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Birkeness LB, Banerjee S, Quadir M, Banerjee SK. The role of CCNs in controlling cellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:35-45. [PMID: 35674933 PMCID: PMC10030743 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cellular communication network (CCN) family of growth regulatory factors comprises six secreted matricellular proteins that promote signal transduction through cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction. The diversity of functionality between each protein is specific to the many aspects of healthy and cancer biology. For example, CCN family proteins modulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis, and survival. In addition, the expression of each protein regulates many biological and pathobiological processes within its microenvironment to regulate angiogenesis, inflammatory response, chondrogenesis, fibrosis, and mitochondrial integrity. The collective range of CCN operation remains fully comprehended; however, understanding each protein's microenvironment may draw more conclusions about the abundance of interactions and signaling cascades occurring within such issues. This review observes and distinguishes the various roles a CCN protein may execute within distinct tumor microenvironments and the biological associations among them. Finally. We also review how CCN-family proteins can be used in nano-based therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Birkeness
- Cancer Research Unit, Research Division, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Research Division, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66106, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Research Division, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66106, USA.
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2
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Zolfaghari S, Kaasbøll OJ, Monsen VT, Sredic B, Hagelin EMV, Attramadal H. The carboxyl-terminal TSP1-homology domain is the biologically active effector peptide of matricellular protein CCN5 that counteracts profibrotic CCN2. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102803. [PMID: 36529291 PMCID: PMC9860493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular Communication Network (CCN) proteins have multimodular structures important for their roles in cellular responses associated with organ development and tissue homeostasis. CCN2 has previously been reported to be secreted as a preproprotein that requires proteolytic activation to release its bioactive carboxyl-terminal fragment. Here, our goal was to resolve whether CCN5, a divergent member of the CCN family with converse functions relative to CCN2, releases the TSP1 homology domain as its bioactive signaling entity. The recombinant CCN5 or CCN3 TSP1 homology domains were produced in ExpiCHO-S or DG44 CHO cells as secretory fusion proteins appended to the carboxyl-terminal end of His-Halo-Sumo or amino-terminal end of human albumin and purified from the cell culture medium. We tested these fusion proteins in various phosphokinase signaling pathways or cell physiologic assays. Fusion proteins with the CCN5 TSP1 domain inhibited key signaling pathways previously reported to be stimulated by CCN2, irrespective of fusion partner. The fusion proteins also efficiently inhibited CCN1/2-stimulated cell migration and gap closure following scratch wound of fibroblasts. Fusion protein with the CCN3 TSP1 domain inhibited these functions with similar efficacy and potency as that of the CCN5 TSP1 domain. The CCN5 TSP1 domain also recapitulated a positive regulatory function previously assigned to full-length CCN5, that is, induction of estrogen receptor-α mRNA expression in triple negative MDA-MB-231 mammary adenocarcinoma cells and inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and CCN2-induced mammosphere formation of MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, the CCN5 TSP1 domain is the bioactive entity that confers the biologic functions of unprocessed CCN5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Zolfaghari
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vivi T. Monsen
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bojana Sredic
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Håvard Attramadal
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,For correspondence: Håvard Attramadal
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3
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WISP2/CCN5 Suppresses Vasculogenic Mimicry through Inhibition of YAP/TAZ Signaling in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061487. [PMID: 35326638 PMCID: PMC8945957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide. Advanced breast cancer with distant organ metastases is considered incurable with currently available therapies. The vasculogenic mimicry (VM) process is associated with an invasive and metastatic cancer phenotype and a poor prognosis for human breast cancer patients. Our aim was to study the effect of WISP2, a matricellular protein, on VM. We found that WISP2 inhibits VM through inhibition of CYR61 protein expression and YAP-TAZ signaling. Our finding may open promising candidates for blocking VM in breast cancer. Abstract Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formed by aggressive tumor cells to create vascular networks connected with the endothelial cells, plays an important role in breast cancer progression. WISP2 has been considered as a tumor suppressor protein; however, the relationship between WISP2 and VM formation remains unclear. We used the in vitro tube formation assay and in vivo immunohistochemical analysis in a mouse model, and human breast tumors were used to evaluate the effect of WISP2 on VM formation. Here we report that WISP2 acts as a potent inhibitor of VM formation in breast cancer. Enforced expression of WISP2 decreased network formation while knockdown of WISP2 increased VM. Mechanistically, WISP2 increased retention of oncogenic activators YAP/TAZ in cytoplasm, leading to decreased expression of the angiogenic factor CYR61. Studies using an in vivo mouse model and human breast tumors confirmed the in vitro cell lines data. In conclusion, our results indicate that WISP2 may play a critical role in VM and highlight the critical role of WISP2 as a tumor suppressor.
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4
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Sun S, Cui Z, Yan T, Wu J, Liu Z. CCN5 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:998-1008. [PMID: 31889370 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis and high mortality. The role of CCN5 has attracted a great focus on the regulation of cancer progression. However, the biological function and mechanism of CCN5 in OSCC are still not well elucidated. The current study was designed to determine the effects of CCN5 on OSCC cell proliferation and apoptosis using two OSCC cell lines. Further, LY294002, a PI3K/AKT antagonist, was employed to explore the mechanism underlying the effects of CCN5 in the regulation of OSCC. The results showed that overexpression of CCN5 in TSCCa cells significantly reduced viable cell number, arrested cell cycle, and suppressed cell-cycle regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK2). CCN5 overexpression increased the apoptotic ratio and Hoechst-positive cell number, and altered the apoptotic-related proteins (caspase-3/9, Bax, and Bcl-2). However, CCN5 silencing induced opposite effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis in Tca-8113 cells. In addition, we observed that CCN5 knockdown increased the expression levels of PI3K (p85α and p110α) and phosphorylated AKT at serine 473 (p-AKT Ser473) in Tca-8113 cells. Inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling with LY294002 rescued the apoptotic process in CCN5-silenced OSCC cells. Finally, xenograft analysis showed that CCN5 represses tumorigenesis of OSCC cells. These findings together suggest that CCN5 functions as a tumor suppressor for OSCC cell development through inactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, providing a potential candidate for OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqun Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Yan
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
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5
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RLIP controls receptor-ligand signaling by regulating clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188337. [PMID: 31904398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RLIP (Ral-interacting protein) is a multifunctional protein that couples ATP hydrolysis with the movement of substances. Its primary function appears to be in the plasma membrane, where it catalyzes the ATP-dependent efflux of glutathione-conjugates (GS-Es), as well as un-metabolized drugs and toxins. In the plasma membrane, its interaction with the clathrin adaptor protein AP2 localizes it to endocytic vesicle, where its GS-E-stimulated ATPase and transport activity are required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE). CDE is an essential mechanism for internalizing ligand-receptor complexes that signal proliferation (EGF, insulin, IGF1), apoptosis (TNFα, TRAIL, Fas-L), and differentiation and morphogenesis (TGFβ, WNT, Notch, SHH). Aberrant functioning of these pathways appears crucial for most cancer cells to evade apoptosis, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize. Internalization of receptor-ligand complexes by CDE begins a sequence of events that can terminate, initiate, or modulate downstream signaling; the consequences of signaling through these downstream pathways may be inherently different in cancer and normal cells, a view supported by numerous basic and clinical observations. In this review, we will discuss the GS-E transport activity of RLIP, which determines the rate of ligand endocytosis, and how the inhibition and/or depletion of RLIP globally disrupts in ligand-receptor signaling.
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6
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Xiao X, Shen Y, Yin L, He J, Ni X, Luo G, Chen X, Zhu W, Zhong J, Liu J, Peng X, Zu X. Knockdown of ZBTB7A inhibits cell proliferation of breast cancer through regulating the ubiquitination of estrogen receptor alpha. Life Sci 2019; 239:117042. [PMID: 31715186 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS ZBTB7A, a transcriptional repressor, accelerates the breast cancer progression. Over 70% of breast cancer samples are identified as ER-α positive. Due to the function of ZBTB7A in ER-α positive breast cancer incompletely known, we aimed to determine the role of ZBTB7A in ER-α positive cancer and explore the underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS In this study, the correlation between ZBTB7A and ER-α was confirmed by tissue microarray-based and TCGA database. Then, we explore if ZBTB7A maintains ER-α's level via targeting ER-α's expression or degradation. Finally, we examined the effect of ZBTB7A on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. KEY FINDINGS We further confirmed that ZBTB7A shows a significant positive correlation with ER-α in clinical breast cancer samples by tissue microarray-based analysis. Mechanically, we identified that the inhibition of ZBTB7A could upregulate E3 ligase TRIM25 leading to enhancement of ER-α ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which could partly explain the correlation between ZBTB7A and ER-α. Besides, we uncovered that ZBTB7A could also transcriptionally increase the expression of ER-α via indirectly binding to the region +146 to +461 bp downstream of the transcription start site of ESR1 (ERpro315) in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, ZBTB7A is found to stimulate the expression of ER-α's downstream genes, and promote the growth of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α)-positive breast cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our data revealed the novel mechanisms through which ZBTB7A manipulates ER-α level and might provide a new avenue for endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Yin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ni
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuda Peng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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7
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Sarkar S, Ghosh A, Banerjee S, Maity G, Das A, Larson MA, Gupta V, Haque I, Tawfik O, Banerjee SK. CCN5/WISP-2 restores ER-∝ in normal and neoplastic breast cells and sensitizes triple negative breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e340. [PMID: 28530705 PMCID: PMC5569333 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN5/WISP-2 is an anti-invasive molecule and prevents breast cancer (BC)
progression. However, it is not well understood how CCN5 prevents invasive phenotypes
of BC cells. CCN5 protein expression is detected in estrogen receptor-α
(ER-α) -positive normal breast epithelial cells as well as BC cells, which are
weakly invasive and rarely metastasize depending on the functional status of
ER-α. A unique molecular relation between CCN5 and ER-α has been
established as the components of the same signaling pathway that coordinate some
essential signals associated with the proliferation as well as delaying the disease
progression from a non-invasive to invasive phenotypes. Given the importance of this
connection, we determined the role of CCN5 in regulation of ER-α in different
cellular settings and their functional relationship. In a genetically engineered
mouse model, induced expression of CCN5 in the mammary ductal epithelial cells by
doxycycline promotes ER-α expression. Similarly, CCN5 regulates ER-α
expression and activity in normal and neoplastic breast cells, as documented in
various in vitro settings such as mouse mammary gland culture, human mammary
epithelial cell and different BC cell cultures in the presence or absence of human
recombinant CCN5 (hrCCN5) protein. Mechanistically, at least in the BC cells, CCN5 is
sufficient to induce ER-α expression at the transcription level via interacting
with integrins-α6β1 and suppressing Akt followed by activation of FOXO3a.
Moreover, in vitro and in vivo functional assays indicate that CCN5
treatment promotes response to tamoxifen in triple-negative BC (TNBC) cells possibly
via restoring ER-α. Collectively, these studies implicates that the combination
treatments of CCN5 (via activation of CCN5 or hrCCN5 treatment) and tamoxifen as
potential therapies for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - A Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Maity
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - A Das
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M A Larson
- Transgenic and Gene-targeting Institutional Facilities, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - V Gupta
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - I Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O Tawfik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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8
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Liu JL, Kaddour N, Chowdhury S, Li Q, Gao ZH. Role of CCN5 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2) in pancreatic islets. J Diabetes 2017; 9:462-474. [PMID: 27863006 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of direct targets of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 action, we discovered CCN5 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 [WISP2]) as a novel protein expressed in pancreatic β-cells. As a member of the "CCN" ( C ysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 [Cyr61], C onnective tissue growth factor [CTGF in humans], and N ephroblastoma overexpressed [Nov; in chickens]) family, the expression of CCN5/WISP2 is stimulated by IGF-1 together with Wnt signaling. When overexpressed in insulinoma cells, CCN5 promotes cell proliferation and cell survival against streptozotocin-induced cell death. The cell proliferation effect seems to be caused by AKT phosphorylation and increased cyclin D1 levels. These properties resemble those of CCN2/CTGF, another isoform of the CCN family, although CCN5 is the only one within the family of six proteins that lacks the C-terminal repeat. Treatment of primary mouse islets with recombinant CCN5 protein produced similar effects to those of gene transfection, indicating that either as a matricellular protein or a secreted growth factor, CCN5 stimulates β-cell proliferation and regeneration in a paracrine fashion. This review also discusses the regulation of CCN5/WISP2 by estrogen and its involvement in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nancy Kaddour
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Subrata Chowdhury
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Deficiency of CCN5/WISP-2-Driven Program in breast cancer Promotes Cancer Epithelial cells to mesenchymal stem cells and Breast Cancer growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1220. [PMID: 28450698 PMCID: PMC5430628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer progression and relapse is conceivably due to tumor initiating cells (TICs)/cancer stem cells. EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition)-signaling regulates TICs’ turnover. However, the mechanisms associated with this episode are unclear. We show that, in triple-negative-breast cancer (TNBC) cells enriched with TICs, CCN5 significantly blocks cellular growth via apoptosis, reversing EMT-signaling and impairing mammosphere formation, thereby blocking the tumor-forming ability and invasive capacity of these cells. To corroborate these findings, we isolated tumor-initiating side populations (SP) and non-side population (NSP or main population) from MCF-7 cell line, and evaluated the impact of CCN5 on these subpopulations. CCN5 was overexpressed in the NSP but downregulated in the SP. Characteristically, NSP cells are ER-α positive and epithelial type with little tumorigenic potency, while SP cells are very similar to triple-negative ones that do not express ER-α- and Her-2 and are highly tumorigenic in xenograft models. The overexpression of CCN5 in SP results in EMT reversion, ER-α upregulation and delays in tumor growth in xenograft models. We reasoned that CCN5 distinguishes SP and NSP and could reprogram SP to NSP transition, thereby delaying tumor growth in the xenograft model. Collectively, we reveal how CCN5-signaling underlies the driving force to prevent TNBC growth and progression.
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10
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Li J, Ye L, Owen S, Weeks HP, Zhang Z, Jiang WG. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1451-63. [PMID: 26498181 PMCID: PMC4678164 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins comprises the members CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6. They share four evolutionarily conserved functional domains, and usually interact with various cytokines to elicit different biological functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis and inflammation through a variety of signalling pathways. In the past two decades, emerging functions for the CCN proteins (CCNs) have been identified in various types of cancer. Perturbed expression of CCNs has been observed in a variety of malignancies. The aberrant expression of certain CCNs is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Insight into the detailed mechanisms involved in CCN-mediated regulation may be useful in understanding their roles and functions in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we briefly introduced the functions of CCNs, especially in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Weeks
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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11
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Xiao G, Tang Z, Yuan X, Yuan J, Zhao J, Zhang Z, He Z, Liu J. The expression of Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway protein-2 in astrocytoma: Correlation between pathological grade and clinical outcome. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:235-240. [PMID: 25435966 PMCID: PMC4246620 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway protein-2 (WISP-2) is a member of the CCN family, which is critical for the control of cell morphology, motion, adhesion and other processes involved in tumorigenesis. The expression pattern and clinical significance of WISP-2 in astrocytomas remains unclear. In this study, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to systematically investigate the expression of WISP-2 in 47 astrocytoma tissues of different pathological grades and 10 normal brain tissues. The mRNA expression levels of WISP-2 in the astrocytoma tissues were observed to be significantly higher than those in the normal brain tissues. Furthermore, the upregulation of WISP-2 was found to be associated with astrocytomas of higher pathological grades. Subsequently, 154 astrocytoma and 15 normal brain tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and similar results were obtained. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were used to determine the correlations between WISP-2 expression and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The results indicated that the expression of WISP-2 was found to negatively correlate with patient PFS and OS. These results demonstrated that the WISP-2 protein is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of human astrocytomas and may serve as a malignant biomarker of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelei Xiao
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xianrui Yuan
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yuan
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Liu
- The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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12
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Li K, Du H, Lian X, Yang S, Chai D, Wang C, Yang R, Chen X. Characterization of β2-microglobulin expression in different types of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:750. [PMID: 25292288 PMCID: PMC4197271 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Βeta-2-microglobulin (β2-M) has been demonstrated as a growth factor and signaling molecule in breast cancer and leukemia. The purpose of the study is to characterize β2-M expression in molecular subtypes of breast cancer, thereby investigating the mechanism of β2-M action in breast cancer. Methods β2-M and B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) transcript expression levels in breast cancer tissue and the corresponding normal tissue were quantified using real-time PCR. The protein expression levels of β2-M, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), tumor protein 53 (p53) and Ki67 were determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Following silencing of the β2-M by siRNA, the levels of Bcl-2, ER, PR and HER-2 transcripts and the protein expression levels in human breast cancer cells were measured by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results The expression of β2-M transcripts demonstrated no significant differences between the four breast cancer molecular subtypes and no significant correlations with age, clinical stage or lymph node metastasis. β2-M transcript expression demonstrated a positive correlation when compared to Bcl-2 transcript expression (P < 0.05). The β2-M protein expression was significantly higher in breast cancer when compared with benign breast tumors (P < 0.01), and have no significant correlation with age, clinical stage or lymph node metastasis. There was a significant difference demonstrated in β2-M protein expression in the four breast cancer molecular subtypes (P < 0.05), and between the ER+ and ER− groups (P < 0.01); however, no significant difference was demonstrated between the HER-2+ and HER-2− groups. β2-M protein expression had a negative correlation with ER protein expression (P < 0.01), a positive correlation with p53 protein expression (P < 0.01), and no correlation with Ki67 protein expression. β2-M silencing significantly inhibited Bcl-2 mRNA expression, but did not inhibit ER, PR and HER-2 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells (ER+, PR+ and HER-2−). In addition, Bcl-2 and HER-2 mRNA expression were significantly up-regulated in MDA-MB-231 cells (ER−, PR− and HER-2−), which is consistent with the silencing effect seen at the protein level. Conclusions β2-M expression demonstrated a significant difference in the four breast cancer molecular subtypes, and may be related to apoptosis regulation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesheng Li
- Department of Medicine Biotechnology, Medicine and Science Research Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
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13
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Effects of estradiol on transcriptional profiles in atherosclerotic iliac arteries in ovariectomized cynomolgus macaques. Menopause 2014; 21:143-52. [PMID: 23760433 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31829367c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the in vivo effects of estradiol treatment on arterial gene expression in atherosclerotic postmenopausal female monkeys. METHODS Eight ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys were fed atherogenic diets for 6.5 years. The left iliac artery was biopsied before randomization to the estradiol group (human equivalent dose of 1 mg/d, n = 4) or the vehicle group (n = 4) for 8 months. The right iliac artery was obtained at necropsy. Transcriptional profiles in pretreatment versus posttreatment iliac arteries were compared to assess the responses of atherosclerotic arteries to estradiol. RESULTS Iliac artery plaque size did not differ between the estradiol group and the placebo group at baseline or during the treatment period. Nevertheless, estradiol treatment was associated with increased expression of 106 genes and decreased expression of 26 genes in the iliac arteries. Estradiol treatment increased the expression of extracellular matrix genes, including the α1 chain of type I collagen, the α2 chain of type VI collagen, and fibulin 2, suggestive of an increase in the proportion or phenotype of smooth muscles or fibroblasts in lesions. Also increased were components of the insulin-like growth factor pathway (insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5) and the Wnt signaling pathway (secreted frizzled-related protein 2, secreted frizzled-related protein 4, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, and Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 2). CONCLUSIONS Estradiol treatment of monkeys with established atherosclerosis affected iliac artery gene expression, suggesting changes in the cellular composition of lesions. Moreover, it is probable that the presence of atherosclerotic plaque affected the gene expression responses of arteries to estrogen.
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Haque I, Banerjee S, De A, Maity G, Sarkar S, Majumdar M, Jha SS, McGragor D, Banerjee SK. CCN5/WISP-2 promotes growth arrest of triple-negative breast cancer cells through accumulation and trafficking of p27(Kip1) via Skp2 and FOXO3a regulation. Oncogene 2014; 34:3152-63. [PMID: 25132260 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The matricellular protein CCN5/WISP-2 represents a promising target in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) because treatment or induced activation of CCN5 in TNBC cells promotes cell growth arrest at the G0/G1 phase, reduces cell proliferation and delays tumor growth in the xenograft model. Our studies found that the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor protein is upregulated and relocalized to the nucleus from cytoplasm by CCN5 in these cells and that these two events (upregulation and relocalization of p27(Kip1)) are critical for CCN5-induced growth inhibition of TNBC cells. In the absence of CCN5, p27(Kip1) resides mostly in the cytoplasm, which is associated with the aggressive nature of cancer cells. Mechanistically, CCN5 inhibits Skp2 expression, which seems to stabilize the p27(Kip1) protein in these cells. On the other hand, CCN5 also recruits FOXO3a to mediate the transcriptional regulation of p27(Kip1). The recruitment of FOXO3a is achieved by the induction of its expression and activity through shifting from cytoplasm to the nucleus. Our data indicate that CCN5 blocks PI3K/AKT signaling to dephosphorylate at S318, S253 and Thr32 in FOXO3a for nuclear relocalization and activation of FOXO3a. Moreover, inhibition of α6β1 receptors diminishes CCN5 action on p27(Kip1) in TNBC cells. Collectively, these data suggest that CCN5 effectively inhibits TNBC growth through the accumulation and trafficking of p27(Kip1) via Skp2 and FOXO3a regulation, and thus, activation of CCN5 may have the therapeutic potential to kill TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Haque
- 1] Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S Banerjee
- 1] Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - A De
- Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - G Maity
- 1] Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- 1] Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - M Majumdar
- Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S S Jha
- Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - D McGragor
- Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - S K Banerjee
- 1] Cancer Research Unit, V.A. Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA [3] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Fuady JH, Bordoli MR, Abreu-Rodríguez I, Kristiansen G, Hoogewijs D, Stiehl DP, Wenger RH. Hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated induction of WISP-2 contributes to attenuated progression of breast cancer. HYPOXIA 2014; 2:23-33. [PMID: 27774464 PMCID: PMC5045054 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s54404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway trigger the expression of several genes involved in cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Transcriptionally active HIF-1 and HIF-2 regulate overlapping sets of target genes, and only few HIF-2 specific target genes are known so far. Here we investigated oxygen-regulated expression of Wnt-1 induced signaling protein 2 (WISP-2), which has been reported to attenuate the progression of breast cancer. WISP-2 was hypoxically induced in low-invasive luminal-like breast cancer cell lines at both the messenger RNA and protein levels, mainly in a HIF-2α-dependent manner. HIF-2-driven regulation of the WISP2 promoter in breast cancer cells is almost entirely mediated by two phylogenetically and only partially conserved functional hypoxia response elements located in a microsatellite region upstream of the transcriptional start site. High WISP-2 tumor levels were associated with increased HIF-2α, decreased tumor macrophage density, and a better prognosis. Silencing WISP-2 increased anchorage-independent colony formation and recovery from scratches in confluent cell layers of normally low-invasive MCF-7 cancer cells. Interestingly, these changes in cancer cell aggressiveness could be phenocopied by HIF-2α silencing, suggesting that direct HIF-2-mediated transcriptional induction of WISP-2 gene expression might at least partially explain the association of high HIF-2α tumor levels with prolonged overall survival of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry H Fuady
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia R Bordoli
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Abreu-Rodríguez
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Hoogewijs
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Stiehl
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland H Wenger
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Ferrand N, Gnanapragasam A, Dorothee G, Redeuilh G, Larsen AK, Sabbah M. Loss of WISP2/CCN5 in estrogen-dependent MCF7 human breast cancer cells promotes a stem-like cell phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87878. [PMID: 24498388 PMCID: PMC3912128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells generates stem cell features. WISP2 (Wnt-1-induced signaling protein-2) plays an important role in maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and loss of WISP2 is associated with EMT. We now report that loss of WISP2 in MCF7 breast cancer cells can also promote the emergence of a cancer stem-like cell phenotype characterized by high expression of CD44, increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and mammosphere formation. Higher levels of the stem cell markers Nanog and Oct3/4 were observed in those mammospheres. In addition we show that low-cell inoculums are capable of tumor formation in the mammary fat pad of immunodeficient mice. Gene expression analysis show an enrichment of markers linked to stem cell function such as SOX9 and IGFBP7 which is linked to TGF-β inducible, SMAD3-dependent transcription. Taken together, our data demonstrate that WISP2 loss promotes both EMT and the stem-like cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Ferrand
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Gnanapragasam
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dorothee
- Immune system, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative diseases, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Redeuilh
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Annette K. Larsen
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ji J, Jia S, Ji K, Jiang WG. Wnt1 inducible signalling pathway protein-2 (WISP‑2/CCN5): roles and regulation in human cancers (review). Oncol Rep 2013; 31:533-9. [PMID: 24337439 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt1 inducible signalling pathway protein-2 (WISP‑2), also known as CCN5, CT58, CTGF-L, CTGF-3, HICP and Cop1, is one of the 3 WNT1 inducible proteins that belongs to the CCN family. This family of members has been shown to play multiple roles in a number of pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, wound healing, extracellular matrix regulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, fibrosis, skeletal development and embryo implantation. Recent results suggest that WISP-2 is relevant to tumorigenesis and malignant transformation, particularly in breast cancer, colorectal cancer and hepatocarcinoma. Notably, its roles in cancer appear to vary depending on cell/tumour type and the microenvironment. The striking difference in the structure of WISP-2 in comparison with the other 2 family members may contribute to its difference in functions, which leads to the hypothesis that WISP-2 may act as a dominant-negative regulator of other CCN family members. In the present review, we summarise the roles, regulation and underlying mechanism of WISP-2 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Ji
- Department of Gastro-enterological Cancers, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Cardiff University-Peking University Joint Cancer Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ji
- Cardiff University-Peking University Joint Cancer Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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18
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Li Y, Luh CJ, Burns KA, Arao Y, Jiang Z, Teng CT, Tice RR, Korach KS. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs): In Vitro Mechanism of Estrogenic Activation and Differential Effects on ER Target Genes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:459-66. [PMID: 23384675 PMCID: PMC3620735 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) influence the activity of estrogen receptors (ERs) and alter the function of the endocrine system. However, the diversity of EDC effects and mechanisms of action are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We examined the agonistic activity of EDCs through ERα and ERβ. We also investigated the effects of EDCs on ER-mediated target genes. METHODS HepG2 and HeLa cells were used to determine the agonistic activity of EDCs on ERα and ERβ via the luciferase reporter assay. Ishikawa cells stably expressing ERα were used to determine changes in endogenous ER target gene expression by EDCs. RESULTS Twelve EDCs were categorized into three groups on the basis of product class and similarity of chemical structure. As shown by luciferase reporter analysis, the EDCs act as ER agonists in a cell type- and promoter-specific manner. Bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and 2-2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (group 1) strongly activated ERα estrogen responsive element (ERE)-mediated responses. Daidzein, genistein, kaempferol, and coumestrol (group 2) activated both ERα and ERβ ERE-mediated activities. Endosulfan and kepone (group 3) weakly activated ERα. Only a few EDCs significantly activated the "tethered" mechanism via ERα or ERβ. Results of real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that bisphenol A and bisphenol AF consistently activated endogenous ER target genes, but the activities of other EDCs on changes of ER target gene expression were compound specific. CONCLUSION Although EDCs with similar chemical structures (in the same group) tended to have comparable ERα and ERβ ERE-mediated activities, similar chemical structure did not correlate with previously reported ligand binding affinities of the EDCs. Using ERα-stable cells, we observed that EDCs differentially induced activity of endogenous ER target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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19
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Kongsuwan K, Knox MR, Allingham PG, Pearson R, Dalrymple BP. The effect of combination treatment with trenbolone acetate and estradiol-17β on skeletal muscle expression and plasma concentrations of oxytocin in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:67-73. [PMID: 22503145 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of trenbolone acetate (TBA) in conjunction with estradiol-17β (E(2)) increases growth, feed conversion efficiency, and carcass leanness in cattle. Our previous study in Brahman steers suggested that the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin (OXT) may be involved in increasing muscle growth after TBA-E(2) treatment. The present study aimed to determine whether OXT mRNA expression in the longissimus muscle (LM) is also up-regulated in TBA-E(2-)implanted wethers as has been found in steers. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression of the gene encoding the OXT precursor, three genes with increased expression in the LM muscle of TBA-E(2)-treated steers, MYOD1 (muscle transcription factor), GREB1 (growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1), and WISP2 (Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2), and two genes encoding IGF pathway proteins, IGF1, IGFR, in the LM of both untreated and TBA-E(2)-treated wethers. The expression of OXT mRNA in wethers that received the TBA-E(2) treatment was increased ~4.4-fold (P = 0.01). TBA-E(2) treatment also induced a 2.3-fold increase in circulating OXT (P = 0.001). These data, together with the observation that untreated wethers had much higher baseline concentrations of circulating OXT than previously observed in steers, suggest that wethers and steers have quite different OXT hormone systems. TBA-E(2) treatment had no effect on the expression of IGF1, IGFR, and the muscle regulatory gene MYOD1 mRNA levels in wethers (P ≥ 0.15), but there was an increase in the expression of the two growth-related genes, GREB1 (P = 0.001) and WISP2 (P = 0.04). Both genes are common gene targets for both the estrogen and androgen signaling pathways. Consequently, their actions may contribute to the positive interaction between TBA and E(2) on additive improvements on muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kongsuwan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia QLD 4067, Australia
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20
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Banerjee SK, Banerjee S. CCN5/WISP-2: A micromanager of breast cancer progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:63-71. [PMID: 22487979 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gain of plasticity by a subset of cancer cells is a unique but common sequence of cancer progression from epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal phenotype (EMT) that is followed by migration, invasion and metastasis to a distant organ, and drug resistance. Despite multiple studies, it is still unclear how cancer cells regulate plasticity. Recent studies from our laboratory and others' proposed that CCN5/WISP-2, which is found intracellularly (in the nucleus and cytoplasm) and extracellularly, plays a negative regulator of plasticity. It prevents the EMT process in breast cancer cells as well as pancreatic cancer cells. Multiple genetic insults, including the gain of p53 mutations that accumulate over the time, may perturb CCN5 expression in non-invasive breast cancer cells, which ultimately helps cells to gain invasive phenotypes. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that several oncogenic lesions such as miR-10b upregulation and activation of TGF-β-signaling can accumulate during CCN5 crisis in breast cancer cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that loss of CCN5 activity may promote breast cancer progression; application of CCN5 protein may represent a novel therapeutic intervention in breast cancer and possibly pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Blvd, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA,
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21
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Haque I, Banerjee S, Mehta S, De A, Majumder M, Mayo MS, Kambhampati S, Campbell DR, Banerjee SK. Cysteine-rich 61-connective tissue growth factor-nephroblastoma-overexpressed 5 (CCN5)/Wnt-1-induced signaling protein-2 (WISP-2) regulates microRNA-10b via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-TWIST signaling networks in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43475-85. [PMID: 22020939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally occurring single-stranded RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of target mRNA transcripts. Many of these target mRNA transcripts are involved in regulating processes commonly altered during tumorigenesis and metastatic growth. These include cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Among the several miRNAs, miRNA-10b (miR-10b) expression is increased in metastatic breast cancer cells and positively regulates cell migration and invasion through the suppression of the homeobox D10 (HOXD10) tumor suppressor signaling pathway. In breast metastatic cells, miR-10b expression is enhanced by a transcription factor TWIST1. We find that miR-10b expression in breast cancer cells can be suppressed by CCN5, and this CCN5 effect is mediated through the inhibition of TWIST1 expression. Moreover, CCN5-induced inhibition of TWIST1 expression is mediated through the translational inhibition/modification of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α via impeding JNK signaling pathway. Collectively, these studies suggest a novel regulatory pathway exists through which CCN5 exerts its anti-invasive function. On the basis of these findings, it is plausible that reactivation of CCN5 in miR-10b-positive invasive/metastatic breast cancers alone or in combination with current therapeutic regimens could provide a unique, alternative strategy to existing breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamul Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, USA
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22
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Russo JW, Castellot JJ. CCN5: biology and pathophysiology. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:119-130. [PMID: 21063502 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0098-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN5 is one of six proteins in the CCN family. This family of proteins has been shown to play important roles in many processes, including proliferation, migration, adhesion, extracellular matrix regulation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, fibrosis, and implantation. In this review, we focus on the biological and putative pathophysiological roles of CCN5. This intriguing protein is structurally unique among the CCN family members, and has a unique biological activity profile as well.
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Abstract
CCN5 is one of six proteins in the CCN family. This family of proteins has been shown to play important roles in many processes, including proliferation, migration, adhesion, extracellular matrix regulation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, fibrosis, and implantation. In this review, we focus on the biological and putative pathophysiological roles of CCN5. This intriguing protein is structurally unique among the CCN family members, and has a unique biological activity profile as well.
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Zuo GW, Kohls CD, He BC, Chen L, Zhang W, Shi Q, Zhang BQ, Kang Q, Luo J, Luo X, Wagner ER, Kim SH, Restegar F, Haydon RC, Deng ZL, Luu HH, He TC, Luo Q. The CCN proteins: important signaling mediators in stem cell differentiation and tumorigenesis. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25:795-806. [PMID: 20376786 DOI: 10.14670/hh-25.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The CCN proteins contain six members, namely CCN1 to CCN6, which are small secreted cysteine-rich proteins. The CCN proteins are modular proteins, containing up to four functional domains. Many of the CCN members are induced by growth factors, cytokines, or cellular stress. The CCNs show a wide and highly variable expression pattern in adult and in embryonic tissues. The CCN proteins can integrate and modulate the signals of integrins, BMPs, VEGF, Wnts, and Notch. The involvement of integrins in mediating CCN signaling may provide diverse context-dependent responses in distinct cell types. CCN1 and CCN2 play an important role in development, angiogenesis and cell adhesion, whereas CCN3 is critical to skeletal and cardiac development. CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6 usually inhibit cell growth. Mutations of Ccn6 are associated with the progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda. In stem cell differentiation, CCN1, CCN2, and CCN3 play a principal role in osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and angiogenesis. Elevated expression of CCN1 is associated with more aggressive phenotypes of human cancer, while the roles of CCN2 and CCN3 in tumorigenesis are tumor type-dependent. CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6 function as tumor suppressors. Although CCN proteins may play important roles in fine-tuning other major signaling pathways, the precise function and mechanism of action of these proteins remain undefined. Understanding of the biological functions of the CCN proteins would not only provide insight into their roles in numerous cellular processes but also offer opportunities for developing therapeutics by targeting CCN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, and The Affiliated Hospitals, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jung SH, Youn HJ, Kim MS, Kim SY, Hwang PH, Lee DY. Correlation between the Expression Reduction of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP)-3 and PTEN and the Clinicopathological Parameters in Breast Cancer. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2010.79.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hoo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Youn
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Pyoung Han Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae-Youl Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Lam L, Hu X, Aktary Z, Andrews DW, Pasdar M. Tamoxifen and ICI 182,780 increase Bcl-2 levels and inhibit growth of breast carcinoma cells by modulating PI3K/AKT, ERK and IGF-1R pathways independent of ERalpha. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 118:605-21. [PMID: 19002577 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that estrogen withdrawal from the ERalpha(+), high Bcl-2-expressing breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7B) reduced Bcl-2 protein levels while increasing cell-cell adhesion, and junction formation. Here we compared these cells with the ERalpha(+) and low Bcl-2-expressing MCF-7 cells and with the normal mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10-2A not expressing ERalpha or Bcl-2. All cell lines expressed normal HER2. Antiestrogen (Tamoxifen and ICI 182,780) treatment increased Bcl-2 levels in both MCF-7 and -7B cells and led to the formation of acinar structures. This treatment led to the dissociation of junctions and redistribution of junctional components to the cytoplasm in MCF-10-2A and -7 cells, while in MCF-7B cells junctional proteins redistributed to membranes. Antiestrogen treatment decreased PI3K/Akt activation and increased ERK activation regardless of ERalpha status. IGF-1R was inactivated in the antiestrogen-treated MCF-7 cells while it was activated in MCF-7B cells. Our data show that Tamoxifen and ICI 182,780 can induce growth inhibitory effects via the sustained activation/inactivation of signaling pathways that regulate cell survival, cell death and differentiation in the absence of ERalpha. Furthermore, Bcl-2 overexpression may alter the functional interactions among these pathways in response to antiestrogens, which also may provide a potential explanation for the observation that Bcl-2 overexpressing tumors have a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Lam
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 6-24 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
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Banerjee S, Dhar G, Haque I, Kambhampati S, Mehta S, Sengupta K, Tawfik O, Phillips TA, Banerjee SK. CCN5/WISP-2 expression in breast adenocarcinoma is associated with less frequent progression of the disease and suppresses the invasive phenotypes of tumor cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7606-12. [PMID: 18794149 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although previous in vitro studies predicted that CCN5/WISP-2 may act as an anti-invasive gene in breast cancer, the distribution pattern of CCN5 in breast cancer samples is conflicting. Thus, we systematically investigated the CCN5 expression profile in noninvasive and invasive breast tumor samples and its functional relevance in breast cancer progression. The studies showed that CCN5 expression is biphasic, such that in normal samples CCN5 expression is undetectable, whereas its expression is markedly increased in noninvasive breast lesions, including atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ. Further, CCN5 mRNA and protein levels are significantly reduced as the cancer progresses from a noninvasive to invasive type. Additionally, we showed that CCN5 mRNA and protein level was almost undetectable in poorly differentiated cancers compared with the moderately or well-differentiated samples and its expression inversely correlated with lymph node positivity. The result was further supported by evaluating the RNA expression profile in microdissected sections using real-time PCR analysis. Therefore, our data suggest a protective function of CCN5 in noninvasive breast tumor cells. This hypothesis was further supported by our in vitro studies illuminating that CCN5 is a negative regulator of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, and these events could be regulated by CCN5 through the modulation of the expression of genes essential for an invasive front. These include Snail-E-cadherin signaling and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2. Collectively, these studies suggest that the protective effect of CCN5 in breast cancer progression may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri 64128, USA
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Dhar G, Banerjee S, Dhar K, Tawfik O, Mayo MS, VanVeldhuizen PJ, Banerjee SK. Gain of Oncogenic Function of p53 Mutants Induces Invasive Phenotypes in Human Breast Cancer Cells by Silencing CCN5/WISP-2. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4580-7. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mu L, Katsaros D, Wiley A, Lu L, de la Longrais IAR, Smith S, Khubchandani S, Sochirca O, Arisio R, Yu H. Peptide concentrations and mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 in breast cancer and their associations with disease characteristics. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:151-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xie JW, Haslam SZ. Extracellular matrix, Rac1 signaling, and estrogen-induced proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 110:257-68. [PMID: 17851761 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor positive (ER+), estrogen (E) responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells cultured on the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein laminin (LM), exhibit significantly reduced E-induced proliferation compared with cells cultured on collagen I (Col I) that is not due to a loss of ER. Based on reported differences in integrin-activated pathways on Col I vs. LM, we investigated the potential role of Rac1/c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and downstream regulation of cyclin D1 by E on Col I vs.LM. E-induced proliferation was increased on LM in MCF-7 cells expressing constitutively active Rac1 (CA Rac1) and decreased in dominant negative Rac1-(DN Rac1) expressing cells on Col I. siRNA knockdown established the specificity and requirement for Rac1 activation for E-induced regulation of cyclin D1. More robust c-Jun activation occurred on Col I than on LM and E-induced proliferation was abolished after treatment with a JNK inhibitor. These results provide evidence that Rac1/JNK/c-Jun activation promotes E-induced proliferation on Col I and reduced Rac1/JNK/c-Jun activation on LM contributes significantly to reduced E-induced proliferation in MCF-7 cells on LM. These results identify a novel role for extracellular matrix (ECM)-integrin regulation of Rac1-JNK pathway in E-regulated proliferation in ER+ breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that tumor stromal environment, i.e., ECM composition, may contribute to loss of E regulation in ER+ breast cancers. Defining molecular markers for early identification of ER+ tumors that are ER+ but antiestrogen resistant would allow the design and use of alternative therapies to inhibit tumor growth and improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-W Xie
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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McCall KD, Harii N, Lewis CJ, Malgor R, Kim WB, Saji M, Kohn AD, Moon RT, Kohn LD. High basal levels of functional toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and noncanonical Wnt5a are expressed in papillary thyroid cancer and are coordinately decreased by phenylmethimazole together with cell proliferation and migration. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4226-37. [PMID: 17525119 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High basal levels of TLR3 and Wnt5a RNA are present in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cell lines consistent with their overexpression and colocalization in PTC cells in vivo. This is not the case in thyrocytes from normal tissue and in follicular carcinoma (FC) or anaplastic carcinoma (AC) cells or tissues. The basally expressed TLR3 are functional in PTC cells as evidenced by the ability of double-strand RNA (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid) to significantly increase the activity of transfected NF-kappaB and IFN-beta luciferase reporter genes and the levels of two end products of TLR3 signaling, IFN-beta and CXCL10. Phenylmethimazole (C10), a drug that decreases TLR3 expression and signaling in FRTL-5 thyrocytes, decreases TLR3 levels and signaling in PTC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. C10 also decreased Wnt5a RNA levels coordinate with decreases in TLR3. E-cadherin RNA levels, whose suppression may be associated with high Wnt5a, increased with C10 treatment. C10 simultaneously decreased PTC proliferation and cell migration but had no effect on the growth and migration of FC, AC, or FRTL-5 cells. C10 decreases high basal phosphorylation of Tyr705 and Ser727 on Stat3 in PTC cells and inhibits IL-6-induced Stat3 phosphorylation. IL-6-induced Stat3 phosphorylation is important both in up-regulating Wnt5a levels and in cell growth. In sum, high Wnt5a levels in PTC cells may be related to high TLR3 levels and signaling; and the ability of phenylmethimazole (C10) to decrease growth and migration of PTC cells may be related to its suppressive effect on TLR3 and Wnt5a signaling, particularly Stat3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D McCall
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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