMCID: PMC6615919 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sry-Related HMG-BOX-4 (SOX4) is a developmental transcription factor that is overexpressed in as many as 23% of bladder cancer patients; however, the role of SOX4 in bladder cancer tumorigenesis is not yet well understood. Given the many roles of SOX4 in embryonic development and the context-dependent regulation of gene expression, in this study, we sought to determine the role of SOX4 in bladder cancer and to identify SOX4-regulated genes that may contribute to tumorigenesis. For this purpose, we employed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) method to transcriptionally repress SOX4 expression in T24 bladder cancer cell lines, 'rescued' these cell lines with the lentiviral-mediated expression of SOX4, and performed whole genome expression profiling. The cells in which SOX4 was knocked down (T24-SOX4-KD) exhibited decreased invasive capabilities, but no changes in migration or proliferation, whereas rescue experiments with SOX4 lentiviral vector restored the invasive phenotype. Gene expression profiling revealed 173 high confidence SOX4-regulated genes, including WNT5a as a potential target of repression by SOX4. Treatment of the T24-SOX4-KD cells with a WNT5a antagonist restored the invasive phenotype observed in the T24-scramble control cells and the SOX4 lentiviral-rescued cells. High WNT5a expression was associated with a decreased invasion and WNT5a expression inversely correlated with SOX4 expression, suggesting that SOX4 can negatively regulate WNT5a levels either directly or indirectly and that WNT5a likely plays a protective role against invasion in bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue D Moran
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hannah H Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Siraj AK, Pratheeshkumar P, Divya SP, Parvathareddy SK, Bu R, Masoodi T, Kong Y, Thangavel S, Al-Sanea N, Ashari LH, Abduljabbar A, Al-Homoud S, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. TGFβ-induced SMAD4-dependent Apoptosis Proceeded by EMT in CRC. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1312-1322. [PMID: 31053577 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, colorectal cancer is more aggressive and presents at younger age, warranting new treatment strategies. Role of TGFβ/Smad4 signaling pathway in initiation and progression of colorectal cancer is well documented. This study examined the role of TGFβ/Smad4 signaling pathway in a large cohort of Saudi patients with colorectal cancer, followed by in vitro analysis to dissect the dual role of TGFβ on inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. Our study demonstrated high frequency of Smad4 alterations with low expression of Smad4 protein identifying a subgroup of aggressive colorectal cancer to be an independent marker for poor prognosis. Functional studies using colorectal cancer cells show that TGFβ induces Smad4-dependent EMT followed by apoptosis. Induction of mesenchymal transcriptional factors, Snail1 and Zeb1, was essential for TGFβ-induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that KLF5 acts as an oncogene in colorectal cancer cells regardless of Smad4 expression and inhibition of KLF5 is requisite for TGFβ-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, TGFβ/Smad4 signal inhibits the transcription of KLF5 that in turn switches Sox4 from tumor promoter to suppressor. A high incidence of Smad4 alterations were found in the Saudi patients with colorectal cancer. Functional study results indicate that TGFβ induces Smad4-dependent EMT followed by apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul K Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Poyil Pratheeshkumar
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sasidharan Padmaja Divya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rong Bu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Kong
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saravanan Thangavel
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Al-Sanea
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luai H Ashari
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Samar Al-Homoud
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Unit, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla S Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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23
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The role of SOX family members in solid tumours and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 67:122-153. [PMID: 30914279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heavy burden for humans across the world with high morbidity and mortality. Transcription factors including sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are thought to be involved in the regulation of specific biological processes. The deregulation of gene expression programs can lead to cancer development. Here, we review the role of the SOX family in breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, thyroid cancer, brain tumours, gastrointestinal and lung tumours as well as the entailing therapeutic implications. The SOX family consists of more than 20 members that mediate DNA binding by the HMG domain and have regulatory functions in development, cell-fate decision, and differentiation. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5, SOX8, SOX9, and SOX18 are up-regulated in different cancer types and have been found to be associated with poor prognosis, while the up-regulation of SOX11 and SOX30 appears to be favourable for the outcome in other cancer types. SOX2, SOX4, SOX5 and other SOX members are involved in tumorigenesis, e.g. SOX2 is markedly up-regulated in chemotherapy resistant cells. The SoxF family (SOX7, SOX17, SOX18) plays an important role in angio- and lymphangiogenesis, with SOX18 seemingly being an attractive target for anti-angiogenic therapy and the treatment of metastatic disease in cancer. In summary, SOX transcription factors play an important role in cancer progression, including tumorigenesis, changes in the tumour microenvironment, and metastasis. Certain SOX proteins are potential molecular markers for cancer prognosis and putative potential therapeutic targets, but further investigations are required to understand their physiological functions.
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24
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Sun X, Liu H, Li T, Qin L. MicroRNA‑339‑5p inhibits cell proliferation of acute myeloid leukaemia by directly targeting SOX4. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5261-5269. [PMID: 30320397 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered novel gene regulators. Dysregulated miRNAs serve crucial roles in the formation and progression of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Therefore, the roles of differentially expressed miRNAs in AML require extensive investigation to obtain insight into the treatment of patients with AML. The present study demonstrated significant miR‑339‑5p downregulation in AML samples and cell lines. miR‑339‑5p overexpression attenuated AML cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting cell apoptosis. Additionally, sex‑determining region Y‑related high‑mobility group box 4 (SOX4) was identified as a direct target gene of miR‑339‑5p in AML. Furthermore, SOX4 expression was significantly upregulated in AML samples; this upregulation was inversely correlated with the expression levels of miR‑339‑5p. Additionally, a series of rescue experiments demonstrated that SOX4 resumption reversed the effects of miR‑339‑5p overexpression on cell proliferation, cycle status and apoptosis of AML. In conclusion, miR‑339‑5p may serve its antiproliferative role in AML by directly targeting SOX4, which suggests that miR‑339‑5p may be considered an effective novel therapeutic target for treating patients with such an aggressive haematological malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Sun
- Department of Hematology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262550, P.R. China
| | - Huaqiang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262550, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Hematology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262550, P.R. China
| | - Laiying Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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25
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Bellmunt J. Stem-Like Signature Predicting Disease Progression in Early Stage Bladder Cancer. The Role of E2F3 and SOX4. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030085. [PMID: 30072631 PMCID: PMC6164884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of the cancer stem cells (CSC) field, together with powerful genome-wide screening techniques, have provided the basis for the development of future alternative and reliable therapies aimed at targeting tumor-initiating cell populations. Urothelial bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) that were identified for the first time in 2009 are heterogenous and originate from multiple cell types; including urothelial stem cells and differentiated cell types—basal, intermediate stratum and umbrella cells Some studies hypothesize that BCSCs do not necessarily arise from normal stem cells but might derive from differentiated progenies following mutational insults and acquisition of tumorigenic properties. Conversely, there is data that normal bladder tissues can generate CSCs through mutations. Prognostic risk stratification by identification of predictive markers is of major importance in the management of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) patients. Several stem cell markers have been linked to recurrence or progression. The CD44v8-10 to standard CD44-ratio (total ratio of all CD44 alternative splicing isoforms) in urothelial cancer has been shown to be closely associated with tumor progression and aggressiveness. ALDH1, has also been reported to be associated with BCSCs and a worse prognosis in a large number of studies. UCC include low-grade and high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and high-grade muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Important genetic defects characterize the distinct pathways in each one of the stages and probably grades. As an example, amplification of chromosome 6p22 is one of the most frequent changes seen in MIBC and might act as an early event in tumor progression. Interestingly, among NMIBC there is a much higher rate of amplification in high-grade NMIBC compared to low grade NMIBC. CDKAL1, E2F3 and SOX4 are highly expressed in patients with the chromosomal 6p22 amplification aside from other six well known genes (ID4, MBOAT1, LINC00340, PRL, and HDGFL1). Based on that, SOX4, E2F3 or 6q22.3 amplifications might represent potential targets in this tumor type. Focusing more in SOX4, it seems to exert its critical regulatory functions upstream of the Snail, Zeb, and Twist family of transcriptional inducers of EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal transition), but without directly affecting their expression as seen in several cell lines of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) project. SOX4 gene expression correlates with advanced cancer stages and poor survival rate in bladder cancer, supporting a potential role as a regulator of the bladder CSC properties. SOX4 might serve as a biomarker of the aggressive phenotype, also underlying progression from NMIBC to MIBC. The amplicon in chromosome 6 contains SOX4 and E2F3 and is frequently found amplified in bladder cancer. These genes/amplicons might be a potential target for therapy. As an existing hypothesis is that chromatin deregulation through enhancers or super-enhancers might be the underlying mechanism responsible of this deregulation, a potential way to target these transcription factors could be through epigenetic modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Bellmunt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM (PSMAR-Hospital del Mar Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Sasaki A, Abe H, Mochizuki S, Shimoda M, Okada Y. SOX4, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer, transactivates ADAM28 gene expression and co-localizes with ADAM28 at the invasive front of human breast and lung carcinomas. Pathol Int 2018; 68:449-458. [PMID: 29882245 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ADAM28 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 28) is abundantly expressed by carcinoma cells in the human breast and non-small cell lung carcinomas, and plays a role in carcinoma cell growth and metastasis. Although Src is an inducer of ADAM28 gene expression through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways, direct transcriptional regulators for ADAM28 gene expression remain unknown. In this study, we performed the luciferase reporter assay and found that SOX4 (SRY-related HMG-box 4), an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is a transcriptional activator for the ADAM28 gene. This activation required the SOX4-binding consensus sequence at the 5'-untranslated region of the mouse and human ADAM28 genes. Forced expression of SOX4 promoted the ADAM28 gene expression and migration in human breast and lung carcinoma cell lines. In the human breast and lung carcinoma tissues, ADAM28 and SOX4 were co-expressed at the invasive front of carcinoma cell nests. Our data demonstrate that SOX4 transactivates ADAM28 gene expression through direct binding to the ADAM28 promoter region and suggest the possibility that ADAM28 plays a role in invasion through SOX4-mediated EMT in the human breast and lung carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satsuki Mochizuki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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27
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Soliman B, Salem A, Ghazy M, Abu-Shahba N, El Hefnawi M. Bioinformatics functional analysis of let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199a/b reveals novel insights into immune system pathways and cancer hallmarks for hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318773675. [PMID: 29775159 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318773675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have gained a great attention as master regulators for cellular processes. In particular, these three micro-RNAs act as potential onco-suppressors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Bioinformatics can reveal the functionality of these micro-RNAs through target prediction and functional annotation analysis. In the current study, in silico analysis using innovative servers (miRror Suite, DAVID, miRGator V3.0, GeneTrail) has demonstrated the combinatorial and the individual target genes of these micro-RNAs and further explored their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. There were 87 common target messenger RNAs (p ≤ 0.05) that were predicted to be regulated by the three micro-RNAs using miRror 2.0 target prediction tool. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis of these targets that was performed by DAVID functional annotation and REACTOME tools revealed two major immune-related pathways, eight hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks-linked pathways, and two pathways that mediate interconnected processes between immune system and hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Moreover, protein-protein interaction network for the predicted common targets was obtained by using STRING database. The individual analysis of target genes and pathways for the three micro-RNAs of interest using miRGator V3.0 and GeneTrail servers revealed some novel predicted target oncogenes such as SOX4, which we validated experimentally, in addition to some regulated pathways of immune system and hepatocarcinogenesis such as insulin signaling pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathway. In general, our results demonstrate that let-7a, miR-34a, and miR-199 a/b have novel interactions in different immune system pathways and major hepatocellular carcinoma hallmarks. Thus, our findings shed more light on the roles of these miRNAs as cancer silencers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangly Soliman
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,2 Informatics and Systems Department, Biomedical Informatics and Chemo-Informatics Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), Division of Engineering Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salem
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ghazy
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Abu-Shahba
- 3 Stem Cells Research Group, Medical Centre of Excellence, Medical Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud El Hefnawi
- 2 Informatics and Systems Department, Biomedical Informatics and Chemo-Informatics Group, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), Division of Engineering Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.,4 Centre for Informatics, Nile University, Sheikh Zayed City, Egypt
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28
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Volpe A, Racioppi M, D'Agostino D, Cappa E, Gardi M, Totaro A, Pinto F, Sacco E, Marangi F, Palermo G, Bassi P. Bladder Tumor Markers: A Review of the Literature. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 23:249-61. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080802300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is among the top eight most frequent cancers. Its natural history is related to a combination of factors that impact on its aggressiveness. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the currently used techniques for the diagnosis and surveillance of non-invasive bladder tumors. The sensitivity of urine cytology for diagnosis is not high, particularly in low-grade tumors. The combination of voided urine cytology and new diagnostic urine tests would be ideal for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer. However, in order to have some clinical utility, new diagnostic and/or prognostic markers should achieve better predictive capacity that the currently used diagnostic tools. None of the markers evaluated over the last years showed remarkable sensitivity or specificity for the identification of any of the diverse types of bladder cancer in clinical practice. The limitations of the known prognostic markers have led to the research of new molecular markers for early detection of bladder cancer. This research focused in particular on the discovery of biomarkers capable of reducing the need for periodic cystoscopies or, ideally, offering a non-invasive examination instead. In this review, we will examine various new markers of bladder cancer and their value in the diagnosis and follow-up of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. When compared with urine cytology, which showed the highest specificity, most of these markers demonstrated an increased sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Volpe
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - M. Racioppi
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - D. D'Agostino
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - E. Cappa
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - M. Gardi
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - A. Totaro
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - F. Pinto
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - E. Sacco
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - F. Marangi
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - G. Palermo
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
| | - P.F. Bassi
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome - Italy
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29
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Hatina J, Parmar HS, Kripnerova M, Hepburn A, Heer R. Urothelial Carcinoma Stem Cells: Current Concepts, Controversies, and Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1655:121-136. [PMID: 28889382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are defined as a self-renewing and self-protecting subpopulation of cancer cells able to differentiate into morphologically and functionally diverse cancer cells with a limited lifespan. To purify cancer stem cells, two basic approaches can be applied, the marker-based approach employing various more of less-specific cell surface marker molecules and a marker-free approach largely based on various self-protection mechanisms. Within the context of urothelial carcinoma, both methods could find use. The cell surface markers have been mainly derived from the urothelial basal cell, a probable cell of origin of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, with CD14, CD44, CD90, and 67LR representing successful examples of this strategy. The marker-free approaches involve side population sorting, for which a detailed protocol is provided, as well as the Aldefluor assay, which rely on a specific overexpression of efflux pumps or the detoxification enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, in stem cells. These assays have been applied to both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer samples and cell lines. Urothelial carcinoma stem cells feature a pronounced heterogeneity as to their molecular stemness mechanisms. Several aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology could enter translational development rather soon, e.g., a specific CD44+-derived gene expression signature able to identify non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients with a high risk of progression, or deciphering a mechanism responsible for repopulating activity of urothelial carcinoma stem cells within the context of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hatina
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic.
| | - Hamendra Singh Parmar
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Institute of Biology, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Anastasia Hepburn
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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30
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Li F, Li Q, Huang X, Wang Y, Ge C, Qi Y, Guo W, Sun H. Psoralen stimulates osteoblast proliferation through the activation of nuclear factor-κB-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2385-2391. [PMID: 28962172 PMCID: PMC5609190 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that leads to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Approximately 50% of postmenopausal women develop osteoporosis as a result of postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. To reduce fractures related to osteoporosis in women, previous studies have focused on therapeutic strategies that aim to increase bone formation or decrease bone resorption. However, pharmacological agents that aim to improve bone fracture susceptibility exhibit side effects. Current studies are investigating natural alternatives that possess the benefits of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) without the adverse effects. Recent studies have indicated that phytoestrogen may be an ideal natural SERM for the treatment of osteoporosis. In Chinese herbal medicine, psoralen, as the predominant substance of Psoralea corylifolia, is considered to be a phytoestrogen and is used as a remedy for osteoporosis. A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psoralen in bone formation. However, the pathways and underlying molecular mechanisms that participate in psoralen-induced osteoblast formation are not well understood. In the present study, hFOB1.19 cells were treated with psoralen at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM) for 0, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were performed to detect glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) expression. A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. In addition the effects of mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated (p)-ERK, p38, p-p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p-JNK expressions and cell proliferation were measured, as was the effect of nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor on P65 and GLUT3 expressions and cell proliferation. The results indicated that psoralen stimulates hFOB1.19 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Phospho-ERK, p38 and JNK were markedly increased by psoralen compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the specific inhibitors of ERK (SCH772984), p38 (SB203580) and JNK (SP600125) reversed the stimulatory effects of psoralen on signal marker phosphorylation (P<0.05). The rate of psoralen-induced cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of ERK, JNK and p38 compared with psoralen treatment alone (P<0.05). In addition, psoralen stimulated osteoblast proliferation via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, the present findings suggest that psoralen may be a potential natural alternative to SERMs in the treatment of osteoporosis and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feimeng Li
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Qihuo Li
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Yunting Wang
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Chana Ge
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
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Overexpression of SOX4 correlates with poor prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia and is leukemogenic in zebrafish. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e593. [PMID: 28841206 PMCID: PMC5596385 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX4 transcription factor is a key regulator of embryonic development, cell-fate decision, cellular differentiation and oncogenesis. Abnormal expression of SOX4 is related to malignant tumor transformation and cancer metastasis. However, no reports are available regarding the clinical significance of SOX4 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the role of SOX4 in leukemogenesis. In the current study, we found that AML patients with low bone marrow (BM) SOX4 expression had higher remission rates and longer overall survival than those with high SOX4 expression, regardless of age, white blood cell count at diagnosis, karyotype profile and NPM1/FLT3-ITD status. To elucidate the role of SOX4 in leukemogenesis, we generated a transgenic zebrafish model that overexpressed human SOX4 in the myeloid lineage Tg(spi1-SOX4-EGFP). These transgenic zebrafish showed, at 5 months of age, increased myelopoiesis with dedifferentiation in kidney marrow. At 9 months of age, their kidney structure was significantly effaced and distorted by increased infiltration of myeloid progenitor cells. These results suggest that SOX4 is not only an independent prognostic factor of AML, but also an important molecular factor in leukemogenesis.
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Cheng Q, Wu J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Xu N, Zuo F, Xu J. SOX4 promotes melanoma cell migration and invasion though the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28627651 PMCID: PMC5504990 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX4 has been reported to be abnormally expressed in many types of cancer, including melanoma. However, its role in cell proliferation and metastasis remains controversial. In this study, SOX4 was downregulated or overexpressed in A375, A2058 and A875 melanoma cells by siRNA or lentivirus transfection, respectively. Cell metastasis was observed by Transwell assay. In an aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we determined the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by real-time PCR assay and western blot analysis. Our data indicated that SOX4 knockdown inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion. In the melanoma cells in which SOX4 was downregulated, the expression levels of NF-κB/p65, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 were suppressed at both the mRNA and protein levels. Conversely, the overexpression of SOX4 promoted melanoma cell migration and invasion. In the melanoma cells in which SOX4 was overexpressed, the expression levels of NF-κB/p65, MMP2 and MMP9 were increased at both the mRNA and protein level. On the whole, our findings indicate that SOX4 promotes melanoma cell migration and invasion through the activation of the NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway. Thus, SOX4 may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Fuguo Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Ruan H, Yang H, Wei H, Xiao W, Lou N, Qiu B, Xu G, Song Z, Xiao H, Liu L, Zhou Y, Hu W, Chen K, Chen X, Zhang X. Overexpression of SOX4 promotes cell migration and invasion of renal cell carcinoma by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:336-346. [PMID: 28534986 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete understanding remains in the molecular mechanisms underlying progression and metastasis of renal cancer. The transcription factor SOX4 is upregulated in various human malignancies, including renal cancer, indicating it may be involved in renal tumorigenesis. In this study, we explored this hypothesis by loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays of SOX4 in renal cancer cell lines and renal epithelial cell line. We found that specific knockdown of SOX4 in renal cancer cell lines significantly suppressed the migration and invasion of cancer cells; specific overexpression of SOX4 in renal epithelial cell line markedly promoted the migration and invasion of the cell line. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental morphogenesis process, is implicated in renal cancer progression and metastasis. Our results demonstrated that SOX4 positively regulated the expression of mesenchymal cell markers and negatively regulated the expression of epithelial cell marker, and was involved in signal transduction pathway of TGFβ-induced EMT. In addition, SOX4 induced EMT probably through modulating the AKT/p-AKT signaling cascade. Finally, we found that SOX4 was significantly upregulated in clinical renal cancer samples compared with corresponding normal tissues and associated with EMT process in clinical samples. Taken together, our findings confirm a crucial function of SOX4 in the metastasis of renal cancer through orchestrating EMT and establish that the function suppression of SOX4-AKT-EMT axis might be an attractive therapeutic intervention during renal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Wei
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Ning Lou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Jiang C, Wang H, Zhou L, Jiang T, Xu Y, Xia L. MicroRNA-212 inhibits the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting SOX4. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:82-88. [PMID: 28504814 PMCID: PMC5492799 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are important factors in the pathogenic processes of human types of cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the present study, we confirmed that the microRNA-212 expression level was significantly decreased both in NPC tissues and NPC cell lines. Decreased expression of miR-212 was associated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and metastasis of NPC. Patients with a lower level of miR-212 had significantly decreased rates of overall and disease-free survival. Functional experiments showed that forced expression of miR-212 inhibited the migration and invasion of NPC cells while inhibition of miR-212 increased the migration and invasion of NPC cells. Furthermore, the results of luciferase assay, qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that SOX4 was the direct downstream target of miR-212 in NPC cells. In addition, we further confirmed that miR-212 exerted its inhibitory influence on the migration and invasion of NPC cells by targeting SOX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yajia Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
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35
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Jiang Y, Han K, Chen S, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Characterization and expression analysis of Lc-Sox4 in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 196-197:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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Hu F, Min J, Cao X, Liu L, Ge Z, Hu J, Li X. MiR-363-3p inhibits the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppresses metastasis in colorectal cancer by targeting Sox4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bao ZQ, Zhang CC, Xiao YZ, Zhou JS, Tao YS, Chai DM. Over-expression of Sox4 and β-catenin is associated with a less favorable prognosis of osteosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:193-199. [PMID: 27072961 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association of the expression of Sox4 and β-catenin with the prognosis of osteosarcoma. A total of 108 cases of conventional osteosarcoma were involved in this study and 28 cases of osteochondroma served as controls. The expression of Sox4 and β-catenin was detected by using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. The results showed that Sox4 and β-catenin were over-expressed in 67 (62.03%) and 62 (57.41%) of 108 osteosarcoma cases, while in only 3 (10.71%) and 5 (17.86%) of 28 controls, respectively (P<0.05 for all). The expression of Sox4 and β-catenin was associated with the distant metastasis, pathological grade and Enneking stage of patients with osteosarcoma (P<0.05 for all). The mean overall survival time and the 5-year-survival rate in osteosarcoma patients with Sox4 and β-catenin over-expressed were significantly reduced as compared with those in Sox4 and β-catenin low-expression group (P<0.05 for all). Cox multifactor regression analysis revealed that the distant metastasis, Enneking stage, and the expression of Sox4 and β-catenin were independent risk factors of patients with osteosarcoma (P<0.05 for all). The findings indicated that overexpression of Sox4 and β-catenin is associated with a poor prognosis of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qi Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Chang-Chun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Tao
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Da-Min Chai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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38
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Roisman A, Huamán Garaicoa F, Metrebian F, Narbaitz M, Kohan D, García Rivello H, Fernandez I, Pavlovsky A, Pavlovsky M, Hernández L, Slavutsky I. SOXC and MiR17-92 gene expression profiling defines two subgroups with different clinical outcome in mantle cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:531-40. [PMID: 26998831 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogeneous B-cell lymphoid malignancy where most patients follow an aggressive clinical course whereas others are associated with an indolent performance. SOX4, SOX11, and SOX12 belong to SOXC family of transcription factors involved in embryonic neurogenesis and tissue remodeling. Among them, SOX11 has been found aberrantly expressed in most aggressive MCL patients, being considered a reliable biomarker in the pathology. Several studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRs) from the miR-17-92 cluster are among the most deregulated miRNAs in human cancers, still little is known about this cluster in MCL. In this study we screened the transcriptional profiles of 70 MCL patients for SOXC cluster and miR17, miR18a, miR19b and miR92a, from the miR-17-92 cluster. Gene expression analysis showed higher SOX11 and SOX12 levels compared to SOX4 (P ≤ 0.0026). Moreover we found a negative correlation between the expression of SOX11 and SOX4 (P < 0.0001). miR17-92 cluster analysis showed that miR19b and miR92a exhibited higher levels than miR17 and miR18a (P < 0.0001). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed two subgroups with significant differences in relation to aggressive MCL features, such as blastoid morphological variant (P = 0.0412), nodal presentation (P = 0.0492), CD5(+) (P = 0.0004) and shorter overall survival (P < 0.0001). Together, our findings show for the first time an association between the differential expression profiles of SOXC and miR17-92 clusters in MCL and also relate them to different clinical subtypes of the disease adding new biological information that may contribute to a better understanding of this pathology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Roisman
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fuad Huamán Garaicoa
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,FUNDALEU, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Metrebian
- División Patología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Narbaitz
- FUNDALEU, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,División Patología, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, ANM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dana Kohan
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Hernández
- Patología Molecular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - Irma Slavutsky
- Laboratorio de Genética de Neoplasias Linfoides, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina (ANM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ling KH, Brautigan PJ, Moore S, Fraser R, Cheah PS, Raison JM, Babic M, Lee YK, Daish T, Mattiske DM, Mann JR, Adelson DL, Thomas PQ, Hahn CN, Scott HS. Derivation of an endogenous small RNA from double-stranded Sox4 sense and natural antisense transcripts in the mouse brain. Genomics 2016; 107:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Zhao G, Yao Q, Jin C, Huang Y, Liu X, Li G. Down-regulated SOX4 expression suppresses cell proliferation, metastasis and induces apoptosis in Xuanwei female lung cancer patients. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1007-18. [PMID: 25565486 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX4 has functional importance in foetal lung maturation and tumorigenesis in a number of cancers. However, its biological functions in the progression of lung tumorigenesis remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression levels of SOX4 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in Xuanwei female lung cancer tissues than in benign lung lesions. The patients with high expression of the SOX4 protein had a higher pathological grade, lymph node (LN) metastasis, poor tumor differentiation and worse prognosis than those patients with low expression of SOX4. Knockdown of the SOX4 gene in the Xuanwei female lung cancer cell line XWLC-05 resulted in apoptotic morphological changes, decreased cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Furthermore, knockdown of the SOX4 gene resulted in obvious sub-G1 peaks and induction of apoptosis through upregulation of caspase-3 expression, while in cells treated with a caspase-3 inhibitor, apoptosis induced by silencing SOX4 expression was inhibited. In vivo analysis in nude mice further confirmed that knockdown of SOX4 suppressed tumor growth. In conclusion, SOX4 appears to be an important tumor suppressor gene in the regulation of Xuanwei female lung cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastases, and it may be a potential target for effective lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Research of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650118, PR China
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Hasegawa S, Nagano H, Konno M, Eguchi H, Tomokuni A, Tomimaru Y, Asaoka T, Wada H, Hama N, Kawamoto K, Marubashi S, Nishida N, Koseki J, Mori M, Doki Y, Ishii H. A crucial epithelial to mesenchymal transition regulator, Sox4/Ezh2 axis is closely related to the clinical outcome in pancreatic cancer patients. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:145-52. [PMID: 26648239 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis because of its high invasiveness and recurrence, and these properties closely link to the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recently, it has been reported that Sox4 is indispensable for EMT in vitro and in vivo and regulates various master regulators of EMT including Zeb, Twist and Snail. Moreover, Sox4 induces the transcription of Ezh2 which is the histone methyltransferase, and reprograms the cancer epigenome to promote EMT and metastasis. Therefore, the present study evaluated the importance of Sox4, Ezh2 and miR-335, which regulate Sox4 expression epigenetically, in clinical samples with pancreatic cancer. This retrospective analysis included data from 36 consecutive patients who underwent complete surgical resection for pancreatic cancer and did not undergo any preoperative therapies. We assessed the clinical significance of Sox4/Ezh2 axis and miR-335 expression, using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR with laser captured microdissection (LCM). The Sox4 positive patients had significantly worse prognosis as for disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.0154) and the Ezh2-positive patients had significantly worse prognosis as for overall survival (OS) (P=0.0347). The miR-335 expression was inversely correlated with Sox4 expression in the identical clinical specimens, but it was not related to the prognosis. Sox4/Ezh2 axis was closely associated with the prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Tomokuni
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Yoon TM, Kim SA, Cho WS, Lee DH, Lee JK, Park YL, Lee KH, Lee JH, Kweon SS, Chung IJ, Lim SC, Joo YE. SOX4 expression is associated with treatment failure and chemoradioresistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:888. [PMID: 26555193 PMCID: PMC4641419 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, sex-determining region-Y (SRY) related high-mobility-group box 4 (SOX4) is linked to development and tumorigenesis. SOX4 is over-expressed in several cancers and has prognostic significance. This study evaluated whether SOX4 affects oncogenic behavior and chemoradiotherapy response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and documented the relationship between its expression and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods We used small interfering RNA in HNSCC cells to evaluate the effect of SOX4 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, chemoradiation-induced apoptosis, invasion, and migration. SOX4 expression in OSCC tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results SOX4 knockdown (KO) decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by activating caspases-3 and −7, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase and suppressing X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in HNSCC cells; it also enhanced radiation/cisplatin-induced apoptosis; and suppressed tumor cell invasion and migration. Immunostaining showed SOX4 protein was significantly increased in OSCC tissues compared with adjacent normal mucosa. SOX4 expression was observed in 51.8 % of 85 OSCC tissues, and was significantly correlated with treatment failure (P = 0.032) and shorter overall survival (P = 0.036) in patients with OSCC. Conclusions SOX4 may contribute to oncogenic phenotypes of HNSCC cells by promoting cell survival and causing chemoradioresistance. It could be a potential prognostic marker for OSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1875-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Mi Yoon
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Sun-Ae Kim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Wan Seok Cho
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Joon Kyoo Lee
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Young-Lan Park
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Departments of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Departments of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
| | - Young-Eun Joo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
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Shen H, Blijlevens M, Yang N, Frangou C, Wilson KE, Xu B, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Morrison CD, Shepherd L, Hu Q, Zhu Q, Wang J, Liu S, Zhang J. Sox4 Expression Confers Bladder Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Predicts for Poor Patient Outcome. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1363-75. [PMID: 26681916 PMCID: PMC4671994 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified as to contribute directly or indirectly to the generation of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCC-UB). We have previously found that amplification of chromosome 6p22 is significantly associated with the muscle-invasive rather than superficial TCC-UB. Here, we demonstrated that Sox4, one of the candidate oncogenes located within the chromosome 6p22 amplicon, confers bladder cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. Down-regulation of Sox4 led to the inhibition of cell migration, colony formation as well as mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Interestingly, knockdown of Sox4 also reduced the sphere formation, enriched cell population with high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH high) and tumor formation potential. Using gene expression profiling, we further identified novel Sox4 target genes. Last, immunohistochemistry analysis of human bladder tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) indicated that high Sox4 expression was correlated with advanced cancer stages and poor survival rate. In summary, our data show that Sox4 is an important regulator of the bladder CSC properties and it may serve as a biomarker of the aggressive phenotype in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Shen
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics
| | - Maxime Blijlevens
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics; ; 4. VU medical center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Laboratory Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuo Yang
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics
| | | | | | - Bo Xu
- 2. Department of Pathology
| | - Yinglong Zhang
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics; ; 5. Orthopaedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lirui Zhang
- 1. Department of Cancer Genetics; ; 6. Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | | | - Lori Shepherd
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Qiang Hu
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Jianmin Wang
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
| | - Song Liu
- 3. Center for Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo NY 14263
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Upregulated Expression of SOX4 Is Associated with Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:658141. [PMID: 26578818 PMCID: PMC4633550 DOI: 10.1155/2015/658141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SOX4, which belongs to the sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group (SRY) box family, plays a critical role in embryonic development, cell fate decision, differentiation, and tumor development. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in China and Southeast Asia. However, the molecular mechanisms of this disease remain unknown. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the correlation between the expression of SOX4 with clinicopathologic variables as well as patients prognosis of NPC. We found overexpression of SOX4 was correlated with clinical stages, lymph node metastasis, and Ki-67 expression in NPC (P < 0.05). Besides, patients who expressed higher levels of SOX4 had poorer survival rate (P < 0.05). Then, in vitro studies, we took serum starvation-refeeding experiment and knocked down the expression of SOX4 with siRNA to demonstrate that SOX4 could promote proliferation of NPC nonkeratinizing cell line CNE2. The regulation of SOX4 on cell migration was determined by the transwell migration assay and wounding healing assay. Besides, we also found SOX4 could promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CNE2 cells and decrease their cisplatin sensitivity. Our data suggested that SOX4 might play an important role in regulating NPC progression and would provide a potential therapeutic strategy for NPC.
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45
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Wu D, Pan H, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Qu P, Zhou J, Wang W. Upregulation of microRNA-204 inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in human renal cell carcinoma cells by downregulating SOX4. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7059-64. [PMID: 26323722 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) has been reported to be frequently downregulated in various types of cancer, including renal, brain, ovary, hematological and colon cancer. The present study, investigated the effects of miR‑204 on renal cell carcinoma. Following transfection of miR‑204, an MTT assay, cell migration assay, cell invasion assay, western blot analysis and luciferase assay were performed in renal cell carcinoma cell lines. It was demonstrated that miR‑204 inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in 786‑O and A498 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that miR‑204 directly targets SOX4 in renal cell carcinoma. These results suggested that miR-204 may have value as a marker for the early detection of tumor metastasis and a therapeutic target preventing the invasion of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyao Wu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Huixing Pan
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Wanxiang Wang
- Inspection Branch, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
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46
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Chen J, Ju HL, Yuan XY, Wang TJ, Lai BQ. SOX4 is a potential prognostic factor in human cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:65-72. [PMID: 26250764 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the this study was to analyze the status of sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group box 4 (SOX4) expression in varied human cancers and its correlation with overall survival in patients with human cancers. METHODS To observe initially the expression status of SOX4 in twenty kinds of human cancers at protein database (The Human Protein Atlas). We systematically and carefully searched the studies from electronic databases and seriously identified according to eligibility criteria. The correlation between SOX4 expression and overall survival in human cancers was evaluated through Review Manager. RESULTS We found that SOX4 expression was significantly positive in most types of human cancer tissues, and the positive rate of SOX4 expression was about 78 % in overall cancer tissues. Furthermore, a total of 10 studies which included 1348 cancer patients were included in the final analysis. Meta-analysis showed that SOX4 overexpression was correlated with a poor overall survival and the pooled hazard ratio (HR), and corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) was 1.67 (95 % CI 1.01-2.78). From subgroup analyses, we present evidence that SOX4 overexpression was an unfavorable prognostic factor for colorectal cancer patients' recurrence-free survival and gastric cancer patients' overall survival, and the pooled HRs (95 % CI) were 1.73 (95 % CI 1.04-2.88) and 3.74 (95 % CI 1.04-13.45), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SOX4 is a potential prognostic biomarker in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - H L Ju
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - X Y Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, The Jiaotong Hospital of Shanxi Province, Xi'an, 710068, Shanxi, China
| | - T J Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - B Q Lai
- Intensive Care Unit, The Tumor Hospital of Shanxi Province, No. 309 Yanta Road West, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China.
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Li L, Li Q, Chen X, Xu M, Li X, Nie L, Chen N, Gong J, Mao Q, Zhou Q. SOX4 is overexpressed in diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma and confers poor prognosis. Neuropathology 2015; 35:510-7. [PMID: 26096696 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The SOX4 (sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor 4) gene plays critical roles in embryonic development and cell-fate determination. Recently, SOX4 overexpression has been found in various tumors. However, its expression status and prognostic significance in astrocytoma remain unknown. In this study, SOX4 expression in diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma (WHO grades II-IV) tissues (in comparison with pilocytic astrocytomas) was examined by immunohistochemistry, and its relevance with prognosis was analyzed. Our data showed that SOX4 was over-expressed in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas and its expression was positively correlated with astrocytoma grade (WHO grades II-IV). Significantly, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that SOX4 nuclear overexpression (SOX4-N) was associated with poorer progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma patients (P < 0.05). Cox regression analysis further showed that nuclear SOX4-N was a significant independent negative prognostic factor for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyao Li
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinglan Li
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Chen
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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48
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Jang SM, Kim CH, Kim JW, Choi KH. Transcriptional regulatory network of SOX4 during myoblast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:365-70. [PMID: 25969425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction of transcriptional regulatory networks of transcription factors (TFs) has become more important and attractive to understand the alterations of binding protein-dependent transcriptional activity that governs the changes in spatiotemporal expression of TF target genes required in various cellular processes. Therefore, identification of new inner modules including target genes and protein interactions involved in unveiled TF-based transcription networks is currently in the research spotlight. In this study, we reveal a possible SOX4-centered transcriptional network by the identification of novel binding partners and target genes of the TF SOX4 using various screening techniques. Lamin B2, barrier to autointegration factor 1, and apolipoprotein C-III were identified as novel interacting partners of SOX4 by yeast two-hybrid screening, and the genes encoding lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S, and Map2k2 were identified as putative target genes of SOX4. Differently from the computational networks of TFs, we revealed a SOX4-centered physical network during myoblast differentiation. These results will provide opportunities to better understand the SOX4-centered transcriptional regulation network and TF-based specific gene expression in various cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Jang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hee Choi
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Min XS, Huang P, Liu X, Dong C, Jiang XL, Yuan ZT, Mao LF, Chang S. Bioinformatics analyses of significant prognostic risk markers for thyroid papillary carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7457-63. [PMID: 25908172 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to identify the prognostic risk markers for thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) by bioinformatics. The clinical data of TPC and their microRNAs (miRNAs) and genes expression profile data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Elastic net-Cox's proportional regression hazards model (EN-COX) was used to identify the prognostic associated factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve were used to screen the significant prognostic risk miRNA and genes. Then, the target genes of the obtained miRNAs were predicted followed by function prediction. Finally, the significant risk genes were performed literature mining and function analysis. Total 1046 miRNAs and 20531 genes in 484 cases samples were identified after data preprocessing. From the EN-COX model, 30 prognostic risk factors were obtained. Based on the 30 risk factors, 3 miRNAs and 11 genes were identified from the ROC and KM curves. The target genes of miRNA-342 such as B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) were mainly enriched in the biological process related to cellular metabolic process and Disease Ontology terms of lymphoma. The target genes of miRNA-93 were mainly enriched in the pathway of G1 phase. Among the 11 prognostic risk genes, v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue F (MAFF), SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 4 (SOX4), and retinoic acid receptor, alpha (RARA) encoded transcription factors. Besides, RARA was enriched in four pathways. These prognostic markers such as miRNA-93, miRNA-342, RARA, MAFF, SOX4, and BCL2 may be used as targets for TPC chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tai Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Lin-Feng Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, #87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, Peoples Republic of China.
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50
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Kurzynska-Kokorniak A, Koralewska N, Pokornowska M, Urbanowicz A, Tworak A, Mickiewicz A, Figlerowicz M. The many faces of Dicer: the complexity of the mechanisms regulating Dicer gene expression and enzyme activities. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4365-80. [PMID: 25883138 PMCID: PMC4482082 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that the production of small regulatory RNAs is not the only process in which ribonuclease Dicer can participate. For example, it has been demonstrated that this enzyme is also involved in chromatin structure remodelling, inflammation and apoptotic DNA degradation. Moreover, it has become increasingly clear that cellular transcript and protein levels of Dicer must be strictly controlled because even small changes in their accumulation can initiate various pathological processes, including carcinogenesis. Accordingly, in recent years, a number of studies have been performed to identify the factors regulating Dicer gene expression and protein activity. As a result, a large amount of complex and often contradictory data has been generated. None of these data have been subjected to an exhaustive review or critical discussion. This review attempts to fill this gap by summarizing the current knowledge of factors that regulate Dicer gene transcription, primary transcript processing, mRNA translation and enzyme activity. Because of the high complexity of this topic, this review mainly concentrates on human Dicer. This review also focuses on an additional regulatory layer of Dicer activity involving the interactions of protein and RNA factors with Dicer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Koralewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Maria Pokornowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Anna Urbanowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mickiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan 60-965, Poland
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