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Saeed MS, Fahd F, Khan F, Chen B, Sadiq R. Human health risk model for microplastic exposure in the Arctic region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165150. [PMID: 37385486 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics enriched with carcinogens like heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their derivatives are ubiquitous in Arctic waters. They contaminate the local land and sea-based food sources, which is a significant health hazard. It is thus imperative to assess the risk posed by them to the nearby communities, which primarily rely on locally available food sources to meet their energy requirements. This paper proposes a novel ecotoxicity model to assess the human health risk posed by microplastics. The region's geophysical and environmental conditions affecting human microplastic intake, along with the human physiological parameters influencing biotransformation, are incorporated into the developed causation model. It investigates the carcinogenic risk associated with microplastic intake in humans via ingestion in terms of incremental excess lifetime cancer risk (IELCR). The model first evaluates microplastic intake and then uses reactive metabolites produced due to the interaction of microplastics with xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes to assess cellular mutations that result in cancer. All these conditions are mapped in an Object-Oriented Bayesian Network (OOBN) framework to evaluate IELCR. The study will provide a vital tool for formulating better risk management strategies and policies in the Arctic region, especially concerning Arctic Indigenous peoples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadiq Saeed
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE) Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5; Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center (MKOPSC), Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station TX 77843, USA
| | - Faisal Fahd
- Centre for Risk, Integrity, and Safety Engineering (C-RISE) Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Faisal Khan
- Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center (MKOPSC), Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, College Station TX 77843, USA.
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control Laboratory (NRPOP Lab), Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X5
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, Okanagan Campus, Faculty of Applied Science University of British Columbia, Okanagan, BC, Canada V1V 1V7
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Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Barua CC, Sriram CS, Gogoi R. Benzo(a)pyrene induced lung cancer: Role of dietary phytochemicals in chemoprevention. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:996-1009. [PMID: 26398396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cause of overall cancer deaths, and chemoprevention is a promising strategy to control this disease. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is one among the principal constituents of tobacco smoke that plays a key role in lung carcinogenesis. The B(a)P induced lung cancer in mice offers a relevant model to study the effect of natural products and has been widely used by many researchers and found considerable success in ameliorating the pathophysiological changes of lung cancer. Currently available synthetic drugs that constitute the pharmacological armamentarium are themselves effective in managing the condition but not without setbacks. These hunches have accelerated the requisite for natural products, which may be used as dietary supplement to prevent the progress of lung cancer. Besides, these agents also supplement the conventional treatment and offer better management of the condition with less side effects. In the context of soaring interest toward dietary phytochemicals as newer pharmacological interventions for lung cancer, in the present review, we are attempting to give a silhouette of mechanisms of B(a)P induced lung carcinogenesis and the role of dietary phytochemicals in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshvendar Reddy Kasala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Lakshmi Narendra Bodduluru
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chandana C Barua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ranadeep Gogoi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
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Haroun RAH, Zakhary NI, Mohamed MR, Abdelrahman AM, Kandil EI, Shalaby KA. Assessment of the Prognostic Value of Methylation Status and Expression Levels of FHIT, GSTP1 and p16 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Egyptian Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4281-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.10.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Shen CP, Chou IC, Liu HP, Lee CC, Tsai Y, Wu BT, Hsu BD, Lin WY, Tsai FJ. Association of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) polymorphism with Tourette syndrome in Taiwanese patients. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 18:41-4. [PMID: 24205873 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) is multifactorial. TS vulnerability may be associated with genetic and environmental factors. From the genetic point of view, TS is heterogeneous. Previous studies showed that some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene can affect cellular proliferation and apoptotic activity and TS is a neurodevelopmental disorder. We guessed that there was a relationship between TS and genetic variants of the GSTP1 gene. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that GSTP1 SNPs were associated with TS. We performed a case-control study. One hundred twenty-one TS children and 105 normal children were included in the study. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the GSTP1 gene polymorphism at position rs6591256 (A/G, promoter polymorphism) in TS patients and normal children. The polymorphism at position rs6591256 in the GSTP1 gene revealed significant differences in the allele (p=0.0135) and genotype (p=0.0159) distributions between the TS patients and the control group. The A allele was present at a higher frequency than the G allele in the TS patients compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR]=1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-3.21). The AA genotype was associated with susceptibility to TS with an OR of 2.38 for the AA versus AG genotype (95% CI: 1.29-4.41). These findings suggest that variants in the GSTP1 gene may play a role in susceptibility to TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Piao Shen
- 1 Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Stella F, Weich N, Panero J, Fantl DB, Schutz N, Fundia AF, Slavutsky I. Glutathione S-transferase P1 mRNA expression in plasma cell disorders and its correlation with polymorphic variants and clinical outcome. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:671-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Reszka E, Jabłonowski Z, Wieczorek E, Gromadzińska J, Sosnowski M, Wąsowicz W. GSTP1 mRNA expression in human circulating blood leukocytes is associated with GSTP1 genetic polymorphism. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1153-1155. [PMID: 21669193 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored association between GSTP1 Ile(105)Val (rs1695) polymorphism and GSTP1 mRNA expression in circulating blood leukocytes. DESIGN AND METHODS GSTP1 transcripts level and polymorphism were determined by Real-Time PCR in 51 bladder cancer and 90 healthy men. RESULTS Individuals with at least one GSTP1 Val(105) variant allele possessed higher GSTP1 mRNA level in blood leukocytes compared to GSTP1 Ile(105)Ile carriers. CONCLUSIONS GSTP1 Ile(105)Val gene polymorphism influences its expression in blood, regardless of cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Reszka
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Edyta Wieczorek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Wąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Srivastava RK, Tang SN, Zhu W, Meeker D, Shankar S. Sulforaphane synergizes with quercetin to inhibit self-renewal capacity of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:515-28. [PMID: 21196331 DOI: 10.2741/e266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the cancer stem cell hypothesis, the aggressive growth and early metastasis of cancer may arise through dysregulation of self-renewal of stem cells. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms by which sulforaphane (SFN, an active compound in cruciferous vegetables) inhibits self-renewal capacity of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs), and synergizes with quercetin, a major polyphenol and flavonoid commonly detected in many fruits and vegetables. Our data demonstrated that SFN inhibited self-renewal capacity of pancreatic CSCs. Inhibition of Nanog by lentiviral-mediated shRNA expression enhanced the inhibitory effects of sulforaphane on self-renewal capacity of CSCs. SFN induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2 and XIAP, phosphorylation of FKHR, and activating caspase-3. Moreover, SFN inhibited expression of proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (beta-catenin, vimentin, twist-1, and ZEB1), suggesting the blockade of signaling involved in early metastasis. Furthermore, the combination of quercetin with SFN had synergistic effects on self-renewal capacity of pancreatic CSCs. These data suggest that SFN either alone or in combination with quercetin can eliminate cancer stem cell-characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Tan XL, Shi M, Tang H, Han W, Spivack SD. Candidate dietary phytochemicals modulate expression of phase II enzymes GSTP1 and NQO1 in human lung cells. J Nutr 2010; 140:1404-10. [PMID: 20554899 PMCID: PMC2903300 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phytochemicals possess cancer-preventive properties, some putatively through phase II metabolism-mediated mutagen/oxidant quenching. We applied human lung cells in vitro to investigate the effects of several candidate phytopreventive agents, including green tea extracts (GTE), broccoli sprout extracts (BSE), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), sulforaphane (SFN), phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), and benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), on inducing phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) at mRNA and protein levels. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), and lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) were exposed to diet-achievable levels of GTE and BSE (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L), or individual index components EGCG, SFN, PEITC, BITC (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 micromol/L) for 24 h, 48 h, and 6 d, respectively. mRNA assays employed RNA-specific quantitative RT-PCR and protein assays employed Western blotting. We found that in NHBE cells, while GSTP1 mRNA levels were slightly but significantly increased after exposure to GTE or BSE, NQO1 mRNA increased to 2- to 4-fold that of control when exposed to GTE, BSE, or SFN. Effects on NQO1 mRNA expression in HBEC cells were similar. NQO1 protein expression increased up to 11.8-fold in SFN-treated NHBE cells. Both GSTP1 and NQO1 protein expression in A549 cells were constitutively high but not induced under any condition. Our results suggest that NQO1 is more responsive to the studied chemopreventive agents than GSTP1 in human lung cells and there is discordance between single agent and complex mixture effects. We conclude that modulation of lung cell phase II metabolism by chemopreventive agents requires cell- and agent-specific discovery and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Miao Shi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Weiguo Han
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Simon D. Spivack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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Tan XL, Wang T, Xiong S, Kumar SV, Han W, Spivack SD. Smoking-Related Gene Expression in Laser Capture-Microdissected Human Lung. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7562-7570. [PMID: 19996203 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE: Interindividual differences in quantitative expression could underlie a propensity for lung cancer. To determine precise individual gene expression signatures on a lung compartment-specific basis, we investigated the expression of carcinogen metabolism genes encoding cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1B1, 2A13, GSTP1, and a tumor suppressor gene p16 in laser capture-microdissected samples of human alveolar compartment (AC) and bronchial epithelial compartment (BEC) lung tissue from 62 smokers and nonsmokers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tobacco exposure was determined by plasma nicotine, cotinine, and smoking history. Precise mRNA expression was determined using our RNA-specific qRT-PCR strategy, and correlated with detailed demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Several correlations of mRNA expression included (a) CYP1B1 in AC (positively with plasma nicotine level, P = 0.008; plasma cotinine level, P = 0.001), (b) GSTP1 in AC (positively with plasma cotinine level, P = 0.003), and (c) GSTP1 in BEC (negatively with smoke dose, P = 0.043; occupational risk, P = 0.019). CYP2A13 was rarely expressed in AC and not expressed in BEC. p16 expression was not correlated with any measured factor. For each gene, subjects showed expression that was individually concordant between these compartments. No clear association of mRNA expression with lung cancer risk was observed in this pilot analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The association between lung mRNA expression and tobacco exposure implies that gene-tobacco interaction is a measurable quantitative trait, albeit with wide interindividual variation. Gene expression tends to be concordant for alveolar and bronchial compartments for these genes in an individual, controlling for proximate tobacco exposure. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(24):7562-70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, and Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
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Lawless MW, O'Byrne KJ, Gray SG. Oxidative stress induced lung cancer and COPD: opportunities for epigenetic therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2800-21. [PMID: 19602054 PMCID: PMC4498937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) form as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and play important roles within the cell. Under normal circumstances the cell is able to maintain an adequate homeostasis between the formation of ROS and its removal through particular enzymatic pathways or via antioxidants. If however, this balance is disturbed a situation called oxidative stress occurs. Critically, oxidative stress plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Epigenetics is a process where gene expression is regulated by heritable mechanisms that do not cause any direct changes to the DNA sequence itself, and disruption of epigenetic mechanisms has important implications in disease. Evidence is emerging that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play decisive roles in regulating important cellular oxidative stress pathways including those involved with sensing oxidative stress and those involved with regulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. In particular aberrant regulation of these pathways by HDACs may play critical roles in cancer progression. In this review we discuss the current evidence linking epigenetics and oxidative stress and cancer, using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and non-small cell lung cancer to illustrate the importance of epigenetics on these pathways within these disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Lawless
- Centre for Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Medical Science, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wenten M, Li YF, Lin PC, Gauderman WJ, Berhane K, Avol E, Gilliland FD. In utero smoke exposure, glutathione S-transferase P1 haplotypes, and respiratory illness-related absence among schoolchildren. Pediatrics 2009; 123:1344-51. [PMID: 19403501 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The GSTP1 Ile105Val variant and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure have been independently associated with acute respiratory illness; however, susceptibility to in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke has yet to be examined in relation to variation across the GSTP1 locus. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this work was to determine whether variation across the GSTP1 locus is associated with respiratory illness-related school absences and to determine whether this relationship varies by in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure. METHODS Tobacco smoke exposure status, incident respiratory-related school absence records, and DNA samples was ascertained for 1132 Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elementary school children as part of the Children's Health Study. RESULTS Four GSTP1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were selected that accounted for 93% of the variation across the locus. Individual single-nucleotide polymorphism analyses showed a protective effect for the minor alleles in single-nucleotide polymorphisms 1 (rs6591255), 3 (GSTP1 Ile105Val: rs1695), and 4 (rs749174) for respiratory illness. The haplotype, which includes a minor allele for single-nucleotide polymorphisms 1, 3, and 4 (h1011), was associated with a decreased risk of respiratory illness. The protective effect of GSTP1 variants was lost among individuals exposed to in utero and secondhand tobacco smoke. CONCLUSIONS A common GSTP1 haplotype, which includes the functional Ile105Val polymorphism, was associated with respiratory-related school absences. The protection afforded by this haplotype was lost in children exposed to involuntary tobacco smoke. The paradigm of loss of genetic protection among those exposed to tobacco smoke has clinical and public health implications that warrant broader consideration in research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madé Wenten
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Tan XL, Moslehi R, Han W, Spivack SD. Haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GSTP1 gene promoter and susceptibility to lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:403-15. [PMID: 19282111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase (GST) P1 is a major phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme in the human lung. Our laboratory had previously identified nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GSTP1 gene promoter, which were then grouped into three main haplotypes (Hap1, Hap2, and Hap3) based on statistical inference. Hap3 was found to display a high expression phenotype. The main objective of the current study was to test the association between GSTP1 promoter haplotypes with the risk of lung cancer after determining the promoter haplotypes experimentally through cloning and sequencing. METHODS We conducted a case-control analysis of 150 subjects with lung cancer and 329 controls with no personal history of the disease. The three statistically inferred GSTP1 promoter haplotypes were confirmed experimentally through cloning and sequencing. Haplotype-tagging SNPs were selected and GSTP1 haplotypes were tested for genetic association to lung cancer using unconditional logistic regression after adjusting for confounders. Statistical interaction between GSTP1 promoter haplotypes with either cigarette smoking or dietary fruit and vegetable intake were tested using the likelihood ratio test. RESULTS We did not find protective effects of Hap3 against lung cancer, despite an adequately powered design for this main effect. Homozygous variants of tagSNPs -1738 T>A and -354 G>T, which tag Hap2, showed an increased (but statistically non-significant) risk of lung cancer among all subjects as well as among individuals with low fruit and vegetable intake, compared to homozygous wildtypes for these SNPs. We did not find significant interactions between Hap2 and dietary intake of fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support significant main and modifying effects for GSTP1 promoter haplotypes on susceptibility to lung cancer in this population, but reinforce the protective effects of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Tan XL, Spivack SD. Dietary chemoprevention strategies for induction of phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in lung carcinogenesis: A review. Lung Cancer 2009; 65:129-37. [PMID: 19185948 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality for men and women in the United States and is a growing worldwide problem. Protection against lung cancer is associated with higher dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, according to recent large epidemiologic studies. One strategy for lung cancer chemoprevention focuses on the use of agents to modulate the metabolism and disposition of tobacco, environmental and endogenous carcinogens through upregulation of detoxifying phase II enzymes. We summarize the substantial evidence that suggests that induction of phase II enzymes, particularly the glutathione S-transferases, plays a direct role in chemoprotection against lung carcinogenesis. The engagement of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex regulating the antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway has been identified as a key molecular target of chemopreventive phase II inducers in several systems. Monitoring of phase II enzyme induction has led to identification of novel chemopreventive agents such as the isothiocyanate sulforaphane, and the 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. However, no agents have yet demonstrated clear benefit in human cell systems, or in clinical trials. Alternative strategies include: (a) using intermediate cancer biomarkers for the endpoint in human trials; (b) high-throughput small molecule discovery approaches for induced expression of human phase II genes; and (c) integrative approaches that consider pharmacogenetics, along with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in target lung tissue. These approaches may lead to a more effective strategy of tailored chemoprevention efforts using compounds with proven human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Zhou J, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Cai Y, Board PG, Foster PS, Webb DC. Glutathione Transferase P1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:1202-10. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-178oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Islam T, Berhane K, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Peters JM, Gilliland FD. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) P1, GSTM1, exercise, ozone and asthma incidence in school children. Thorax 2008; 64:197-202. [PMID: 18988661 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.099366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because asthma has been associated with exercise and ozone exposure, an association likely mediated by oxidative stress, we hypothesised that glutathione-S-transferase (GST)P1, GSTM1, exercise and ozone exposure have interrelated effects on the pathogenesis of asthma. METHODS Associations of the well characterised null variant of GSTM1 and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that characterised common variation in the GSTP1 locus with new onset asthma in a cohort of 1610 school children were examined. Children's exercise and ozone exposure were classified using participation in team sports and community annual average ozone levels, respectively. RESULTS A two SNP model involving putatively functional variants (rs6591255, rs1695 (Ile105Va)) best captured the association between GSTP1 and asthma. The risk of asthma was lower for those with the Val allele of Ile105Val (hazard ratio (HR) 0.60, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8) and higher for the variant allele of rs6591255 (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.9). The risk of asthma increased with level of exercise among ile(105) homozygotes but not among those with at least one val(105) allele (interaction p value = 0.02). The risk was highest among ile(105) homozygotes who participated in >or=3 sports in the high ozone communities (HR 6.15, 95% CI 2.2 to 7.4). GSTM1 null was independently associated with an increased risk of asthma and showed little variation with air pollution or GSTP1 genotype. These results were consistent in two independent fourth grade cohorts recruited in 1993 and 1996. CONCLUSION Children who inherit a val(105) variant allele may be protected from the increased risk of asthma associated with exercise, especially in high ozone communities. GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Islam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Rønneberg JA, Tost J, Solvang HK, Alnaes GIG, Johansen FE, Brendeford EM, Yakhini Z, Gut IG, Lønning PE, Børresen-Dale AL, Gabrielsen OS, Kristensen VN. GSTP1 promoter haplotypes affect DNA methylation levels and promoter activity in breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5562-71. [PMID: 18632608 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CpG island spanning the transcription start of the glutathione S-transferase P1 becomes methylated in a variety of human cancers including breast cancer. To study the effect of sequence variation on hypermethylation of the GSTP1 promoter, we analyzed the genetic and epigenetic variability in 90 tumors from patients with locally advanced breast cancer. High-resolution quantitative analysis revealed large variability in the DNA methylation levels. Lack of methylation was more often observed in the basal and normal-like estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors, and methylated GSTP1 was associated with better overall survival (P = 0.00063). Studies of the genetic variation identified 14 different haplotypes. The distribution of methylation levels of tumors homozygous for the most frequent haplotype was significantly different from other haplotype combinations (P = 0.011), the difference being more pronounced in ER-positive (P = 0.005) and progesterone receptor-positive (P = 0.008) tumors. Regression modeling identified the ER status and haplotype as the main determinants of DNA methylation variability. We identified a putative c-Myb response element (MRE) that was present in one of two minimal promoter haplotypes. In vitro analysis showed that c-Myb binds to the MRE, but binding was weakened by the two polymorphisms. Transient cotransfections in luminal-type and basal-like breast cancer cell lines confirmed cell-specific differential binding of c-Myb to the polymorphic sites, leading to a change in the expression from the GSTP1 promoter in vivo. GSTP1 expression was moderately but significantly (P = 0.01) reduced after siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-Myb. Our results indicate that haplotype structure of a promoter is important for the extent of DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Anders Rønneberg
- Department of Genetics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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Li YF, Gauderman WJ, Conti DV, Lin PC, Avol E, Gilliland FD. Glutathione S-transferase P1, maternal smoking, and asthma in children: a haplotype-based analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:409-415. [PMID: 18335111 PMCID: PMC2265034 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) plays a role in a spectrum of respiratory diseases; however, the effects of sequence variation across the entire locus in asthma pathogenesis have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate whether sequence variations in the GSTP1 coding and promoter regions are associated with asthma and wheezing outcomes and to determine whether variants affect susceptibility to maternal smoking. METHODS Four haplotype tagging SNPs were selected that accounted for 83% of the common haplotypic variation in GSTP1. The associations of GSTP1 variants with asthma and wheezing were assessed among white children in the Children's Health Study (CHS). RESULTS The Ile105Val allele and a SNP in the upstream promoter region (SNP1: rs6591255, putative transcription factor 1 binding site) were associated with asthma and wheezing outcomes, an association observed in two cohorts of the CHS recruited in different years. Haplotypes that included both the promoter SNP (i.e., rs6591255) and the 105 Val variant were associated with an increased risk for asthma in non-Hispanic whites. Using SNP- and haplotype-based approaches, the effect of maternal smoking on wheezing was largest in children with the Ile105Val allele. CONCLUSIONS Variants in both the promoter and coding regions of the GSTP1 locus may contribute to the occurrence of childhood asthma and wheezing and may increase susceptibility to adverse effects of tobacco-smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute of Environmental Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - W. James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pi-Chu Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edward Avol
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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