1
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Valentini E, Di Martile M, Brignone M, Di Caprio M, Manni I, Chiappa M, Sergio I, Chiacchiarini M, Bazzichetto C, Conciatori F, D'Aguanno S, D'Angelo C, Ragno R, Russillo M, Colotti G, Marchesi F, Bellone ML, Dal Piaz F, Felli MP, Damia G, Del Bufalo D. Bcl-2 family inhibitors sensitize human cancer models to therapy. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:441. [PMID: 37460459 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BH3 mimetics, targeting the Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins, represent a promising therapeutic opportunity in cancers. ABT-199, the first specific Bcl-2 inhibitor, was approved by FDA for the treatment of several hematological malignancies. We have recently discovered IS21, a novel pan BH3 mimetic with preclinical antitumor activity in several tumor types. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of IS21 and other BH3 mimetics, both as single agents and combined with the currently used antineoplastic agents in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. IS21 was found to be active in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, melanoma, lung, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer cell lines. Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 protein levels predicted IS21 sensitivity in melanoma and ovarian cancer, respectively. Exploring IS21 mechanism of action, we found that IS21 activity depends on the presence of BAX and BAK proteins: complexes between Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins and their main binding partners were reduced after IS21 treatment. In combination experiments, BH3 mimetics sensitized leukemia cells to chemotherapy, ovarian cancer cells and melanoma models to PARP and MAPK inhibitors, respectively. We showed that this enhancing effect was related to the potentiation of the apoptotic pathway, both in hematologic and solid tumors. In conclusion, our data suggest the use of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic proteins as a therapeutic strategy to enhance the efficacy of anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Valentini
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Brignone
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marica Di Caprio
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- SAFU Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Chiappa
- Laboratory of Gynecological Preclinical Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Sergio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Chiacchiarini
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bazzichetto
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Conciatori
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona D'Aguanno
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen D'Angelo
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Russillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Marchesi
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bellone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Felli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Gynecological Preclinical Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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2
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Howell R, Davies J, Clarke MA, Appios A, Mesquita I, Jayal Y, Ringham-Terry B, Boned Del Rio I, Fisher J, Bennett CL. Localized immune surveillance of primary melanoma in the skin deciphered through executable modeling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1992. [PMID: 37043573 PMCID: PMC10096595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While skin is a site of active immune surveillance, primary melanomas often escape detection. Here, we have developed an in silico model to determine the local cross-talk between melanomas and Langerhans cells (LCs), the primary antigen-presenting cells at the site of melanoma development. The model predicts that melanomas fail to activate LC migration to lymph nodes until tumors reach a critical size, which is determined by a positive TNF-α feedback loop within melanomas, in line with our observations of murine tumors. In silico drug screening, supported by subsequent experimental testing, shows that treatment of primary tumors with MAPK pathway inhibitors may further prevent LC migration. In addition, our in silico model predicts treatment combinations that bypass LC dysfunction. In conclusion, our combined approach of in silico and in vivo studies suggests a molecular mechanism that explains how early melanomas develop under the radar of immune surveillance by LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew A. Clarke
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Appios
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Inês Mesquita
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Yashoda Jayal
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ben Ringham-Terry
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Isabel Boned Del Rio
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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3
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Baig MMFA, Ma J, Gao X, Khan MA, Ali A, Farid A, Zia AW, Noreen S, Wu H. Exploring the robustness of DNA nanotubes framework for anticancer theranostics toward the 2D/3D clusters of hypopharyngeal respiratory tumor cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123988. [PMID: 36907299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a robust approach for the early diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Short circular DNA nanotechnology synthesized a stiff and compact DNA nanotubes (DNA-NTs) framework. TW-37, a small molecular drug, was loaded into DNA-NTs for BH3-mimetic therapy to elevate the intracellular cytochrome-c levels in 2D/3D hypopharyngeal tumor (FaDu) cell clusters. After anti-EGFR functionalization, the DNA-NTs were tethered with a cytochrome-c binding aptamer, which can be applied to evaluate the elevated intracellular cytochrome-c levels via in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The results showed that DNA-NTs were enriched within the tumor cells via anti-EGFR targeting with a pH-responsive controlled release of TW-37. In this way, it initiated the triple inhibition of "BH3, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1". The triple inhibition of these proteins caused Bax/Bak oligomerization, leading to the perforation of the mitochondrial membrane. This led to the elevation of intracellular cytochrome-c levels, which reacted with the cytochrome-c binding aptamer to produce FRET signals. In this way, we successfully targeted 2D/3D clusters of FaDu tumor cells and achieved the tumor-specific and pH-triggered release of TW-37, causing tumor cell apoptosis. This pilot study suggests that anti-EGFR functionalized, TW-37 loaded, and cytochrome-c binding aptamer tethered DNA-NTs might be the hallmark for early tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jinwei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuli Gao
- Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center of Guizhou Province, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Khan
- Division of Life Science, Center for Cancer Research, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Atif Ali
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Awais Farid
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abdul Wasy Zia
- Institute of Mechanical, Process, and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Peng Z, Gillissen B, Richter A, Sinnberg T, Schlaak MS, Eberle J. Enhanced Apoptosis and Loss of Cell Viability in Melanoma Cells by Combined Inhibition of ERK and Mcl-1 Is Related to Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, Caspase Activation and Upregulation of Proapoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054961. [PMID: 36902392 PMCID: PMC10002974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting of MAP kinase pathways by BRAF inhibitors has evolved as a key therapy for BRAF-mutated melanoma. However, it cannot be applied for BRAF-WT melanoma, and also, in BRAF-mutated melanoma, tumor relapse often follows after an initial phase of tumor regression. Inhibition of MAP kinase pathways downstream at ERK1/2, or inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Mcl-1, may serve as alternative strategies. As shown here, the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and the ERK inhibitor SCH772984 showed only limited efficacy in melanoma cell lines, when applied alone. However, in combination with the Mcl-1 inhibitor S63845, the effects of vemurafenib were strongly enhanced in BRAF-mutated cell lines, and the effects of SCH772984 were enhanced in both BRAF-mutated and BRAF-WT cells. This resulted in up to 90% loss of cell viability and cell proliferation, as well as in induction of apoptosis in up to 60% of cells. The combination of SCH772984/S63845 resulted in caspase activation, processing of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), phosphorylation of histone H2AX, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release. Proving the critical role of caspases, a pan-caspase inhibitor suppressed apoptosis induction, as well as loss of cell viability. As concerning Bcl-2 family proteins, SCH772984 enhanced expression of the proapoptotic Bim and Puma, as well as decreased phosphorylation of Bad. The combination finally resulted in downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of the proapoptotic Noxa. In conclusion, combined inhibition of ERK and Mcl-1 revealed an impressive efficacy both in BRAF-mutated and WT melanoma cells, and may thus represent a new strategy for overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bernhard Gillissen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Richter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Max S. Schlaak
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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5
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Harms PW, Verhaegen ME, Vo JN, Tien JC, Pratt D, Su F, Dhanasekaran SM, Cao X, Mangelberger D, VanGoor J, Choi JE, Ma VT, Dlugosz AA, Chinnaiyan AM. Viral Status Predicts the Patterns of Genome Methylation and Decitabine Response in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:641-652. [PMID: 34474081 PMCID: PMC8860850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma that is classified as Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive (virus positive [VP]) or Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative (virus negative [VN]). Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, can alter gene expression and influence cancer progression. However, patterns of DNA methylation and the therapeutic efficacy of hypomethylating agents have not been fully explored in MCC. We characterized genome-wide DNA methylation in 16 MCC cell lines from both molecular subclasses in comparison with other cancer types and found that the overall profile of MCC is similar to that of small-cell lung carcinoma. Comparison of VP MCC with VN MCC revealed 2,260 differentially methylated positions. The hypomethylating agent decitabine upregulated the expression of antigen-presenting machinery in MCC cell lines and stimulated membrane expression of HLA-A in VP and VN MCC xenograft tumors. Decitabine also induced prominent caspase- and large T antigen‒independent cell death in VP MCC, whereas VN MCC cell lines displayed decreased proliferation without increased cell death. In mouse xenografts, decitabine significantly decreased the size of VP tumors but not that of VN tumors. Our findings indicate that viral status predicts genomic methylation patterns in MCC and that decitabine may be therapeutically effective against MCC through antiproliferative effects, cell death, and increased immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Josh N. Vo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jean C. Tien
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Drew Pratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Fengyun Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Saravana M. Dhanasekaran
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Doris Mangelberger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Julia VanGoor
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jae Eun Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vincent T. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrzej A. Dlugosz
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,Corresponding Author: Arul M. Chinnaiyan, M.D., Ph.D., Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, American Cancer Society Professor, S. P. Hicks Endowed Professor of Pathology, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1400 E. Medical Center Dr. 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602,
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6
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ROS Pleiotropy in Melanoma and Local Therapy with Physical Modalities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6816214. [PMID: 34777692 PMCID: PMC8580636 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6816214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic energy production naturally generates unwanted products such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative damage. Oxidative damage has been linked to several pathologies, including diabetes, premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. ROS were therefore originally anticipated as an imperative evil, a product of an imperfect system. More recently, however, the role of ROS in signaling and tumor treatment is increasingly acknowledged. This review addresses the main types, sources, and pathways of ROS in melanoma by linking their pleiotropic roles in antioxidant and oxidant regulation, hypoxia, metabolism, and cell death. In addition, the implications of ROS in various physical therapy modalities targeting melanoma, such as radiotherapy, electrochemotherapy, hyperthermia, photodynamic therapy, and medical gas plasma, are also discussed. By including ROS in the main picture of melanoma skin cancer and as an integral part of cancer therapies, a greater understanding of melanoma cell biology is presented, which ultimately may elucidate additional clues on targeting therapy resistance of this most deadly form of skin cancer.
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7
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Zhang L, Lu Z, Zhao X. Targeting Bcl-2 for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188569. [PMID: 34015412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis deficiency is one of the most important features observed in neoplastic diseases. The Bcl-2 family is composed of a subset of proteins that act as decisive apoptosis regulators. Research and clinical studies have both demonstrated that the hyperactivation of Bcl-2-related anti-apoptotic effects correlates with cancer occurrence, progression and prognosis, also having a role in facilitating the radio- and chemoresistance of various malignancies. Therefore, targeting Bcl-2 inactivation has provided some compelling therapeutic advantages by enhancing apoptotic sensitivity or reversing drug resistance. Therefore, this pharmacological route turned into one of the most promising routes for cancer treatment. This review discusses some of the well-defined and emerging roles of Bcl-2 as well as its potential clinical value in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
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8
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Yu R, Lu Y, Yu R, Xie J, Zhou S. Synergistic Effects of TW-37 and ABT-263 on Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:953-963. [PMID: 33568941 PMCID: PMC7868206 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s265788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common urological system malignancy lack of effective therapeutic options. Upregulation of the Bcl-2 proteins was correlated with poor prognosis of RCC, suggesting that BH-3 mimetics may be a promising treatment option. ABT-263 is a BH3 mimetic that possesses anti-tumor effects. TW-37 is another inhibitor of Bcl-2 family protein with potential anti-tumor activities. However, since their effect as single agent is limited, combination treatment represents a strategy to improve the efficiency. We studied the ABT-263 in combination with TW-37 and analyzed the molecular mechanisms of action in RCC cells. Methods MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure the proliferation of RCC cells. Transwell assay was used to assay the migration and invasion of RCC cells. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were measured using the flow cytometry and apoptotic nucleosome assay, respectively. Western blotting was performed to measure the change of proteins. The anti-tumor effects of ABT-263, TW-37 and their combination were also evaluated in vivo. Results Cotreatment of TW-37 and ABT-263 synergistically repressed the proliferation of RCC cells. TW-37 and ABT-263 also synergistically inhibited the migration and invasion of RCC cells It was also showed that TW-37 and ABT-263 synergistically induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, increased apoptosis was observed after exposure to TW-37 and ABT-263. Mechanism investigation showed that TW-37 and ABT-263 synergistically induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and relied on the activation of Bax and caspases. Furthermore, ERK signaling pathway activation was detected after treated with TW-37 and ABT-263. Finally, TW-37 and ABT-263 also synergistically repressed the growth of RCC cells in xenograft mice. Conclusion In summary, our data demonstrated that combined treatment with TW-37 and ABT-263 exhibited synergistic RCC cell death and this combination may be applied as an effective therapeutic strategy against RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefen Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Yu
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Zhou
- Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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9
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ARNT deficiency represses pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 to trigger ROS production and melanoma metastasis. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:11. [PMID: 33446631 PMCID: PMC7809415 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic changes in melanoma cells that are required for tumor metastasis have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we show that the increase in glucose uptake and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation confers metastatic ability as a result of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) deficiency. In clinical tissue specimens, increased ARNT, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) was observed in benign nevi, whereas lower expression was observed in melanoma. The depletion of ARNT dramatically repressed PDK1 and NQO1 expression, which resulted in an increase of ROS levels. The elimination of ROS using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation using carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and rotenone inhibited the ARNT and PDK1 deficiency-induced cell migration and invasion. In addition, ARNT deficiency in tumor cells manipulated the glycolytic pathway through enhancement of the glucose uptake rate, which reduced glucose dependence. Intriguingly, CCCP and NAC dramatically inhibited ARNT and PDK1 deficiency-induced tumor cell extravasation in mouse models. Our work demonstrates that downregulation of ARNT and PDK1 expression serves as a prognosticator, which confers metastatic potential as the metastasizing cells depend on metabolic changes.
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10
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Macasoi I, Mioc A, Mioc M, Racoviceanu R, Soica I, Chevereșan A, Dehelean C, Dumitrașcu V. Targeting Mitochondria through the Use of Mitocans as Emerging Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5730-5757. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players with a multi-functional role in many vital cellular processes,
such as energy metabolism, redox regulation, calcium homeostasis, Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) as well as in cell signaling, survival and apoptosis. These functions are mainly regulated
through important enzyme signaling cascades, which if altered may influence the outcome of cell
viability and apoptosis. Therefore some of the key enzymes that are vital for these signaling pathways
are emerging as important targets for new anticancer agent development. Mitocans are compounds
aimed at targeting mitochondria in cancer cells by altering mitochondrial functions thus
causing cell growth inhibition or apoptosis. This review summarizes the till present known classes
of mitocans, their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic use in different forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Irina Soica
- Earlscliffe Sixth Form, Earlscliffe, 29 Shorncliffe Road, Folkestone, CT20 2NB, United Kingdom
| | - Adelina Chevereșan
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Victor Dumitrașcu
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
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11
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Vališ K, Novák P. Targeting ERK-Hippo Interplay in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093236. [PMID: 32375238 PMCID: PMC7247570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which allows the transduction of various cellular signals to final effectors and regulation of elementary cellular processes. Deregulation of the MAPK signaling occurs under many pathological conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes and cancers. Targeted inhibition of individual kinases of the MAPK signaling pathway using synthetic compounds represents a promising way to effective anti-cancer therapy. Cross-talk of the MAPK signaling pathway with other proteins and signaling pathways have a crucial impact on clinical outcomes of targeted therapies and plays important role during development of drug resistance in cancers. We discuss cross-talk of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway with other signaling pathways, in particular interplay with the Hippo/MST pathway. We demonstrate the mechanism of cell death induction shared between MAPK/ERK and Hippo/MST signaling pathways and discuss the potential of combination targeting of these pathways in the development of more effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Vališ
- Correspondence: (K.V.); (P.N.); Tel.: +420-325873610 (P.N.)
| | - Petr Novák
- Correspondence: (K.V.); (P.N.); Tel.: +420-325873610 (P.N.)
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12
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Montero J, Gstalder C, Kim DJ, Sadowicz D, Miles W, Manos M, Cidado JR, Paul Secrist J, Tron AE, Flaherty K, Stephen Hodi F, Yoon CH, Letai A, Fisher DE, Haq R. Destabilization of NOXA mRNA as a common resistance mechanism to targeted therapies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5157. [PMID: 31727958 PMCID: PMC6856172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most targeted cancer therapies fail to achieve complete tumor regressions or attain durable remissions. To understand why these treatments fail to induce robust cytotoxic responses despite appropriately targeting oncogenic drivers, here we systematically interrogated the dependence of cancer cells on the BCL-2 family of apoptotic proteins after drug treatment. We observe that multiple targeted therapies, including BRAF or EGFR inhibitors, rapidly deplete the pro-apoptotic factor NOXA, thus creating a dependence on the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1. This adaptation requires a pathway leading to destabilization of the NOXA mRNA transcript. We find that interruption of this mechanism of anti-apoptotic adaptive resistance dramatically increases cytotoxic responses in cell lines and a murine melanoma model. These results identify NOXA mRNA destabilization/MCL-1 adaptation as a non-genomic mechanism that limits apoptotic responses, suggesting that sequencing of MCL-1 inhibitors with targeted therapies could overcome such widespread and clinically important resistance. MAPK-targeted therapies fail to achieve complete remission. Here, the authors show that anti-apoptosis resistance is acquired in these targeted therapies through the mRNA destabilization of NOXA which leads to dependence on MCL-1, and that sequential combination of MCL-1 inhibition with targeted therapies overcomes this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Montero
- Division of Hematologic Neoplasia/Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, Ed. Hèlix 3ª planta · 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cécile Gstalder
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 44 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dorota Sadowicz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Wayne Miles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, 820 Biomedical Research Tower 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
| | - Michael Manos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Justin R Cidado
- Bioscience, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Boston, 02451, MA, USA
| | - J Paul Secrist
- Bioscience, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Boston, 02451, MA, USA.,LifeMine Therapeutics, 100 Acorn Park Drive, 6th Floor Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Adriana E Tron
- Bioscience, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Boston, 02451, MA, USA
| | - Keith Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 44 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Charles H Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Division of Hematologic Neoplasia/Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 44 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 44 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Rizwan Haq
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA. .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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13
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Drugs and Clinical Approaches Targeting the Antiapoptotic Protein: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1212369. [PMID: 31662966 PMCID: PMC6791192 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1212369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is a regulator protein involved in apoptosis. In the past few decades, this protein has been demonstrated to have high efficacy in cancer therapy, and several approaches targeting Bcl-2 have been tested clinically (e.g., oblimersen, ABT-737, ABT-263, obatoclax mesylate, and AT-101). This review reports potential Bcl-2 inhibitors according to current information on their underlying mechanism and the results of clinical trials. In addition, the function and mechanisms of other potentially valuable Bcl-2 inhibitors that did not show efficacy in clinical studies are also discussed. This summary of the development of Bcl-2 inhibitors provides worthwhile viewpoints on the use of biomedical approaches in future cancer therapy.
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14
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Zhao Y, Zhao Q, Kaboli PJ, Shen J, Li M, Wu X, Yin J, Zhang H, Wu Y, Lin L, Zhang L, Wan L, Wen Q, Li X, Cho CH, Yi T, Li J, Xiao Z. m1A Regulated Genes Modulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ErbB Pathways in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1323-1333. [PMID: 31352195 PMCID: PMC6661385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gene expression can be posttranscriptionally regulated by a complex network of proteins. N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a newly validated RNA modification. However, little is known about both its influence and biogenesis in tumor development. METHODS: This study analyzed TCGA data of patients with five kinds of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Using data from cBioPortal, molecular features of the nine known m1A-related enzymes in GI cancers were investigated. Using a variety of bioinformatics approach, the impact of m1A regulators on its downstream signaling pathway was studied. To further confirm this regulation, the effect of m1A writer ALKBH3 knockdown was studied using RNA-seq data from published database. RESULTS: Dysregulation and multiple types of genetic alteration of putative m1A-related enzymes in tumor samples were observed. The ErbB and mTOR pathways with ErbB2, mTOR, and AKT1S1 hub genes were identified as being regulated by m1A-related enzymes. The expression of both ErbB2 and AKT1S1 was decreased after m1A writer ALKBH3 knockdown. Furthermore, Gene Ontology analysis revealed that m1A downstream genes were associated with cell proliferation, and the results showed that m1A genes are reliably linked to mTOR. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated for the first time the dysregulation of m1A regulators in GI cancer and its signaling pathways and will contribute to the understanding of RNA modification in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ling Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Soochow, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China; South Sichuan Institution for Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.
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15
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Villalobos-Ortiz M, Ryan J, Mashaka TN, Opferman JT, Letai A. BH3 profiling discriminates on-target small molecule BH3 mimetics from putative mimetics. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:999-1007. [PMID: 31332296 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the anti-apoptotic machinery of cancer cells is a promising therapeutic approach that has driven the development of an important class of compounds termed "BH3 mimetics". These novel small molecules mimic BH3-only proteins by antagonizing the pro-survival function of anti-apoptotic proteins, thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. To qualify as an authentic BH3 mimetic, a compound must function directly on the mitochondria of a cell of known anti-apoptotic dependence, must directly and selectively inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein with high-affinity binding, and must induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and apoptosis in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner. While many BH3 mimetics have entered clinical trials, the lack of a reliable validation assay to directly test the mitochondrial activity of new BH3 mimetic candidates has resulted in many misleading reports of agents touted as BH3 mimetics despite their off-target mechanisms of action. BH3 profiling probes the activity of a compound at the mitochondrial level by measuring cytochrome c release as a surrogate marker for MOMP. We propose a comprehensive biochemical toolkit consisting of BH3 profiling in parallel with high-throughput Annexin V/Hoechst viability testing to validate BH3 mimetic candidates. We tested our toolkit on eighteen different putative BH3 mimetics using a set of standardized cell lines of known anti-apoptotic dependence. Included in this set of cell lines is an apoptosis refractory BAX/BAK DKO control line to detect compounds that function independently of the BCL-2 family. Taken together, this rapid, efficient means of testing will prove advantageous as the demand for BH3 mimetics increases, particularly in the quest to identify and develop more potent MCL-1 inhibitors for use in the clinic. We strongly urge researchers utilizing BH3 mimetics in their work to use the potent and selective compounds identified with this validation toolkit instead of those lacking such potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 02215, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thelma N Mashaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 02215, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 02215, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Abstract
During apoptosis, mitochondria permeabilize the outer membranes to release apoptogenic proteins from the intermembrane space. This process termed mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins. Bax is an effector proapoptotic molecule that permeabilizes the lipid membranes when it is activated by activator BH3-only proteins. We investigated this critical event by developing simple but faithful vesicle systems-outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and liposomes-to visualize the pores in the membrane by using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We have revealed the morphology of the pore, determined the localization of Bax labeled with nanogold and have performed image analysis to help understand the mechanisms of pore formation induced by Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kuwana
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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17
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Arnett E, Weaver AM, Woodyard KC, Montoya MJ, Li M, Hoang KV, Hayhurst A, Azad AK, Schlesinger LS. PPARγ is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis induction of Mcl-1 and limitation of human macrophage apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007100. [PMID: 29928066 PMCID: PMC6013021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ is a global transcriptional regulator associated with anti-inflammatory actions. It is highly expressed in alveolar macrophages (AMs), which are unable to clear the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Although M.tb infection induces PPARγ in human macrophages, which contributes to M.tb growth, the mechanisms underlying this are largely unknown. We undertook NanoString gene expression analysis to identify novel PPARγ effectors that condition macrophages to be more susceptible to M.tb infection. This revealed several genes that are differentially regulated in response to PPARγ silencing during M.tb infection, including the Bcl-2 family members Bax (pro-apoptotic) and Mcl-1 (pro-survival). Apoptosis is an important defense mechanism that prevents the growth of intracellular microbes, including M.tb, but is limited by virulent M.tb. This suggested that M.tb differentially regulates Mcl-1 and Bax expression through PPARγ to limit apoptosis. In support of this, gene and protein expression analysis revealed that Mcl-1 expression is driven by PPARγ during M.tb infection in human macrophages. Further, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) is critical for PPARγ activity and Mcl-1 expression. We also determined that PPARγ and 15-LOX regulate macrophage apoptosis during M.tb infection, and that pre-clinical therapeutics that inhibit Mcl-1 activity significantly limit M.tb intracellular growth in both human macrophages and an in vitro TB granuloma model. In conclusion, identification of the novel PPARγ effector Mcl-1 has determined PPARγ and 15-LOX are critical regulators of apoptosis during M.tb infection and new potential targets for host-directed therapy for M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eusondia Arnett
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Ashlee M. Weaver
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kiersten C. Woodyard
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Maria J. Montoya
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Li
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Ky V. Hoang
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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18
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Furlan T, Khalid S, Nguyen AV, Günther J, Troppmair J. The oxidoreductase p66Shc acts as tumor suppressor in BRAFV600E-transformed cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:869-882. [PMID: 29624862 PMCID: PMC5983121 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, as exemplified by the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, is a common feature of transformed cells. In many tumors, altered metabolism is also reflected in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which contribute to proliferation and survival signaling. However, despite high ROS levels, cancer cells can be efficiently killed by further increasing ROS production. We have shown previously that both wild‐type and oncogenic CRAF and BRAF prevent excessive mitochondrial ROS production. Subsequently, it has been demonstrated that raising ROS levels in BRAFV600E‐transformed melanoma cells by inhibiting BRAF or MEK rendered them susceptible to cell death induction. To understand how oncogenic BRAF affects mitochondrial ROS production in melanoma, we studied the mitochondrial ROS‐producing oxidoreductase p66Shc, which is frequently overexpressed in tumors. Using NIH 3T3 BRAFV600E fibroblasts and the melanoma cell lines A375 and M238 carrying the same BRAF mutation, we show that under treatment with the ROS‐inducing agent phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), oncogenic BRAF renders cells refractory to p66ShcS36 phosphorylation, which is essential for p66Shc activation and mitochondrial ROS production. Consistent with this, the activation of JNK1/2, which phosphorylate S36, was blunted, while other mitogen‐activated protein kinases were not affected. Inhibition of JNK1/2 efficiently prevented ROS production, while BRAF and MEK inhibitors increased ROS levels. Vemurafenib‐resistant M238R melanoma cells were impaired in S36 phosphorylation and ROS production following PEITC treatment. Moreover, they failed to increase ROS levels after MEK/BRAF inhibition. Finally, shRNA‐mediated knockdown of p66Shc led to increased growth of BRAFV600E‐transformed NIH 3T3 cells in soft agar assay. Taken together, these data suggest that phosphorylation‐activated p66Shc functions as a tumor suppressor in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Furlan
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Sana Khalid
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Anh-Vu Nguyen
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Julia Günther
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
| | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Austria
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19
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Chen H, Luo D, Zhang L, Lin X, Luo Q, Yi H, Wang J, Yan X, Li B, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Liu S, Qiu M, Yang D, Jiang N. Restoration of p53 using the novel MDM2-p53 antagonist APG115 suppresses dedifferentiated papillary thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43008-43022. [PMID: 28498808 PMCID: PMC5522123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated papillary thyroid cancer (DePTC) is characterized by aggressive growth, recurrence, distant metastasis, and resistance to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. DePTC is also accompanied by poor prognosis and high early-mortality. Nevertheless, most DePTC cells show intact p53 downstream functionality. In cells with wild-type p53, the murine double minute2 (MDM2) protein interacts with p53 and abrogates its activity. Inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction restores p53 activity and leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Restoring p53 function by inhibiting its interaction with p53 suppressors such as MDM2 is thus a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DePTC. The novel MDM2-p53 interaction antagonist APG115 is an analogue of SAR405838, and is being tested in a phase I clinical trial. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of APG115 as a single-agent to treat DePTC. APG115 diminished the viability of p53 wild-type DePTC cells and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In a human xenograft mouse model, APG115 elicited robust tumor regression and cell apoptosis. These data demonstrate that further research is warranted to determine whether APG115 can be used to effectively treat DePTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dingyuan Luo
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiuyun Luo
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hanjie Yi
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xianglei Yan
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuelei Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Miaozhen Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Dajun Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Suzhou Ascentage Pharma Inc., Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ningyi Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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20
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MAP1B Light Chain Modulates Synaptic Transmission via AMPA Receptor Intracellular Trapping. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9945-9963. [PMID: 28904092 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0505-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated transport of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) to the synaptic membrane is a key mechanism to determine the strength of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. In this work, we uncovered a new role for the microtubule-associated protein MAP1B in modulating access of AMPARs to the postsynaptic membrane. Using mice and rats of either sex, we show that MAP1B light chain (LC) accumulates in the somatodendritic compartment of hippocampal neurons, where it forms immobile complexes on microtubules that limit vesicular transport. These complexes restrict AMPAR dendritic mobility, leading to the intracellular trapping of receptors and impairing their access to the dendritic surface and spines. Accordingly, increasing MAP1B-LC expression depresses AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission. This effect is specific for the GluA2 subunit of the AMPAR and requires glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) interaction with MAP1B-LC. Therefore, MAP1B-LC represents an alternative link between GRIP1-AMPARs and microtubules that does not result in productive transport, but rather limits AMPAR availability for synaptic insertion, with a direct impact on synaptic transmission.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability of neurons to modify their synaptic connections, known as synaptic plasticity, is accepted as the cellular basis for learning and memory. One mechanism for synaptic plasticity is the regulated addition and removal of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) at excitatory synapses. In this study, we found that a microtubule-associated protein, MAP1B light chain (MAP1B-LC), participates in this process. MAP1B-LC forms immobile complexes along dendrites. These complexes limit intracellular vesicular trafficking and trap AMPARs inside the dendritic shaft. In this manner, MAP1B restricts the access of AMPARs to dendritic spines and the postsynaptic membrane, contributing to downregulating synaptic transmission.
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21
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Lu Y, Huang H, Yang H, Chen D, Wu S, Jiang Z, Wang R. Small molecule inhibitor TW-37 is tolerable and synergistic with chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1376-1383. [PMID: 28696828 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1329066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a crucial adjuvant therapy of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, enhancing sensitivity and tolerance of chemotherapeutics in NPC treatment have been challenging. Both Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, 2 pro-survival proteins of Bcl-2 family, play essential roles on the chemotherapy tolerance of numerous cancers. In the present study, we explored the influences of TW-37, a small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, on the efficiency of chemotherapy for NPC. Oncomine cancer database shows that NPC tissues have higher expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 than those of normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NPE) tissues. And our results reveal that chemotherapeutics, Cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-Fluoracil (5-FU), result in the greater decrease of protein level of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in NPC cells than those in NPE cells. TW-37 does not have significant impact on the chemotherapeutics-treated NPE cell viability at a dosage that efficiently reduces chemotherapeutics-treated NPC cell viability. Moreover, impacts of TW-37 on the cell viability of chemotherapeutics-treated NPC cells are dependent on the expression of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in NPC cells. Further explorations suggest that TW-37 prominently promotes apoptosis in NPC cells under chemotherapeutics treatments but not in NPE cells. Meanwhile, TW-37 also remarkably reduces colony formation ability of chemotherapeutics-treated NPC cells. Importantly, in vivo models, TW-37 observably increases chemosensitivity of NPC tumors but has not markedly influence on the normal tissues in mice. In conclusion, our results point to TW-37 as a promising ancillary drug for the chemotherapy of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China.,b Department of Oncology , Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Liuzhou , China
| | - Haixin Huang
- b Department of Oncology , Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Liuzhou , China
| | - Hui Yang
- b Department of Oncology , Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Liuzhou , China
| | - Dagui Chen
- b Department of Oncology , Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Liuzhou , China
| | - Sibei Wu
- b Department of Oncology , Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Liuzhou , China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- b Department of Oncology , Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Liuzhou , China
| | - Rensheng Wang
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
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22
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Kern HB, Srinivasan S, Convertine AJ, Hockenbery D, Press OW, Stayton PS. Enzyme-Cleavable Polymeric Micelles for the Intracellular Delivery of Proapoptotic Peptides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1450-1459. [PMID: 28277671 PMCID: PMC5823688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptides derived from the third Bcl-2 homology domain (BH3) renormalize apoptotic signaling by antagonizing prosurvival Bcl-2 family members. These potential peptide drugs exhibit therapeutic activities but are limited by barriers including short circulation half-lives and poor penetration into cells. A diblock polymeric micelle carrier for the BIM BH3 peptide was recently described that demonstrated antitumor activity in a B-cell lymphoma xenograft model [Berguig et al., Mol. Ther. 2015, 23, 907-917]. However, the disulfide linkage used to conjugate the BIM peptide was shown to have nonoptimal blood stability. Here we describe a peptide macromonomer composed of BIM capped with a four amino acid cathepsin B substrate (FKFL) that possesses high blood stability and is cleaved to release the drug inside of target cells. Employing RAFT polymerization, the peptide macromonomer was directly integrated into a multifunctional diblock copolymer tailored for peptide delivery. The first polymer block was made as a macro-chain transfer agent (CTA) and composed of a pH-responsive endosomolytic formulation of N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA). The second polymer block was a copolymer of the peptide and polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA). PEGMA monomers of two sizes were investigated (300 Da and 950 Da). Protein gel analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, and coupled mass spectrometry (MS) showed that incubation with cathepsin B specifically cleaved the FKFL linker and released active BIM peptide with PEGMA300 but not with PEGMA950. MALDI-TOF MS showed that incubation of the peptide monomers alone in human serum resulted in partial cleavage at the FKFL linker after 12 h. However, formulation of the peptides into polymers protected against serum-mediated peptide degradation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated pH-dependent micelle disassembly (25 nm polymer micelles at pH 7.4 versus 6 nm unimers at pH 6.6), and a red blood cell lysis assay showed a corresponding increase in membrane destabilizing activity (<1% lysis at pH 7.4 versus 95% lysis at pH 6.6). The full carrier-drug system successfully induced apoptosis in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, in comparison to a control polymer containing a scrambled BIM peptide sequence. Mechanistic analysis verified target-dependent activation of caspase 3/7 activity (8.1-fold increase), and positive annexin V staining (72% increase). The increased blood stability of this enzyme-cleavable peptide polymer design, together with the direct polymerization approach that eliminated postsynthetic conjugation steps, suggests that this new carrier design could provide important benefits for intracellular peptide drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B. Kern
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Hockenbery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, United States
| | - Oliver W. Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, United States
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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23
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Song T, Wang Z, Ji F, Feng Y, Fan Y, Chai G, Li X, Li Z, Zhang Z. Deactivation of Mcl-1 by Dual-Function Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Bcl-2 Homology 3 Domain and Facilitating Mcl-1 Ubiquitination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Fangling Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Yudan Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Gaobo Chai
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
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24
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Fofaria NM, Frederick DT, Sullivan RJ, Flaherty KT, Srivastava SK. Overexpression of Mcl-1 confers resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors alone and in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors in melanoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40535-56. [PMID: 26497853 PMCID: PMC4747351 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma harboring BRAF mutations frequently develop resistance to BRAF inhibitors, limiting the impact of treatment. Here, we establish a mechanism of resistance and subsequently identified a suitable drug combination to overcome the resistance. Single treatment of BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines with vemurafenib or dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitors) alone or in combination with trametinib (MEK1/2 inhibitor) resulted in overexpression of Mcl-1. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in A375 and SK-MEL-28 by transfection completely blocked BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitor-mediated inhibition of cell survival and apoptosis. Melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibitors showed massive expression of Mcl-1 as compared to respective sensitive cell lines. Silencing of Mcl-1 using siRNA completely sensitized resistant melanoma cells to growth suppression and induction of apoptosis by BRAF inhibitors. In vivo, vemurafenib resistant A375 xenografts implanted in athymic nude mice showed substantial tumor growth inhibition when treated with a combination of vemurafenib and Mcl-1 inhibitor or siRNA. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses demonstrated enhanced expression of Mcl-1 and activation of ERK1/2 in vemurafenib-resistant tumors whereas level of Mcl-1 or p-ERK1/2 was diminished in the tumors of mice treated with either of the combination. Biopsied tumors from the patients treated with or resistant to BRAF inhibitors revealed overexpression of Mcl-1. These results suggest that the combination of BRAF inhibitors with Mcl-1 inhibitor may have therapeutic advantage to melanoma patients with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors alone or in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel M Fofaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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25
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Song T, Wang Z, Ji F, Feng Y, Fan Y, Chai G, Li X, Li Z, Zhang Z. Deactivation of Mcl-1 by Dual-Function Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Bcl-2 Homology 3 Domain and Facilitating Mcl-1 Ubiquitination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14250-14256. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Fangling Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Yudan Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology; Dalian University of Technology; China
| | - Gaobo Chai
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- School of Chemistry; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian, Liaoning China
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26
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Song T, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Substituted indole Mcl-1 inhibitors: a patent evaluation (WO2015148854A1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1227-1238. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1240786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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27
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S Soderquist R, Eastman A. BCL2 Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs: A Plethora of Misleading BH3 Mimetics. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2011-7. [PMID: 27535975 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiapoptotic BCL2 proteins play a major role in tumor cell survival. Hence, BCL2 inhibitors have been developed as direct inducers of apoptosis. ABT-199 (venetoclax) received breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA due to its apparent efficacy in CLL and AML. However, resistance to ABT-199 is mediated by other BCL2 proteins including BCLXL and MCL1. Considerable effort has been expended seeking novel "BH3 mimetics" that inhibit all of these BCL2 proteins. While many BH3 mimetics inhibit BCL2 proteins in vitro, they fail to directly inhibit them in intact cells. Many BH3 mimetics induce the unfolded protein response culminating in induction of the proapoptotic protein NOXA, which in turn inhibits MCL1. We propose simple experiments to validate BH3 mimetics in cells. A true BCL2 inhibitor will rapidly induce apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells ex vivo A BCLXL inhibitor will rapidly induce apoptosis in platelets. Finally, a BH3 mimetic targeting MCL1 will inhibit its degradation thereby inducing rapid MCL1 accumulation. Compounds that fail these tests should no longer be called BH3 mimetics. We now have a toolbox of selective inhibitors for most of the BCL2 proteins, and we hope these new tools will lead to effective treatment options for many cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2011-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Soderquist
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Alan Eastman
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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28
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Sachweh MCC, Stafford WC, Drummond CJ, McCarthy AR, Higgins M, Campbell J, Brodin B, Arnér ESJ, Laín S. Redox effects and cytotoxic profiles of MJ25 and auranofin towards malignant melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16488-506. [PMID: 26029997 PMCID: PMC4599284 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Although recent progress in treatment has been achieved, lack of response, drug resistance and relapse remain major problems. The tumor suppressor p53 is rarely mutated in melanoma, yet it is inactive in the majority of cases due to dysregulation of upstream pathways. Thus, we screened for compounds that can activate p53 in melanoma cells. Here we describe effects of the small molecule MJ25 (2-{[2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)ethyl]thio}-1,3-benzoxazole), which increased the level of p53-dependent transactivation both as a single agent and in combination with nutlin-3. Furthermore, MJ25 showed potent cytotoxicity towards melanoma cell lines, whilst having weaker effects against human normal cells. MJ25 was also identified in an independent screen as an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), an important selenoenzyme in the control of oxidative stress and redox regulation. The well-characterized TrxR inhibitor auranofin, which is FDA-approved and currently in clinical trials against leukemia and a number of solid cancers, displayed effects comparable with MJ25 on cells and led to eradication of cultured melanoma cells at low micromolar concentrations. In conclusion, auranofin, MJ25 or other inhibitors of TrxR1 should be evaluated as candidate compounds or leads for targeted therapy of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke C C Sachweh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William C Stafford
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catherine J Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Campbell
- Centre for Oncology and Molecular Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Tayside, United Kingdom
| | - Bertha Brodin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Tabe Y, Kojima K, Yamamoto S, Sekihara K, Matsushita H, Davis RE, Wang Z, Ma W, Ishizawa J, Kazuno S, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Fujimura T, Ueno T, Miida T, Andreeff M. Ribosomal Biogenesis and Translational Flux Inhibition by the Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) XPO1 Antagonist KPT-185. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137210. [PMID: 26340096 PMCID: PMC4560410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma characterized by the aberrant expression of several growth-regulating, oncogenic effectors. Exportin 1 (XPO1) mediates the nucleocytoplasmic transport of numerous molecules including oncogenic growth-regulating factors, RNAs, and ribosomal subunits. In MCL cells, the small molecule KPT-185 blocks XPO1 function and exerts anti-proliferative effects. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of this putative anti-tumor effect on MCL cells using cell growth/viability assays, immunoblotting, gene expression analysis, and absolute quantification proteomics. KPT-185 exhibited a p53-independent anti-lymphoma effect on MCL cells, by suppression of oncogenic mediators (e.g., XPO1, cyclin D1, c-Myc, PIM1, and Bcl-2 family members), repression of ribosomal biogenesis, and downregulation of translation/chaperone proteins (e.g., PIM2, EEF1A1, EEF2, and HSP70) that are part of the translational/transcriptional network regulated by heat shock factor 1. These results elucidate a novel mechanism in which ribosomal biogenesis appears to be a key component through which XPO1 contributes to tumor cell survival. Thus, we propose that the blockade of XPO1 could be a promising, novel strategy for the treatment of MCL and other malignancies overexpressing XPO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tabe
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Shinichi Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Sekihara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Leading Center for the Development and Research of Cancer Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Matsushita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Richard Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Wencai Ma
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jo Ishizawa
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Sharon Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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30
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Gillies LA, Kuwana T. Apoptosis regulation at the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:632-40. [PMID: 24453042 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by releasing apoptogenic factors from the intermembrane space. This process, known as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), is tightly regulated by the Bcl-2 family proteins. Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bak, change their conformation when activated by BH3 domain-only proteins in the family and permeabilize the MOM, whereas pro-survival members inhibit permeabilization. The precise nature of the apoptotic pore in the MOM is unknown, but is probably lipidic. Furthermore, it has been realized that there is another layer of MOMP regulation by a protein factor termed the catalyst in the MOM in order for Bax/Bak to achieve efficient and complete membrane permeabilization. Mitochondrial dynamics do not affect MOMP directly, but seem closely coordinated with MOMP for swift protein efflux from mitochondria. This review will present current views on the molecular mechanisms and regulation of MOMP and conclude with recent developments in clinical applications based on the knowledge gleaned from the investigation.
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31
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Wang S, Sun W, Zhao Y, McEachern D, Meaux I, Barrière C, Stuckey JA, Meagher JL, Bai L, Liu L, Hoffman-Luca CG, Lu J, Shangary S, Yu S, Bernard D, Aguilar A, Dos-Santos O, Besret L, Guerif S, Pannier P, Gorge-Bernat D, Debussche L. SAR405838: an optimized inhibitor of MDM2-p53 interaction that induces complete and durable tumor regression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5855-65. [PMID: 25145672 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the oncoprotein murine double minute 2 (MDM2)-p53 protein-protein interaction has long been considered to offer a broad cancer therapeutic strategy, despite the potential risks of selecting tumors harboring p53 mutations that escape MDM2 control. In this study, we report a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction, SAR405838 (MI-77301), that has been advanced into phase I clinical trials. SAR405838 binds to MDM2 with K(i) = 0.88 nmol/L and has high specificity over other proteins. A cocrystal structure of the SAR405838:MDM2 complex shows that, in addition to mimicking three key p53 amino acid residues, the inhibitor captures additional interactions not observed in the p53-MDM2 complex and induces refolding of the short, unstructured MDM2 N-terminal region to achieve its high affinity. SAR405838 effectively activates wild-type p53 in vitro and in xenograft tumor tissue of leukemia and solid tumors, leading to p53-dependent cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. At well-tolerated dose schedules, SAR405838 achieves either durable tumor regression or complete tumor growth inhibition in mouse xenograft models of SJSA-1 osteosarcoma, RS4;11 acute leukemia, LNCaP prostate cancer, and HCT-116 colon cancer. Remarkably, a single oral dose of SAR405838 is sufficient to achieve complete tumor regression in the SJSA-1 model. Mechanistically, robust transcriptional upregulation of PUMA induced by SAR405838 results in strong apoptosis in tumor tissue, leading to complete tumor regression. Our findings provide a preclinical basis upon which to evaluate SAR405838 as a therapeutic agent in patients whose tumors retain wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomeng Wang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Wei Sun
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yujun Zhao
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donna McEachern
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Longchuan Bai
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Liu Liu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cassandra Gianna Hoffman-Luca
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sanjeev Shangary
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shanghai Yu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Denzil Bernard
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Angelo Aguilar
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Yang X, Xiang X, Xia M, Su J, Wu Y, Shen L, Xu Y, Sun L. Inhibition of JNK3 Promotes Apoptosis Induced by BH3 Mimetic S1 in Chemoresistant Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:386-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Xiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Meihui Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Luyan Shen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Xu
- Medical Research Laboratory; Jilin Medical College; Jilin 132013 People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Jilin Medical College; Jilin 132013 People's Republic of China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine; Jilin University; Changchun 130021 People's Republic of China
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33
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Yoshimura M, Ishizawa J, Ruvolo V, Dilip A, Quintás-Cardama A, McDonnell TJ, Neelapu SS, Kwak LW, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Tabe Y, Yokoo M, Kimura S, Andreeff M, Kojima K. Induction of p53-mediated transcription and apoptosis by exportin-1 (XPO1) inhibition in mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:795-801. [PMID: 24766216 PMCID: PMC4106990 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear transporter exportin-1 (XPO1) is highly expressed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells, and is believed to be associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. XPO1-selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis in MCL cells. Given that p53 is a cargo protein of XPO1, we sought to determine the significance of p53 activation through XPO1 inhibition in SINE-induced apoptosis of MCL cells. We investigated the prognostic impact of XPO1 expression in MCL cells using Oncomine analysis. The significance of p53 mutational/functional status on sensitivity to XPO1 inhibition in cell models and primary MCL samples, and the functional role of p53-mediated apoptosis signaling, were also examined. Increased XPO1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in MCL patients. The XPO1 inhibitor KPT-185 induced apoptosis in MCL cells through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and p53 status was a critical determinant of its apoptosis induction. The KPT-185-induced, p53-mediated apoptosis in the MCL cells occurred in a transcription-dependent manner. Exportin-1 appears to influence patient survival in MCL, and the SINE XPO1 antagonist KPT-185 effectively activates p53-mediated transcription and apoptosis, which would provide a novel strategy for the therapy of MCL.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylates/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Yoshimura
- Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga UniversitySaga, Japan
| | - Jo Ishizawa
- Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Vivian Ruvolo
- Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Archana Dilip
- Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | | | - Timothy J McDonnell
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Sattva S Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Larry W Kwak
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | | | | | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Yokoo
- Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga UniversitySaga, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga UniversitySaga, Japan
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Saga UniversitySaga, Japan
- Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas
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34
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Grazia G, Penna I, Perotti V, Anichini A, Tassi E. Towards combinatorial targeted therapy in melanoma: from pre-clinical evidence to clinical application (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:929-49. [PMID: 24920406 PMCID: PMC4121406 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, clinical trials with BRAF and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors have shown significant clinical activity in melanoma, but only a fraction of patients respond to these therapies, and development of resistance is frequent. This has prompted a large set of preclinical studies looking at several new combinatorial approaches of pathway- or target-specific inhibitors. At least five main drug association strategies have been verified in vitro and in preclinical models. The most promising include: i) vertical targeting of either MEK or phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, or their combined blockade; ii) association of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) inhibitors with other pro-apoptotic strategies; iii) engagement of death receptors in combination with MEK-, mTOR/PI3K-, histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitors, or with anti-apoptotic molecules modulators; iv) strategies aimed at blocking anti-apoptotic proteins belonging to B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) or inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) families associated with MEK/BRAF/p38 inhibition; v) co-inhibition of other molecules important for survival [proteasome, HDAC and Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat)3] and the major pathways activated in melanoma; vi) simultaneous targeting of multiple anti-apoptotic molecules. Here we review the anti-melanoma efficacy and mechanism of action of the above-mentioned combinatorial strategies, together with the potential clinical application of the most promising studies that may eventually lead to therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grazia
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Penna
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Perotti
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Anichini
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Human Tumors Immunobiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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35
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Bai L, Chen J, McEachern D, Liu L, Zhou H, Aguilar A, Wang S. BM-1197: a novel and specific Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor inducing complete and long-lasting tumor regression in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99404. [PMID: 24901320 PMCID: PMC4047118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are critical regulators of apoptosis that are overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and pharmacological inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL represents a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Using a structure-based design approach, we have designed BM-1197 as a potent and efficacious dual inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. BM-1197 binds to Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins with Ki values less than 1 nM and shows >1,000-fold selectivity over Mcl-1. Mechanistic studies performed in the Mcl-1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells revealed that BM-1197 potently disassociates the heterodimeric interactions between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, concomitant with conformational changes in Bax protein, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent cytochrome c release to the cytosol, leading to activation of the caspase cascade and apoptosis. BM-1197 exerts potent growth-inhibitory activity in 7 of 12 small cell lung cancer cell lines tested and induces mechanism-based apoptotic cell death. When intravenously administered at daily or weekly in H146 and H1963 small-cell lung cancer xenograft models, it achieves complete and long-term tumor regression. Consistent with its targeting of Bcl-xL, BM-1197 causes transit platelet reduction in mice. Collectively, our data indicate that BM-1197 is a promising dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor which warrants further investigation as a new anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchuan Bai
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jianfang Chen
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Donna McEachern
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Liu Liu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Haibin Zhou
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angelo Aguilar
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Abstract
From 1976 to 2010, only 2 medications were approved for treating metastatic melanoma. Between 2011 and 2013, 4 agents were approved and other therapies have shown great promise in clinical trials. Fundamental discoveries, such as the identification of oncogenic mutations in most melanomas, the elucidation of the molecular signaling resulting from these mutations, and the revelation that several cell surface molecules serve as regulators of immune activation, have been instrumental in this progress. This article summarizes the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma, describes the current efforts to target oncogene-driven signaling, and presents the rationale for combining immune and molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Sullivan
- Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Bartlett 6, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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37
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Merkel cell carcinoma dependence on bcl-2 family members for survival. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2241-2250. [PMID: 24614157 PMCID: PMC4181590 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive cutaneous neoplasm with high metastatic potential, has a poor prognosis at late stages of disease with no proven chemotherapeutic regimens. Using an enriched culture medium, we established and characterized 11 MCC cell lines for Bcl-2 family profiling and functional studies. Immunoblot analysis revealed collectively high protein levels of pro-survival Bcl-2 members in cell lines and a panel of MCC tumors. Down-regulation of individual Bcl-2 proteins by RNAi promoted death in a subset of MCC cell lines, whereas simultaneous inhibition of multiple family members using the small molecule antagonist ABT-263 led to dramatic induction of cell death in 10 of 11 lines. ABT-263 induced Bax-dependent apoptosis with rapid cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, regardless of Bcl-2 family profile or presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus. Furthermore, ABT-263 treatment led to rapid and sustained growth suppression of MCC xenografts from a representative cell line, accompanied by a striking increase in apoptosis. Our results establish that concurrent inhibition of multiple pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins leads to effective induction of apoptosis, and strongly support the concept that targeting MCC addiction to these molecules may be useful therapeutically by reversing an intrinsic resistance to cell death.
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38
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Houben R, Schmid CP, Maier M, Wobser M, Motschenbacher S, Becker JC, Vetter-Kauczok CS, Weyandt G, Hesbacher S, Haferkamp S. p53 regulation by TRP2 is not pervasive in melanoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87440. [PMID: 24475287 PMCID: PMC3903882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a central tumor suppressor protein and its inhibition is believed to be a prerequisite for cancer development. In approximately 50% of all malignancies this is achieved by inactivating mutations in the p53 gene. However, in several cancer entities, including melanoma, p53 mutations are rare. It has been recently proposed that tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP2), a protein involved in melanin synthesis, may act as suppressor of the p53 pathway in melanoma. To scrutinize this notion we analyzed p53 and TRP2 expression by immunohistochemistry in 172 melanoma tissues and did not find any correlation. Furthermore, we applied three different TRP2 shRNAs to five melanoma cell lines and could not observe a target specific effect of the TRP2 knockdown on either p53 expression nor p53 reporter gene activity. Likewise, ectopic expression of TRP2 in a TRP2 negative melanoma cell line had no impact on p53 expression. In conclusion our data suggest that p53 repression critically controlled by TRP2 is not a general event in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Corinna P. Schmid
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melissa Maier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marion Wobser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Motschenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Department of General Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia S. Vetter-Kauczok
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Weyandt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hesbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Haferkamp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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39
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Ionizing radiation-inducible microRNA miR-193a-3p induces apoptosis by directly targeting Mcl-1. Apoptosis 2013; 18:896-909. [PMID: 23546867 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in regulating cancer-related events have been established. We analyzed the alterations in the miRNA expression profile of the glioma cell line U-251 caused by ionizing radiation (IR) by using an miRNA array and identified several miRNAs whose expression was significantly affected by IR. Among the IR-responsive miRNAs, we further examined the function of miR-193a-3p, which exhibited the most significant growth-inhibiting effect. miR-193a-3p was observed to induce apoptosis in both U-251 and HeLa cells. We also demonstrated that miR-193a-3p induces the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage as determined by the level of γH2AX and by performing the comet assay. The induction of both apoptosis and DNA damage by miR-193a-3p was blocked by antioxidant treatment, indicating the crucial role of ROS in the action of miR-193a-3p. Among the putative target proteins, the expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, decreased because of miR-193a-3p transfection. A reporter assay using a luciferase construct containing the 3'-untranslated region of Mcl-1 confirmed that Mcl-1 is a direct target of miR-193a-3p. Down-regulation of Mcl-1 by siRNA transfection closely mimicked the outcome of miR-193a-3p transfection showing increased ROS, DNA damage, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis. Ectopic expression of Mcl-1 suppressed the pro-apoptotic action of miR-193a-3p, suggesting that Mcl-1 depletion is critical for miR-193a-3p induced apoptosis. Collectively, our results suggest a novel function for miR-193a-3p and its potential application in cancer therapy.
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40
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Wroblewski D, Jiang CC, Croft A, Farrelly ML, Zhang XD, Hersey P. OBATOCLAX and ABT-737 induce ER stress responses in human melanoma cells that limit induction of apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84073. [PMID: 24367627 PMCID: PMC3868604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, in particular, Mcl-1, are known to play a critical role in resistance of human melanoma cells to induction of apoptosis by endoplasmic reticulum stress and other agents. The present study examined whether the BH3 mimetics, Obatoclax and ABT-737, which inhibit multiple anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, would overcome resistance to apoptosis. We report that both agents induced a strong unfolded protein response (UPR) and that RNAi knockdown of UPR signalling proteins ATF6, IRE1α and XBP-1 inhibited Mcl-1 upregulation and increased sensitivity to the agents. These results demonstrate that inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins by Obatoclax and ABT-737 appears to elicit a protective feedback response in melanoma cells, by upregulation of Mcl-1 via induction of the UPR. We also report that Obatoclax, but not ABT-737, strongly induces autophagy, which appears to play a role in determining melanoma sensitivity to the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wroblewski
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Croft
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Farrelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hersey
- Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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41
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Koziel K, Smigelskaite J, Drasche A, Enthammer M, Ashraf MI, Khalid S, Troppmair J. RAF and antioxidants prevent cell death induction after growth factor abrogation through regulation of Bcl-2 proteins. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2728-38. [PMID: 23933517 PMCID: PMC3809515 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that mitochondrial ROS production is essential to turn growth factor (GF) removal into cell death. Activated RAF, AKT, Bcl-2 and antioxidants protected equally well against ROS accumulation and subsequent death. Here we investigated whether protection by survival signaling and antioxidants utilizes shared or distinct targets. Using serum deprivation from NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and IL-3 withdrawal from promyeloid 32D cells, we showed that pro-survival signaling by activated RAF but not AKT prevented the decline in Mcl-1 following GF abrogation. GF starvation increased levels of Bim in both model systems, which was prevented by RAF in 32D cells but not in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. RAF and AKT suppressed activation and mitochondrial translocation of BAX. Also, antioxidant treatment efficiently prevented BAX activation and death of 32D cells but showed little effect on its mitochondrial translocation. No significant impact of antioxidant treatment on Bim or Mcl-1 expression was observed. ROS produced during GF abrogation also did not alter the activity of intracellular signaling pathways, which have been implicated previously in cell killing by pro-oxidants. Together these data suggest Bcl-2 family proteins as convergence point for RAF and ROS in life and death decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Koziel
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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42
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Desai BM, Villanueva J, Nguyen TTK, Lioni M, Xiao M, Kong J, Krepler C, Vultur A, Flaherty KT, Nathanson KL, Smalley KSM, Herlyn M. The anti-melanoma activity of dinaciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is dependent on p53 signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59588. [PMID: 23527225 PMCID: PMC3601112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)-2 is known to be dispensable for the growth of most tumors, it is thought to be important for the proliferation of melanoma cells, where its expression is controlled by the melanocyte-lineage specific transcription factor MITF. Treatment of a panel of melanoma cells with the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of growth under both 2D adherent and 3D organotypic cell culture conditions. Dinaciclib targeted melanoma cell lines regardless of cdk2 or MITF levels. Inhibition of growth was associated with a rapid induction of G2/M cell arrest and apoptosis. Treatment of human melanoma mouse xenografts with dinaciclib led to tumor regression associated with reduced retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. Further mechanistic studies revealed that dinaciclib induces p53 expression whilst simultaneously downregulating the expression of the anti-apoptotic factors Mcl-1 and XIAP. To clarify the role of p53 activation in the dinaciclib-induced cell death, we generated melanoma cell lines in which p53 expression was knocked down using a shRNA lentiviral vector. Knockdown of p53 completely abolished the induction of apoptosis seen following dinaciclib treatment as shown by a lack of annexin-V staining and caspase-3 cleavage. Altogether, these data show that dinaciclib induces apoptosis in a large panel of melanoma cell lines through a mechanism requiring p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijal M. Desai
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Mercedes Lioni
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Min Xiao
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jun Kong
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clemens Krepler
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adina Vultur
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Keiran S. M. Smalley
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Angermeyer S, Hesbacher S, Becker JC, Schrama D, Houben R. Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma cells do not require expression of the viral small T antigen. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2059-64. [PMID: 23439392 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). The viral sequence encodes for two potential oncoproteins, i.e., the small T antigen (sT) and the large T antigen (LT). Indeed, sT has recently been shown to bear transforming activity. Here, we confirm this observation by demonstrating focus formation upon expression of MCV sT in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. On the other hand, however, we provide evidence that established MCC cells do not require sT for growth and survival. Silencing of sT protein expression by two different sT-specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) leads to variable degrees of growth retardation in MCV-positive MCC cell lines. However, these effects are not sT specific, as proliferation of MCV-negative cell lines is similarly affected by these sT shRNAs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of shRNA-insensitive sT does not revert the growth inhibition implicated by sT silencing. Finally, the unambiguous and specific growth inhibition induced by means of an shRNA targeting both T antigens, can be completely rescued by ectopic expression of LT alone, thus demonstrating a dispensable role of sT. Altogether, our results indicate that MCV LT is more relevant in maintaining the proliferation and survival of established MCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Angermeyer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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A review of the role of Puma, Noxa and Bim in the tumorigenesis, therapy and drug resistance of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 20:1-7. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Soengas MS. Mitophagy or how to control the Jekyll and Hyde embedded in mitochondrial metabolism: implications for melanoma progression and drug resistance. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:721-31. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María S. Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Pathology Programme; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (Spanish National Cancer Research Centre); Madrid; Spain
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Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is critical to oncogenic signaling in the majority of patients with malignant melanoma. Driver mutations in both NRAS and BRAF have important implications for prognosis and treatment. The development of inhibitors to mediators of the MAPK pathway, including those to CRAF, BRAF, and MEK, has led to major advances in the treatment of patients with melanoma. In particular, the selective BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib has been shown to improve overall survival in patients with tumors harboring BRAF mutations. However, the duration of benefit is limited in many patients and highlights the need for understanding the limitations of therapy in order to devise more effective strategies. MEK inhibitors have proven to particularly active in BRAF mutant melanomas also. Emerging knowledge about mechanisms of resistance as well as a more complete understanding of the biology of MAPK pathway signaling provides insight into rational combination regimens and sequences of molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Brohem CA, Massaro RR, Tiago M, Marinho CE, Jasiulionis MG, de Almeida RL, Rivelli DP, Albuquerque RC, de Oliveira TF, de Melo Loureiro AP, Okada S, Soengas MS, de Moraes Barros SB, Maria-Engler SS. Proteasome inhibition and ROS generation by 4-nerolidylcatechol induces melanoma cell death. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:354-69. [PMID: 22372875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Brohem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Nys K, Agostinis P. Bcl-2 family members: essential players in skin cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:1-13. [PMID: 22281242 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer has reached epidemic proportions and is considered to be a direct consequence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. Excessive exposure of epidermal cells to UV results in apoptosis of irreparably damaged cells to avoid malignant transformation. The Bcl-2 family of proteins is emerging as a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis and cell's fate in the stressed skin. Not surprisingly, deregulation of Bcl-2 family members is also chiefly involved in skin carcinogenesis and response to cancer therapy. Here we discuss the physiopathological role of epidermal Bcl-2 family members, their implications in skin carcinogenesis and as potential targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Nys
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Unit, Department for Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bajwa N, Liao C, Nikolovska-Coleska Z. Inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 22:37-55. [PMID: 22195752 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.644274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins is central to the regulation of apoptosis, which is vital for proper tissue development and cellular homeostasis. Anti-apoptotic proteins, members of the Bcl-2 family, are an important survival factor for many cancers and their overexpression has been associated with tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to current anticancer therapies. Therefore, strategies seeking to antagonize the function of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins have been extensively studied for developing a novel cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This review covers research and patent literature of the last 15 years dealing with the discovery and development of inhibitors of the Bcl-2 protein family. EXPERT OPINION The feasibility of disrupting protein-protein interactions between anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, members of the Bcl-2 family, using peptidomimetics and small-molecule inhibitors has been successfully established. Three small-molecule inhibitors have entered human clinical trials, which will allow the evaluation of this potential therapeutic approach in cancer patients. It will be important to gain a better understanding of pan and selective Bcl-2 inhibitors in order to facilitate future drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naval Bajwa
- University of Michigan, Medical School, Department of Pathology, 4510E MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Low ICC, Kang J, Pervaiz S. Bcl-2: a prime regulator of mitochondrial redox metabolism in cancer cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2975-87. [PMID: 21574773 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria play a critical role as death amplifiers during drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells by providing pro-apoptotic factors that are released from the mitochondrial inter-membranous space upon the induction of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. This intrinsic death signaling pathway is the preferred mechanism employed by most anticancer compounds, and as such, resistance to drug-induced apoptosis is invariably associated with inhibition of mitochondrial death signaling network. The latter is a function of a balance between the pro- and the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Bcl-2 is the prototype anti-apoptotic protein that localizes to the mitochondria and blocks the recruitment and activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, to the mitochondria. RECENT ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES Recent evidence has highlighted a novel mechanism of anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2 in addition to its canonical activity in regulating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. This novel activity is a function of cellular redox regulation, in particular, mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Here we review the current state of our understanding of the death inhibitory activity of Bcl-2 and provide insight into the novel functional biology of this remarkable protein, which could have implications for designing innovative strategies to overcome the problem of drug resistance in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cherh Chiet Low
- ROS, Apoptosis and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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