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Yumita Y, Nagatomo Y, Takei M, Saji M, Goda A, Kohno T, Nakano S, Nishihata Y, Ikegami Y, Shiraishi Y, Kohsaka S, Yoshikawa T. “Target Heart Rate” calculated aiming at zero overlap of mitral E and A waves is useful for prediction of long-term outcome for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Lower heart rate (HR) is associated with more favourable long-term outcome in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, an optimal threshold of HR remains unclear. Targeted HR (THR), defined by echocardiographic deceleration time (DCT) to eliminated overlap of E and A waves, may aid in risk stratification of HFrEF patients.
Purpose
In this study, we aimed to clarify the impact of on long-term clinical outcome in patients with HFrEF.
Methods
In the multicenter WET-HF registry, 4000 consecutive patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF (ADHF) were registered between 2006 and 2017. Among them, the patients with EF ≥40% or a history of atrial fibrillation were excluded. THR was calculated based on their DCT value measured in compensated HF phase during the index admission. The following formula was applied; THR (bpm)=93 - 0.13 × deceleration time (DCT, msec). A total of 876 patients with HFrEF were included in the present analysis (age: 72 [60–81], male: 69%) and the patients were divided into the 2 groups of HR at discharge ≤ THR (L group) and > THR (H group). The primary endpoint (PE) was defined as the composite of all-cause death and ADHF re-admission.
Results
Compared to the H group, the L group showed higher prevalence of males (74% vs. 66%, P=0.025) with higher body mass index (BMI, 23.2 vs. 22.2, P=0.016), hemoglobin (Hb, 12.9 vs. 12.4, P=0.031), albumin (Alb, 3.7 vs. 3.6, P=0.039) and larger left atrial diameter (LAD, 44 mm vs. 41 mm, P=0.002) and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG, 29 mmHg vs. 27 mmHg, P=0.012). Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), LVEF (29% vs. 30%, P=NS) and E/e' (17.7 vs. 16.8, P=NS) were similar for both groups. At discharge, HR was lower in L group (66 [60–71] bpm vs. 80 [74–86] bpm, P<0.001), albeit there were no significant differences in b-blocker prescription (90% vs. 85%, P=0.069) or its dose (3.75 [1.25–7.25] mg vs. 2.5 [1.25–5] mg, P=0.11).
In the survival analysis, the L group showed a significantly lower rate of PE (P=0.03), whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of PE between the patients with HR at discharge ≥70 bpm and <70 bpm (P=NS).
Multivariate Cox hazard analysis showed that HR at discharge ≤ THR was an independent predictor of PE (hazard ratio 0.67 [0.46–0.97], P=0.037), even after adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, Hb, Alb, and b-blocker prescription, whereas HR at discharge <70 bpm was not (hazard ratio 0.94 [0.65–1.33], P=0.71).
Conclusion
THR was associated with long-term outcomes in patients with HFrEF after acute decompensation, suggesting that it may aid in tailored treatment for HR reduction in these patients.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Figure 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yumita
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Cardiology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Nagatomo
- National Defense Medical College, Department of Cardiology, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Takei
- Saiseikai Central Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Saji
- Sakakibara Heart Institute, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Goda
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kohno
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Nakano
- Saitama Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Nishihata
- St. Luke's International Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ikegami
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Shiraishi
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kohsaka
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Sakakibara Heart Institute, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
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Asano T, Mitsuhashi Y, Yamashita J, Ito R, Saji M, Wakabayashi K, Yahagi K, Shinke T, Mase T, Miyachi H, Higuchi S, Miyauchi K, Yamamoto T, Nagao K, Takayama M. Relationship between age and the impact of revascularization on mortality in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
It is known that the early coronary revascularization in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) was associated with favorable clinical outcomes. However, it is still unclear whether this efficacy is equivalent over all the ages of the patients.
Methods
Patients with NSTEMI were screened from the database of the Tokyo CCU network registry. Of those, the patients treated without revascularization (medical treatment) were matched with the patients receiving revascularization by propensity score matching. The probabilities of in-hospital death were calculated in the logistic regression model. In two subgroups stratified according to median of the age (elderly and non-elderly subgroups), the odds ratios of revascularization for in-hospital death were calculated.
Results
In the patients registered between 2013 and 2017, 4,851 patients with NSTEMI were identified. After the screening, 370 patients with medical treatment were matched with 370 patients treated with revascularization. The incidence of in-hospital death was significantly higher in the patients with medical treatment (20.3% vs 13.0%, P=0.01). The two probability curves of in-hospital death in patients with and without revascularization converged as age increased. In the elderly subgroup, the revascularization was not significantly associated with favorable outcome of mortality, whereas it had a significant impact on mortality in the non-elderly subgroup (odds ratio: 0.47 [95% CI 0.23–0.95]).
Conclusion
The impact of revascularization on short-term mortality in patients with NSTEMI tended to be reduced as age increased.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asano
- Tokyo CCU Network, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - R Ito
- Tokyo CCU Network, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Saji
- Tokyo CCU Network, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - T Mase
- Tokyo CCU Network, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - K Nagao
- Tokyo CCU Network, Tokyo, Japan
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Tezuka T, Higuchi R, Hagiya K, Saji M, Takamisawa I, Shimizu J, Iguchi N, Takanashi S, Doi S, Okazaki S, Sato K, Tamura H, Takayama M. The effect of underweight on mid-term outcome following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: an insight from multicenter registry. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Obesity has the adverse prognostic impact in the general population, whereas paradoxical effect of obesity has been reported in patients with heart failure. Several studies have suggested the same obesity paradox in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), however, they included limited number of underweight patients.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of underweight on outcome following TAVI.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed consecutive 1,027 patients undergoing TAVI between April 2010 and June 2019. The patients were categorized according to body mass index (BMI) as follows: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2, n=150), normal weight (18.5 to 25 kg/m2, n=657), and overweight (>25 kg/m2, n=220). BMI was defined as body weight (kg) divided by the square of body height (m) measured at the hospital admission. We compared the short- and mid-term outcome after TAVI among three groups, and all clinical events were accordance with Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria.
Results
Underweight patients were more often female, and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, peripheral artery disease, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia. They also presented lower ejection fraction, smaller aortic valve area, and higher surgical risk score. In procedural findings, device unsuccess and major vascular complication more occurred in underweight patients, but 30-day mortality was equivalent among three groups. The mid-term survival of the underweight was inferior to the other two groups (figure).In the multivariate analysis, female (hazard ratio [HR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37–0.73, P=0.0002), atrial fibrillation (HR 2.22, 95% CI 1.56–3.17, P<0.0001), albumin value (HR 0.37 per 1-g/dl increase, 95% CI 0.25–0.55, P<0.0001), Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (HR 1.06 per 1% increase, 95% CI 1.02–1.06, P=0.0039), 30-day combined endpoint (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.33–3.38, P=0.0017), and underweight (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.04–2.37, P=0.026) were associated with the survival after TAVI.
Conclusion
The underweight had a worse mid-term prognosis, representing the obesity paradox in the TAVI population.
Kaplan-Meier curves
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tezuka
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Higuchi
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Hagiya
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Saji
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - J Shimizu
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Iguchi
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Takanashi
- Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery, Kawasaki City, Japan
| | - S Doi
- Juntendo university graduate school of medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - S Okazaki
- Juntendo university graduate school of medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - K Sato
- Mie university hospital, Cardiology, Tsu, Japan
| | - H Tamura
- Yamagata University, Cardiology, Pulmonology and Nephrology, Yamagata, Japan
| | - M Takayama
- Sakakibara heart institute, Fucyu Tokyo, Japan
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Mitsuhashi Y, Tanaka H, Saji M, Miyachi H, Yamamoto T, Nagao K, Takayama M. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction due to unprotected left main trunk lesion: insight from the Tokyo Cardiovascular Care Unit network multicenter registry. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to unprotected left main trunk (LMT) lesion remains a clinical challenge because it requires prompt and efficient revascularization in catastrophic clinical presentation. However, predictors of in-hospital prognosis in patients with LMT-AMI are still not fully understood.
Purpose
To examine the predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with LMT-AMI.
Methods
From 20,257 AMI patients in the Tokyo Cardiovascular Care Unit network registry (comprising 72 hospitals) from 2013 to 2017, we identified 371 (1.8%) eligible LMT-AMI patients without a history of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and divided them into two groups: 254 survivors and 117 non-survivors. Measured variables included patient demographics, vital signs, laboratory data on admission, and in-hospital treatment. The outcome was in-hospital mortality. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis for in-hospital mortality with adjustment for the following 9 potential confounders, based on previous studies: (1) age, (2) sex, (3) Killip class, (4) ST elevation, (5) wide QRS (>120 msec), (6) the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade on initial coronary angiography, (7) number of vessels with significant stenosis other than LMT, (8) renal dysfunction on admission, and (9) plasma glucose on admission.
Results
Overall, mean age was 70.6±11.8 years and 81.9% were male. ST-elevation myocardial infarction accounted for 61.8%. Cardiac arrest was observed in 102 (33.6%) patients. Percutaneous coronary intervention and CABG were performed in 302 (81.8%) and 63 (17.0%) patients, respectively. Intra-aortic balloon pumping and veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation were used in 288 (77.8%) and 81 (21.9%) patients, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 31.5%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that higher in-hospital mortality was significantly associated with Killip class IV (adjusted odds ratio 3.41 [95% confidence interval 1.36–8.56]; reference: Killip I), TIMI grade 0 (3.51 [1.22–10.14]; reference: TIMI grade 3), renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration <60 mL/min/1.73m2; 6.48 [2.53–16.57]), and high plasma glucose on admission (>150 mg/dl; 3.64 [1.33–9.97]). Age, sex, ST-elevation, wide QRS, and multi-vessel disease were not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality.
Conclusions
LMT-AMI remains life-threatening in the current era of widely available revascularization. Our results showed that haemodynamic compromise, no coronary flow, renal dysfunction, and high plasma glucose on admission were strong predictors of in-hospital mortality after LMT-AMI. Given the high cardiac arrest rate, more aggressive therapeutic measures including mechanical circulatory support may be required to improve the prognosis of LMT-AMI.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mitsuhashi
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tanaka
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Saji
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Miyachi
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nagao
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Takayama
- Tokyo CCU Network Scientific Committee, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Saji M, Kim CS, Wang C, Zhang X, Khanal T, Coombes K, La Perle K, Cheng SY, Tsichlis PN, Ringel MD. Akt isoform-specific effects on thyroid cancer development and progression in a murine thyroid cancer model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18316. [PMID: 33110146 PMCID: PMC7591514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Akt family is comprised of three unique homologous proteins with isoform-specific effects, but isoform-specific in vivo data are limited in follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), a PI3 kinase-driven tumor. Prior studies demonstrated that PI3K/Akt signaling is important in thyroid hormone receptor βPV/PV knock-in (PV) mice that develop metastatic thyroid cancer that most closely resembles FTC. To determine the roles of Akt isoforms in this model we crossed Akt1-/-, Akt2-/-, and Akt3-/- mice with PV mice. Over 12 months, thyroid size was reduced for the Akt null crosses (p < 0.001). Thyroid cancer development and local invasion were delayed in only the PVPV-Akt1 knock out (KO) mice in association with increased apoptosis with no change in proliferation. Primary-cultured PVPV-Akt1KO thyrocytes uniquely displayed a reduced cell motility. In contrast, loss of any Akt isoform reduced lung metastasis while vascular invasion was reduced with Akt1 or 3 loss. Microarray of thyroid RNA displayed incomplete overlap between the Akt KO models. The most upregulated gene was the dendritic cell (DC) marker CD209a only in PVPV-Akt1KO thyroids. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated an increase in CD209a-expressing cells in the PVPV-Akt1KO thyroids. In summary, Akt isoforms exhibit common and differential functions that regulate local and metastatic progression in this model of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 506 Biomedical Research Tower, 560 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Caroline S Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 506 Biomedical Research Tower, 560 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tilak Khanal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 506 Biomedical Research Tower, 560 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kevin Coombes
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bionformatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krista La Perle
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 506 Biomedical Research Tower, 560 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Knippler CM, Saji M, Rajan N, Porter K, La Perle KMD, Ringel MD. MAPK- and AKT-activated thyroid cancers are sensitive to group I PAK inhibition. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:699-712. [PMID: 31146260 PMCID: PMC7062234 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of individuals who succumb to thyroid cancer has been increasing and those who are refractory to standard care have limited therapeutic options, highlighting the importance of developing new treatments for patients with aggressive forms of the disease. Mutational activation of MAPK signaling, through BRAF and RAS mutations and/or gene rearrangements, and activation of PI3K signaling, through mutational activation of PIK3CA or loss of PTEN, are well described in aggressive thyroid cancer. We previously reported overactivation and overexpression of p21-activated kinases (PAKs) in aggressive human thyroid cancer invasive fronts and determined that PAK1 functionally regulated thyroid cancer cell migration. We reported mechanistic crosstalk between the MAPK and PAK pathways that are BRAF-dependent but MEK independent, suggesting that PAK and MEK inhibition might be synergistic. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis. Pharmacologic inhibition of group I PAKs using two PAK kinase inhibitors, G-5555 or FRAX1036, reduced thyroid cancer cell viability, cell cycle progression and migration and invasion, with greater potency for G-5555. Combination of G-5555 with vemurafenib was synergistic in BRAFV600E-mutated thyroid cancer cell lines. Finally, G-5555 restrained thyroid size of BRAFV600E-driven murine papillary thyroid cancer by >50% (P < 0.0001) and reduced carcinoma formation (P = 0.0167), despite maintenance of MAPK activity. Taken together, these findings suggest both that group I PAKs may be a new therapeutic target for thyroid cancer and that PAK activation is functionally important for BRAFV600E-mediated thyroid cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Knippler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Neel Rajan
- College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle Porter
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Krista M. D. La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Matthew D. Ringel, MD, Ralph W. Kurtz Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine & Comprehensive Cancer Center, McCampbell Hall, Room 565, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, Tel: 614-685-3333,
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Robb R, Yang L, Shen C, Wolfe AR, Webb A, Zhang X, Vedaie M, Saji M, Jhiang S, Ringel MD, Williams TM. Inhibiting BRAF Oncogene-Mediated Radioresistance Effectively Radiosensitizes BRAF V600E-Mutant Thyroid Cancer Cells by Constraining DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4749-4760. [PMID: 31097454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activating BRAF mutations, most commonly BRAFV600E, are a major oncogenic driver of many cancers. We explored whether BRAFV600E promotes radiation resistance and whether selectively targeting BRAFV600E with a BRAF inhibitor (vemurafenib, BRAFi) sensitizes BRAFV600E thyroid cancer cells to radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunoblotting, neutral comet, immunocytochemistry, functional reporter, and clonogenic assays were used to analyze the outcome and molecular characteristics following radiotherapy with or without BRAFV600E or vemurafenib in thyroid cancer cells. RESULTS BRAFV600E thyroid cancer cell lines were associated with resistance to ionizing radiation (IR), and expression of BRAFV600E into wild-type BRAF thyroid cancer cells led to IR resistance. BRAFi inhibited ERK signaling in BRAFV600E mutants, but not BRAF wild-type thyroid cancer cell lines. BRAFi selectively radiosensitized and delayed resolution of IR-induced γH2AX nuclear foci in BRAFV600E cells. Moreover, BRAFi impaired global DNA repair and altered the resolution of 53BP1 and RAD51 nuclear foci in BRAFV600E cells following IR. BRAFV600E mutants displayed enhanced nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair activity, which was abolished by BRAFi. Intriguingly, BRAFV600E mutation led to upregulation of XLF, a component of NHEJ, which was prevented by BRAFi. Importantly, BRAFi in combination with radiotherapy resulted in marked and sustained tumor regression of BRAFV600E thyroid tumor xenografts. CONCLUSIONS BRAFV600E mutation promotes NHEJ activity leading to radioresistance and BRAFi selectively radiosensitizes BRAFV600E thyroid cancer cells through inhibiting NHEJ. Our findings suggest that combining BRAFi and radiation may improve the therapeutic outcome of patients with BRAFV600E-mutant thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Robb
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Linlin Yang
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Changxian Shen
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Adam R Wolfe
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amy Webb
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marall Vedaie
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sissy Jhiang
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Terence M Williams
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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8
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Valenciaga A, Saji M, Yu L, Zhang X, Bumrah C, Yilmaz AS, Knippler CM, Miles W, Giordano TJ, Cote GJ, Ringel MD. Transcriptional targeting of oncogene addiction in medullary thyroid cancer. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122225. [PMID: 30135308 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is incurable and FDA-approved kinase inhibitors that include oncogenic RET as a target do not result in complete responses. Association studies of human MTCs and murine models suggest that the CDK/RB pathway may be an alternative target. The objective of this study was to determine if CDKs represent therapeutic targets for MTC and to define mechanisms of activity. Using human MTC cells that are either sensitive or resistant to vandetanib, we demonstrate that palbociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor) is not cytotoxic to MTC cells but that they are highly sensitive to dinaciclib (CDK1/2/5/9 inhibitor) accompanied by reduced CDK9 and RET protein and mRNA levels. CDK9 protein was highly expressed in 83 of 83 human MTCs and array-comparative genomic hybridization had copy number gain in 11 of 30 tumors. RNA sequencing demonstrated that RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription was markedly reduced by dinaciclib. The CDK7 inhibitor THZ1 also demonstrated high potency and reduced RET and CDK9 levels. ChIP-sequencing using H3K27Ac antibody identified a superenhancer in intron 1 of RET. Finally, combined inhibition of dinaciclib with a RET kinase inhibitor was synergistic. In summary, we have identified what we believe is a novel mechanism of RET transcription regulation that potentially can be exploited to improve RET therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisley Valenciaga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Christina M Knippler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wayne Miles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gilbert J Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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9
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Valenciaga A, Grubbs EG, Porter K, Wakely PE, Williams MD, Cote GJ, Vasko VV, Saji M, Ringel MD. Reduced Retinoblastoma Protein Expression Is Associated with Decreased Patient Survival in Medullary Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2017; 27:1523-1533. [PMID: 29105562 PMCID: PMC5734142 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retinoblastoma (RB) transcriptional corepressor 1 protein functions to slow cell-cycle progression. Inactivation of RB by reduced expression and/or hyperphosphorylation allow for enhanced progression through the cell cycle. Murine models develop medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) after generalized loss of RB. However, RB expression in MTC has only been evaluated in a small number of tumors, with differing results. The objective of this study was to determine whether reduced expression of RB and/or overexpression of hyperphosphorylated RB predict MTC aggressive behavior. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary thyroid tumors and lymph node metastases from MTC patients were evaluated for calcitonin, RB, and phosphorylated RB (pRB) expression by immunohistochemistry. Two expert pathologists evaluated the slides in a blinded manner, and the immunohistochemistry results were compared to disease-specific survival as a primary endpoint. RESULTS Seventy-four MTC samples from 56 patients were analyzed in this study, including 51 primary tumors and 23 lymph node metastases. The median follow-up time was 6.75 years after surgery (range 0.64-24.30 years), and the median primary tumor size was 30 mm (range 6-96 mm). Sixty-six percent of cases were classified as stage IV. RB nuclear expression was diffusely present in 88% of primary tumors and 78% of lymph node metastases. Nuclear pRB expression was present in 22% of primary tumors and 22% of lymph node metastases. On univariate analysis, reduced RB (<75% tumor cell staining) trended with lower MTC-specific survival for primary tumor and metastatic nodes (primary tumor hazard ratio = 3.54 [confidence interval 0.81-15.47], p = 0.08; and lymph node hazard ratio = 4.35 [confidence interval 0.87-21.83], p = 0.05). For primary tumors, multivariable analysis showed that low nuclear RB expression was independently associated with worse disease-specific (p = 0.01) and overall (p = 0.02) survival. pRB levels were not associated with survival for either primary tumor or lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS Reduced RB expression is associated with decreased patient survival in univariate and multivariable analyses, independent from patient age at surgery or advanced TNM stage. Future studies involving larger MTC patient populations are warranted to determine if lower RB expression levels may serve as a biomarker for aggressive disease in patients with MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisley Valenciaga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth G. Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle Porter
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paul E. Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michelle D. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilbert J. Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasyl V. Vasko
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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10
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Ni Y, Seballos S, Fletcher B, Romigh T, Yehia L, Mester J, Senter L, Niazi F, Saji M, Ringel MD, LaFramboise T, Eng C. Germline compound heterozygous poly-glutamine deletion in USF3 may be involved in predisposition to heritable and sporadic epithelial thyroid carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:243-257. [PMID: 28011713 PMCID: PMC5351935 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that predisposes to breast, thyroid, and other epithelial cancers. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), as one of the major component cancers of CS, is the fastest rising incident cancer in the USA, and the most familial of all solid tumours. To identify additional candidate genes of CS and potentially DTC, we analysed a multi-generation CS-like family with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), applying a combined linkage-based and whole-genome sequencing strategy and identified an in-frame germline compound heterozygous deletion, p.[Gln1478del];[Gln1476-Gln1478del] in USF3 (previously known as KIAA2018). Among 90 unrelated CS/CS-like individuals, 29% were found to have p.[Gln1478del];[Gln1476-Gln1478del]. Of 497 TCGA PTC individuals, 138 (27%) were found to carry this germline compound deletion, with somatically decreased tumour USF3 expression. We demonstrate an increased migration phenotype along with enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature after USF3 knockdown or USF3 p.[Gln1478del];[Gln1476-Gln1478del] overexpression, which sensitizes cells to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Loss of USF3 function induced cell necrosis-like features and impaired respiratory capacity while providing a glutamine-dependent cell survival advantage, strongly suggests a metabolic survival and migration-favouring microenvironment for carcinogenesis. Therefore, USF3 may be involved in the predisposition of thyroid cancer. Importantly, the results that glutamine-dependent survival and sensitivity to ER stress in USF3-deficient cells provide avenues for therapeutic and adjunct preventive interventions for both sporadic cancer as well as cancer predisposition syndromes with similar mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ni
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Spencer Seballos
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Fletcher
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Todd Romigh
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Lamis Yehia
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Jessica Mester
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Leigha Senter
- Division of Human Genetics.,Thyroid Center Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Farshad Niazi
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA.,Thyroid Center Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA.,Thyroid Center Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences.,Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA.,Stanley Shalom Zielony Nursing Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences.,Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, OH, USA
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11
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Rossfeld KK, Justiniano SE, Ding H, Gong L, Kothandaraman S, Sawant D, Saji M, Wright CL, Kirschner LS, Ringel MD, Tweedle MF, Phay JE. Biological Evaluation of a Fluorescent-Imaging Agent for Medullary Thyroid Cancer in an Orthotopic Model. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3268-3277. [PMID: 28591772 PMCID: PMC5587064 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Context The primary and definitive treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is surgical resection. Recurrent or residual disease is typically a result of incomplete surgical removal. Objective Our objective is to develop a compound that assists in intraoperative visualization of cancer, which would have the potential to improve surgical cure rates and outcomes. Results We report the biological characterization of Compound-17, which is labeled with IRdye800, allowing fluorescent visualization of MTC mouse models. We found that the agent has high affinity for two human MTC cell lines (TT and MZ-CRC1) in vitro and in vivo. We further tested the affinity of the compound in a newly developed MTC orthotopic xenograft model and found that Compound-17 produces fluorescent signals within MTC-derived orthotopic xenografts in comparison with a sequence-jumbled control compound and surrounding normal tissues. Conclusions Compound-17 is a unique and effective molecule for MTC identification that may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K. Rossfeld
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Steven E. Justiniano
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Haiming Ding
- Department of Radiology, Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Radiology, Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shankaran Kothandaraman
- Department of Radiology, Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Dwitiya Sawant
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Chadwick L. Wright
- Department of Radiology, Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lawrence S. Kirschner
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Molecular Biology and Cancer Genetics, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Molecular Biology and Cancer Genetics, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael F. Tweedle
- Department of Radiology, Wright Center for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - John E. Phay
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University-Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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12
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Kishi M, Yamasaki M, Horiuchi Y, Saji M, Iwata H, Higuchi S, Yamashita J, Suzuki M, Yoshikawa M, Tanaka H, Miyauchi K, Takayama M. P3705Pre-hospital routine oxygen supplement may do harm: insight from Tokyo CCU network database. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Kishi M, Yamasaki M, Horiuchi Y, Saji M, Iwata H, Higuchi S, Yamashita J, Suzuki M, Yoshikawa M, Tanaka H, Miyauchi K, Takayama M. P3643Cardiac rupture in current primary PCI era: a multicenter cohort study of Tokyo CCU network database. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Yu W, Ni Y, Saji M, Ringel MD, Jaini R, Eng C. Cowden syndrome-associated germline succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD) variants cause PTEN-mediated down-regulation of autophagy in thyroid cancer cells. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1365-1375. [PMID: 28164237 PMCID: PMC5390680 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a major component cancer of Cowden syndrome (CS), a disorder typically associated with germline mutations in PTEN. Germline variants in succinate dehydrogenase genes (SDHx) co-occurring with PTEN germline mutations confer a 2-fold increased prevalence (OR 2.7) of thyroid cancer compared to PTEN-associated CS but 50% decreased prevalence (OR 0.54) of thyroid cancer compared to SDHx-associated CS. We have previously shown that CS-associated SDHD variants G12S and H50R induce PTEN oxidation and nuclear accumulation in thyroid cancer. Our current study shows that SDHD-G12S and -H50R variants cause down-regulation of autophagy, demonstrating a role for SDHD in autophagy-associated pathogenesis of differentiated thyroid cancer. These findings could explain the increased prevalence of thyroid cancer in CS patients with SDHx germline mutations compared to those with PTEN mutations alone. Importantly, we demonstrate the dependence of this process on functional wild-type PTEN with reversal of decreased autophagy after PTEN knockdown. The latter could explain the clinically observed decrease in thyroid cancer prevalence in patients with co-existent PTEN mutations and SDHx variants. We also show that SDHD-G12S/H50R promotes mono-ubiquitination of PTEN, causing its translocation into the nucleus, upregulation of AKT and consequent phosphorylation of FOXO3a. Furthermore, SDHD-G12S/H50R-mediated increase in acetylation of FOXO3a further enhances AKT-associated phosphorylation of FOXO3a. This combination of phosphorylation and acetylation of FOXO3a results in its nuclear export for degradation and consequent down-regulation of FOXO3a-target autophagy-related gene (ATG) expression. Overall, our study reveals a novel mechanism of crosstalk amongst SDHD, PTEN and autophagy pathways and their potential roles in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfeng Yu
- Genomic Medicine Institute.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Genomic Medicine Institute.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Molecular Biology and Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Molecular Biology and Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ritika Jaini
- Genomic Medicine Institute.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute.,Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Germline High Risk Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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15
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Wang C, Saji M, Justiniano SE, Yusof AM, Zhang X, Yu L, Fernández S, Wakely P, La Perle K, Nakanishi H, Pohlman N, Ringel MD. RCAN1-4 is a thyroid cancer growth and metastasis suppressor. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90651. [PMID: 28289712 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis suppressors are key regulators of tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. Loss of metastasis suppressors has been associated with aggressive tumor behaviors and metastatic progression. We previously showed that regulator of calcineurin 1, isoform 4 (RCAN1-4) was upregulated by the KiSS1 metastatic suppression pathway and could inhibit cell motility when overexpressed in cancer cells. To test the effects of endogenous RCAN1-4 loss on thyroid cancer in vivo, we developed RCAN1-4 knockdown stable cells. Subcutaneous xenograft models demonstrated that RCAN1-4 knockdown promotes tumor growth. Intravenous metastasis models demonstrated that RCAN1-4 loss promotes tumor metastases to the lungs and their subsequent growth. Finally, stable induction of RCAN1-4 expression reduced thyroid cancer cell growth and invasion. Microarray analysis predicted that nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 3 (NFE2L3) was a pivotal downstream effector of RCAN1-4. NFE2L3 overexpression was shown to be necessary for RCAN1-4-mediated enhanced growth and invasiveness and NEF2L3 overexpression independently increased cell invasion. In human samples, NFE2L3 was overexpressed in TCGA thyroid cancer samples versus normal tissues and NFE2L3 overexpression was demonstrated in distant metastasis samples from thyroid cancer patients. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence to our knowledge that RCAN1-4 is a growth and metastasis suppressor in vivo and that it functions in part through NFE2L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Ohio State Biochemistry Program
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Steven E Justiniano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Adlina Mohd Yusof
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | | | | | - Krista La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Neal Pohlman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine.,Ohio State Biochemistry Program
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16
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Justiniano SE, McElroy JP, Yu L, Yilmaz AS, Coombes KR, Senter L, Nagy R, Wakely P, Volinia S, Vinco M, Giordano TJ, Croce CM, Saji M, Ringel MD. Genetic variants in thyroid cancer distant metastases. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:L33-6. [PMID: 27542854 PMCID: PMC5026957 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Justiniano
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics and Department of BioinformaticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics and Department of BioinformaticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ayse Selen Yilmaz
- Center for Biostatistics and Department of BioinformaticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Coombes
- Center for Biostatistics and Department of BioinformaticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leigha Senter
- Division of Human GeneticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Division of Human GeneticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Guardant HealthInc, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Paul Wakely
- Department of PathologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stefano Volinia
- Department of MorphologySurgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michelle Vinco
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell models are key instruments for in vitro studies of the thyroid. Permanent thyroid cell lines that are widely used in laboratory research typically originate from tumors. For many purposes, it is desirable to compare tumor cells with cells originating from normal tissue. However, such cultures grow slowly, have a highly limited life-span, and are known to lose their thyroid characteristics. The aim of the present study was to type coding and noncoding thyroid markers in different culture systems in an attempt to determine the optimal conditions for in vitro experimentation. METHODS Human primary thyroid cells were isolated from histologically non-tumorous tissues. Two alternative media (6H and h7H) were used. The morphology and behavior of the ensuing monolayer (two-dimensional) cultures was monitored by microscopy. The expression of key thyroid-related genes (n = 9) was monitored by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on days 8, 21, and 43 after initiation. As a pilot study, the same markers were studied in a three-dimensional hanging-drop culture system. RESULTS In the cultures with 6H or h7H medium, the primary thyroid cells displayed growth in numbers and size. Most cells retained the main morphological characteristics of thyroid cells throughout the first two weeks of culture, and fibroblast-like cells appeared around day 19. By day 21, most thyroid gene markers were retained, but by day 43, several markers were no longer present. The lncRNA transcripts PTCSC2 (spliced) and PTCSC3 were the first to disappear. There were no fundamental differences between the two media in the early period of culture. In the three-dimensional system, most thyroid markers were retained by day 21. CONCLUSION Cultures of thyroid cells retain many thyroid characteristics up to day 21. Thereafter, fibroblast-like dedifferentiated cells begin to dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Wang
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John E. Phay
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Natalia S. Pellegata
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institut für Pathologie, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Giuliani C, Saji M, Bucci I, Napolitano G. Bioassays for TSH Receptor Autoantibodies, from FRTL-5 Cells to TSH Receptor-LH/CG Receptor Chimeras: The Contribution of Leonard D. Kohn. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:103. [PMID: 27504107 PMCID: PMC4958915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery 60 years ago of the "long-acting thyroid stimulator" by Adams and Purves, great progress has been made in the detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies (TRAbs) in Graves' disease. Today, commercial assays are available that can detect TRAbs with high accuracy and provide diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with Graves' disease. The present review focuses on the development of TRAbs bioassays, and particularly on the role that Leonard D. Kohn had in this. Indeed, 30 years ago, the Kohn group developed a bioassay based on the use of FRTL-5 cells that was characterized by high reproducibility, feasibility, and diagnostic accuracy. Using this FRTL-5 bioassay, Kohn and his colleagues were the first to develop monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) against the TSHR. Furthermore, they demonstrated the multifaceted functional nature of TRAbs in patients with Graves' disease, with the identification of stimulating and blocking TRAbs, and even antibodies that activated pathways other than cAMP. After the cloning of the TSHR, the Kohn laboratory constructed human TSHR-rat luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor chimeras. This paved the way to a new bioassay based on the use of non-thyroid cells transfected with the Mc4 chimera. The new Mc4 bioassay is characterized by high diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, greater than for other assays. The availability of a commercial kit based on the Mc4 chimera is spreading the use of this assay worldwide, indicating its benefits for these patients with Graves' disease. This review also describes the main contributions made by other researchers in TSHR molecular biology and TRAbs assay, especially with the development of highly potent moAbs. A comparison of the diagnostic accuracies of the main TRAbs assays, as both immunoassays and bioassays, is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesidio Giuliani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Ce.S.I.-Me.T., University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cesidio Giuliani,
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ines Bucci
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Ce.S.I.-Me.T., University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Ce.S.I.-Me.T., University of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Shirley LA, McCarty S, Yang MC, Saji M, Zhang X, Phay J, Ringel MD, Chen CS. Integrin-linked kinase affects signaling pathways and migration in thyroid cancer cells and is a potential therapeutic target. Surgery 2015; 159:163-70. [PMID: 26549818 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates interactions between the cell and the extracellular matrix. In many cancers, overexpression of ILK leads to increased cell proliferation, motility, and invasion. We hypothesized that ILK functions as a regulator of viability and migration in thyroid cancer cells. METHODS Eleven human thyroid cancer cell lines were screened for ILK protein expression. The cell lines with the greatest expression were treated with either ILK small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a novel ILK inhibitor, T315, and the effects were evaluated via Western blot and migration assay. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays were performed to assess cell viability. RESULTS siRNA against ILK decreased phosphorylation of downstream effectors Akt and MLC, as well as decreased migration. Treatment with T315 showed a dose-related decrease in both Akt and MLC phosphorylation, as well as decreased migration. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays showed T315 to have an half maximal inhibitory concentration of less than 1 μM in cell lines with high ILK expression. CONCLUSION ILK is expressed differentially in thyroid cancer cell lines. Both ILK siRNA and T315 inhibit motility of thyroid cancer cell lines, and T315 is shown to be cytotoxic at low concentrations. Altogether, our study suggests that ILK may represent an important kinase in aggressive thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Shirley
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH.
| | - Samantha McCarty
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Ming-Chen Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - John Phay
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Agarwal K, Saji M, Lazaroff SM, Palmer AF, Ringel MD, Paulaitis ME. Analysis of exosome release as a cellular response to MAPK pathway inhibition. Langmuir 2015; 31:5440-8. [PMID: 25915504 PMCID: PMC4589192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exosome size distributions and numbers of exosomes released per cell are measured by asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation/multi-angle light scattering (A4F/MALS) for three thyroid cancer cell lines as a function of a treatment that inhibits MAPK signaling pathways in the cells. We show that these cell lines release exosomes with well-defined morphological features and size distributions that reflect a common biological process for their formation and release into the extracellular environment. We find that those cell lines with constitutive activation of the MAPK signaling pathway display MEK-dependent exosome release characterized by increased numbers of exosomes released per cell. Analysis of the measured exosome size distributions based on a generalized extreme value distribution model for exosome formation in intracellular multivesicular bodies highlights the importance of this experimental observable for delineating different mechanisms of vesicle formation and predicting how changes in exosome release can be modified by pathway inhibitors in a cell context-dependent manner.
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Plews RL, Mohd Yusof A, Wang C, Saji M, Zhang X, Chen CS, Ringel MD, Phay JE. A novel dual AMPK activator/mTOR inhibitor inhibits thyroid cancer cell growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E748-56. [PMID: 25710562 PMCID: PMC4422890 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Activated AMP protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of intracellular energy homeostasis and may also function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell growth through suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70S6K signaling. AMPK activating agents, such as metformin and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside, have been demonstrated to inhibit thyroid cancer cell growth in in vitro and in vivo models. OSU-53, a recently developed AMPK activator, was previously shown to exhibit both in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against aggressive breast cancer cell lines and their xenografts in nude mice. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the in vitro effects of OSU-53 treatment in a panel of thyroid cancer cells. DESIGN Experiments were performed to determine the effects of OSU-53 on cell growth, oncogenic signaling, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell rescue after selective knockdown of AMPK. RESULTS OSU-53 inhibited in vitro cell growth of all seven thyroid cancer cells tested and induced activation of AMPK. Cell lines with activating mutations in RAS or BRAF, compared with cells with phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 null and RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma mutations, were more sensitive to drug treatment and demonstrated a more robust AMPK activation, inhibition of mTOR signaling, and autophagy stimulation. After selective knockdown of AMPK, cell rescue from OSU-53 treatment was not observed. We demonstrated an off-target effect of direct mTOR inhibition by OSU-53. Increased autophagy was observed in cells with activation RAS or BRAF mutations. CONCLUSIONS OSU-53, a novel dual-AMPK activator/mTOR inhibitor, effectively inhibits growth in a variety of thyroid cancer cell lines and is most potent in cells with activating mutations in RAS or BRAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Plews
- Division of Surgical Oncology (R.L.P., J.E.P.), Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (A.M.Y., C.W., M.S., M.D.R.), Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, and Division of Medicinal Chemistry (C.-S.C.), College of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio 43210; and Center for Biostatistics (X.Z.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221
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Guzman N, Agarwal K, Asthagiri D, Yu L, Saji M, Ringel MD, Paulaitis ME. Breast Cancer-Specific miR Signature Unique to Extracellular Vesicles Includes "microRNA-like" tRNA Fragments. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:891-901. [PMID: 25722304 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and shed vesicles, have been implicated in intercellular communication; however, their biomarker potential is less clear. Therefore, EVs derived from MCF7 and MCF10A cells were analyzed to identify unique miRNA (miR) profiles that distinguish their origin. One characteristic common to the miR profiles of MCF7 EVs and their parent cells is the high abundance of miR-21, let-7a, miR-100, and miR-125b, and low levels of miR-205. A second characteristic is the high abundance of "miRNA-like" tRNA fragments, which is unique to the MCF7 EVs, and is not found in comparing the cellular profiles. In addition, correlations were examined in the MCF7 cellular expression levels of these five miRs and two tRNA-derived miRNAs, miR-720 and miR-1274b, and compared with the correlations in MCF7 EV levels. Interestingly, correlations in the cellular expression of miR-125b, miR-100, and let-7a are mirrored in the EVs. In contrast, correlations in tRNA-derived miRNA levels are found only in the EVs. The findings suggest that EV miR clusters can be defined based on functional miR interactions related to correlated cellular expression levels or physical miR interactions, for example, aggregation due to comparable binding affinities to common targets. IMPLICATIONS These results point to using high levels of tRNA-derived small RNA fragments in combination with known miR signatures of tumors to distinguish tumor-derived EVs in circulation from EVs derived from other cell sources. Such biomarkers would be unique to the EVs where high abundances of tRNA fragments are amplified with respect to their cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Guzman
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kitty Agarwal
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dilip Asthagiri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard G. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael E Paulaitis
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoenginering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Lakshmanan A, Doseff AI, Ringel MD, Saji M, Rousset B, Zhang X, Jhiang SM. Apigenin in combination with Akt inhibition significantly enhances thyrotropin-stimulated radioiodide accumulation in thyroid cells. Thyroid 2014; 24:878-87. [PMID: 24400871 PMCID: PMC4026312 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selectively increased radioiodine accumulation in thyroid cells by thyrotropin (TSH) allows targeted treatment of thyroid cancer. However, the extent of TSH-stimulated radioiodine accumulation in some thyroid tumors is not sufficient to confer therapeutic efficacy. Hence, it is of clinical importance to identify novel strategies to selectively further enhance TSH-stimulated thyroidal radioiodine accumulation. METHODS PCCl3 rat thyroid cells, PCCl3 cells overexpressing BRAF(V600E), or primary cultured tumor cells from a thyroid cancer mouse model, under TSH stimulation were treated with various reagents for 24 hours. Cells were then subjected to radioactive iodide uptake, kinetics, efflux assays, and protein extraction followed by Western blotting against selected antibodies. RESULTS We previously reported that Akt inhibition increased radioiodine accumulation in thyroid cells under chronic TSH stimulation. Here, we identified Apigenin, a plant-derived flavonoid, as a reagent to further enhance the iodide influx rate increased by Akt inhibition in thyroid cells under acute TSH stimulation. Akt inhibition is permissive for Apigenin's action, as Apigenin alone had little effect. This action of Apigenin requires p38 MAPK activity but not PKC-δ. The increase in radioiodide accumulation by Apigenin with Akt inhibition was also observed in thyroid cells expressing BRAF(V600E) and in primary cultured thyroid tumor cells from TRβ(PV/PV) mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, Apigenin may serve as a dietary supplement in combination with Akt inhibitors to enhance therapeutic efficacy of radioiodine for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Lakshmanan
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrea I. Doseff
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bernard Rousset
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR 5286), Federation of Health Research of Eastern Lyon (CNRS UMS 3453/INSERM US7 Louis Léopold Oller), Lyon, France
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sissy M. Jhiang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Pringle DR, Vasko VV, Yu L, Manchanda PK, Lee AA, Zhang X, Kirschner JM, Parlow AF, Saji M, Jarjoura D, Ringel MD, La Perle KMD, Kirschner LS. Follicular thyroid cancers demonstrate dual activation of PKA and mTOR as modeled by thyroid-specific deletion of Prkar1a and Pten in mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E804-12. [PMID: 24512487 PMCID: PMC4010710 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is the most common form of endocrine cancer, and it is a disease whose incidence is rapidly rising. Well-differentiated epithelial thyroid cancer can be divided into papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC). Although FTC is less common, patients with this condition have more frequent metastasis and a poorer prognosis than those with PTC. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanisms contributing to the development and metastasis of FTC. DESIGN We developed and characterized mice carrying thyroid-specific double knockout of the Prkar1a and Pten tumor suppressor genes and compared signaling alterations observed in the mouse FTC to the corresponding human tumors. SETTING The study was conducted at an academic research laboratory. Human samples were obtained from academic hospitals. PATIENTS Deidentified, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were analyzed from 10 control thyroids, 30 PTC cases, five follicular variant PTC cases, and 10 FTC cases. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mouse and patient samples were analyzed for expression of activated cAMP response element binding protein, AKT, ERK, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Murine FTCs were analyzed for differential gene expression to identify genes associated with metastatic progression. RESULTS Double Prkar1a-Pten thyroid knockout mice develop FTC and recapitulate the histology and metastatic phenotype of the human disease. Analysis of signaling pathways in FTC showed that both human and mouse tumors exhibited strong activation of protein kinase A and mTOR. The development of metastatic disease was associated with the overexpression of genes required for cell movement. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that the protein kinase A and mTOR signaling cascades are important for the development of follicular thyroid carcinogenesis and may suggest new targets for therapeutic intervention. Mouse models paralleling the development of the stages of human FTC should provide important new tools for understanding the mechanisms of FTC development and progression and for evaluating new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Pringle
- Departments of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (D.R.P., P.K.M., A.A.L., J.M.K., L.S.K.) and Veterinary Biosciences (K.M.D.L.P.), Center for Biostatistics (L.Y., X.Z., D.J.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (M.S., M.D.R., L.S.K.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Pediatrics (V.V.V.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; and National Hormone and Peptide Program (A.F.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509
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25
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Saji M, Nakajima A, Sendo W, Tanaka M, Koseki Y, Ichikawa N, Harigai M, Akama H, Taniguchi A, Terai C, Hara M, Kamatani N. Antiphospholipid syndrome with complete abdominal aorta occlusion and chondritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 11:159-61. [PMID: 24383695 DOI: 10.3109/s101650170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract We report a case of a 42-year-old man with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) with chondritis. He presented with preceding insidious progressive occlusion of the bilateral common iliac arteries extending to the lower two-thirds of the abdominal aorta. Active thrombotic events developed concurrent with the onset of chondritis, and resulted in massive thromboses in multiple organs and renal dysfunction. Both conditions responded well to combined intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone and anticoagulation therapy. The inflammatory component of his disease may have played a major role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis given the concurrent active inflammation from his chondritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saji
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Aoyama Hospital , 10-22 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0054 , Japan
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Abstract
Increased p21-activated kinase (PAK) signaling and expression have been identified in the invasive fronts of aggressive papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), including those with RET/PTC, BRAFV600E, and mutant RAS expression. Functionally, thyroid cancer cell motility in vitro is dependent on group 1 PAKs, particularly PAK1. In this study, we hypothesize that BRAF, a central kinase in PTC tumorigenesis and invasion, regulates thyroid cancer cell motility in part through PAK activation. Using three well-characterized human thyroid cancer cell lines, we demonstrated in all cell lines that BRAF knockdown reduced PAK phosphorylation of direct downstream targets. In contrast, inhibition of MEK activity either pharmacologically or with siRNA did not reduce PAK activity, indicating MEK is dispensable for PAK activity. Inhibition of cell migration through BRAF loss is rescued by overexpression of either constitutive active MEK1 or PAK1, demonstrating that both signaling pathways are involved in BRAF-regulated cell motility. To further characterize BRAF-PAK signaling, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that both exogenously overexpressed and endogenous PAK1 and BRAF co-localize and physically interact, and that this interaction was enhanced in mitosis. Finally, we demonstrated that acute induction of BRAFV600E expression in vivo in murine thyroid glands results in increased PAK expression and activity confirming a positive signaling relationship in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified a signaling pathway in thyroid cancer cells which BRAF activates and physically interacts with PAK and regulates cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K McCarty
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Christina M Knippler
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lawrence S Kirschner
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Soledad Fernandez
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Matthew D Ringel
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal MedicineDepartment of Molecular VirologyImmunology, and Medical GeneticsCenter for BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 565 McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Yusof AM, Kothandaraman S, Zhang X, Saji M, Ringel MD, Tweedle MF, Phay JE. Development of a calcium-sensing receptor molecular imaging agent. Surgery 2013; 154:1378-84; discussion 1384. [PMID: 24238055 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed by parathyroid cells and thyroid C-cells (from which medullary thyroid carcinoma [MTC] is derived). A molecular imaging agent localizing to the CaSR could improve the detection of parathyroids and MTC preoperatively or intraoperatively. We synthesized a novel compound containing a fluorine residue for potential future labeling and demonstrated that the compound inhibited CaSR function in vitro. METHODS We synthesized compound M, a derivative of a known calcilytic compound, Calhex-231. Human embryonic kidney cells transfected with green-fluorescent protein-tagged CaSR or control vector were preincubated with compound M before the addition of calcium. Immunoblotting for total mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK: ERK1/2), activated MAPK (phosphorylated ERK1/2), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was performed. RESULTS Synthesis of compound M was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway by compound M was demonstrated in a dose-dependent manner by a decrease in phosphorylated ERK1/2 with no change in total ERK1/2 levels. Compound M inhibited MAPK signaling slightly better than the parent compound. CONCLUSION We have developed a novel molecule which demonstrates functional inhibition of CaSR and has a favorable structure for labeling. This compound appears to be appropriate for further development as a molecular imaging tool to enhance the surgical treatment of parathyroid disease and MTC.
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Ding H, Yusof AM, Kothandaraman S, Saji M, Wang C, Kumar K, Milum K, Carleton M, Pan X, Ringel MD, Tweedle MF, Phay JE. Localization of CaSR antagonists in CaSR-expressing medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1722-9. [PMID: 24030941 PMCID: PMC4326510 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Image-based localization of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and parathyroid glands would improve the surgical outcomes of these diseases. MTC and parathyroid glands express high levels of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). The aim of this study was to prove the concept that CaSR antagonists specifically localize to CaSR-expressing tumors in vivo. DESIGN We synthesized two isomers of a known CaSR calcilytic, Calhex 231, and four new analogs, which have a favorable structure for labeling. Their antagonistic activity was determined using immunoblots demonstrating decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation after calcium stimulation in human embryonic kidney cells overexpressing CaSR. Compound 9 was further radiolabeled with (125)I and evaluated in nude mice with and without heterotransplanted xenografts of MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, that do and do not express CaSR, respectively. RESULTS Two newly synthesized compounds, 9 and 11, exhibited better antagonistic activity than Calhex 231. The half-life of (125)I-compound 9 in nude mice without xenografts was 9.9 hours. A biodistribution study in nude mice bearing both tumors demonstrated that the uptake of radioactivity in TT tumors was higher than in MZ-CRC-1 tumors at 24 hours: 0.39 ± 0.24 vs 0.18 ± 0.12 percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) (P = .002), with a ratio of 2.25 ± 0.62. Tumor-to-background ratios for TT tumors, but not MZ-CRC-1 tumors, increased with time. Tumor-to-blood values increased from 2.02 ± 0.52 at 1 hour to 3.29 ± 0.98 at 24 hour (P = .015) for TT tumors, and 1.7 ± 0.56 at 1 hour to 1.48 ± 0.33 at 24 hour (P = .36) for MZ-CRC-1 tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our new CaSR antagonists specifically inhibit CaSR function in vitro, preferentially localize to CaSR-expressing tumors in vivo, and therefore have the potential to serve as scaffolds for further development as imaging pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Ding
- MD, Department of Surgery, 410 West 10th Avenue, N907 Doan Hall, Columbus, OH 43210.
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Ma Y, McCarty SK, Kapuriya NP, Brendel VJ, Wang C, Zhang X, Jarjoura D, Saji M, Chen CS, Ringel MD. Development of p21 activated kinase-targeted multikinase inhibitors that inhibit thyroid cancer cell migration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1314-22. [PMID: 23709653 PMCID: PMC3733855 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The p21 activated kinases (PAKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that are downstream effectors of small GTPase Cdc42 and Rac. PAKs regulate cell motility, proliferation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. PAK isoform expression and activity have been shown to be enhanced in cancer and to function as an oncogene in vivo. PAKs also have been implicated in cancer progression. OBJECTIVE In thyroid cancer, we have previously determined that PAK overactivation is common in the invasive fronts of aggressive tumors and that it is functionally involved in thyroid cancer cell motility using molecular inhibitors. We report the development of two new PAK-inhibiting compounds that were modified from the structure OSU-03012, a previously identified multikinase inhibitor that competitively blocks ATP binding of both phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and PAK1. RESULTS Seventeen compounds were created by combinatorial chemistry predicted to inhibit PAK activity with reduced anti-PDK1 effect. Two lead compounds were identified based on the ability to inhibit PAK1 activity in an ATP-competitive manner without discernible in vivo PDK1 inhibitory activity in thyroid cancer cell lines. Both compounds reduced thyroid cancer cell viability. Although they are not PAK-specific on a multikinase screening assay, the antimigration activity effect of the compounds in thyroid cancer cells was rescued by overexpression of a constitutively active PAK1, suggesting this activity is involved in this biological effect. CONCLUSIONS We have developed 2 new multikinase inhibitors with anti-PAK activity that may serve as scaffolds for further compound development targeting this progression-related thyroid cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Ma
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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He H, Bronisz A, Liyanarachchi S, Nagy R, Li W, Huang Y, Akagi K, Saji M, Kula D, Wojcicka A, Sebastian N, Wen B, Puch Z, Kalemba M, Stachlewska E, Czetwertynska M, Dlugosinska J, Dymecka K, Ploski R, Krawczyk M, Morrison PJ, Ringel MD, Kloos RT, Jazdzewski K, Symer DE, Vieland VJ, Ostrowski M, Jarząb B, de la Chapelle A. SRGAP1 is a candidate gene for papillary thyroid carcinoma susceptibility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E973-80. [PMID: 23539728 PMCID: PMC3644596 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) shows high heritability, yet efforts to find predisposing genes have been largely negative. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify susceptibility genes for PTC. METHODS A genome-wide linkage analysis was performed in 38 families. Targeted association study and screening were performed in 2 large cohorts of PTC patients and controls. Candidate DNA variants were tested in functional studies. RESULTS Linkage analysis and association studies identified the Slit-Robo Rho GTPase activating protein 1 gene (SRGAP1) in the linkage peak as a candidate gene. Two missense variants, Q149H and A275T, localized in the Fes/CIP4 homology domain segregated with the disease in 1 family each. One missense variant, R617C, located in the RhoGAP domain occurred in 1 family. Biochemical assays demonstrated that the ability to inactivate CDC42, a key function of SRGAP1, was severely impaired by the Q149H and R617C variants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SRGAP1 is a candidate gene in PTC susceptibility. SRGAP1 is likely a low-penetrant gene, possibly of a modifier type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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He X, Saji M, Radhakrishnan D, Romigh T, Ngeow J, Yu Q, Wang Y, Ringel MD, Eng C. PTEN lipid phosphatase activity and proper subcellular localization are necessary and sufficient for down-regulating AKT phosphorylation in the nucleus in Cowden syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2179-87. [PMID: 22962422 PMCID: PMC3485596 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Germline mutations in PTEN are associated with phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) hamartoma tumor syndrome including Cowden syndrome (CS) and Cowden-like syndrome (CSL) that predisposes to high risks of benign and malignant tumors of thyroid and breast. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to analyze the subcellular pattern of phosphorylated (P)-AKT expression in nonmedullary thyroid cancers from PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome patients and to investigate whether the lack of PTEN in the nucleus and/or lack of proper PTEN function in the nucleus affect(s) nuclear AKT activity in CS patients. DESIGN In all, 664 patients with CS/CSL were screened for PTEN germline mutations and nonmedullary thyroid cancers. Twenty-two patients who have both pathogenic PTEN germline mutations and nonmedullary thyroid cancers were selected. Thyroid samples from these patients were stained for PTEN and P-AKT. In our in vitro study, PTEN was knocked down or overexpressed in both thyroid cancer cells and breast cancer cells, and nuclear P-AKT was compared with the control. RESULTS Loss of PTEN protein was found in thyroid adenomas and carcinomas from all 22 (100%) PTEN(Mut+) CS/CSL patients. AKT activation was identified in 17 of 22 (77.3%) thyroid adenoma/carcinoma specimens, and most patients (63.7%) have activated nuclear AKT. Knockdown of PTEN in cells containing wild-type PTEN enhanced nuclear P-AKT, whereas expression of wild-type PTEN, but not phosphatase-dead mutants (C124S or G129E), markedly reduced nuclear P-AKT in PTEN null cells. We also showed that in breast cancer but not thyroid cancer cells, PTEN suppresses nuclear P-AKT mainly through decreasing P-AKT nuclear translocation by reducing the PIP3/P-AKT reservoir in the cytoplasm. In thyroid cancer cells, PTEN suppresses phosphorylation of AKT already resident in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS PTEN is necessary and sufficient for inhibiting AKT activation in the nucleus through its intact lipid phosphatase activity and proper subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Koh YW, Shah MH, Agarwal K, McCarty SK, Koo BS, Brendel VJ, Wang C, Porter K, Jarjoura D, Saji M, Ringel MD. Sorafenib and Mek inhibition is synergistic in medullary thyroid carcinoma in vitro. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:29-38. [PMID: 22109971 PMCID: PMC3717592 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials using kinase inhibitors have demonstrated transient partial responses and disease control in patients with progressive medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). The goal of this study was to identify potential combinatorial strategies to improve on these results using sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor with activity in MTC, as a base compound to explore signaling that might predict synergystic interactions. Two human MTC cell lines, TT and MZ-CRC-1, which harbor endogenous C634W or M918T RET mutations, respectively, were exposed to sorafenib, everolimus, and AZD6244 alone and in combination. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrasodium bromide (MTT) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage assays were performed to measure cell survival and apoptosis. Western blots were performed to confirm activity of the compounds and to determine possible mechanisms of resistance and predictors of synergy. As a solitary agent, sorafenib was the most active compound on MTT assay. Western blots confirmed that sorafenib, everolimus, and AZD6244 inhibited their anticipated targets. At concentrations below its IC(50), sorafenib-treated TT and MZ-CRC-1 cells demonstrated transient inhibition and then re-activation of Erk over 6 h. In concordance, synergistic effects were only identified using sorafenib in combination with the Mek inhibitor AZD6244 (P<0.001 for each cell line). Cells treated with everolimus demonstrated activation of Akt and Ret via TORC2 complex-dependent and TORC2 complex-independent mechanisms respectively. Everolimus was neither additive nor syngergistic in combination with sorafenib or AZD6244. In conclusion, sorafenib combined with a Mek inhibitor demonstrated synergy in MTC cells in vitro. Mechanisms of resistance to everolimus in MTC cells likely involved TORC2-dependent and TORC2-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Woo Koh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Shen R, Liyanarachchi S, Li W, Wakely PE, Saji M, Huang J, Nagy R, Farrell T, Ringel MD, de la Chapelle A, Kloos RT, He H. MicroRNA signature in thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology applied to "atypia of undetermined significance" cases. Thyroid 2012; 22:9-16. [PMID: 22136206 PMCID: PMC3247703 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miR) expression signatures are proposed to be able to differentiate thyroid cancer from benign thyroid lesions. We selected eight miRs (miR-146b, -221, -187, -197, -346, -30d, -138, and -302c) to examine the potential use of miRs to supplement diagnostic cytology in cases designated as "atypia of undetermined significance." METHODS miR expression was measured in thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene expression analyses and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were performed in a training sample set (n=60) to obtain a classification rule to predict FNA cases as benign or malignant. The predictions were cross-validated by comparing with the corresponding histological diagnoses. A validation sample set (n=68) was further tested with the established four-miR LDA classification rule. RESULTS A set of four miRs (miR-146b, -221, -187, and -30d) was identified that could differentiate malignant from benign lesions. A four-miR LDA classification rule was obtained and used to predict FNA cases as benign or malignant. For the training sample set, we obtained a diagnostic accuracy of 93.3%, sensitivity of 93.2%, specificity of 93.8%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.98, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.83. For the validation sample set, we obtained a diagnostic accuracy of 85.3%, sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 78.3%, PPV of 0.89, and NPV of 0.78. For the 30 atypia cases in the validation sample set, we obtained a diagnostic accuracy of 73.3%, sensitivity of 63.6%, specificity of 78.9%, PPV of 0.64, and NPV of 0.79. Based on the miR predictions, we classified the atypia cases predicted as "malignant" into "high risk" and those predicted as "benign" into "low risk" categories. While thyroid carcinomas, particularly papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), were relatively enriched in the high-risk category, this particular miR panel is subject to inaccurate results in follicular neoplasias in atypia cases. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that miR amplification from FNA samples is feasible and that the particular four miR profile in this study can identify PTCs. However, further refinement is required for application to FNA cytology of "atypia of undetermined significance" cases due to low accuracy in classifying follicular neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paul E. Wakely
- Department of Pathology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tisha Farrell
- Department of Pathology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard T. Kloos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Huiling He
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Abstract
The analysis of proteins by RPLC commonly involves the use of TFA as an ion-pairing agent, even though it forms adducts and suppresses sensitivity. The presence of adducts can complicate protein molecular weight assignment especially when protein isoforms coelute as in the case of histones. To mitigate the complicating effects of TFA adducts in protein LC-MS, we have optimized TFA-free methods for protein separation. Protein standards and histones were used to evaluate TFA-free separations using capillary (0.3 mm id) and nanoscale (0.1 mm id) C(8) columns with the ion-pairing agents, formic acid or acetic acid. The optimized method was then used to examine the applicability of the approach for histone characterization in human cancer cell lines and primary tumor cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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35
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Bekaii-Saab T, Phelps MA, Li X, Saji M, Goff L, Kauh JSW, O'Neil BH, Balsom S, Balint C, Liersemann R, Vasko VV, Bloomston M, Marsh W, Doyle LA, Ellison G, Grever M, Ringel MD, Villalona-Calero MA. Multi-institutional phase II study of selumetinib in patients with metastatic biliary cancers. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:2357-63. [PMID: 21519026 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.9473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biliary cancers (BCs) carry a poor prognosis, but targeting the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway is of significance. Selumetinib is an inhibitor of MEK1/2, so this trial was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of selumetinib in BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multi-institutional phase II study of selumetinib at 100 mg given orally twice per day to patients with advanced BC. The primary end point was response rate. All patients were required to provide tissue before enrolling. The levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and AKT (pAKT) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Tumors were genotyped for the presence of BRAF- and/or RAS-activating mutations. RESULTS Twenty-eight eligible patients with a median age of 55.6 years were enrolled. Thirty-nine percent of patients had received one prior systemic therapy. Three patients (12%) had a confirmed objective response. Another 17 patients (68%) experienced stable disease (SD), 14 of whom (56%) experienced prolonged SD (> 16 weeks). Patients gained an average nonfluid weight of 8.6 pounds. Median progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI, 3.5 to 4.9) and median overall survival was 9.8 months (95% CI, 5.97 to not available). Toxicities were mild, with rash (90%) and xerostomia (54%) being most frequent. Only one patient experienced grade 4 toxicity (fatigue). All patients had tissue available for analysis. No BRAF V600E mutations were found. Two patients with short-lived SD had KRAS mutations. Absence of pERK staining was associated with lack of response. CONCLUSION Selumetinib displays interesting activity and acceptable tolerability in patients with metastatic BC. Our results warrant further evaluation of selumetinib in patients with metastatic BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center--James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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36
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Bekaii-Saab T, Phelps MA, Li X, Saji M, Goff L, Kauh JSW, O'Neil BH, Balsom S, Balint C, Liersemann R, Vasko VV, Bloomston M, Marsh W, Doyle LA, Ellison G, Grever M, Ringel MD, Villalona-Calero MA. Multi-institutional phase II study of selumetinib in patients with metastatic biliary cancers. J Clin Oncol 2011. [PMID: 21519026 DOI: 10.1200/jco2010.33.9473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biliary cancers (BCs) carry a poor prognosis, but targeting the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway is of significance. Selumetinib is an inhibitor of MEK1/2, so this trial was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of selumetinib in BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a multi-institutional phase II study of selumetinib at 100 mg given orally twice per day to patients with advanced BC. The primary end point was response rate. All patients were required to provide tissue before enrolling. The levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and AKT (pAKT) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Tumors were genotyped for the presence of BRAF- and/or RAS-activating mutations. RESULTS Twenty-eight eligible patients with a median age of 55.6 years were enrolled. Thirty-nine percent of patients had received one prior systemic therapy. Three patients (12%) had a confirmed objective response. Another 17 patients (68%) experienced stable disease (SD), 14 of whom (56%) experienced prolonged SD (> 16 weeks). Patients gained an average nonfluid weight of 8.6 pounds. Median progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI, 3.5 to 4.9) and median overall survival was 9.8 months (95% CI, 5.97 to not available). Toxicities were mild, with rash (90%) and xerostomia (54%) being most frequent. Only one patient experienced grade 4 toxicity (fatigue). All patients had tissue available for analysis. No BRAF V600E mutations were found. Two patients with short-lived SD had KRAS mutations. Absence of pERK staining was associated with lack of response. CONCLUSION Selumetinib displays interesting activity and acceptable tolerability in patients with metastatic BC. Our results warrant further evaluation of selumetinib in patients with metastatic BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center--James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Paulaitis M, Guzman N, Agarwal K, Saji M. Abstract P3-09-04: Exosome-Specific microRNA Signatures in Combination with Characteristic Surface Markers on the Circulating Exosomes Themselves Provide New Insights into the EMT. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-p3-09-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Recent discoveries have established that cancer tumors exhibit distinct microRNA (miR) expression profiles compared to normal tissues. Detection of miRs in the peripheral blood of cancer patients is possible due to their high stability. This stability is attributed to encapsulation of the miRs inside microvesicles (MVs) where they are protected from endogenous RNase activity in circulation. The tumor cell-secreted MVs of primary interest are circulating exosomes, a subpopulation of MVs distinguished by their relatively small size: 40 to 100 nm in diameter. The isolation of circulating tumor-derived exosomes from the other cell-secreted MVs in peripheral blood is the critical barrier to successful development of a robust assay for cancer-specific miR signatures. We describe the development of such an assay to: (1) capture/isolate circulating exosomes based on characteristic surface markers that correlate with different cell types, and (2) characterize exosome-specific miR signatures based on these surface markers.
Materials and Methods: We apply sequential ultracentrifugation to isolate cell-secreted MVs, followed by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation to selectively separate exosomes based on their intrinsically small size and characteristic surface markers. Isolated exosomes are then screened for surface markers by selectively capturing them on microarrays printed with antibodies against a library of known cell-surface markers for breast cancer. For the assessment of exosome-specific miR signatures, we have devised an antibody microarray assay that also enables the in situ characterization of miR profiles of the captured exosomes locally by qRT-PCR analysis confined to subarrays of printed spots in 50-µl microwells of a custom-designed, multi-well microarray. Assay development has been carried out using two human cancer cell lines (MCF 7 and MDA MB 231) and a non-malignant cell line (MCF 10a) representing pre-malignant cells and cancer of the breast at different epithelial and mesenchymal states. Results: We have used light scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy to characterize the size, size distribution, and morphology of exosomes as a sub-population of the secreted MVs from each of the three cell lines. We have also screened for surface markers by selective capturing the exosome sub-populations derived from these cell lines on antibody microarrays, and correlated these surface markers with the miR content of MVs using qRT-PCR analysis.
Discussion: Our results demonstrate that correlating the miR signatures of circulating exosomes with characteristic surface markers on these exosomes leads to robust distinctions between the three cell lines that could not be achieved using either analysis or characterization alone.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-09-04.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Saji
- Ohio State University, Columbus
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McCarty SK, Saji M, Zhang X, Jarjoura D, Fusco A, Vasko VV, Ringel MD. Group I p21-activated kinases regulate thyroid cancer cell migration and are overexpressed and activated in thyroid cancer invasion. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:989-99. [PMID: 20817787 PMCID: PMC3717591 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility. PAKs are subdivided into group I (PAKs 1-3) and group II (PAKs 4-6) on the basis of structural and functional characteristics. Based on prior gene expression data that predicted enhanced PAK signaling in the invasive fronts of aggressive papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), we hypothesized that PAKs functionally regulate thyroid cancer cell motility and are activated in PTC invasive fronts. We examined PAK isoform expression in six human thyroid cancer cell lines (BCPAP, KTC1, TPC1, FTC133, C643, and SW1746) by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blot. All cell lines expressed PAKs 1-4 and PAK6 mRNA and PAKs 1-4 protein; PAK6 protein was variably expressed. Samples from normal and malignant thyroid tissues also expressed PAKs 1-4 and PAK6 mRNA; transfection with the group I (PAKs 1-3) PAK-specific p21 inhibitory domain molecular inhibitor reduced transwell filter migration by ∼50% without altering viability in all cell lines (P<0.05). BCPAP and FTC133 cells were transfected with PAK1, PAK2, or PAK3-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA); only PAK1 siRNA reduced migration significantly for both cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of seven invasive PTCs demonstrated an increase in PAK1 and pPAK immunoactivity in the invasive fronts versus the tumor center. In conclusion, PAK isoforms are expressed in human thyroid tissues and cell lines. PAK1 regulates thyroid cancer cell motility, and PAK1 and pPAK levels are increased in PTC invasive fronts. These data implicate PAKs as regulators of thyroid cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K McCarty
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Oncology Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Abstract
The phosphoinositide-3 (OH) kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade is involved in regulating glucose uptake and metabolism, growth, motility, and other essential functions for cell survival. Unregulated activation of this pathway commonly occurs in cancer through a variety of mechanisms, including genetic mutations of kinases and regulatory proteins, epigenetic alterations that alter gene expression and translation, and posttranslational modifications. In thyroid cancer, constitutive activation of PI3K signaling has been shown to play a role in the genetic predisposition for thyroid neoplasia in Cowden's syndrome, and is recognized to be frequently overactivated in sporadic forms of thyroid cancer including those with aggressive clinical behaviors. In this review, the key signaling molecules in the PI3K signaling cascade, the abnormalities known to occur in thyroid cancer, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of PI3K pathway members will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Saji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine & Molecular Virology, Immunology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, The Ohio State University and The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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40
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Lam ET, Ringel MD, Kloos RT, Prior TW, Knopp MV, Liang J, Sammet S, Hall NC, Wakely PE, Vasko VV, Saji M, Snyder PJ, Wei L, Arbogast D, Collamore M, Wright JJ, Moley JF, Villalona-Calero MA, Shah MH. Phase II clinical trial of sorafenib in metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:2323-30. [PMID: 20368568 PMCID: PMC2881718 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) activity are critical in the pathogenesis of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor targeting Ret and VEGFR, showed antitumor activity in preclinical studies of MTC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this phase II trial of sorafenib in patients with advanced MTC, the primary end point was objective response. Secondary end points included toxicity assessment and response correlation with tumor markers, functional imaging, and RET mutations. Using a two-stage design, 16 or 25 patients were to be enrolled onto arms A (hereditary) and B (sporadic). Patients received sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily. RESULTS Of 16 patients treated in arm B, one achieved partial response (PR; 6.3%; 95% CI, 0.2% to 30.2%), 14 had stable disease (SD; 87.5%; 95% CI, 61.7% to 99.5%), and one was nonevaluable. In a post hoc analysis of 10 arm B patients with progressive disease (PD) before study, one patient had PR of 21+ months, four patients had SD >or= 15 months, four patients had SD CONCLUSION Sorafenib is reasonably well tolerated, with suggestion of clinical benefit for patients with sporadic MTC. Caution should be taken because of the rare but fatal toxicity potentially associated with sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine T Lam
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Asakawa H, Tsunoda M, Kaido T, Hosokawa M, Sugaya C, Inoue Y, Kudo Y, Satoh T, Katagiri H, Akita H, Saji M, Wakasa M, Negishi T, Tashiro T, Aizawa Y. Enhanced inhibitory effects of TBT chloride on the development of F1 rats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010; 58:1065-1073. [PMID: 19937321 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is one of the major effects of tributyltin (TBT). The effects on the next generation of F(1) rats exposed to TBT via the placenta and their dams' milk may be stronger than those on adults. Pregnant Wister rats were exposed to TBT at 0 and 125 ppm in their food. Half of the female F(1) rats in both groups were exposed to TBT at 125 ppm in their food from 9 to 15 weeks of age. Female F(1) rats were divided into the following groups: the control-control (CC) group, with no exposure; the TBT-control (TC) group, exposed to TBT via the placenta and their dams' milk; the control-TBT (CT) group, exposed to TBT via their food from 9 to 15 weeks of age; and the TBT-TBT (TT) group, exposed to TBT via the placenta, their dams' milk, and their food (n = 10/group). After administration, an open-field test and prepulse inhibition (PPI) test were performed at 15 weeks of age. The mean body weights of the TC and TT groups were significantly lower than that of the CC group from 9 to 15 weeks of age. The mean relative thymus weight of the TC and TT groups was significantly lower than that of the CC group. In the open-field test, a marked decrease in the total locomotion distance was observed in the TT group. The mean values in the TT and TC groups were significantly lower than that in the CC group. For the locomotion distance between 15 and 20 min, the mean values in the CT, TC, and TT groups were significantly lower than that in the CC group. The mean locomotor distance between 25 and 30 min in the TT group was significantly lower than that in the CC and TC groups. The mean values of instances of wall rearing in the TC, CT, and TT groups were significantly lower than that in the CC group. The mean value of face washing or body washing in the TT group was significantly lower than that in the CT group. There were no significant differences in indexes of the PPI test. Exposure to TBT via the placenta and their dams' milk inhibited the development of F(1) rats, which continued after weaning. Inhibition of the rats' activity induced by exposure to TBT via the placenta and their dams' milk and/or via their food was suggested. The effects were most evident in the TT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Asakawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
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Jensen K, Patel A, Larin A, Hoperia V, Saji M, Bauer A, Yim K, Hemming V, Vasko V. Human herpes simplex viruses in benign and malignant thyroid tumours. J Pathol 2010; 221:193-200. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nadella KS, Saji M, Jacob NK, Pavel E, Ringel MD, Kirschner LS. Regulation of actin function by protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation of Limk1. EMBO Rep 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kloos RT, Ringel MD, Knopp MV, Hall NC, King M, Stevens R, Liang J, Wakely PE, Vasko VV, Saji M, Rittenberry J, Wei L, Arbogast D, Collamore M, Wright JJ, Grever M, Shah MH. Phase II trial of sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:1675-84. [PMID: 19255327 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the pivotal role of Ras-Raf-MAP-ERK signaling and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), we conducted a phase II clinical trial of sorafenib targeting RAF and VEGF receptor kinases in PTC. PATIENTS AND METHODS The primary end point was the objective response rate. Secondary end points included response correlation with serum thyroglobulin (Tg); functional imaging; tumor genotype; and signaling inhibition in tumor biopsies. Using a Simon minimax two-stage design, 16 or 25 chemotherapy-naïve metastatic PTC patients were to be enrolled in arm A (accessible tumor for biopsy). Arm B patients had other subtypes of thyroid carcinoma or prior chemotherapy, and did not require tumor biopsies. Patients received 400 mg orally twice per day of sorafenib. Response was assessed every 2 months using RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). RESULTS Of 41 PTC patients, six patients had a partial response (PR; 15%; 95% CI, 6 to 29) and 23 patients (56%; 95% CI, 40 to 72) had stable disease longer than 6 months. Median duration of PR was 7.5 months (range, 6 to 14). Median progression-free survival was 15 months (95% CI, 10 to 27.5). In 14 (78%) of 18 Tg-assessable PTC patients, Tg declined more than 25%. Common grade 3 adverse events included hand-foot skin reaction, musculoskeletal pain, and fatigue. BRAF mutation was detected in 17 (77%) of 22 PTCs analyzed. Four of 10 paired tumor biopsies from PTC patients showed a reduction in levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor phosphorylation, ERK phosphorylation, and in VEGF expression during sorafenib therapy. No PRs were noted among non-PTC patients. CONCLUSION Sorafenib is reasonably well-tolerated therapy with clinical and biologic antitumor activity in metastatic PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Kloos
- Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Pathology, Radiology, Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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45
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Wang PS, Chou FS, Porchia L, Saji M, Pinzone JJ. Troglitazone inhibits cell migration, adhesion, and spreading by modulating cytoskeletal rearrangement in human breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2008; 47:905-15. [PMID: 18314876 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic tumors are the primary cause of death in patients with breast cancer. Recent data indicate that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), possess anti-invasive activities on human breast cancer cells. However, the effects of TZDs on other metastatic properties of breast cancer cells such as adhesion, spreading, and migration are not well established. In this study, we show that troglitazone (TG), a member of the TZD family, inhibits lamellipodia formation or membrane ruffling as well as actin polymerization at these structures in MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells. In addition, TG reduces migration, adhesion, and spreading on fibronectin (FN)-coated plates. These phenomena were associated with the dramatic decrease of Tyr397 and Tyr576 phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the detergent-insoluble Rac1. We also found that TG upregulates Tyr416 phosphorylation of Src, but downregulates the Src-FAK complex. Moreover, we use a PPARgamma-inactive derivative of TG (STG28) and a PPARgamma antagonist (GW9662) to eliminate PPARgamma-mediated effects. We found that treatment with STG28 or GW9662 plus TG showed similar effects compared to TG treatment alone on tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and Src, indicating that these effects are not the result of PPARgamma activation. Interestingly, we found that TG upregulates actin filament assembly at the point of cell-cell contact in T47D cells, indicating that TG may also upregulate cell-cell adhesion in breast cancer cells which express E-cadherin. These results suggested that TG should be investigated further for its therapeutic potential in metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Wang PS, Chou FS, Bloomston M, Vonau MS, Saji M, Espinosa A, Pinzone JJ. Thiazolidinediones downregulate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via multiple mechanisms in breast cancer cells. J Surg Res 2008; 153:210-6. [PMID: 18639247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been demonstrated to possess antitumor effects in breast cancer cells, although the mechanisms are not well established. We sought to better define TZDs' antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms to permit rational utilization of these agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the effects of TZDs on DNA synthesis (BrdU enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), gene expression (microarray, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot), serine phosphorylation and localization of beta-catenin (nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation and immunoblot), transactivation activity of beta-catenin/T cell factor 4 (TCF4) (luciferase assay with wild-type and mutant TCF4 responsive element), and beta-catenin/TCF4 complex (immunoprecipitation) in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and T47D. RESULTS Troglitazone (TG) down-regulated DNA synthesis in MDA-MB-231 and T47D and decreased mRNA expression of the Wnt co-receptors frizzled-1 and low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP6) as well as protein level of LRP6. TG also targets downstream Wnt signaling molecules in T47D cells. TG down-regulates p-beta-catenin (S33/S37/T41) and promotes translocation of beta-catenin into the nucleus. However, TG inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transactivation by down-regulating TCF4 protein levels, thereby inhibiting beta-catenin/TCF4 complex formation. Finally, we found that inhibition of Akt augments TG-mediated down-regulation of DNA synthesis and this result was accompanied with the decreased protein levels of Wnt signaling molecules: LRP6, beta-catenin, and TCF4. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, which plays an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis, may be a target for TZD treatment. Moreover, a combination of TZDs and a specific Akt inhibitor may serve as a new approach to target Wnt/beta-catenin directly and via PI3K/Akt action on glycogen synthase-3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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McCall KD, Harii N, Lewis CJ, Malgor R, Kim WB, Saji M, Kohn AD, Moon RT, Kohn LD. High basal levels of functional toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and noncanonical Wnt5a are expressed in papillary thyroid cancer and are coordinately decreased by phenylmethimazole together with cell proliferation and migration. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4226-37. [PMID: 17525119 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High basal levels of TLR3 and Wnt5a RNA are present in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cell lines consistent with their overexpression and colocalization in PTC cells in vivo. This is not the case in thyrocytes from normal tissue and in follicular carcinoma (FC) or anaplastic carcinoma (AC) cells or tissues. The basally expressed TLR3 are functional in PTC cells as evidenced by the ability of double-strand RNA (polyinosine-polycytidylic acid) to significantly increase the activity of transfected NF-kappaB and IFN-beta luciferase reporter genes and the levels of two end products of TLR3 signaling, IFN-beta and CXCL10. Phenylmethimazole (C10), a drug that decreases TLR3 expression and signaling in FRTL-5 thyrocytes, decreases TLR3 levels and signaling in PTC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. C10 also decreased Wnt5a RNA levels coordinate with decreases in TLR3. E-cadherin RNA levels, whose suppression may be associated with high Wnt5a, increased with C10 treatment. C10 simultaneously decreased PTC proliferation and cell migration but had no effect on the growth and migration of FC, AC, or FRTL-5 cells. C10 decreases high basal phosphorylation of Tyr705 and Ser727 on Stat3 in PTC cells and inhibits IL-6-induced Stat3 phosphorylation. IL-6-induced Stat3 phosphorylation is important both in up-regulating Wnt5a levels and in cell growth. In sum, high Wnt5a levels in PTC cells may be related to high TLR3 levels and signaling; and the ability of phenylmethimazole (C10) to decrease growth and migration of PTC cells may be related to its suppressive effect on TLR3 and Wnt5a signaling, particularly Stat3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D McCall
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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48
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Porchia LM, Guerra M, Wang YC, Zhang Y, Espinosa AV, Shinohara M, Kulp SK, Kirschner LS, Saji M, Chen CS, Ringel MD. 2-amino-N-{4-[5-(2-phenanthrenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl} acetamide (OSU-03012), a celecoxib derivative, directly targets p21-activated kinase. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1124-31. [PMID: 17673571 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.037556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-Activated kinases (PAKs) are regulators of cell motility and proliferation. PAK activity is regulated in part by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). We hypothesized that reduced PAK activity was involved in the effects of 2-amino-N-{4-[5-(2-phenanthrenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl} acetamide (OSU-03012), a previously characterized PDK1 inhibitor derived from celecoxib. In three human thyroid cancer cell lines, OSU-03012 inhibited cell proliferation with reduced AKT phosphorylation by PDK1. OSU-03012 unexpectedly inhibited PAK phosphorylation at lower concentrations than PDK1-dependent AKT phosphorylation in two of the three lines. In cell-free kinase assays, OSU-03012 was shown to inhibit PAK activity and compete with ATP binding. In addition, computer modeling predicted a docking site for OSU-03012 in the ATP binding motif of PAK1. Finally, overexpression of constitutively activated PAK1 partially rescued the ability of motile NPA thyroid cancer cells to migrate during OSU-03012 treatment, suggesting that inhibition of PAK may be involved in the cellular effects of OSU-03012 in these cells. In summary, OSU-03012 is a direct inhibitor of PAK, and inhibition of PAK, either directly or indirectly, may be involved in its biological effects in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M Porchia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, the Ohio State University Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
AKT (protein kinase B) is a central signaling molecule in the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase pathway that is frequently activated in human cancer. AKT activation regulates energy metabolism, apoptosis, proliferation, and migration in many cell systems. In thyroid cancer, AKT activation is involved in tumorigenesis, particularly in both inherited and sporadic forms of follicular thyroid cancer. Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase and AKT signaling also appear to play an important role in progression of both papillary and follicular cancers. In this review, the role of AKT in thyroid cancer development and progression are discussed with a focus on areas of current debate in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoo Shinohara
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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50
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Vasko V, Espinosa AV, Scouten W, He H, Auer H, Liyanarachchi S, Larin A, Savchenko V, Francis GL, de la Chapelle A, Saji M, Ringel MD. Gene expression and functional evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2803-8. [PMID: 17296934 PMCID: PMC1815262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610733104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) that invade into local structures are associated with a poor prognosis, but the mechanisms for PTC invasion are incompletely defined, limiting the development of new therapies. To characterize biological processes involved in PTC invasion, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of microscopically dissected intratumoral samples from central and invasive regions of seven widely invasive PTCs and normal thyroid tissue by oligonucleotide microarray and performed confirmatory expression and functional studies. In comparison with the central regions of primary PTCs, the invasive fronts overexpressed TGF beta, NFkappaB and integrin pathway members, and regulators of small G proteins and CDC42. Moreover, reduced levels of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cell-cell adhesion and communication were identified, consistent with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To confirm that aggressive PTCs were characterized by EMT, 34 additional PTCs were examined for expression of vimentin, a hallmark of EMT. Overexpression of vimentin was associated with PTC invasion and nodal metastasis. Functional, in vitro studies demonstrated that vimentin was required both for the development and maintenance of a mesenchymal morphology and invasiveness in thyroid cancer cells. We conclude that EMT is common in PTC invasion and that vimentin regulates thyroid cancer EMT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Vasko
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
| | - Allan V. Espinosa
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - William Scouten
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
| | - Huiling He
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Herbert Auer
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | - Gary L. Francis
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298-0565
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Division of Endocrinology, 445D McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210. E-mail: or
| | - Motoyasu Saji
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Departments of *Medicine and
- Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Genetics, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- **To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Division of Endocrinology, 445D McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Drive, Columbus, OH 43210. E-mail: or
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