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Hong CR, Liew LP, Wong WW, Dickson BD, Cheng G, Shome A, Airey R, Jaiswal J, Lipert B, Jamieson SMF, Wilson WR, Hay MP. Identification of 6-Anilino Imidazo[4,5- c]pyridin-2-ones as Selective DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Their Application as Radiosensitizers. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39007759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The dominant role of non-homologous end-joining in the repair of radiation-induced double-strand breaks identifies DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) as an excellent target for the development of radiosensitizers. We report the discovery of a new class of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-one DNA-PK inhibitors. Structure-activity studies culminated in the identification of 78 as a nM DNA-PK inhibitor with excellent selectivity for DNA-PK compared to related phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI3K-like kinase (PIKK) families and the broader kinome, and displayed DNA-PK-dependent radiosensitization of HAP1 cells. Compound 78 demonstrated robust radiosensitization of a broad range of cancer cells in vitro, displayed high oral bioavailability, and sensitized colorectal carcinoma (HCT116/54C) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (UT-SCC-74B) tumor xenografts to radiation. Compound 78 also provided substantial tumor growth inhibition of HCT116/54C tumor xenografts in combination with radiation. Compound 78 represents a new, potent, and selective class of DNA-PK inhibitors with significant potential as radiosensitizers for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho R Hong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Way W Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Chemistry and Applied Physics, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Gary Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Avik Shome
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Airey
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jagdish Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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2
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Hofstad M, Woods A, Parra K, Sychev ZE, Mazzagatti A, Yu L, Gilbreath C, Ly P, Drake JM, Kittler R. Dual inhibition of ATR and DNA-PKcs radiosensitizes ATM-mutant prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.602941. [PMID: 39026771 PMCID: PMC11257504 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.602941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In advanced castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), mutations in the DNA damage response (DDR) gene ataxia telangiectasia mutated ( ATM ) are common. While poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors are approved in this context, their clinical efficacy remains limited. Thus, there is a compelling need to identify alternative therapeutic avenues for ATM mutant prostate cancer patients. Here, we generated matched ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient CRPC lines to elucidate the impact of ATM loss on DDR in response to DNA damage via irradiation. Through unbiased phosphoproteomic screening, we unveiled that ATM-deficient CRPC lines maintain dependence on downstream ATM targets through activation of ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases. Dual inhibition of ATR and DNA-PKcs effectively inhibited downstream γH2AX foci formation in response to irradiation and radiosensitized ATM-deficient lines to a greater extent than either ATM-proficient controls or single drug treatment. Further, dual inhibition abrogated residual downstream ATM pathway signaling and impaired replication fork dynamics. To circumvent potential toxicity, we leveraged the RUVBL1/2 ATPase inhibitor Compound B, which leads to the degradation of both ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases. Compound B effectively radiosensitized ATM-deficient CRPC in vitro and in vivo , and impacted replication fork dynamics. Overall, dual targeting of both ATR and DNA-PKcs is necessary to block DDR in ATM-deficient CRPC, and Compound B could be utilized as a novel therapy in combination with irradiation in these patients.
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3
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Marshall S, Navarro MVAS, Ascenҫão CFR, Dibitetto D, Smolka MB. In-Depth Mapping of DNA-PKcs Signaling Uncovers Non-Canonical Features of Its Kinase Specificity. J Biol Chem 2024:107513. [PMID: 38945450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA-PKcs is a DNA damage sensor kinase with established roles in DNA double-strand break repair via non-homologous end joining. Recent studies have revealed additional roles of DNA-PKcs in the regulation of transcription, translation, and DNA replication. However, the substrates through which DNA-PKcs regulates these processes remain largely undefined. Here we utilized quantitative phosphoproteomics to generate a high coverage map of DNA-PKcs signaling in response to ionizing radiation and mapped its interplay with the ATM kinase. Beyond the detection of the canonical S/T-Q phosphorylation motif, we uncovered a non-canonical mode of DNA-PKcs signaling targeting S/T-ψ-D/E motifs. Sequence and structural analyses of the DNA-PKcs substrate recognition pocket revealed unique features compared to closely related PIKK kinases that may explain its broader substrate preference. These findings expand the repertoire of DNA-PKcs and ATM substrates while establishing a novel preferential phosphorylation motif for DNA-PKcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Marshall
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcos V A S Navarro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; IFSC Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos - SP, 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Carolline F R Ascenҫão
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Diego Dibitetto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Manguso N, Kim M, Joshi N, Al Mahmud MR, Aldaco J, Suzuki R, Cortes-Ledesma F, Cui X, Yamada S, Takeda S, Giuliano A, You S, Tanaka H. TDP2 is a regulator of estrogen-responsive oncogene expression. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae016. [PMID: 38596431 PMCID: PMC11000318 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
With its ligand estrogen, the estrogen receptor (ER) initiates a global transcriptional program, promoting cell growth. This process involves topoisomerase 2 (TOP2), a key protein in resolving topological issues during transcription by cleaving a DNA duplex, passing another duplex through the break, and repairing the break. Recent studies revealed the involvement of various DNA repair proteins in the repair of TOP2-induced breaks, suggesting potential alternative repair pathways in cases where TOP2 is halted after cleavage. However, the contribution of these proteins in ER-induced transcriptional regulation remains unclear. We investigated the role of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2), an enzyme for the removal of halted TOP2 from the DNA ends, in the estrogen-induced transcriptome using both targeted and global transcription analyses. MYC activation by estrogen, a TOP2-dependent and transient event, became prolonged in the absence of TDP2 in both TDP2-deficient cells and mice. Bulk and single-cell RNA-seq analyses defined MYC and CCND1 as oncogenes whose estrogen response is tightly regulated by TDP2. These results suggest that TDP2 may inherently participate in the repair of estrogen-induced breaks at specific genomic loci, exerting precise control over oncogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Manguso
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
| | - Neeraj Joshi
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
| | - Md Rasel Al Mahmud
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Juan Aldaco
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ryusuke Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
| | - Felipe Cortes-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shintaro Yamada
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Armando Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048 USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
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Mentzel J, Hildebrand LS, Kuhlmann L, Fietkau R, Distel LV. Effective Radiosensitization of HNSCC Cell Lines by DNA-PKcs Inhibitor AZD7648 and PARP Inhibitors Talazoparib and Niraparib. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5629. [PMID: 38891817 PMCID: PMC11172136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is common, while treatment is difficult, and mortality is high. Kinase inhibitors are promising to enhance the effects of radiotherapy. We compared the effects of the PARP inhibitors talazoparib and niraparib and that of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor AZD7648, combined with ionizing radiation. (2) Seven HNSCC cell lines, including Cal33, CLS-354, Detroit 562, HSC4, RPMI2650 (HPV-negative), UD-SCC-2 and UM-SCC-47 (HPV-positive), and two healthy fibroblast cell lines, SBLF8 and SBLF9, were studied. Flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis and necrosis induction (AnnexinV/7AAD) and cell cycle distribution (Hoechst). Cell inactivation was studied by the colony-forming assay. (3) AZD7648 had the strongest effects, radiosensitizing all HNSCC cell lines, almost always in a supra-additive manner. Talazoparib and niraparib were effective in both HPV-positive cell lines but only consistently in one and two HPV-negative cell lines, respectively. Healthy fibroblasts were not affected by any combined treatment in apoptosis and necrosis induction or G2/M-phase arrest. AZD7648 alone was not toxic to healthy fibroblasts, while the combination with ionizing radiation reduced clonogenicity. (4) In conclusion, talazoparib, niraparib and, most potently, AZD7648 could improve radiation therapy in HNSCC. Healthy fibroblasts tolerated AZD7648 alone extremely well, but irradiation-induced effects might occur. Our results justify in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mentzel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura S. Hildebrand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Kuhlmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Iglesias-Corral D, García-Valles P, Arroyo-Garrapucho N, Bueno-Martínez E, Ruiz-Robles JM, Ovejero-Sánchez M, González-Sarmiento R, Herrero AB. Chloroquine-induced DNA damage synergizes with DNA repair inhibitors causing cancer cell death. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1390518. [PMID: 38803536 PMCID: PMC11128598 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1390518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is a global health problem accounting for nearly one in six deaths worldwide. Conventional treatments together with new therapies have increased survival to this devastating disease. However, the persistent challenges of treatment resistance and the limited therapeutic arsenal available for specific cancer types still make research in new therapeutic strategies an urgent need. Methods Chloroquine was tested in combination with different drugs (Panobinostat, KU-57788 and NU-7026) in 8 human-derived cancer cells lines (colorectal: HCT116 and HT29; breast: MDA-MB-231 and HCC1937; glioblastoma: A-172 and LN-18; head and neck: CAL-33 and 32816). Drug´s effect on proliferation was tested by MTT assays and cell death was assessed by Anexin V-PI apoptosis assays. The presence of DNA double-strand breaks was analyzed by phospho-H2AX fluorescent staining. To measure homologous recombination efficiency the HR-GFP reporter was used, which allows flow cytometry-based detection of HR stimulated by I-SceI endonuclease-induced DSBs. Results The combination of chloroquine with any of the drugs employed displayed potent synergistic effects on apoptosis induction, with particularly pronounced efficacy observed in glioblastoma and head and neck cancer cell lines. We found that chloroquine produced DNA double strand breaks that depended on reactive oxygen species formation, whereas Panobinostat inhibited DNA double-strand breaks repair by homologous recombination. Cell death caused by chloroquine/Panobinostat combination were significantly reduced by N-Acetylcysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, underscoring the pivotal role of DSB generation in CQ/LBH-induced lethality. Based on these data, we also explored the combination of CQ with KU-57788 and NU-7026, two inhibitors of the other main DSB repair pathway, nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), and again synergistic effects on apoptosis induction were observed. Conclusion Our data provide a rationale for the clinical investigation of CQ in combination with DSB inhibitors for the treatment of different solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iglesias-Corral
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula García-Valles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nuria Arroyo-Garrapucho
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Bueno-Martínez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Robles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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7
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Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Liu XC, Gamble AB, Huang W, Yang QQ, Han B. Bioactive atropisomers: Unraveling design strategies and synthetic routes for drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38515232 DOI: 10.1002/med.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomerism, an expression of axial chirality caused by limited bond rotation, is a prominent aspect within the field of medicinal chemistry. It has been shown that atropisomers of a wide range of compounds, including established FDA-approved drugs and experimental molecules, display markedly different biological activities. The time-dependent reversal of chirality in atropisomers poses complexity and obstacles in the process of drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, recent progress in understanding atropisomerism and enhanced characterization methods have greatly assisted medicinal chemists in the effective development of atropisomeric drug molecules. This article provides a comprehensive review of their special design thoughts, synthetic routes, and biological activities, serving as a reference for the synthesis and biological evaluation of bioactive atropisomers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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8
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Marshall S, Navarro MV, Ascenҫão CF, Smolka MB. IN-DEPTH MAPPING OF DNA-PKcs SIGNALING UNCOVERS CONSERVED FEATURES OF ITS KINASE SPECIFICITY. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576037. [PMID: 38293078 PMCID: PMC10827184 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
DNA-PKcs is a DNA damage sensor kinase with established roles in DNA double-strand break repair via non-homologous end joining. Recent studies have revealed additional roles of DNA-PKcs in the regulation of transcription, translation and DNA replication. However, the substrates through which DNA-PKcs regulates these processes remain largely undefined. Here we utilized quantitative phosphoproteomics to generate a high coverage map of DNA-PKcs signaling in response to ionizing radiation and mapped its interplay with the ATM kinase. Beyond the detection of the canonical S/T-Q phosphorylation motif, we uncovered a non-canonical mode of DNA-PKcs signaling targeting S/T-ψ-D/E motifs. Cross-species analysis in mouse pre-B and human HCT116 cell lines revealed splicing factors and transcriptional regulators phosphorylated at this novel motif, several of which contain SAP domains. These findings expand the list of DNA-PKcs and ATM substrates and establish a novel preferential phosphorylation motif for DNA-PKcs that connects it to proteins involved in nucleotide processes and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Marshall
- 1. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcos V.A.S. Navarro
- 1. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- 2. IFSC Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos - SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Carolline F.R. Ascenҫão
- 1. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marcus B. Smolka
- 1. Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Huang X, Ren Q, Yang L, Cui D, Ma C, Zheng Y, Wu J. Immunogenic chemotherapy: great potential for improving response rates. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1308681. [PMID: 38125944 PMCID: PMC10732354 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1308681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of anti-tumor immunity is critical in treating cancers. Recent studies indicate that several chemotherapy agents can stimulate anti-tumor immunity by inducing immunogenic cell death and durably eradicate tumors. This suggests that immunogenic chemotherapy holds great potential for improving response rates. However, chemotherapy in practice has only had limited success in inducing long-term survival or cure of cancers when used either alone or in combination with immunotherapy. We think that this is because the importance of dose, schedule, and tumor model dependence of chemotherapy-activated anti-tumor immunity is under-appreciated. Here, we review immune modulation function of representative chemotherapy agents and propose a model of immunogenic chemotherapy-induced long-lasting responses that rely on synergetic interaction between killing tumor cells and inducing anti-tumor immunity. We comb through several chemotherapy treatment schedules, and identify the needs for chemotherapy dose and schedule optimization and combination therapy with immunotherapy when chemotherapy dosage or immune responsiveness is too low. We further review tumor cell intrinsic factors that affect the optimal chemotherapy dose and schedule. Lastly, we review the biomarkers indicating responsiveness to chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy treatments. A deep understanding of how chemotherapy activates anti-tumor immunity and how to monitor its responsiveness can lead to the development of more effective chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy, thereby improving the efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Huang
- Cancer Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinghuan Ren
- Alberta Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leixiang Yang
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di Cui
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyang Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second People’s Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueliang Zheng
- Cancer Center, Emergency and Critical Care Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Cancer Center, The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Lal S, Bhola NE, Sun BC, Chen Y, Huang T, Morton V, Chen KX, Xia S, Zhang H, Parikh NS, Ye Q, Veiby OP, Bellovin DI, Ji Y. Discovery and Characterization of ZL-2201, a Potent, Highly Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Small-molecule DNA-PK Inhibitor. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1731-1742. [PMID: 37663435 PMCID: PMC10473160 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a driver of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA damage response pathway, plays an instrumental role in repairing double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by DNA-damaging poisons. We evaluate ZL-2201, an orally bioavailable, highly potent, and selective pharmacologic inhibitor of DNA-PK activity, for the treatment of human cancerous malignancies. ZL-2201 demonstrated greater selectivity for DNA-PK and effectively inhibited DNA-PK autophosphorylation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Initial data suggested a potential correlation between ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) deficiency and ZL-2201 sensitivity. More so, ZL-2201 showed strong synergy with topoisomerase II inhibitors independent of ATM status in vitro. In vivo oral administration of ZL-2201 demonstrated dose-dependent antitumor activity in the NCI-H1703 xenograft model and significantly enhanced the activity of approved DNA-damaging agents in A549 and FaDu models. From a phosphoproteomic mass spectrometry screen, we identified and validated that ZL-2201 and PRKDC siRNA decreased Ser108 phosphorylation of MCM2, a key DNA replication factor. Collectively, we have characterized a potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor with promising monotherapy and combinatory therapeutic potential with approved DNA-damaging agents. More importantly, we identified phospho-MCM2 (Ser108) as a potential proximal biomarker of DNA-PK inhibition that warrants further preclinical and clinical evaluation. Significance ZL-2201, a potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor, can target tumor models in combination with DNA DSB-inducing agents such as radiation or doxorubicin, with potential to improve recurrent therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Lal
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Neil E. Bhola
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Bee-Chun Sun
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Yuping Chen
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Tom Huang
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Vivian Morton
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | | | | | | | - Nehal S. Parikh
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - Qiuping Ye
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | - O. Petter Veiby
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
| | | | - Yuhua Ji
- Biologics Discovery, Zai Lab (US) LLC, Menlo Park, California
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11
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Azevedo-Pouly AC, Appell LE, Burdine L, Rogers LJ, Morehead LC, Fil D, Barker M, Rainwater RR, Waldrip ZJ, Koss B, Burdine MS. Chemical inhibition of DNA-PKcs impairs the activation and cytotoxicity of CD4 + helper and CD8 + effector T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:663-671. [PMID: 37149747 PMCID: PMC10527493 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of T cell activity is an effective strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune-related disorders and cancer. This highlights a critical need for the identification of proteins that regulate T cell function. The kinase DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is emerging as a potent regulator of the immune system, spurring interest in its use as a therapeutic target. In murine models of immune-related diseases including asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, treatment with small-molecule DNA-PKcs inhibitors decreased the disease severity. Additionally, DNA-PKcs inhibitors reduced T cell-mediated graft rejection in a murine allogenic skin graft model. These in vivo studies suggest the use of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as immunotherapy for autoimmune and T cell-mediated disorders. In this study, we sought to characterize further the effects of DNA-PKcs inhibitors on T cells to better understand their clinical potential. We determined that inhibition of DNA-PKcs using inhibitor NU7441 and the inhibitors currently in clinical trials for cancer therapy, M3184 and AZD7648, abrogated the activation of murine and human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as evidenced by the reduced expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD25. Furthermore, inhibition of DNA-PKcs impeded metabolic pathways and the proliferation of activated T cells. This reduced the ability of OTI-CD8+ T cells to kill cancer cells and the expression of IFNγ and cytotoxic genes. These results highlight a critical role for DNA-PKcs in T cells and validate future studies using DNA-PKcs inhibitors as immune modulation therapy for the treatment of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Azevedo-Pouly
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lauren E Appell
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lyle Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lora J Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lauren C Morehead
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Daniel Fil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Melanie Barker
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Randall R Rainwater
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zachary J Waldrip
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Brian Koss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marie Schluterman Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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12
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Koch JP, Roth SM, Quintin A, Gavini J, Orlando E, Riedo R, Pozzato C, Hayrapetyan L, Aebersold R, Stroka DM, Aebersold DM, Medo M, Zimmer Y, Medová M. A DNA-PK phosphorylation site on MET regulates its signaling interface with the DNA damage response. Oncogene 2023; 42:2113-2125. [PMID: 37188738 PMCID: PMC10289896 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is intertwined with signaling pathways downstream of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). To drive research into the application of targeted therapies as radiosensitizers, a better understanding of this molecular crosstalk is necessary. We present here the characterization of a previously unreported MET RTK phosphosite, Serine 1016 (S1016) that represents a potential DDR-MET interface. MET S1016 phosphorylation increases in response to irradiation and is mainly targeted by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Phosphoproteomics unveils an impact of the S1016A substitution on the overall long-term cell cycle regulation following DNA damage. Accordingly, the abrogation of this phosphosite strongly perturbs the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the cell cycle and formation of the mitotic spindle, enabling cells to bypass a G2 arrest upon irradiation and leading to the entry into mitosis despite compromised genome integrity. This results in the formation of abnormal mitotic spindles and a lower proliferation rate. Altogether, the current data uncover a novel signaling mechanism through which the DDR uses a growth factor receptor system for regulating and maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas P Koch
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selina M Roth
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Quintin
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Gavini
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Orlando
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Riedo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Pozzato
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Liana Hayrapetyan
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deborah M Stroka
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matúš Medo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department for BioMedical Research, Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Ando K, Suenaga Y, Kamijo T. DNA Ligase 4 Contributes to Cell Proliferation against DNA-PK Inhibition in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma IMR32 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109012. [PMID: 37240360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the vulnerability of altered DNA repair machinery that displays synthetic lethality with MYCN amplification is a therapeutic rationale in unfavourable neuroblastoma. However, none of the inhibitors for DNA repair proteins are established as standard therapy in neuroblastoma. Here, we investigated whether DNA-PK inhibitor (DNA-PKi) could inhibit the proliferation of spheroids derived from neuroblastomas of MYCN transgenic mice and MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. DNA-PKi exhibited an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma spheroids, whereas variable sensitivity was observed in those cell lines. Among them, the accelerated proliferation of IMR32 cells was dependent on DNA ligase 4 (LIG4), which comprises the canonical non-homologous end-joining pathway of DNA repair. Notably, LIG4 was identified as one of the worst prognostic factors in patients with MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas. It may play complementary roles in DNA-PK deficiency, suggesting the therapeutic potential of LIG4 inhibition in combination with DNA-PKi for MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas to overcome resistance to multimodal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiro Ando
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suenaga
- Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
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14
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Lee YR, Kang GS, Oh T, Jo HJ, Park HJ, Ahn GO. DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit (DNA-PKcs): Beyond the DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Mol Cells 2023; 46:200-205. [PMID: 36756777 PMCID: PMC10086554 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family is a well-known player in repairing DNA double strand break through non-homologous end joining pathway. This mechanism has allowed us to understand its critical role in T and B cell development through V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination, respectively. We have also learned that the defects in these mechanisms lead to severely combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Here we highlight some of the latest evidence where DNA-PKcs has been shown to localize not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm, phosphorylating various proteins involved in cellular metabolism and cytokine production. While it is an exciting time to unveil novel functions of DNA-PKcs, one should carefully choose experimental models to study DNA-PKcs as the experimental evidence has been shown to differ between cells of defective DNA-PKcs and those of DNA-PKcs knockout. Moreover, while there are several DNA-PK inhibitors currently being evaluated in the clinical trials in attempt to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy or chemotherapy, multiple functions and subcellular localization of DNA-PKcs in various types of cells may further complicate the effects at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gi-Sue Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Taerim Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Joon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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15
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Murray HC, Miller K, Brzozowski JS, Kahl RGS, Smith ND, Humphrey SJ, Dun MD, Verrills NM. Synergistic Targeting of DNA-PK and KIT Signaling Pathways in KIT Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100503. [PMID: 36682716 PMCID: PMC9986649 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and aggressive form of acute leukemia, with a 5-year survival rate of just 24%. Over a third of all AML patients harbor activating mutations in kinases, such as the receptor tyrosine kinases FLT3 (receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3) and KIT (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kit). FLT3 and KIT mutations are associated with poor clinical outcomes and lower remission rates in response to standard-of-care chemotherapy. We have recently identified that the core kinase of the non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway, DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase), is activated downstream of FLT3; and targeting DNA-PK sensitized FLT3-mutant AML cells to standard-of-care therapies. Herein, we investigated DNA-PK as a possible therapeutic vulnerability in KIT mutant AML, using isogenic FDC-P1 mouse myeloid progenitor cell lines transduced with oncogenic mutant KIT (V560G and D816V) or vector control. Targeted quantitative phosphoproteomic profiling identified phosphorylation of DNA-PK in the T2599/T2605/S2608/S2610 cluster in KIT mutant cells, indicative of DNA-PK activation. Accordingly, proliferation assays revealed that KIT mutant FDC-P1 cells were more sensitive to the DNA-PK inhibitors M3814 or NU7441, compared with empty vector controls. DNA-PK inhibition combined with inhibition of KIT signaling using the kinase inhibitors dasatinib or ibrutinib, or the protein phosphatase 2A activators FTY720 or AAL(S), led to synergistic cell death. Global phosphoproteomic analysis of KIT-D816V cells revealed that dasatinib and M3814 single-agent treatments inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT (RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase)/MTOR (serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR) activity, with greater inhibition of both pathways when used in combination. Combined dasatinib and M3814 treatment also synergistically inhibited phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulators MYC and MYB. This study provides insight into the oncogenic pathways regulated by DNA-PK beyond its canonical role in DNA repair and demonstrates that DNA-PK is a promising therapeutic target for KIT mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Murray
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kasey Miller
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua S Brzozowski
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard G S Kahl
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nathan D Smith
- Analytical and Biomolecular Research Facility, Advanced Mass Spectrometry Unit, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, and The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance and Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
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16
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Han J, Wan M, Ma Z, Yi H. Regulation of DNA-PK activity promotes the progression of TNBC via enhancing the immunosuppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5939-5952. [PMID: 36373232 PMCID: PMC10028116 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is engaged in DNA damage repair and is significantly expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Inhibiting DNA-PK to reduce DNA damage repair provides a possibility of tumor treatment. NU7441, a DNA-PK inhibitor, can regulate the function and differentiation of CD4+ T cells and effectively enhance immunogenicity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. However, the effect of NU7441 on the tumor progression activity of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in TNBC remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, we found that NU7441 alone significantly increased tumor growth in 4 T1 (a mouse TNBC cell line) tumor-bearing mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DNA-PK and functional markers of MDSCs (iNOS, Arg1, and IDO) tended to coexist in breast cancer patients. The mutations of these genes were significantly correlated with lower survival in breast cancer patients. Moreover, NU7441 significantly decreased the percentage of MDSCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), spleen and tumor, but enhanced the immunosuppressive function of splenic MDSCs. Furthermore, NU7441 increased MDSCs' DNA-PK and pDNA-PK protein levels in PBMCs and in the spleen and increased DNA-PK mRNA expression and expression of MDSCs functional markers in splenic MDSCs from tumor-bearing mice. NU7441 combined with gemcitabine reduced tumor volume, which may be because gemcitabine eliminated the remaining MDSCs with enhanced immunosuppressive ability. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that the regulation of DNA-PK activity by NU7441 promotes TNBC progression via enhancing the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs. Moreover, NU7441 combined with gemcitabine offers an efficient therapeutic approach for TNBC and merits deeper investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Han
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Minjie Wan
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Huanfa Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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17
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Groelly FJ, Fawkes M, Dagg RA, Blackford AN, Tarsounas M. Targeting DNA damage response pathways in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:78-94. [PMID: 36471053 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved a complex network of biochemical pathways, collectively known as the DNA damage response (DDR), to prevent detrimental mutations from being passed on to their progeny. The DDR coordinates DNA repair with cell-cycle checkpoint activation and other global cellular responses. Genes encoding DDR factors are frequently mutated in cancer, causing genomic instability, an intrinsic feature of many tumours that underlies their ability to grow, metastasize and respond to treatments that inflict DNA damage (such as radiotherapy). One instance where we have greater insight into how genetic DDR abrogation impacts on therapy responses is in tumours with mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2. Due to compromised homologous recombination DNA repair, these tumours rely on alternative repair mechanisms and are susceptible to chemical inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which specifically kill homologous recombination-deficient cancer cells, and have become a paradigm for targeted cancer therapy. It is now clear that many other synthetic-lethal relationships exist between DDR genes. Crucially, some of these interactions could be exploited in the clinic to target tumours that become resistant to PARP inhibition. In this Review, we discuss state-of-the-art strategies for DDR inactivation using small-molecule inhibitors and highlight those compounds currently being evaluated in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Groelly
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Fawkes
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca A Dagg
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew N Blackford
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Cowell IG, Austin CA. DNA fragility at the KMT2A/ MLL locus: insights from old and new technologies. Open Biol 2023; 13:220232. [PMID: 36629017 PMCID: PMC9832561 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mixed-Lineage Leukaemia (MLL/KMT2A) gene is frequently rearranged in childhood and adult acute leukaemia (AL) and in secondary leukaemias occurring after therapy with DNA topoisomerase targeting anti-cancer agents such as etoposide (t-AL). MLL/KMT2A chromosome translocation break sites in AL patients fall within an 8 kb breakpoint cluster region (BCR). Furthermore, MLL/KMT2A break sites in t-AL frequently occur in a much smaller region, or hotspot, towards the 3' end of the BCR, close to the intron 11/exon 12 boundary. These findings have prompted considerable effort to uncover mechanisms behind the apparent fragility of the BCR and particularly the t-AL hotspot. Recent genome-wide analyses have demonstrated etoposide-induced DNA cleavage within the BCR, and it is tempting to conclude that this cleavage explains the distribution of translocation break sites in t-AL. However, the t-AL hotspot and the centre of the observed preferential DNA cleavage are offset by over 250 nucleotides, suggesting additional factors contribute to the distribution of t-AL break sites. We review these recent genomic datasets along with older experimental results, analysis of TOP2 DNA cleavage site preferences and DNA secondary structure features that may lead to break site selection in t-AL MLL/KMT2A translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Cowell
- Biosciences Institute, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Caroline A. Austin
- Biosciences Institute, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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19
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Patricio DDO, Dias GBM, Granella LW, Trigg B, Teague HC, Bittencourt D, Báfica A, Zanotto-Filho A, Ferguson B, Mansur DS. DNA-PKcs restricts Zika virus spreading and is required for effective antiviral response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042463. [PMID: 36311766 PMCID: PMC9606669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a single-strand RNA mosquito-borne flavivirus with significant public health impact. ZIKV infection induces double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in human neural progenitor cells that may contribute to severe neuronal manifestations in newborns. The DNA-PK complex plays a critical role in repairing DSBs and in the innate immune response to infection. It is unknown, however, whether DNA-PK regulates ZIKV infection. Here we investigated the role of DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, during ZIKV infection. We demonstrate that DNA-PKcs restricts the spread of ZIKV infection in human epithelial cells. Increased ZIKV replication and spread in DNA-PKcs deficient cells is related to a notable decrease in transcription of type I and III interferons as well as IFIT1, IFIT2, and IL6. This was shown to be independent of IRF1, IRF3, or p65, canonical transcription factors necessary for activation of both type I and III interferon promoters. The mechanism of DNA-PKcs to restrict ZIKV infection is independent of DSB. Thus, these data suggest a non-canonical role for DNA-PK during Zika virus infection, acting downstream of IFNs transcription factors for an efficient antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel de Oliveira Patricio
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Greicy Brisa Malaquias Dias
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Wildner Granella
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ben Trigg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dina Bittencourt
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - André Báfica
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Bioquímica do Câncer, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Brian Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Santos Mansur
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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20
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Yang X, Yang F, Lan L, Wen N, Li H, Sun X. Potential value of PRKDC as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29628. [PMID: 35801800 PMCID: PMC9259106 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic subunit (PRKDC) plays an important role in double-strand break repair to retain genomic stability, there is still no pan-cancer analysis based on large clinical information on the relationship between PRKDC and different tumors. For the first time, this research used numerous databases to perform a pan-cancer review for PRKDC to explore the possible mechanism of PRKDC in the etiology and outcomes in various tumors. METHODS PRKDC's expression profile and prognostic significance in pan-cancer were investigated based on various databases and online platforms, including TIMER2, GEPIA2, cBioPortal, CPTAC, and SangerBox. We applied the TIMER to identified the interlink of PRKDC and the immune infiltration in assorted tumors, and the SangerBox online platform was adopted to find out the relevance between PRKDC and immune checkpoint genes, tumor mutation burden, and microsatellite instability in tumors. GeneMANIA tool was employed to create a protein-protein interaction analysis, gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to performed gene enrichment analysis. RESULTS Overall, tumor tissue presented a higher degree of PRKDC expression than adjacent normal tissue. Meanwhile, patients with high PRKDC expression have a worse prognosis. PRKDC mutations were present in almost all The Cancer Genome Atlas tumors and might lead to a better survival prognosis. The PRKDC expression level was shown a positive correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. PRKDC high expression cohorts were enriched in "cell cycle" "oocyte meiosis" and "RNA-degradation" signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the potential value of PRKDC in tumor immunology and as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiawei Yang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Gynocology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Liugen Lan
- Transplant Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Transplantation Medicine Research Center of Engineering Technology, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ning Wen
- Transplant Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Transplantation Medicine Research Center of Engineering Technology, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Transplant Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Transplantation Medicine Research Center of Engineering Technology, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xuyong Sun
- Transplant Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Guangxi Transplantation Medicine Research Center of Engineering Technology, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Chloroquine-Induced DNA Damage Synergizes with Nonhomologous End Joining Inhibition to Cause Ovarian Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147518. [PMID: 35886866 PMCID: PMC9323666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. We recently reported that chloroquine (CQ) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OC cell lines (OCCLs), causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we analyzed whether these lesions are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the main pathways involved in DSB repair, and if the combination of CQ with NHEJ inhibitors (NHEJi) could be effective against OC. We found that NHEJ inhibition increased the persistence of γH2AX foci after CQ-induced DNA damage, revealing an essential role of this pathway in the repair of the lesions. NHEJi decreased the proliferation of OCCLs and a strong in vitro synergistic effect on apoptosis induction was observed when combined with CQ. This effect was largely abolished by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, revealing the critical role of ROS and DSB generation in CQ/NHEJi-induced lethality. We also found that the NHEJ efficiency in OCCLs was not affected by treatment with Panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that also synergizes with CQ in OCCLs by impairing homologous recombination. Accordingly, the triple combination of CQ-NHEJi-Panobinostat exerted a stronger in vitro synergistic effect. Altogether, our data suggest that the combination of these drugs could represent new therapeutic strategies against OC.
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Novel Treatments of Uveal Melanoma Identified with a Synthetic Lethal CRISPR/Cas9 Screen. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133186. [PMID: 35804957 PMCID: PMC9264875 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We performed a CRISPR-Cas9 synthetic lethality screen in order to identify molecular targets whose inhibition would synergistically enhance the effect of everolimus in uveal melanoma cells. IGF1R and PRKDC, among others, were identified as hits. We verified these hits effects genetically: we treated the uveal melanoma cell lines depleted of PRKDC or IGF1R with everolimus and, in case of IGF1R, observed a synergistic effect. Additionally, we found synergistic growth inhibition with the inhibitors targeting DNA-PKcs or IGF1R in combination with everolimus. Moreover, we investigated the combination of targeted inhibitors of DNA-PKcs and IGF1R with everolimus on uveal melanoma in an in vivo model. The dual DNA-PKcs/mTOR inhibitor CC-115 demonstrated activity in vivo. Abstract Currently, no systemic treatment is approved as the standard of care for metastatic uveal melanoma (UM). mTOR has been evaluated as a drug target in UM. However, one of the main limitations is dose reduction due to adverse effects. The combination of everolimus with another targeted agent would allow the reduction of the dose of a single drug, thus widening the therapeutic window. In our study, we aimed to identify a synergistic combination with everolimus in order to develop a novel treatment option for metastatic UM. We exploited CRISPR-Cas9 synthetic lethality screening technology to search for an efficient combination. IGF1R and PRKDC and several other genes were identified as hits in the screen. We investigated the effect of the combination of everolimus with the inhibitors targeting IGF1R and DNA-PKcs on the survival of UM cell lines. These combinations synergistically slowed down cell growth but did not induce apoptosis in UM cell lines. These combinations were tested on PDX UM in an in vivo model, but we could not detect tumor regression. However, we could find significant activity of the dual DNA-PKcs/mTOR inhibitor CC-115 on PDX UM in the in vivo model.
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Ahmed MB, Alghamdi AAA, Islam SU, Lee JS, Lee YS. cAMP Signaling in Cancer: A PKA-CREB and EPAC-Centric Approach. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132020. [PMID: 35805104 PMCID: PMC9266045 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death globally. Despite extensive research and considerable advances in cancer therapy, the fundamentals of the disease remain unclear. Understanding the key signaling mechanisms that cause cancer cell malignancy may help to uncover new pharmaco-targets. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) regulates various biological functions, including those in malignant cells. Understanding intracellular second messenger pathways is crucial for identifying downstream proteins involved in cancer growth and development. cAMP regulates cell signaling and a variety of physiological and pathological activities. There may be an impact on gene transcription from protein kinase A (PKA) as well as its downstream effectors, such as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The position of CREB downstream of numerous growth signaling pathways implies its oncogenic potential in tumor cells. Tumor growth is associated with increased CREB expression and activation. PKA can be used as both an onco-drug target and a biomarker to find, identify, and stage tumors. Exploring cAMP effectors and their downstream pathways in cancer has become easier using exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) modulators. This signaling system may inhibit or accelerate tumor growth depending on the tumor and its environment. As cAMP and its effectors are critical for cancer development, targeting them may be a useful cancer treatment strategy. Moreover, by reviewing the material from a distinct viewpoint, this review aims to give a knowledge of the impact of the cAMP signaling pathway and the related effectors on cancer incidence and development. These innovative insights seek to encourage the development of novel treatment techniques and new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.B.A.); (J.-S.L.)
| | | | - Salman Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Peshawar, Street 1, Sector F 5 Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Joon-Seok Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.B.A.); (J.-S.L.)
| | - Young-Sup Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.B.A.); (J.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-6353; Fax: +82-53-943-2762
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Escudero-Ortiz V, Domínguez-Leñero V, Catalán-Latorre A, Rebollo-Liceaga J, Sureda M. Relevance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Routine Clinical Practice: A Pilot Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061216. [PMID: 35745789 PMCID: PMC9228468 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main goal of treatment in cancer patients is to achieve the highest therapeutic effectiveness with the least iatrogenic toxicity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are anticancer oral agents, usually administered at fixed doses, which present high inter- and intra-individual variability due to their pharmacokinetic characteristics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to optimize the use of several types of medication. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the use of TDM of TKIs in routine clinical practice through studying the variability in exposure to erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib, and sorafenib and dose adjustment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective analytical study involving patients who received treatment with TKIs, guided by TDM and with subsequent recommendation of dose adjustment. The quantification of the plasma levels of the different drugs was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja approved this study. RESULTS The inter-individual variability in the first cycle and in the last monitored cycle was 46.2% and 44.0% for erlotinib, 48.9 and 50.8% for imatinib, 60.7% and 56.0% for lapatinib and 89.7% and 72.5% for sorafenib. Relationships between exposure and baseline characteristics for erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib were not statistically significant for any of the variables evaluated (weight, height, body surface area (BSA), age and sex). Relationships between height (p = 0.021) and BSA (p = 0.022) were statistically significant for sorafenib. No significant relationships were observed between Ctrough and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) for any drug, except in the case of sunitinib (correlation between Ctrough and PFS p = 0.023) in the exposure-efficacy analysis. CONCLUSIONS Erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib and sorafenib show large inter-individual variability in exposure. TDM entails a significant improvement in exposure and enables more effective and safe use of TKIs in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Escudero-Ortiz
- Plataforma de Oncología, Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain; (V.E.-O.); (A.C.-L.); (J.R.-L.)
- Pharmacy and Clinical Nutrition Group, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 03203 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Ana Catalán-Latorre
- Plataforma de Oncología, Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain; (V.E.-O.); (A.C.-L.); (J.R.-L.)
| | - Joseba Rebollo-Liceaga
- Plataforma de Oncología, Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain; (V.E.-O.); (A.C.-L.); (J.R.-L.)
| | - Manuel Sureda
- Plataforma de Oncología, Hospital Quirónsalud Torrevieja, 03184 Torrevieja, Spain; (V.E.-O.); (A.C.-L.); (J.R.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Su Y, Wu T, Yu XY, Huo WB, Wang SH, Huan C, Liu YM, Liu JM, Cui MN, Li XH, Yu JH. Inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin on enterovirus 68 production through inhibiting ATM and DNA-PK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153977. [PMID: 35305353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enterovirus 68 (EV68) is a primary etiological agent for respiratory illnesses, while no effective drug has yet used in clinics largely because the pathogenesis of EV68 is not clear. DNA damage response (DDR) responds to cellular DNA breaks and is also involved in viral replication. Three DDR pathways includes ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Natural products proved to be an excellent source for the discovery and isolation of novel antivirals. Among them, tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, silibinin, rutin and quercetin are reported to target DDR, therefore their roles in anti-EV68 are investigated in this study. PURPOSE This study investigated the anti-EV68 ability of various natural compounds related to DDR. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The methods include cell counting, flow cytometry, western blot, Immunofluorescence staining, comet assays, quantitative real-time RT PCR and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for analysis of cell number, cell cycle, protein expression, protein location, DNA damage, mRNA level and knock down target gene, respectively. RESULTS EV68 infection induced DDR. Down-regulation or inhibition of ATM or DNA-PK lowered DDR in EV68-infected cells and mitigated viral protein expression, however, down-regulation or inhibition of ATR unexpectedly up-regulated DDR, and promoted viral protein expression. Meanwhile tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, and silibinin inhibited ATM and/or DNA-PK activation and decreased viral proliferation, while rutin and quercetin inhibited ATR activation and promoted viral production. The role of them in ATM, DNA-PK and ATR activation was consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION Tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin inhibited EV68 proliferation through inhibiting ATM and/or DNA-PK activation, and they were effective anti-EV68 candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Bo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Meng Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min-Na Cui
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Matsumoto Y. Development and Evolution of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors toward Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084264. [PMID: 35457081 PMCID: PMC9032228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered the most deleterious type of DNA damage, which is generated by ionizing radiation (IR) and a subset of anticancer drugs. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is composed of a DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and Ku80-Ku70 heterodimer, acts as the molecular sensor for DSB and plays a pivotal role in DSB repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Cells deficient for DNA-PKcs show hypersensitivity to IR and several DNA-damaging agents. Cellular sensitivity to IR and DNA-damaging agents can be augmented by the inhibition of DNA-PK. A number of small molecules that inhibit DNA-PK have been developed. Here, the development and evolution of inhibitors targeting DNA-PK for cancer therapy is reviewed. Significant parts of the inhibitors were developed based on the structural similarity of DNA-PK to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and PI3K-related kinases (PIKKs), including Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Some of DNA-PK inhibitors, e.g., NU7026 and NU7441, have been used extensively in the studies for cellular function of DNA-PK. Recently developed inhibitors, e.g., M3814 and AZD7648, are in clinical trials and on the way to be utilized in cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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27
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Anastasia A, Dellavedova G, Ramos-Montoya A, James NH, Chiorino G, Russo M, Baakza H, Wilson J, Ghilardi C, Cadogan EB, Giavazzi R, Bani MR. The DNA-PK inhibitor AZD7648 sensitizes patient derived ovarian cancer xenografts to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and olaparib preventing abdominal metastases. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:555-567. [PMID: 35149547 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynaecological cancer, with a 5 year survival rate of 30%, when the disease has spread throughout the peritoneal cavity. We investigated the efficacy to delay disease progression by the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs)inhibitor AZD7648, administered in combination with two of the therapeutic options for patient management: either pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib. Patient-derived ovarian cancer xenografts (OC-PDXs) were transplanted subcutaneously to evaluate the effect of treatment on tumour growth, or orthotopically in the peritoneal cavity to evaluate the effect on metastatic spread. AZD7648 was administered orally (po)in combination with PLD (dosed intravenously) or with olaparib (po). To prove the inhibition of DNA-PK in the tumours, we measured pDNA-PKcs, pRPA32 and γH2AX, biomarkers of DNA-PK activity. AZD7648 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of PLD in all the OC-PDXs tested, regardless of their BRCA status, sensitivity to cisplatin or PLD. The treatment caused disease stabilization, that persisted despite therapy discontinuation for tumours growing subcutaneously, and significantly impaired the abdominal metastatic dissemination, prolonging the lifespan of mice implanted orthotopically. AZD7648 potentiated the efficacy of olaparib in BRCA-deficient OC-PDXs, but did not sensitize BRCA-proficient OC-PDXs to olaparib, despite an equivalent inhibition of DNA-PK, suggesting the need of a pre-existing olaparib activity to benefit from the addition of AZD7648. This work suggests that AZD7648, an inhibitor of DNA-PK, dosed in combination with PLD or olaparib is an exciting therapeutic option that could benefit ovarian cancer patients and should be explored in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Anastasia
- Oncology, Institute for Pharmacological Research Mario Negri - IRCCS
| | | | | | - Neil H James
- Bioscience, Oncology, R, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | | | - Massimo Russo
- Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy, Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Joanne Wilson
- Department of Oncology, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | - Carmen Ghilardi
- Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics - Oncology Department, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS
| | | | - Raffaella Giavazzi
- Cancer Metastasis Therapeutics, Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS
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Groelly FJ, Porru M, Zimmer J, Benainous H, De Visser Y, Kosova AA, Di Vito S, Serra V, Ryan A, Leonetti C, Bruna A, Biroccio A, Tarsounas M. Anti-tumoural activity of the G-quadruplex ligand pyridostatin against BRCA1/2-deficient tumours. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14501. [PMID: 35107878 PMCID: PMC8899905 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells with compromised BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) function accumulate stalled replication forks, which leads to replication‐associated DNA damage and genomic instability, a signature of BRCA1/2‐mutated tumours. Targeted therapies against BRCA1/2‐mutated tumours exploit this vulnerability by introducing additional DNA lesions. Because homologous recombination (HR) repair is abrogated in the absence of BRCA1 or BRCA2, these lesions are specifically lethal to tumour cells, but not to the healthy tissue. Ligands that bind and stabilise G‐quadruplexes (G4s) have recently emerged as a class of compounds that selectively eliminate the cells and tumours lacking BRCA1 or BRCA2. Pyridostatin is a small molecule that binds G4s and is specifically toxic to BRCA1/2‐deficient cells in vitro. However, its in vivo potential has not yet been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate that pyridostatin exhibits a high specific activity against BRCA1/2‐deficient tumours, including patient‐derived xenograft tumours that have acquired PARP inhibitor (PARPi) resistance. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that pyridostatin disrupts replication leading to DNA double‐stranded breaks (DSBs) that can be repaired in the absence of BRCA1/2 by canonical non‐homologous end joining (C‐NHEJ). Consistent with this, chemical inhibitors of DNA‐PKcs, a core component of C‐NHEJ kinase activity, act synergistically with pyridostatin in eliminating BRCA1/2‐deficient cells and tumours. Furthermore, we demonstrate that pyridostatin triggers cGAS/STING‐dependent innate immune responses when BRCA1 or BRCA2 is abrogated. Paclitaxel, a drug routinely used in cancer chemotherapy, potentiates the in vivo toxicity of pyridostatin. Overall, our results demonstrate that pyridostatin is a compound suitable for further therapeutic development, alone or in combination with paclitaxel and DNA‐PKcs inhibitors, for the benefit of cancer patients carrying BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Groelly
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuela Porru
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Jutta Zimmer
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugo Benainous
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanti De Visser
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anastasiya A Kosova
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Serena Di Vito
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anderson Ryan
- Lung Cancer Translational Science Research Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alejandra Bruna
- Molecular Pathology Division, Centre for Cancer Evolution, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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29
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Zhang L, Zhuang Y, Tu G, Li D, Fan Y, Ye S, Xu J, Zheng M, Wu Y, Wu L. Positive Feedback Regulation of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 and the DNA-PK Catalytic Subunit Affects the Sensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma to Etoposide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2571-2582. [PMID: 35097256 PMCID: PMC8793086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is used for the treatment of various cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC); however, cancers develop resistance to this agent by promoting DNA repair. The DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs) catalytic subunit and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) mediate acquired resistance and poor survival in NPC cells exposed to DNA damaging agents. DNA repair can alter the sensitivity of NPC cells to DNA damaging agents, and these two enzymes function concomitantly in response to DNA damage in vivo. Therefore, we explored the relationship between DNA-PKcs and PARP1, which may affect NPC cell survival by regulating DNA repair after VP-16 treatment. We performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunoassays and found that DNA-PKcs knockdown downregulated the PARP1 and PAR expression. Conversely, PARP1 knockdown reduced DNA-PKcs activity, indicating the mutual regulation between DNA-PKcs and PARP1 in VP-16-induced DNA repair. Moreover, a combination treatment with olaparib (a PARP1 inhibitor) and NU7441 (a DNA-PKcs inhibitor) sensitized NPC cells to VP-16 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the combined treatment of olaparib, NU7441, and a DNA-damaging agent may be a successful treatment regimen in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Fujian
Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian
Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350001, China
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian
Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R.
China
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China
| | - Yingting Zhuang
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian
Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R.
China
| | - Guihui Tu
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian
Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R.
China
| | - Ding Li
- Department
of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, P. R. China
| | - Yingjuan Fan
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian
Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R.
China
| | - Shengnan Ye
- The First
Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian
Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R.
China
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China
- Institute
of Materia Medical, Fujian Medical University
(FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Natural Drug Pharmacology in Fujian Province, School
of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, P. R. China
| | - Lixian Wu
- Department
of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian
Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R.
China
- Fujian
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University (FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China
- Institute
of Materia Medical, Fujian Medical University
(FMU), Fuzhou 350005, P. R. China
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30
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Gordhandas SB, Manning-Geist B, Henson C, Iyer G, Gardner GJ, Sonoda Y, Moore KN, Aghajanian C, Chui MH, Grisham RN. Pre-clinical activity of the oral DNA-PK inhibitor, peposertib (M3814), combined with radiation in xenograft models of cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:974. [PMID: 35046420 PMCID: PMC8770623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a crucial role in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by facilitating non-homologous end-joining. Inhibitors of DNA-PK have the potential to block DNA repair and enhance DNA-damaging agents. Peposertib (M3814) is a DNA-PK inhibitor that has shown preclinical activity in combination with DNA-damaging agents, including ionizing radiation (IR) and topoisomerase II inhibitors. Here we evaluated the activity of peposertib (M3814) in combination with radiation in a mouse xenograft model of HPV-associated cervical cancer. Athymic nude female mice with established tumors derived from HeLa cells injected into the flank were treated with vehicle alone (n = 3), IR alone (n = 4), and peposertib (M38814) in combination with IR (M3814 + IR; n = 4). While IR alone was associated with a trend towards decreased tumor volume compared with untreated, only the M3814 + IR treatment arm was associated with consistent and significant reduction in tumor burden, which correlated with higher levels of γ-H2AX in tumor cells, a marker of double-strand DNA breaks. Our data support further clinical evaluation of the combination of peposertib (M38814) and IR in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beryl Manning-Geist
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Henson
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ginger J Gardner
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yukio Sonoda
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen N Moore
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Herman Chui
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel N Grisham
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Ye Z, Shi Y, Lees-Miller SP, Tainer JA. Function and Molecular Mechanism of the DNA Damage Response in Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:797880. [PMID: 34970273 PMCID: PMC8712645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is an organized network of multiple interwoven components evolved to repair damaged DNA and maintain genome fidelity. Conceptually the DDR includes damage sensors, transducer kinases, and effectors to maintain genomic stability and accurate transmission of genetic information. We have recently gained a substantially improved molecular and mechanistic understanding of how DDR components are interconnected to inflammatory and immune responses to stress. DDR shapes both innate and adaptive immune pathways: (i) in the context of innate immunity, DDR components mainly enhance cytosolic DNA sensing and its downstream STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING)-dependent signaling; (ii) in the context of adaptive immunity, the DDR is needed for the assembly and diversification of antigen receptor genes that is requisite for T and B lymphocyte development. Imbalances between DNA damage and repair impair tissue homeostasis and lead to replication and transcription stress, mutation accumulation, and even cell death. These impacts from DDR defects can then drive tumorigenesis, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and aberrant immune responses. Yet, DDR deficiency or inhibition can also directly enhance innate immune responses. Furthermore, DDR defects plus the higher mutation load in tumor cells synergistically produce primarily tumor-specific neoantigens, which are powerfully targeted in cancer immunotherapy by employing immune checkpoint inhibitors to amplify immune responses. Thus, elucidating DDR-immune response interplay may provide critical connections for harnessing immunomodulatory effects plus targeted inhibition to improve efficacy of radiation and chemotherapies, of immune checkpoint blockade, and of combined therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, and Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Susan P. Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, and Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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32
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Feng W, Smith CM, Simpson DA, Gupta GP. Targeting Non-homologous and Alternative End Joining Repair to Enhance Cancer Radiosensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 32:29-41. [PMID: 34861993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer therapies, including radiotherapy, induce DSBs as the major driving mechanism for inducing cancer cell death. Thus, modulating DSB repair has immense potential for radiosensitization, although such interventions must be carefully designed to be tumor selective to ensure that normal tissue toxicities are not also increased. Here, we review mechanisms of error-prone DSB repair through a highly efficient process called end joining. There are two major pathways of end-joining repair: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and alternative end joining (a-EJ), both of which can be selectively upregulated in cancer and thus represent attractive therapeutic targets for radiosensitization. These EJ pathways each have therapeutically targetable pioneer factors - DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) for NHEJ and DNA Polymerase Theta (Pol θ) for a-EJ. We summarize the current status of therapeutic targeting of NHEJ and a-EJ to enhance the effects of radiotherapy - focusing on challenges that must be overcome and opportunities that require further exploration. By leveraging preclinical insights into mechanisms of altered DSB repair programs in cancer, selective radiosensitization through NHEJ and/or a-EJ targeting remains a highly attractive avenue for ongoing and future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea M Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program
| | | | - Gaorav P Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center; Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program; Department of Radiation Oncology; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
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33
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Wang M, Chen S, Wei Y, Wei X. DNA-PK inhibition by M3814 enhances chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3935-3949. [PMID: 35024317 PMCID: PMC8727896 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients experience accumulating chemotherapy-related adverse events, motivating the design of chemosensitizating strategies. The main cytotoxic damage induced by chemotherapeutic agents is DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). It is thus conceivable that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibitors which attenuate DNA repair would enhance the anti-tumor effect of chemotherapy. The present study aims to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel DNA-PK inhibitor M3814 in synergy with chemotherapies on NSCLC. We identified increased expression of DNA-PK in human NSCLC tissues which was associated with poor prognosis. M3814 potentiated the anti-tumor effect of paclitaxel and etoposide in A549, H460 and H1703 NSCLC cell lines. In the four combinations based on two NSCLC xenograft models and two chemotherapy, we also observed tumor regression at tolerated doses in vivo. Moreover, we identified a P53-dependent accelerated senescence response by M3814 following treatment with paclitaxel/etoposide. The present study provides a theoretical basis for the use of M3814 in combination with paclitaxel and etoposide in clinical practice, with hope to aid the optimization of NSCLC treatment.
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Key Words
- Cell senescence
- Chemosensitization
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA repair
- DNA-PK, DNA-dependent protein kinase
- DNA-PKcs, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit
- DNA-dependent protein kinase
- DSB, DNA double-strand breaks
- Etoposide
- HR, homologous recombination
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- LADC, lung adenocarcinoma
- LCLC, large-cell carcinoma
- LSCC, lung squamous cell carcinoma
- M3814
- NHEJ, non homologous end joining
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- Non-small cell lung cancer
- Paclitaxel
- dsDNA, double strand DNA
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34
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Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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35
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Kong M, Greene EC. Mechanistic Insights From Single-Molecule Studies of Repair of Double Strand Breaks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:745311. [PMID: 34869333 PMCID: PMC8636147 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.745311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are among some of the most deleterious forms of DNA damage. Left unrepaired, they are detrimental to genome stability, leading to high risk of cancer. Two major mechanisms are responsible for the repair of DSBs, homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). The complex nature of both pathways, involving a myriad of protein factors functioning in a highly coordinated manner at distinct stages of repair, lend themselves to detailed mechanistic studies using the latest single-molecule techniques. In avoiding ensemble averaging effects inherent to traditional biochemical or genetic methods, single-molecule studies have painted an increasingly detailed picture for every step of the DSB repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric C. Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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36
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Chao OS, Goodman OB. DNA-PKc inhibition overcomes taxane resistance by promoting taxane-induced DNA damage in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2021; 81:1032-1048. [PMID: 34297853 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overcoming taxane resistance remains a major clinical challenge in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Loss of DNA repair proteins is associated with resistance to anti-microtubule agents. We propose that alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathway contribute to taxane resistance, and identification of these alterations may provide a potential therapeutic target to resensitize docetaxel-refractory mCRPC to taxane-based therapy. METHODS Alterations in DDR gene expression in our prostate cancer cell line model of docetaxel-resistance (DU145-DxR) derived from DU-145 cells were determined by DDR pathway-specific polymerase chain reaction array and immunoblotting. The PRKDC gene encoding DNA-PKc (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic unit), was noted to be overexpressed and evaluated for its role in docetaxel resistance. Cell viability and clonogenic survival of docetaxel-treated DU145-DxR cells were assessed after pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PKc with three different inhibitors-NU7441, LTURM34, and M3814. Response to second-line cytotoxic agents, cabazitaxel and etoposide upon DNA-PKc inhibition was also tested. The impact of DNA-PKc upregulation on DNA damage repair was evaluated by comet assay and analysis of double-strand breaks marker, γH2AX and Rad51. Lastly, DNA-PKc inhibitor's effect on MDR1 activity was assessed by rhodamine 123 efflux assay. RESULTS DDR pathway-specific gene profiling revealed significant upregulation of PRKDC and CDK7, and downregulation of MSH3 in DU145-DxR cells. Compared to parental DU145, DU145-DxR cells sustained significantly less DNA damage when exposed to etoposide and docetaxel. Pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PKc, a component of NHEJ repair machinery, with all three inhibitors, significantly resensitized DU145-DxR cells to docetaxel. Furthermore, DNA-PKc inhibition also resensitized DU145-DxR to cabazitaxel and etoposide, which demonstrated cross-resistance. Inhibition of DNA-PKc led to increased DNA damage in etoposide- and docetaxel-treated DU145-DxR cells. Finally, DNA-PKc inhibition did not affect MDR1 activity, indicating that DNA-PKc inhibitors resensitized taxane-resistant cells via an MDR1-independent mechanism. CONCLUSION This study supports a role of DDR genes, particularly, DNA-PKc in promoting resistance to taxanes in mCRPC. Targeting prostatic DNA-PKc may provide a novel strategy to restore taxane sensitivity in taxane-refractory mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Chao
- College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Oscar B Goodman
- College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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37
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Waldrip ZJ, Burdine L, Harrison DK, Azevedo-Pouly AC, Storey AJ, Moffett OG, Mackintosh SG, Burdine MS. DNA-PKcs kinase activity stabilizes the transcription factor Egr1 in activated immune cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101209. [PMID: 34562454 PMCID: PMC8551498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is known primarily for its function in DNA double-stranded break repair and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). However, DNA-PKcs also has a critical yet undefined role in immunity impacting both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages spurring interest in targeting DNA-PKcs for therapeutic strategies in immune-related diseases. To gain insight into the function of DNA-PKcs within immune cells, we performed a quantitative phosphoproteomic screen in T cells to identify phosphorylation targets of DNA-PKcs. Our results indicate that DNA-PKcs phosphorylates the transcription factor Egr1 (early growth response protein 1) at serine 301. Expression of Egr1 is induced early upon T cell activation and dictates T cell response by modulating expression of cytokines and key costimulatory molecules such as IL (interleukin) 2, IL6, IFNγ, and NFκB. Inhibition of DNA-PKcs by treatment with a DNA-PKcs specific inhibitor NU7441 or shRNA knockdown increased proteasomal degradation of Egr1. Mutation of serine 301 to alanine via CRISPR-Cas9 reduced EGR1 protein expression and decreased Egr1-dependent transcription of IL2 in activated T cells. Our findings identify DNA-PKcs as a critical intermediary link between T cell activation and T cell fate and a novel phosphosite involved in regulating Egr1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Waldrip
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lyle Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - David K Harrison
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ana Clara Azevedo-Pouly
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aaron J Storey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Olivia G Moffett
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marie Schluterman Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Center for Translational Pediatric Research, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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38
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Jiang Y, Willmore E, Wedge SR, Ryan AJ. DNAPK Inhibition Preferentially Compromises the Repair of Radiation-induced DNA Double-strand Breaks in Chronically Hypoxic Tumor Cells in Xenograft Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1663-1671. [PMID: 34158348 PMCID: PMC7611623 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Recently, it has been found that chronic tumor hypoxia compromises HR repair of DNA DSBs but activates the NHEJ protein DNAPK. We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of DNAPK can preferentially potentiate the sensitivity of chronically hypoxic cancer cells to radiation through contextual synthetic lethality in vivo In this study, we investigated the impact of DNAPK inhibition by a novel selective DNAPK inhibitor, NU5455, on the repair of radiation-induced DNA DSBs in chronically hypoxic and nonhypoxic cells across a range of xenograft models. We found that NU5455 inhibited DSB repair following radiation in both chronically hypoxic and nonhypoxic tumor cells. Most importantly, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in chronically hypoxic tumor cells than in nonhypoxic tumor cells. This is the first in vivo study to indicate that DNAPK inhibition may preferentially sensitize chronically hypoxic tumor cells to radiotherapy, suggesting a broader therapeutic window for transient DNAPK inhibition combined with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Wedge
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Fasano M, Perri F, Della Corte CM, Di Liello R, Della Vittoria Scarpati G, Cascella M, Ottaiano A, Ciardiello F, Solla R. Translational Insights and New Therapeutic Perspectives in Head and Neck Tumors. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1045. [PMID: 34440249 PMCID: PMC8391435 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by a high mortality rate owing to very few available oncological treatments. For many years, a combination of platinum-based chemotherapy and anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab has represented the only available option for first-line therapy. Recently, immunotherapy has been presented an alternative for positive PD-L1 HNSCC. However, the oncologists' community foresees that a new therapeutic era is approaching. In fact, no-chemo options and some molecular targets are on the horizon. This narrative review addresses past, present, and future therapeutic options for HNSCC from a translational point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Fasano
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (C.M.D.C.); (R.D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Perri
- Medical and Experimental Head and Neck Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale-IRCCS di Napoli, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carminia Maria Della Corte
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (C.M.D.C.); (R.D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Raimondo Di Liello
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (C.M.D.C.); (R.D.L.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Marco Cascella
- Division of Anesthesia, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- SSD Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80100 Naples, Italy;
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.F.); (C.M.D.C.); (R.D.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Raffaele Solla
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Biostructure & Bioimaging, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Raimundo L, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. Exploiting DNA Damage Repair in Precision Cancer Therapy: BRCA1 as a Prime Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143438. [PMID: 34298653 PMCID: PMC8303227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemical inhibition of central DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins has become a promising approach in precision cancer therapy. In particular, BRCA1 and its DDR-associated proteins constitute important targets for developing DNA repair inhibiting drugs. This review provides relevant insights on DDR biology and pharmacology, aiming to boost the development of more effective DDR targeted therapies. Abstract Precision medicine aims to identify specific molecular alterations, such as driver mutations, allowing tailored and effective anticancer therapies. Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are the prototypical example of targeted therapy, exploiting the inability of cancer cells to repair DNA damage. Following the concept of synthetic lethality, PARPi have gained great relevance, particularly in BRCA1 dysfunctional cancer cells. In fact, BRCA1 mutations culminate in DNA repair defects that can render cancer cells more vulnerable to therapy. However, the efficacy of these drugs has been greatly affected by the occurrence of resistance due to multi-connected DNA repair pathways that may compensate for each other. Hence, the search for additional effective agents targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) is of crucial importance. In this context, BRCA1 has assumed a central role in developing drugs aimed at inhibiting DNA repair activity. Collectively, this review provides an in-depth understanding of the biology and regulatory mechanisms of DDR pathways, highlighting the potential of DDR-associated molecules, particularly BRCA1 and its interconnected partners, in precision cancer medicine. It also affords an overview about what we have achieved and a reflection on how much remains to be done in this field, further addressing encouraging clues for the advance of DDR targeted therapy.
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Faulhaber EM, Jost T, Symank J, Scheper J, Bürkel F, Fietkau R, Hecht M, Distel LV. Kinase Inhibitors of DNA-PK, ATM and ATR in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Can Increase Tumor Cell Death in HNSCC Cells While Sparing Normal Tissue Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:925. [PMID: 34204447 PMCID: PMC8235750 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Kinase inhibitors (KI) targeting components of the DNA damage repair pathway are a promising new type of drug. Combining them with ionizing radiation therapy (IR), which is commonly used for treatment of head and neck tumors, could improve tumor control, but could also increase negative side effects on surrounding normal tissue. (2) The effect of KI of the DDR (ATMi: AZD0156; ATRi: VE-822, dual DNA-PKi/mTORi: CC-115) in combination with IR on HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and healthy skin cells was analyzed. Cell death and cell cycle arrest were determined using flow cytometry. Additionally, clonogenic survival and migration were analyzed. (3) Studied HNSCC cell lines reacted differently to DDRi. An increase in cell death for all of the malignant cells could be observed when combining IR and KI. Healthy fibroblasts were not affected by simultaneous treatment. Migration was partially impaired. Influence on the cell cycle varied between the cell lines and inhibitors; (4) In conclusion, a combination of DDRi with IR could be feasible for patients with HNSCC. Side effects on healthy cells are expected to be limited to normal radiation-induced response. Formation of metastases could be decreased because cell migration is impaired partially. The treatment outcome for HPV-negative tumors tends to be improved by combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Faulhaber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Symank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Scheper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Bürkel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Chen L, Gao H, Zhou B, Wang Y. Comprehensive optimization of a reporter assay toolbox for three distinct CRISPR-Cas systems. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1965-1980. [PMID: 33999508 PMCID: PMC8255852 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats‐associated DNA nuclease (CRISPR‐Cas) protein system allows programmable gene editing through inducing double‐strand breaks. Reporter assays for DNA cleavage and DNA repair events play an important role in advancing the CRISPR technology and improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we developed a series of reporter assays to probe mechanisms of action of various editing processes, including nonhomologous DNA end joining, homology‐directed repair and single‐strand annealing. With special target design, the reporter assays as an optimized toolbox can be used to take advantage of three distinct CRISPR‐Cas systems (Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 and Francisella novicida U112 Cpf1) and two different reporters (GFP and Gaussia luciferase). We further validated the Gaussia reporter assays using a series of small molecules, including NU7441, RI‐1 and Mirin, and showcased the use of a GFP reporter assay as an effective tool for enrichment of cells with edited genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyuan Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, China.,Department of Biology, Oberlin College, OH, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, China
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Fernandes SG, Shah P, Khattar E. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Application of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors against Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:469-484. [PMID: 34102988 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA integrity is continuously challenged by intrinsic cellular processes and environmental agents. To overcome this genomic damage, cells have developed multiple signaling pathways collectively named as DNA damage response (DDR) and composed of three components: (i) sensor proteins, which detect DNA damage, (ii) mediators that relay the signal downstream and recruit the repair machinery, and (iii) the repair proteins, which restore the damaged DNA. A flawed DDR and failure to repair the damage lead to the accumulation of genetic lesions and increased genomic instability, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells tend to harbor increased mutations in DDR genes and often have fewer DDR pathways than normal cells. This makes cancer cells more dependent on particular DDR pathways and thus become more susceptible to compounds inhibiting those pathways compared to normal cells, which have all the DDR pathways intact. Understanding the roles of different DDR proteins in the DNA damage response and repair pathways and identification of their structures have paved the way for the development of their inhibitors as targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the major participants of various DDR pathways, their significance in carcinogenesis, and focus on the inhibitors developed against several key DDR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prachi Shah
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
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Druggable binding sites in the multicomponent assemblies that characterise DNA double-strand-break repair through non-homologous end joining. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:791-806. [PMID: 32579168 PMCID: PMC7588668 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is one of the two principal damage repair pathways for DNA double-strand breaks in cells. In this review, we give a brief overview of the system including a discussion of the effects of deregulation of NHEJ components in carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapy. We then discuss the relevance of targeting NHEJ components pharmacologically as a potential cancer therapy and review previous approaches to orthosteric regulation of NHEJ factors. Given the limited success of previous investigations to develop inhibitors against individual components, we give a brief discussion of the recent advances in computational and structural biology that allow us to explore different targets, with a particular focus on modulating protein-protein interaction interfaces. We illustrate this discussion with three examples showcasing some current approaches to developing protein-protein interaction inhibitors to modulate the assembly of NHEJ multiprotein complexes in space and time.
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Bi G, Liang J, Zheng Y, Li R, Zhao M, Huang Y, Zhan C, Xu S, Fan H. Multi-omics characterization and validation of invasiveness-related molecular features across multiple cancer types. J Transl Med 2021; 19:124. [PMID: 33766047 PMCID: PMC7995758 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor invasiveness reflects many biological changes associated with tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, we performed a systematic assessment of invasiveness-related molecular features across multiple human cancers. Materials and methods Multi-omics data, including gene expression, miRNA, DNA methylation, and somatic mutation, in approximately 10,000 patients across 30 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus, PRECOG, and our institution were enrolled in this study. Results Based on a robust gene signature, we established an invasiveness score and found that the score was significantly associated with worse prognosis in almost all cancers. Then, we identified common invasiveness-associated dysregulated molecular features between high- and low-invasiveness score group across multiple cancers, as well as investigated their mutual interfering relationships thus determining whether the dysregulation of invasiveness-related genes was caused by abnormal promoter methylation or miRNA expression. We also analyzed the correlations between the drug sensitivity data from cancer cell lines and the expression level of 685 invasiveness-related genes differentially expressed in at least ten cancer types. An integrated analysis of the correlations among invasiveness-related genetic features and drug response were conducted in esophageal carcinoma patients to outline the complicated regulatory mechanism of tumor invasiveness status in multiple dimensions. Moreover, functional enrichment suggests the invasiveness score might serve as a predictive biomarker for cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. Conclusion Our pan-cancer study provides a comprehensive atlas of tumor invasiveness and may guide more precise therapeutic strategies for tumor patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02773-x
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshu Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuansheng Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Runmei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Cabrini M, Roncador M, Galbiati A, Cipolla L, Maffia A, Iannelli F, Sabbioneda S, d'Adda di Fagagna F, Francia S. DROSHA is recruited to DNA damage sites by the MRN complex to promote non-homologous end joining. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.249706. [PMID: 33558311 PMCID: PMC8015226 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is the signaling cascade that recognizes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and promotes their resolution via the DNA repair pathways of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). We and others have shown that DDR activation requires DROSHA; however, whether DROSHA exerts its functions by associating with damage sites, what controls its recruitment, and how DROSHA influences DNA repair remains poorly understood. Here, we show that DROSHA associates with DSBs independently of transcription. Neither H2AX, nor ATM or DNA-PK kinase activities are required for recruitment of DROSHA to break sites. Rather, DROSHA interacts with RAD50, and inhibition of the MRN complex by mirin treatment abolishes this interaction. MRN complex inactivation by RAD50 knockdown or mirin treatment prevents DROSHA recruitment to DSBs and, as a consequence, also prevents 53BP1 (also known as TP53BP1) recruitment. During DNA repair, DROSHA inactivation reduces NHEJ and boosts HR frequency. Indeed, DROSHA knockdown also increases the association of downstream HR factors such as RAD51 to DNA ends. Overall, our results demonstrate that DROSHA is recruited at DSBs by the MRN complex and directs DNA repair towards NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cabrini
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy.,IFOM Foundation - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Marco Roncador
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galbiati
- IFOM Foundation - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Lina Cipolla
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Antonio Maffia
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Fabio Iannelli
- IFOM Foundation - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Simone Sabbioneda
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Fabrizio d'Adda di Fagagna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy .,IFOM Foundation - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Sofia Francia
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia 27100, Italy .,IFOM Foundation - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
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Harrison DK, Waldrip ZJ, Burdine L, Shalin SC, Burdine MS. DNA-PKcs Inhibition Extends Allogeneic Skin Graft Survival. Transplantation 2021; 105:540-549. [PMID: 32890138 PMCID: PMC7902289 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ transplantation is life-saving and continued investigations into immunologic mechanisms that drive organ rejection are needed to improve immunosuppression therapies and prevent graft failure. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, DNA dependent-protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), is a critical component of both the cellular and humoral immune responses. In this study, we investigate the contribution of DNA-PKcs to allogeneic skin graft rejection to potentially highlight a novel strategy for inhibiting transplant rejection. METHODS Fully MHC mismatched murine allogeneic skin graft studies were performed by transplanting skin from BalbC mice to C57bl6 mice and treating with either vehicle or the DNA-PKcs inhibitor NU7441. Graft rejection, cytokine production, immune cell infiltration, and donor-specific antibody formation were analyzed. RESULTS DNA-PKcs inhibition significantly reduced necrosis and extended graft survival compared with controls (mean survival 14 d versus 9 d, respectively). Inhibition reduced the production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and the infiltration of CD3+ lymphocytes into grafts. Furthermore, DNA-PKcs inhibition reduced the number of CD19+ B cells and CD19+ CD138+ plasma cells coinciding with a significant reduction in donor-specific antibodies. At a molecular level, we determined that the immunosuppressive effects of DNA-PKcs inhibition were mediated, in part, via inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling through reduced expression of the p65 subunit. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that DNA-PKcs contributes to allogeneic graft rejection and highlight a novel immunologic function for DNA-PKcs in the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and concomitant cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Harrison
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zachary J. Waldrip
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Lyle Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sara C. Shalin
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Marie Schluterman Burdine
- Division of Surgical Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
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Stinson BM, Loparo JJ. Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks by the Nonhomologous End Joining Pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:137-164. [PMID: 33556282 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-080320-110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks pose a serious threat to genome stability. In vertebrates, these breaks are predominantly repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), which pairs DNA ends in a multiprotein synaptic complex to promote their direct ligation. NHEJ is a highly versatile pathway that uses an array of processing enzymes to modify damaged DNA ends and enable their ligation. The mechanisms of end synapsis and end processing have important implications for genome stability. Rapid and stable synapsis is necessary to limit chromosome translocations that result from the mispairing of DNA ends. Furthermore, end processing must be tightly regulated to minimize mutations at the break site. Here, we review our current mechanistic understanding of vertebrate NHEJ, with a particular focus on end synapsis and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Stinson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; ,
| | - Joseph J Loparo
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; ,
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Kopa P, Macieja A, Pastwa E, Majsterek I, Poplawski T. DNA double-strand breaks repair inhibitors potentiates the combined effect of VP-16 and CDDP in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (LoVo) cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:709-720. [PMID: 33389482 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
I. BACKGROUND A combination of etoposide (VP-16) and cisplatin (CDDP) is the standard treatment for certain colon cancers. These drugs promote the death of cancer cells via direct and indirect induction of the most lethal DNA lesions - DNA double-stand breaks. However, cancer cells can reverse the DNA damaging effect of anticancer drugs by triggering DNA repair processes. In eukaryotic cells, the main DNA repair pathway responsible for DNA double-stand breaks repair is non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Inhibitors of DNA repair are of special interest in cancer research as they could break the cellular resistance to DNA-damaging agents and increase the efficiency of standard cancer treatments. In this study, we investigated the effect of two NHEJ inhibitors, SCR7 and NU7441, on the cytotoxic mechanism of VP-16/CDDP in a LoVo human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line. SCR7 blocks Ligase IV-mediated joining by interfering with its DNA binding, whereas NU7441 is a highly potent and selective DNA-PK inhibitor.II. METHODS AND RESULTS Both inhibitors synergistically increased the cytotoxicity of CDDP and VP-16 when combined, but the effect of SCR7 was more pronounced. SCR7 and NU7441 also significantly increased VP-16; CDDP induced DNA double-stand breaks level and delayed drug-induced DSB repair, as seen on the comet assay and measured using H2AX foci. We also observed changes in cell cycle distribution and enhanced apoptosis ratio in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells treated with DNA repair inhibitors and VP-16/CDDP.III. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that NHEJ inhibitors could be used in conjunction with standard therapy to provide effective clinical improvement and allow reduction in drug doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kopa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Macieja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pastwa
- Functional Genomics & Proteomics Unit, ITSI-Biosciences, Johnstown, PA, USA
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Yue X, Bai C, Xie D, Ma T, Zhou PK. DNA-PKcs: A Multi-Faceted Player in DNA Damage Response. Front Genet 2020; 11:607428. [PMID: 33424929 PMCID: PMC7786053 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.607428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase related kinase family, which can phosphorylate more than 700 substrates. As the core enzyme, DNA-PKcs forms the active DNA-PK holoenzyme with the Ku80/Ku70 heterodimer to play crucial roles in cellular DNA damage response (DDR). Once DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) occur in the cells, DNA-PKcs is promptly recruited into damage sites and activated. DNA-PKcs is auto-phosphorylated and phosphorylated by Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated at multiple sites, and phosphorylates other targets, participating in a series of DDR and repair processes, which determine the cells' fates: DSBs NHEJ repair and pathway choice, replication stress response, cell cycle checkpoints, telomeres length maintenance, senescence, autophagy, etc. Due to the special and multi-faceted roles of DNA-PKcs in the cellular responses to DNA damage, it is important to precisely regulate the formation and dynamic of its functional complex and activities for guarding genomic stability. On the other hand, targeting DNA-PKcs has been considered as a promising strategy of exploring novel radiosensitizers and killing agents of cancer cells. Combining DNA-PKcs inhibitors with radiotherapy can effectively enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy, offering more possibilities for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiao Yue
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjun Bai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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