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Barr T, Ma S, Li Z, Yu J. Recent advances and remaining challenges in lung cancer therapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:533-546. [PMID: 38321811 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer death. Given the continued research into new drugs and combination therapies, outcomes in lung cancer have been improved, and clinical benefits have been expanded to a broader patient population. However, the overall cure and survival rates for lung cancer patients remain low, especially in metastatic cases. Among the available lung cancer treatment options, such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and alternative therapies, immunotherapy has shown to be the most promising. The exponential progress in immuno-oncology research and recent advancements made in the field of immunotherapy will further increase the survival and quality of life for lung cancer patients. Substantial progress has been made in targeted therapies using tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibody immune checkpoint inhibitors with many US Food And Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs targeting the programmed cell death ligand-1 protein (e.g., durvalumab, atezolizumab), the programmed cell death-1 receptor (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (e.g., tremelimumab, ipilimumab). Cytokines, cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies, and Natural killer cell mono- and combinational therapies are rapidly being studied, yet to date, there are currently none that are FDA-approved for the treatment of lung cancer. In this review, we discuss the current lung cancer therapies with an emphasis on immunotherapy, including the challenges for future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Barr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
| | - Shoubao Ma
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
| | - Zhixin Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, Los Angeles, California 91010, USA
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2
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Conesa C, Bellés A, Grasa L, Sánchez L. The Role of Lactoferrin in Intestinal Health. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1569. [PMID: 37376017 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine represents one of the first barriers where microorganisms and environmental antigens come into tight contact with the host immune system. A healthy intestine is essential for the well-being of humans and animals. The period after birth is a very important phase of development, as the infant moves from a protected environment in the uterus to one with many of unknown antigens and pathogens. In that period, mother's milk plays an important role, as it contains an abundance of biologically active components. Among these components, the iron-binding glycoprotein, lactoferrin (LF), has demonstrated a variety of important benefits in infants and adults, including the promotion of intestinal health. This review article aims to provide a compilation of all the information related to LF and intestinal health, in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Conesa
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Bellés
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Praženicová R, Gebetsberger L, Moskalets T, Skrabana R, Cehlar O, Tajti G, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Time to Kill and Time to Heal: The Multifaceted Role of Lactoferrin and Lactoferricin in Host Defense. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1056. [PMID: 37111542 PMCID: PMC10146187 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in most human exocrine fluids, particularly breast milk. Lactoferrin is also released from neutrophil granules, and its concentration increases rapidly at the site of inflammation. Immune cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system express receptors for lactoferrin to modulate their functions in response to it. On the basis of these interactions, lactoferrin plays many roles in host defense, ranging from augmenting or calming inflammatory pathways to direct killing of pathogens. Complex biological activities of lactoferrin are determined by its ability to sequester iron and by its highly basic N-terminus, via which lactoferrin binds to a plethora of negatively charged surfaces of microorganisms and viruses, as well as to mammalian cells, both normal and cancerous. Proteolytic cleavage of lactoferrin in the digestive tract generates smaller peptides, such as N-terminally derived lactoferricin. Lactoferricin shares some of the properties of lactoferrin, but also exhibits unique characteristics and functions. In this review, we discuss the structure, functions, and potential therapeutic uses of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, and other lactoferrin-derived bioactive peptides in treating various infections and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials examining the effect of lactoferrin supplementation in disease treatment, with a special focus on its potential use in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tetiana Moskalets
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Cehlar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Iron chelates in the anticancer therapy. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIron plays a significant role in the metabolism of cancer cells. In comparison with normal cells, neoplastic ones exhibit enhanced vulnerability to iron. Ferric ions target tumor via the ferroptotic death pathway—a process involving the iron-mediated lipid oxidation. Ferric ion occurs in complex forms in the physiological conditions. Apart from iron, ligands are the other factors to affect the biological activity of the iron complexes. In recent decades the role of iron chelates in targeting the growth of the tumor was extensively examined. The ligand may possess a standalone activity to restrict cancer’s growth. However, a wrong choice of the ligand might lead to the enhanced cancer cell’s growth in in vitro studies. The paper aims to review the role of iron complex compounds in the anticancer therapy both in the experimental and clinical applications. The anticancer properties of the iron complex rely both on the stability constant of the complex and the ligand composition. When the stability constant is high, the properties of the drug are unique. However, when the stability constant remains low, both components—ferric ions and ligands, act separately on the cells. In the paper we show how the difference in complex stability implies the action of ligand and ferric ions in the cancer cell. Iron complexation strategy is an interesting attempt to transport the anticancer Fe2+/3+ ions throughout the cell membrane and release it when the pH of the microenvironment changes. Last part of the paper summarizes the results of clinical trials and in vitro studies of novel iron chelates such as: PRLX 93,936, Ferumoxytol, Talactoferrin, DPC, Triapine, VLX600, Tachypyridine, Ciclopiroxamine, Thiosemicarbazone, Deferoxamine and Deferasirox.
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5
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Liu W, Gao M, Li L, Chen Y, Fan H, Cai Q, Shi Y, Pan C, Liu J, Cheng LS, Yang H, Cheng G. Homeoprotein SIX1 compromises antitumor immunity through TGF-β-mediated regulation of collagens. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2660-2672. [PMID: 34782761 PMCID: PMC8633173 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), including infiltrated immune cells, is known to play an important role in tumor growth; however, the mechanisms underlying tumor immunogenicity have not been fully elucidated. Here, we discovered an unexpected role for the transcription factor SIX1 in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment. Based on analyses of patient datasets, we found that SIX1 was upregulated in human tumor tissues and that its expression levels were negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration in the TME and the overall survival rates of cancer patients. Deletion of Six1 in cancer cells significantly reduced tumor growth in an immune-dependent manner with enhanced antitumor immunity in the TME. Mechanistically, SIX1 was required for the expression of multiple collagen genes via the TGFBR2-dependent Smad2/3 activation pathway, and collagen deposition in the TME hampered immune cell infiltration and activation. Thus, our study uncovers a crucial role for SIX1 in modulating tumor immunogenicity and provides proof-of-concept evidence for targeting SIX1 in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Meiling Gao
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lili Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yu Chen
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Huimin Fan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Qiaomei Cai
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yueyue Shi
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Chaohu Pan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Junxiao Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005 China ,grid.494590.5Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lucy S. Cheng
- grid.412689.00000 0001 0650 7433Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3708 Fifth Avenue, Suite 500.68, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Heng Yang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Kinoshita T, Terai H, Yaguchi T. Clinical Efficacy and Future Prospects of Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101029. [PMID: 34685400 PMCID: PMC8540292 DOI: 10.3390/life11101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The three major conventional treatments: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, have been commonly performed for lung cancer. However, lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a very effective new treatment modality, and there is now growing enthusiasm for cancer immunotherapy worldwide. However, the results of clinical studies using immunotherapy are not always favorable. Understanding the steps involved in the recognition and eradication of cancer cells by the immune system seems essential to understanding why past immunotherapies have failed and how current therapies can be optimally utilized. In addition, the combination of immunotherapies, such as cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, as well as the combination of these therapies with three conventional therapies, may pave the way for personalized immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the results of immunotherapies used in phase III clinical trials, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, and discuss the future prospects of immunotherapies in lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Kinoshita
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5363-3806
| | - Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
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7
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Iezzi M, Quaglino E, Amici A, Lollini PL, Forni G, Cavallo F. DNA vaccination against oncoantigens: A promise. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:316-325. [PMID: 22737607 PMCID: PMC3382874 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging evidence that DNA vaccines elicit a protective immune response in rodents, dogs and cancer patients, coupled with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of an initial DNA vaccine to treat canine tumors is beginning to close the gap between the optimistic experimental data and their difficult application in a clinical setting. Here we review a series of conceptual and biotechnological advances that are working together to make DNA vaccines targeting molecules that play important roles during cancer progression (oncoantigens) a promise with near-term clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre; G. d'Annunzio University; Chieti, Italy
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8
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Elzoghby AO, Abdelmoneem MA, Hassanin IA, Abd Elwakil MM, Elnaggar MA, Mokhtar S, Fang JY, Elkhodairy KA. Lactoferrin, a multi-functional glycoprotein: Active therapeutic, drug nanocarrier & targeting ligand. Biomaterials 2020; 263:120355. [PMID: 32932142 PMCID: PMC7480805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in protein-based nanomedicine, inspired by the success of Abraxane® albumin-paclitaxel nanoparticles, have resulted in novel therapeutics used for treatment of challenging diseases like cancer and viral infections. However, absence of specific drug targeting, poor pharmacokinetics, premature drug release, and off-target toxicity are still formidable challenges in the clinic. Therefore, alternative protein-based nanomedicines were developed to overcome those challenges. In this regard, lactoferrin (Lf), a glycoprotein of transferrin family, offers a promising biodegradable well tolerated material that could be exploited both as an active therapeutic and drug nanocarrier. This review highlights the major pharmacological actions of Lf including anti-cancer, antiviral, and immunomodulatory actions. Delivery technologies of Lf to improve its pries and enhance its efficacy were also reviewed. Moreover, different nano-engineering strategies used for fabrication of drug-loaded Lf nanocarriers were discussed. In addition, the use of Lf for functionalization of drug nanocarriers with emphasis on tumor-targeted drug delivery was illustrated. Besides its wide application in oncology nano-therapeutics, we discussed the recent advances of Lf-based nanocarriers as efficient platforms for delivery of anti-parkinsonian, anti-Alzheimer, anti-viral drugs, immunomodulatory and bone engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology (HST), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Mona A Abdelmoneem
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Damanhur, 22516, Egypt
| | - Islam A Hassanin
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Abd Elwakil
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Laboratory of Innovative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Manar A Elnaggar
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Nanotechnology Program, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Sarah Mokhtar
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kadria A Elkhodairy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8968943. [PMID: 30983883 PMCID: PMC6431490 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8968943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood and respond rapidly to danger, infiltrating tissues within minutes of infectious or sterile injury. Neutrophils were long thought of as simple killers, but now we recognise them as responsive cells able to adapt to inflammation and orchestrate subsequent events with some sophistication. Here, we discuss how these rapid responders release mediators which influence later adaptive T cell immunity through influences on DC priming and directly on the T cells themselves. We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.
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Li HY, Li M, Luo CC, Wang JQ, Zheng N. Lactoferrin Exerts Antitumor Effects by Inhibiting Angiogenesis in a HT29 Human Colon Tumor Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10464-10472. [PMID: 29112400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect and potential mechanisms of lactoferrin on colon cancer cells and tumors, HT29 and HCT8 cells were exposed to varying concentrations of lactoferrin, and the impacts on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were observed. Cell proliferation test showed that high dosage of lactoferrin (5-100 mg/mL) inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, with the 50% concentration of inhibition at 81.3 ± 16.7 mg/mL and 101 ± 23.8 mg/mL for HT29 and HCT8 cells, respectively. Interestingly, migration and invasion of the cells were inhibited dramatically by 20 mg/mL lactoferrin, consistent with the significant down regulation of VEGFR2, VEGFA, pPI3K, pAkt, and pErk1/2 proteins. HT29 was chosen as the sensitive cell line to construct a tumor-bearing nude mice model. Notably, HT29 tumor weight was greatly reduced in both the lactoferrin group (26.5 ± 6.7 mg) and the lactoferrin/5-Fu group (14.5 ± 5.1 mg), compared with the control one (39.3 ± 6.5 mg), indicating that lactoferrin functioned as a tumor growth inhibitor. Considering lactoferrin also reduced the growth of blood vessels and the degree of malignancy, we concluded that HT29 tumors were effectively suppressed by lactoferrin, which might be achieved by regulation of phosphorylation from various kinases and activation of the VEGFR2-PI3K/Akt-Erk1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chao Luo
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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11
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Steven A, Fisher SA, Robinson BW. Immunotherapy for lung cancer. Respirology 2016; 21:821-33. [PMID: 27101251 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of lung cancer remains a challenge, and lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Immunotherapy has previously failed in lung cancer but has recently emerged as a very effective new therapy, and there is now growing worldwide enthusiasm in cancer immunotherapy. We summarize why immune checkpoint blockade therapies have generated efficacious and durable responses in clinical trials and why this has reignited interest in this field. Cancer vaccines have also been explored in the past with marginal success. Identification of optimal candidate neoantigens may improve cancer vaccine efficacy and may pave the way to personalized immunotherapy, alone or in combination with other immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint blockade. Understanding the steps in immune recognition and eradication of cancer cells is vital to understanding why previous immunotherapies failed and how current therapies can be used optimally. We hold an optimistic view for the future prospect in lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius Steven
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott A Fisher
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce W Robinson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases (NCARD), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Alexander DB, Iigo M, Hamano H, Kozu T, Saito Y, Saito D, Kakizoe T, Xu J, Yamauchi K, Takase M, Suzui M, Tsuda H. An ancillary study of participants in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial suggests that ingestion of bovine lactoferrin promotes expression of interferon alpha in the human colon. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Abstract
Despite the several advances in the last few years into treatment of advanced lung cancer, the 5-year survival remains extremely low. New therapeutic strategies are currently under investigation, and immunotherapy seems to offer a promising treatment alternative. In the last decade, therapeutic cancer vaccines in lung cancer have been rather disappointing, mainly due to the lack of efficient predictive biomarkers. A better refinement of the patient population that might respond to treatment might finally lead to a success story. For the first time, the immune checkpoint inhibitors are demonstrating sustained antitumor response and improved survival and they may be the first immunotherapeutics available for patients with lung cancer.
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Ramalingam S, Crawford J, Chang A, Manegold C, Perez-Soler R, Douillard JY, Thatcher N, Barlesi F, Owonikoko T, Wang Y, Pultar P, Zhu J, Malik R, Giaccone G, Della-Fiorentina S, Begbie S, Jennens R, Dass J, Pittman K, Ivanova N, Koynova T, Petrov P, Tomova A, Tzekova V, Couture F, Hirsh V, Burkes R, Sangha R, Ambrus M, Janaskova T, Musil J, Novotny J, Zatloukal P, Jakesova J, Klenha K, Roubec J, Vanasek J, Fayette J, Barlesi F, Bennouna-Louridi J, Chouaid C, Mazières J, Vallerand H, Robinet G, Souquet PJ, Spaeth D, Schott R, Lena H, Martinet Y, El Kouri C, Baize N, Scherpereel A, Molinier O, Fuchs F, Josten K, Manegold C, Marschner N, Schneller F, Overbeck T, Thomas M, von Pawel J, Reck M, Schuette W, Hagen V, Schneider CP, Georgoulias V, Varthalitis I, Zarogoulidis K, Syrigos K, Papandreou C, Bocskei C, Csanky E, Juhasz E, Losonczy G, Mark Z, Molnar I, Papai-Szekely Z, Tehenes S, Vinkler I, Almel S, Bakshi A, Bondarde S, Maru A, Pathak A, Pedapenki R, Prasad K, Prasad S, Kilara N, Gorijavolu D, Deshmukh C, John S, Sharma L, Amoroso D, Bajetta E, Bidoli P, Bonetti A, De Marinis F, Maio M, Passalacqua R, Cascinu S, Bearz A, Bitina M, Brize A, Purkalne G, Skrodele M, Baba A, Ratnavelu K, Saw M, Samson-Fernando M, Ladrera G, Jassem J, Koralewski P, Serwatowski P, Krzakowski M, Cebotaru C, Filip D, Ganea-Motan D, Ianuli C, Manolescu I, Udrea A, Burdaeva O, Byakhov M, Filippov A, Lazarev S, Mosin I, Orlov S, Udovitsa D, Khorinko A, Protsenko S, Chang A, Lim H, Tan Y, Tan E, Bastus Piulats R, Garcia-Foncillas J, Valdivia J, de Castro J, Domine Gomez M, Kim S, Lee JS, Kim H, Lee J, Shin S, Kim DW, Kim YC, Park K, Chang CS, Chang GC, Goan YG, Su WC, Tsai CM, Kuo HP, Benekli M, Demir G, Gokmen E, Sevinc A, Crawford J, Giaccone G, Haigentz M, Owonikoko T, Agarwal M, Pandit S, Araujo R, Vrindavanam N, Bonomi P, Berg A, Wade J, Bloom R, Amin B, Camidge R, Hill D, Rarick M, Flynn P, Klein L, Lo Russo K, Neubauer M, Richards P, Ruxer R, Savin M, Weckstein D, Rosenberg R, Whittaker T, Richards D, Berry W, Ottensmeier C, Dangoor A, Steele N, Summers Y, Rankin E, Rowley K, Giridharan S, Kristeleit H, Humber C, Taylor P. Talactoferrin alfa versus placebo in patients with refractory advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (FORTIS-M trial). Ann Oncol 2013; 24:2875-80. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Spadaro M, Montone M, Arigoni M, Cantarella D, Forni G, Pericle F, Pascolo S, Calogero RA, Cavallo F. Recombinant human lactoferrin induces human and mouse dendritic cell maturation via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. FASEB J 2013; 28:416-29. [PMID: 24088817 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-229591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, a key component of innate immunity, is a cationic monomeric 80-kDa glycoprotein of the transferrin superfamily. Recombinant human lactoferrin, known as talactoferrin (TLF), induces a distinct functional maturation program in human dendritic cells (DCs) derived from peripheral blood monocytes. However, the receptors and molecular mechanisms involved in this induction have not been fully determined. By exploiting genome-wide transcription profiling of immature DCs, TNF-α- and IL-1β-matured DCs (m-DCs), and TLF-matured DCs (TLF-DCs), we have detected a set of transcripts specific for m-DCs and one specific for TLF-DCs. Functional network reconstruction highlighted, as expected, the association of m-DC maturation with IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB, whereas TLF-DC maturation was associated with ERK and NF-κB. This involvement of ERK and NF-κB transduction factors suggests direct involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in TLF-induced maturation. We have used MyD88 inhibition and siRNA silencing TLRs on human DCs and mouse TLR-2-knockout cells, to show that TLF triggers the maturation of both human and mouse DCs through TLR-2 and TLR-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Spadaro
- 1Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.
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Wang W, Gu F, Wei C, Tang Y, Zheng X, Ren M, Qin Y. PGPIPN, a therapeutic hexapeptide, suppressed human ovarian cancer growth by targeting BCL2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60701. [PMID: 23593287 PMCID: PMC3622516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides, either derived from nature resources or synthesized by rational design, have been demonstrated potential for therapeutic agents against numerous human diseases, including cancer. However, the mechanism of therapeutic peptides against cancer has not been well elucidated. Here we show that PGPIPN, a hexapeptide derived from bovine β-casein, inhibited the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells line SKOV(3) as well as the primary ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Consistently, PGPIPIN also decreased tumor growth rate in xenograft ovarian cancer model mice in a dose-dependent manner. Further study demonstrated that the anti-tumor effect of PGPIPN is partially through promoting cell apoptosis by inhibiting BCL2 pathway. Thus, our study suggests that PGPIPN is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer or other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Gu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Cai Wei
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Yigui Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingqiang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yide Qin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
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Sun X, Jiang R, Przepiorski A, Reddy S, Palmano KP, Krissansen GW. "Iron-saturated" bovine lactoferrin improves the chemotherapeutic effects of tamoxifen in the treatment of basal-like breast cancer in mice. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:591. [PMID: 23231648 PMCID: PMC3539967 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen is used in hormone therapy for estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, but also has chemopreventative effects against ER-negative breast cancers. This study sought to investigate whether oral iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-Lf), a natural product which enhances chemotherapy, could improve the chemotherapeutic effects of tamoxifen in the treatment of ER-negative breast cancers. METHODS In a model of breast cancer prevention, female Balb/c mice treated with tamoxifen (5 mg/Kg) were fed an Fe-Lf supplemented diet (5 g/Kg diet) or the base diet. At week 2, 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were injected into an inguinal mammary fat pad. In a model of breast cancer treatment, tamoxifen treatment was not started until two weeks following tumor cell injection. Tumor growth, metastasis, body weight, and levels of interleukin 18 (IL-18) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were analyzed. RESULTS Tamoxifen weakly (IC(50) ~ 8 μM) inhibited the proliferation of 4T1 cells at pharmacological concentrations in vitro. In the tumor prevention study, a Fe-Lf diet in combination with tamoxifen caused a 4 day delay in tumor formation, and significantly inhibited tumor growth and metastasis to the liver and lung by 48, 58, and 66% (all P < 0.001), respectively, compared to untreated controls. The combination therapy was significantly (all P < 0.05) more effective than the respective monotherapies. Oral Fe-Lf attenuated the loss of body weight caused by tamoxifen and cancer cachexia. It prevented tamoxifen-induced reductions in serum levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ, and intestinal cells expressing IL-18 and IFN-γ. It increased the levels of Lf in leukocytes residing in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. B, T and Natural killer (NK) cells containing high levels of Lf were identified in 4T1 tumors, suggesting they had migrated from the intestine. Similar effects of Fe-Lf and tamoxifen on tumor cell viability were seen in the treatment of established tumors. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Fe-Lf is a potent natural adjuvant capable of augmenting the chemotherapeutic activity of tamoxifen. It could have application in delaying relapse in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients who are at risk of developing ER-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1005, New Zealand
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Parikh PM, Vaid A, Advani SH, Digumarti R, Madhavan J, Nag S, Bapna A, Sekhon JS, Patil S, Ismail PM, Wang Y, Varadhachary A, Zhu J, Malik R. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Single-Agent Oral Talactoferrin in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer That Progressed After Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:4129-36. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.34.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the activity and safety of oral talactoferrin (TLF) in patients with stages IIIB to IV non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for whom one or two prior lines of systemic anticancer therapy had failed. Patients and Methods Patients (n = 100) were randomly assigned to receive either oral TLF (1.5 g in 15 mL phosphate-based buffer) or placebo (15 mL phosphate-based buffer) twice per day in addition to supportive care. Oral TLF or placebo was administered for a maximum of three 14-week cycles with dosing for 12 consecutive weeks followed by 2 weeks off. The primary objective was overall survival (OS) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) patient population. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR), and safety. Results TLF was associated with improvement in OS in the ITT patient population, meeting the protocol-specified level of significance of a one-tailed P = .05. Compared with the placebo group, median OS increased by 65% in the TLF group (3.7 to 6.1 months; hazard ratio, 0.68; 90% CI, 0.47 to 0.98; P = .04 with one-tailed log-rank test). Supportive trends were also observed for PFS and DCR. TLF was well tolerated and, generally, there were fewer adverse events (AEs) and grade ≥ 3 AEs reported in the TLF arm. AEs were consistent with those expected in late-stage NSCLC. Conclusion TLF demonstrated an apparent improvement in OS in patients with stages IIIB to IV NSCLC for whom one or two prior lines of systemic anticancer therapy had failed and was well tolerated. These results should be confirmed in a global phase III trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvish M. Parikh
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Ashok Vaid
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Suresh H. Advani
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Raghunadharao Digumarti
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Jayaprakash Madhavan
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Shona Nag
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Ajay Bapna
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Jagdev S. Sekhon
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Shekhar Patil
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Preeti M. Ismail
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Yenyun Wang
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Atul Varadhachary
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Junming Zhu
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
| | - Rajesh Malik
- Purvish M. Parikh, Tata Memorial Hospital; Suresh H. Advani, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai; Ashok Vaid, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi; Raghunadharao Digumarti, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad; Jayaprakash Madhavan, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Trivandrum; Shona Nag, Jehangir Hospital, Pune; Ajay Bapna, Bhagavan Mahavir Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Jaipur; Jagdev S. Sekhon, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study of oral talactoferrin in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:1098-103. [PMID: 21532506 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182156250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study is to investigate the activity and safety of oral talactoferrin (TLF) plus carboplatin and paclitaxel (C/P) in patients with previously untreated stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Patients (n = 110) were randomly assigned to receive C/P plus either TLF (C/P/T) or placebo (C/P/P). The primary objective of this exploratory study was assessment of confirmed response rate (RR) in the prospectively defined evaluable population with a one-tailed p = 0.05. Secondary objectives included assessment of progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response, overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS The trial met the primary end point of improvement in confirmed RR in the prospectively defined evaluable population. Compared with the C/P/P group, RR increased in the C/P/T group by 18% (29-47%; p = 0.05) and 15% (27-42%; p = 0.08) in the evaluable and intent-to-treat populations, respectively. Compared with the C/P/P group, the C/P/T group had a longer median PFS (4.2 versus 7.0 months), OS (8.5 versus 10.4 months), and duration of response (5.5 versus 7.6 months), although the differences were not statistically significant. Adverse events (AEs) were consistent with C/P therapy. There were fewer total AEs (472 versus 569; two-tailed p = 0.003) and grade 3/4 AEs (78 versus 105; p = 0.05) in the C/P/T group compared with the C/P/P group. CONCLUSION TLF, in combination with C/P, demonstrated an apparent improvement in RR, PFS, and OS in patients with previously untreated stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer and appears to enhance activity without significant additional toxicity. These results need to be confirmed in a phase III trial.
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Kumar V, Sharma A. Neutrophils: Cinderella of innate immune system. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1325-34. [PMID: 20828640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of innate immune defense against infectious diseases. However, since their discovery by Elie Metchnikoff, they have always been considered tissue-destructive cells responsible for inflammatory tissue damage occurring during acute infections. Now, extensive research in the field of neutrophil cell biology and their role skewing the immune response in various infections or inflammatory disorders revealed their importance in the regulation of immune response. Along with releasing various antimicrobial molecules, neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) for the containment of infection and inflammation. Activated neutrophils provide signals for the activation and maturation of macrophages as well as dendritic cells. Neutrophils are also involved in the regulation of T-cell immune response against various pathogens and tumor antigens. Thus, the present review is intended to highlight the emerging role of neutrophils in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity during acute infectious or inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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Tsuda H, Kozu T, Iinuma G, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Saito D, Akasu T, Alexander DB, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K, Xu J, Kakizoe T, Iigo M. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial. Biometals 2010; 23:399-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yang D, de la Rosa G, Tewary P, Oppenheim JJ. Alarmins link neutrophils and dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:531-7. [PMID: 19699678 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first major population of leukocyte to infiltrate infected or injured tissues and are crucial for initiating host innate defense and adaptive immunity. Although the contribution of neutrophils to innate immune defense is mediated predominantly by phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms, neutrophils also participate in the induction of adaptive immune responses. At sites of infection and/or injury, neutrophils release numerous mediators upon degranulation or death, among these are alarmins which have a characteristic dual capacity to mobilize and activate antigen-presenting cells. We describe here how alarmins released by neutrophil degranulation and/or death can link neutrophils to dendritic cells by promoting their recruitment and activation, resulting in the augmentation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yang
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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Hayes TG, Falchook GS, Varadhachary A. Phase IB trial of oral talactoferrin in the treatment of patients with metastatic solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:156-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jonasch E, Stadler WM, Bukowski RM, Hayes TG, Varadhachary A, Malik R, Figlin RA, Srinivas S. Phase 2 trial of talactoferrin in previously treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2008; 113:72-7. [PMID: 18484647 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Talactoferrin (TLF), a recombinant form of human lactoferrin (hLF), is an immunomodulatory iron-binding glycoprotein first identified in breast milk. Its immunomodulatory functions include activation of natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer cells and enhancement of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophage cytotoxicity. Studies in animal models have shown promising anticancer activity, and clinical antitumor activity has been observed in nonsmall cell lung cancer and other tumor types. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the activity and safety of TLF in patients with refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Forty-four adult patients with progressive advanced or metastatic RCC who had failed prior systemic therapy received oral talactoferrin at a dose of 1.5 g twice daily on a 12-week-on 2-week-off schedule. Patients were evaluated for progression-free survival at 14 weeks, overall response rate, and progression-free and overall survival. RESULTS TLF was well tolerated. No significant hematologic, hepatic, or renal toxicities were reported. The study met its predefined target with a 14-week progression-free survival rate of 59%. The response rate was 4.5%. The mMedian progression-free survival was 6.4 months and the median overall survival was 21.1 months. CONCLUSIONS TLF is a well-tolerated new agent that has demonstrated preliminary signs of clinical activity. Given the lack of toxicity, the lack of rapid disease progression in this cohort, and the preclinical data on immune activation, a randomized study assessing its effects on disease progression in patients with metastatic RCC is rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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de la Rosa G, Yang D, Tewary P, Varadhachary A, Oppenheim JJ. Lactoferrin acts as an alarmin to promote the recruitment and activation of APCs and antigen-specific immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6868-76. [PMID: 18453607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an 80-kDa iron-binding protein present at high concentrations in milk and in the granules of neutrophils. It possesses multiple activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and even antitumor effects. Most of its antimicrobial effects are due to direct interaction with pathogens, but a few reports show that it has direct interactions with cells of the immune system. In this study, we show the ability of recombinant human lactoferrin (talactoferrin alfa (TLF)) to chemoattract monocytes. What is more, addition of TLF to human peripheral blood or monocyte-derived dendritic cell cultures resulted in cell maturation, as evidenced by up-regulated expression of CD80, CD83, and CD86, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased capacity to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. When injected into the mouse peritoneal cavity, lactoferrin also caused a marked recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Immunization of mice with OVA in the presence of TLF promoted Th1-polarized Ag-specific immune responses. These results suggest that lactoferrin contributes to the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses by promoting the recruitment of leukocytes and activation of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, MD 21702, USA
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Spadaro M, Caorsi C, Ceruti P, Varadhachary A, Forni G, Pericle F, Giovarelli M. Lactoferrin, a major defense protein of innate immunity, is a novel maturation factor for human dendritic cells. FASEB J 2008; 22:2747-57. [PMID: 18364398 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-098038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an important protein component of the innate immune system that is broadly distributed within the body fluids. LF is endowed with multiple biological activities. Talactoferrin (TLF), a recombinant human LF, is in clinical development as an anticancer agent and is entering Phase III clinical trials. Here, we show that TLF induces the maturation of human dendritic cells (DCs) derived from monocytes. TLF, at physiologically relevant concentrations (100 microg/ml) up-regulates the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II, CD83, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecule and CXCR4 and CCR7 chemokine receptors, acting primarily through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. DCs matured by TLF displayed an enhanced release of IL-8 and CXCL10, as well as a significantly reduced production of IL-6, IL-10, and CCL20. They also display a reduced ability to take up antigen and increased capacity to trigger proliferation and release IFN-gamma in the presence of allogeneic human T cells. TLF-matured DCs are able to prime naive T cells to respond to KLH antigen and display a significantly increased capacity to present Flu-MA(58-66) peptide to HLA-A2-matched T cells. These data suggest that a key immunomodulatory function that may be mediated by TLF is to link the innate with adaptive immunity through DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Spadaro
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy
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‘Iron‐saturated’ lactoferrin is a potent natural adjuvant for augmenting cancer chemotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:277-88. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fluorescent Eimeria bovis sporozoites and meront stages in vitro: a helpful tool to study parasite–host cell interactions. Parasitol Res 2008; 102:777-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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