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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Vallée JN. The Key Role of the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancers under Normoxic Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215557. [PMID: 34771718 PMCID: PMC8582658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in cancers and plays a major role in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Recent studies have shown that cancer processes are involved under normoxic conditions. These findings completely change the way of approaching the study of the cancer process. In this review, we focus on the fact that, under normoxic conditions, the overstimulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway leads to modifications in the tumor micro-environment and the activation of the Warburg effect, i.e., aerobic glycolysis, autophagy and glutaminolysis, which in turn participate in tumor growth. Abstract The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is upregulated in cancers and plays a major role in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Nuclear β-catenin accumulation is associated with cancer. Hypoxic mechanisms lead to the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, promoting glycolytic and energetic metabolism and angiogenesis. However, HIF-1α is degraded by the HIF prolyl hydroxylase under normoxia, conditions under which the WNT/β-catenin pathway can activate HIF-1α. This review is therefore focused on the interaction between the upregulated WNT/β-catenin pathway and the metabolic processes underlying cancer mechanisms under normoxic conditions. The WNT pathway stimulates the PI3K/Akt pathway, the STAT3 pathway and the transduction of WNT/β-catenin target genes (such as c-Myc) to activate HIF-1α activity in a hypoxia-independent manner. In cancers, stimulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway induces many glycolytic enzymes, which in turn induce metabolic reprogramming, known as the Warburg effect or aerobic glycolysis, leading to lactate overproduction. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces gene transactivation via WNT target genes, c-Myc and cyclin D1, or via HIF-1α. This in turn encodes aerobic glycolysis enzymes, including glucose transporter, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase-A, leading to lactate production. The increase in lactate production is associated with modifications to the tumor microenvironment and tumor growth under normoxic conditions. Moreover, increased lactate production is associated with overexpression of VEGF, a key inducer of angiogenesis. Thus, under normoxic conditions, overstimulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway leads to modifications of the tumor microenvironment and activation of the Warburg effect, autophagy and glutaminolysis, which in turn participate in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), Foch Hospital, 92150 Suresnes, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEF), 6-8 Rue Saint-Fiacre, 77100 Meaux, France;
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), 80054 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR, CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
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Heterogeneity and chimerism of endothelial cells revealed by single-cell transcriptome in orthotopic liver tumors. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:581-597. [PMID: 32440964 PMCID: PMC7525283 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a common host organ for cancer, either through lesions that arise in liver epithelial cells [e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] or as a site of metastasis by tumors arising in other organs (e.g., colorectal cancer). However, the changes that occur in liver stromal cells in response to cancer have not been fully characterized, nor has it been determined whether the different sources of liver cancer induce distinct stromal changes. Here, we performed single-cell profiling of liver stromal cells from mouse models of induced spontaneous liver cancer or implanted colorectal liver metastases, with a focus on tumor endothelial cells (ECs). While ECs in liver tissue adjacent to cancerous lesions (so-called adjacent normal) corresponded to liver zonation phenotypes, their transcriptomes were also clearly altered by the presence of a tumor. In comparison, tumor EC transcriptomes show stronger similarities to venous than sinusoidal ECs. Further, tumor ECs, independent of tumor origin, formed distinct clusters displaying conserved “tip-like” or “stalk-like” characteristics, similar to ECs from subcutaneous tumors. However, they also carried liver-specific signatures found in normal liver ECs, suggesting an influence of the host organ on tumor ECs. Our results document gene expression signatures in ECs in liver cancer and show that the host organ, and not the site of tumor origin (liver versus colorectal), is a primary determinant of EC phenotype. In addition, primarily in tumors, we further defined a cluster of chimeric cells that expressed both myeloid and endothelial cell markers and might play a role in tumor angiogenesis.
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Vallée A, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis initiation under normoxic conditions through Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gliomas. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:71-91. [PMID: 28822229 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is up-regulated in gliomas and involved in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Nuclear β-catenin accumulation correlates with malignancy. Hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α by inhibiting HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation, which promotes glycolytic energy metabolism, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas HIF-1α is degraded by the HIF prolyl hydroxylase under normoxic conditions. We focus this review on the links between the activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the mechanisms underlying vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through HIF-1α under normoxic conditions in gliomas. Wnt-induced epidermal growth factor receptor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, Wnt-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling, and Wnt/β-catenin target gene transduction (c-Myc) can activate HIF-1α in a hypoxia-independent manner. The PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activates HIF-1α through eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and STAT3. The β-catenin/T-cell factor 4 complex directly binds to STAT3 and activates HIF-1α, which up-regulates the Wnt/β-catenin target genes cyclin D1 and c-Myc in a positive feedback loop. Phosphorylated STAT3 by interleukin-6 or leukemia inhibitory factor activates HIF-1α even under normoxic conditions. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces, via the Wnt target genes c-Myc and cyclin D1 or via HIF-1α, gene transactivation encoding aerobic glycolysis enzymes, such as glucose transporter, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase-A, leading to lactate production, as the primary alternative of ATP, at all oxygen levels, even in normoxic conditions. Lactate released by glioma cells via the monocarboxylate lactate transporter-1 up-regulated by HIF-1α and lactate anion activates HIF-1α in normoxic endothelial cells by inhibiting HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation and preventing HIF labeling by the von Hippel-Lindau protein. Increased lactate with acid environment and HIF-1α overexpression induce the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia and acidic pH have no synergistic effect on VEGF transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France
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Medler TR, Murugan D, Horton W, Kumar S, Cotechini T, Forsyth AM, Leyshock P, Leitenberger JJ, Kulesz-Martin M, Margolin AA, Werb Z, Coussens LM. Complement C5a Fosters Squamous Carcinogenesis and Limits T Cell Response to Chemotherapy. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:561-578.e6. [PMID: 30300579 PMCID: PMC6246036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Complement is a critical component of humoral immunity implicated in cancer development; however, its biological contributions to tumorigenesis remain poorly understood. Using the K14-HPV16 transgenic mouse model of squamous carcinogenesis, we report that urokinase (uPA)+ macrophages regulate C3-independent release of C5a during premalignant progression, which in turn regulates protumorigenic properties of C5aR1+ mast cells and macrophages, including suppression of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Therapeutic inhibition of C5aR1 via the peptide antagonist PMX-53 improved efficacy of paclitaxel chemotherapy associated with increased presence and cytotoxic properties of CXCR3+ effector memory CD8+ T cells in carcinomas, dependent on both macrophage transcriptional programming and IFNγ. Together, these data identify C5aR1-dependent signaling as an important immunomodulatory program in neoplastic tissue tractable for combinatorial cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry R Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA
| | - Dhaarini Murugan
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA
| | - Wesley Horton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program in Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA
| | - Tiziana Cotechini
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA
| | - Alexandra M Forsyth
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA
| | - Patrick Leyshock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program in Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Justin J Leitenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Molly Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adam A Margolin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program in Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Parker Immunotherapy Cancer Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Research Building Room 3030, 2720 SW Moody Avenue, #KC-CDCB, Portland, OR 97201-5042, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Bai L, Du Z, Du J, Yao W, Zhang J, Weng Z, Liu S, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Yao X, Crawford R, Hang R, Huang D, Tang B, Xiao Y. A multifaceted coating on titanium dictates osteoimmunomodulation and osteo/angio-genesis towards ameliorative osseointegration. Biomaterials 2018; 162:154-169. [PMID: 29454274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multifaceted coating for hard tissue implants, with favorable osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and osteoimmunomodulation abilities, would be of great value since it could improve osseointegration and alleviate prosthesis loosening. However, to date there are few coatings that fully satisfy these criteria. Herein we describe a microporous TiO2 coating decorated with hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles that is generated by micro-arc oxidation of pure titanium (Ti) and followed annealing. By altering the annealing temperature, it is possible to simultaneously tune the coating's physical (morphology and wettability) and chemical (composites and crystallinity) properties. A coating produced with micro-arc oxidization (MAO) with an annealing temperature of 650 °C (MAO-650) exhibits numerous favorable physicochemical properties, such as hybrid micro-nano morphology, superhydrophilicity, and highly crystalline HA nanoparticles. In vitro experiments reveal that the MAO-650 coating not only supports proliferation and differentiation of both osteoblasts and endothelial cells, but also inhibits the inflammatory response of macrophages and enables a favorable osteoimmunomodulation to facilitate osteo/angio-genesis. In vivo evaluation mirrors these results, and shows that the MAO-650 coating results in ameliorative osseointegration when compared with the pristine MAO coating. These data highlight the profound effect of surface physicochemical properties on the regulation of osteo/angio-genesis and osteoimmunomodulation in the enhancement of osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Jingjing Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Yao
- College and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zeming Weng
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Si Liu
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanlian Liu
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- Research Institute of Surface Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059, Australia.
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Bai L, Yang Y, Mendhi J, Du Z, Hao R, Hang R, Yao X, Huang N, Tang B, Xiao Y. The effects of TiO2 nanotube arrays with different diameters on macrophage/endothelial cell response and ex vivo hemocompatibility. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6322-6333. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01675e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting is the most widely adopted surgical technique for the treatment of coronary disease.
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Increased Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Metastatic Sentinel Lymph Nodes Is Associated With Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement and Distant Metastasis in Patients With Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 38:338-46. [PMID: 26909582 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node angio- and lymphangio-genesis have been shown to play an important role in the premetastatic niche of sentinel lymph nodes. In the current study we have investigated the association of angio- and lympangio-genesis related parameters in metastatic sentinel lymph nodes of patients with melanoma with the presence of nonsentinel and distant organ metastasis. Peritumoral and intratumoral relative blood and lymphatic vessel areas (evaluated by Chalkley method), blood and lymphatic microvessel densities, and the rates of blood and lymphatic vessel proliferation were assessed in primary tumors and sentinel lymph node metastasis of 44 patients with melanoma using CD34/Ki-67 and D240/Ki-67 immunohistochemical double staining. Primary melanoma exhibited significantly higher rate of lymphatic proliferation compared with its lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05), while lymph node metastasis showed significantly higher rate of blood vessel proliferation (P < 0.05). Using multivariate logistic regression model, the rate of peritumoral lymphatic proliferation was inversely associated with positive nonsentinel lymph node status (P < 0.05), whereas the rate of intratumoral blood vessel proliferation was associated with distant organ metastasis (P < 0.05). Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, the rate of intratumoral blood vessel proliferation was also inversely associated with overall survival of patients with melanoma (P < 0.05).
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Lund AW, Medler TR, Leachman SA, Coussens LM. Lymphatic Vessels, Inflammation, and Immunity in Skin Cancer. Cancer Discov 2015; 6:22-35. [PMID: 26552413 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Skin is a highly ordered immune organ that coordinates rapid responses to external insult while maintaining self-tolerance. In healthy tissue, lymphatic vessels drain fluid and coordinate local immune responses; however, environmental factors induce lymphatic vessel dysfunction, leading to lymph stasis and perturbed regional immunity. These same environmental factors drive the formation of local malignancies, which are also influenced by local inflammation. Herein, we discuss clinical and experimental evidence supporting the tenet that lymphatic vessels participate in regulation of cutaneous inflammation and immunity, and are important contributors to malignancy and potential biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated inflammation are now appreciated not only for their role in cancer progression but also for their response to therapy. The lymphatic vasculature is a less-appreciated component of this microenvironment that coordinates local inflammation and immunity and thereby critically shapes local responses. A mechanistic understanding of the complexities of lymphatic vessel function in the unique context of skin provides a model to understand how regional immune dysfunction drives cutaneous malignancies, and as such lymphatic vessels represent a biomarker of cutaneous immunity that may provide insight into cancer prognosis and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
| | - Terry R Medler
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Pastushenko I, Vermeulen PB, Vicente-Arregui S, Van den Eynden GG, Alvarez-Alegret R, Querol I, Rutten A, Carapeto FJ, Dirix LY, Van Laere S. Peritumoral D2-40 Chalkley score independently predicts metastases and survival in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2015; 42:699-711. [PMID: 26264662 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many observational studies investigated the prognostic significance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in patients with melanoma. However, the obtained results are rather contradictory, probably due to the lack of the consensus methodology. METHODS To investigate the prognostic significance of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis-related parameters in patients with melanoma, we performed a retrospective investigation following the consensus recommendations for angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis quantification in solid tumors and reporting recommendations for tumor marker (REMARK) criteria for reporting the results. Blood and lymphatic vessel Chalkley scores, endothelial cell proliferation fractions and microvessel densities were quantified using a double immunostaining for endothelial marker CD34 or lymphendothelial marker D240 and the proliferation marker Ki-67 in 196 patients with melanoma. These parameters were evaluated separately for peritumoral (PT) and intratumoral areas and were correlated with outcome. RESULTS In multivariate analysis PT D240 Chalkley score was identified as a strongest predictor for sentinel lymph node metastases, non-sentinel lymph node metastases, distant metastases, disease free survival and overall survival in patients with melanoma. CONCLUSIONS If additional studies corroborate our findings, we believe that the inclusion of PT D240 Chalkley counts to the routine pathology examination of melanoma samples would provide additional information for identifying high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital 'Clínico Lozano Blesa', Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Gert G Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Ignacio Querol
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Annemie Rutten
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisco J Carapeto
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luc Y Dirix
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Laere
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cuevas I, Layman H, Coussens L, Boudreau N. Sustained endothelial expression of HoxA5 in vivo impairs pathological angiogenesis and tumor progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121720. [PMID: 25821967 PMCID: PMC4379087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HoxA5 is expressed in quiescent endothelial cells (EC), but absent in activated angiogenic EC. To examine the efficacy of targeting HoxA5 therapeutically to quell pathologic or tumor angiogenesis, we generated an inducible, transgenic mouse model of sustained HoxA5 expression in ECs. During pathologic angiogenesis, sustained HoxA5 regulates expression several angiogenic effector molecules, notably increased expression of TSP-2 and reduced expression of VEGF, thus leading to inhibition of pathological angiogenesis in tissues. To evaluate if this impressive reduction of vascularization could also impact tumor angiogenesis, HoxA5 mice were bred with a mouse model of de novo squamous carcinogenesis, e.g., K14-HPV16 mice. Activation of EC-HoxA5 significantly reduced infiltration by mast cells into neoplastic skin, an early hallmark of progression to dysplasia, reduced angiogenic vasculature, and blunted characteristics of tumor progression. To evaluate HoxA5 as a therapeutic, topical application of a HoxA5 transgene onto early neoplastic skin of K14-HPV16 mice similarly resulted in a significant impairment of angiogenic vasculature and progression to dysplasia to a similar extent as observed with genetic delivery of HoxA5. Together these data indicate that HoxA5 represents a novel molecule for restricting pathological and tumorigenic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Cuevas
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hans Layman
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Coussens
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kutkut I, Meens MJ, McKee TA, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Kwak BR. Lymphatic vessels: an emerging actor in atherosclerotic plaque development. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:100-8. [PMID: 25388153 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large- to medium-sized arteries and is the main underlying cause of death worldwide. The lymphatic vasculature is critical for processes that are intimately linked to atherogenesis such as the immune response and cholesterol metabolism. However, whether lymphatic vessels truly contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is less clear despite increasing research efforts in this field. DESIGN PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE databases were searched. In addition, key review articles were screened for relevant original publications. RESULTS Current knowledge about lymphatic vessels in the arterial wall came from studies that examined the presence and location of such vessels in human atherosclerotic plaque specimens, as well as in a variety of arteries in animal models for atherosclerosis (e.g. rabbits, dogs, rats and mice). Generally, three experimental approaches have been used to investigate the functional role of plaque-associated lymphatic vessels; experimental lymphostasis was used to investigate lymphatic drainage of the arterial wall, and more recently, studies with genetic interventions and/or surgical transplantation have been performed. CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic vessels seem to be mostly present in the adventitial layer of the arterial walls of animals and humans. They are involved in reverse cholesterol transport from atherosclerotic lesions, and arteries with a dense lymphatic network seem naturally protected against atherosclerosis. Lymphangiogenesis is a process that is an important part of the inflammatory loop in atherosclerosis. However, how augmenting or impeding the distribution of lymphatic vessels impacts disease progression remains to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Kutkut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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ALPHA Glycolytic Vasculogenesis Better Correlates With MRI and CT Imaging Techniques Than the Traditional Oxygen Vasculogenesis Theory. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 203:W724-34. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.11762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pastushenko I, Gracia-Cazaña T, Vicente-Arregui S, Van den Eynden GG, Ara M, Vermeulen PB, Carapeto FJ, Van Laere SJ. Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin explore angiogenesis-independent mechanisms of tumour vascularization. J Skin Cancer 2014; 2014:651501. [PMID: 24891955 PMCID: PMC4033430 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. To evaluate the vascularization in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. Methods. We performed CD31 (i.e., panendothelial marker) and CD105 (i.e., proliferating endothelium marker) immunostaining on samples of 70 SCCs and 70 BCCs of the skin. We evaluated the relative blood vessel area using the Chalkley counting method in each histologic subtype of these tumours. We calculated the degree of proliferation of blood vessel endothelium dividing CD105-Chalkley score by CD31-Chalkley score. Results. We found significantly higher peritumoral and intratumoral blood vessel area in SCC when compared to BCC (both with CD31 and CD105). Chalkley counts differed significantly between groups with different BCC histologic subtypes and SCC with different grade of differentiation. Surprisingly, the degree of proliferation of blood vessel endothelium was higher in BCC when compared to SCC. Conclusions. While SCC exhibited significantly higher intratumoral and peritumoral blood vessel areas compared to BCC, the relatively low rate of proliferating endothelium in this tumour type suggests the existence of endothelial-sprouting-independent mechanisms of vascularization in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgenia Pastushenko
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Clinico Lozano Blesa,” Calle San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Clinico Lozano Blesa,” Calle San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandra Vicente-Arregui
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “Miguel Servet,” Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gert G. Van den Eynden
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mariano Ara
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital “Clinico Lozano Blesa,” Calle San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter B. Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit Antwerp, Oncology Centre, General Hospital Sint-Augustinus, Oosterveldlaan 24, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Franciso José Carapeto
- Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Calle Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Steven J. Van Laere
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital “Miguel Servet,” Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Oncology, KU of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Tan YZ, Wang HJ, Zhang MH, Quan Z, Li T, He QZ. CD34+ VEGFR-3+ progenitor cells have a potential to differentiate towards lymphatic endothelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:422-33. [PMID: 24450475 PMCID: PMC3955149 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in postnatal neovascularization. However, it is poorly understood whether EPCs contribute to lymphangiogenesis. Here, we assessed differentiation of a novel population of EPCs towards lymphatic endothelial cells and their lymphatic formation. CD34(+) VEGFR-3(+) EPCs were isolated from mononuclear cells of human cord blood by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. These cells expressed CD133 and displayed the phenotype of the endothelial cells. Cell colonies appeared at 7-10 days after incubation. The cells of the colonies grew rapidly and could be repeatedly subcultured. After induction with VEGF-C for 2 weeks, CD34(+) VEGFR-3(+) EPCs could differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells expressing specific markers 5'-nucleotidase, LYVE-1 and Prox-1. The cells also expressed hyaluronan receptor CD44. The differentiated cells had properties of proliferation, migration and formation of lymphatic capillary-like structures in three-dimensional collagen gel and Matrigel. VEGF-C enhanced VEGFR-3 mRNA expression. After interfering with VEGFR-3 siRNA, the effects of VEGF-C were diminished. These results demonstrate that there is a population of CD34(+) VEGFR-3(+) EPCs with lymphatic potential in human cord blood. VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signalling pathway mediates differentiation of CD34(+) VEGFR-3(+) EPCs towards lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis. Cord blood-derived CD34(+) VEGFR-3(+) EPCs may be a reliable source in transplantation therapy for lymphatic regenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-zhen Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Haaga JR, Haaga R. Acidic lactate sequentially induced lymphogenesis, phlebogenesis, and arteriogenesis (ALPHA) hypothesis: Lactate-triggered glycolytic vasculogenesis that occurs in normoxia or hypoxia and complements the traditional concept of hypoxia-based vasculogenesis. Surgery 2013; 154:632-7. [PMID: 23859305 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our hypothesis, ALPHA (Acidic Lactate sequentially induced Lymphogenesis, PHlebogenesis, and Arteriogenesis) proposes that lactate triggers vasculogenesis to manage lactate levels and complements the traditional vasculogenesis hypothesis. The teleologic basis for glycolytic vasculogenesis is primariy to produce drainage vessels, initially lymphatics but subsequently veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Haaga
- Department of Radiology, Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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16
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Eichten A, Adler AP, Cooper B, Griffith J, Wei Y, Yancopoulos GD, Lin HC, Thurston G. Rapid decrease in tumor perfusion following VEGF blockade predicts long-term tumor growth inhibition in preclinical tumor models. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:429-41. [PMID: 23238831 PMCID: PMC3595479 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key upstream mediator of tumor angiogenesis, and blockade of VEGF can inhibit tumor angiogenesis and decrease tumor growth. However, not all tumors respond well to anti-VEGF therapy. Despite much effort, identification of early response biomarkers that correlate with long-term efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy has been difficult. These difficulties arise in part because the functional effects of VEGF inhibition on tumor vessels are still unclear. We therefore assessed rapid molecular, morphologic and functional vascular responses following treatment with aflibercept (also known as VEGF Trap or ziv-aflibercept in the United States) in preclinical tumor models with a range of responses to anti-VEGF therapy, including Colo205 human colorectal carcinoma (highly sensitive), C6 rat glioblastoma (moderately sensitive), and HT1080 human fibrosarcoma (resistant), and correlated these changes to long-term tumor growth inhibition. We found that an overall decrease in tumor vessel perfusion, assessed by dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US), and increases in tumor hypoxia correlated well with long-term tumor growth inhibition, whereas changes in vascular gene expression and microvessel density did not. Our findings support previous clinical studies showing that decreased tumor perfusion after anti-VEGF therapy (measured by DCE-US) correlated with response. Thus, measuring tumor perfusion changes shortly after treatment with VEGF inhibitors, or possibly other anti-angiogenic therapies, may be useful to predict treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Eichten
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Alexander P. Adler
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Blerta Cooper
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Jennifer Griffith
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Yi Wei
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | | | - Hsin Chieh Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA
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17
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Abstract
Lymphatic malformations (LMs) in soft tissues tend to enlarge over time, causing distortion, obstruction, and functional problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural progression of LMs to facilitate patient counseling, gain insight into pathophysiology, and guide therapy. Our Vascular Anomalies Center database was reviewed for patients with cutaneous and soft tissue LMs; combined or visceral lesions were excluded. Predictive variables were age, channel type (macrocystic, microcystic, combined), sex, lesion size (localized, diffuse), and location (head/neck, extremities, trunk). The outcome variable was natural progression of the malformation defined by expansion or the onset/worsening of signs and symptoms. The study included 441 patients: 234 females (53.1%) and 207 males (46.9%). Lymphatic malformations were located in the head/neck (61.2%), extremities (17.5%), trunk (16.1%), or multiple sites (5.2%). Children had a 42.2% risk of progression before adolescence, 84.7% before adulthood, and 95.3% during their lifetime. Progression was more likely in adolescence (63.8%) than in childhood (40.8%); the odds ratio was 2.6 (P=0.003). Diffuse LMs worsened more often than localized lesions (P=0.001), whereas channel type (P=0.63), sex (P=0.42), and location (P=0.28) did not influence progression.Lymphatic malformations have a greater risk of progression in adolescence than in childhood; pubertal hormones may contribute to expansion. Because of this high rate of progression, early treatment of asymptomatic LMs should be considered.
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18
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Hald A, Eickhardt H, Maerkedahl RB, Feldborg CW, Egerod KL, Engelholm LH, Laerum OD, Lund LR, Rønø B. Plasmin-driven fibrinolysis facilitates skin tumor growth in a gender-dependent manner. FASEB J 2012; 26:4445-57. [PMID: 22815383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement of the skin during wound healing depends on plasmin and plasminogen, which serve to degrade fibrin depositions in the provisional matrix and thereby facilitate keratinocyte migration. In the current study, we investigated whether plasmin and plasminogen likewise played a role during the development of skin cancer. To test this, we set up a chemically induced skin tumor model in a cohort of mice and found that skin tumor growth in Plg(-/-) male mice was reduced by 52% compared with wild-type controls. Histological analyses suggested that the growth-restricting effect of plasminogen deficiency was due to thrombosis and lost patency of the tumor vasculature, resulting in tumor necrosis. The connection between plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis, vascular patency, and tumor growth was further substantiated as the effect of plasminogen deficiency on tumor growth could be reverted by superimposing heterozygous fibrinogen deficiency on Plg(-/-) mice. Tumors derived from these Fib(-/+);Plg(-/-) mice displayed a significantly decreased level of tumor thrombosis compared with Plg(-/-) mice. In summary, these data indicate that plasmin-driven fibrinolysis facilitates tumor growth by maintaining patency of the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hald
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Sounni NE, Dehne K, van Kempen L, Egeblad M, Affara NI, Cuevas I, Wiesen J, Junankar S, Korets L, Lee J, Shen J, Morrison CJ, Overall CM, Krane SM, Werb Z, Boudreau N, Coussens LM. Stromal regulation of vessel stability by MMP14 and TGFbeta. Dis Model Mech 2010; 3:317-32. [PMID: 20223936 PMCID: PMC2860851 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate regulatory networks within organs maintain tissue homeostasis and facilitate rapid responses to damage. We identified a novel pathway regulating vessel stability in tissues that involves matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta(1)). Whereas plasma proteins rapidly extravasate out of vasculature in wild-type mice following acute damage, short-term treatment of mice in vivo with a broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor, neutralizing antibodies to TGFbeta(1), or an activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor significantly enhanced vessel leakage. By contrast, in a mouse model of age-related dermal fibrosis, where MMP14 activity and TGFbeta bioavailability are chronically elevated, or in mice that ectopically express TGFbeta in the epidermis, cutaneous vessels are resistant to acute leakage. Characteristic responses to tissue damage are reinstated if the fibrotic mice are pretreated with metalloproteinase inhibitors or TGFbeta signaling antagonists. Neoplastic tissues, however, are in a constant state of tissue damage and exhibit altered hemodynamics owing to hyperleaky angiogenic vasculature. In two distinct transgenic mouse tumor models, inhibition of ALK5 further enhanced vascular leakage into the interstitium and facilitated increased delivery of high molecular weight compounds into premalignant tissue and tumors. Taken together, these data define a central pathway involving MMP14 and TGFbeta that mediates vessel stability and vascular response to tissue injury. Antagonists of this pathway could be therapeutically exploited to improve the delivery of therapeutics or molecular contrast agents into tissues where chronic damage or neoplastic disease limits their efficient delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leon van Kempen
- Cancer Research Institute
- Present address: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy
- Present address: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte J. Morrison
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Department of Surgery
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Cancer Research Institute
- Department of Pathology
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Masset A, Maillard C, Sounni NE, Jacobs N, Bruyére F, Delvenne P, Tacke M, Reinheckel T, Foidart JM, Coussens LM, Noël A. Unimpeded skin carcinogenesis in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice deficient for plasminogen activator inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:283-93. [PMID: 20232379 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and cell migration are associated with cancer progression and involve at least, the plasminogen activating system and its main physiological inhibitor, the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Considering the recognized importance of PAI-1 in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and invasion in murine models of skin tumor transplantation, we explored the functional significance of PAI-1 during early stages of neoplastic progression in the transgenic mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis (K14-HPV16 mice). We have studied the effect of genetic deletion of PAI-1 on inflammation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and tumor progression. In this model, PAI-1 deficiency neither impaired keratinocyte hyperproliferation or tumor development nor affected the infiltration of inflammatory cells and development of angiogenic or lymphangiogenic vasculature. We are reporting evidence for concomitant lymphangiogenic and angiogenic switches independent to PAI-1 status. Taken together, these data indicate that PAI-1 is not rate limiting for neoplastic progression and vascularization during premalignant progression, or that there is a functional redundancy between PAI-1 and other tumor regulators, masking the effect of PAI-1 deficiency in this long-term model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Masset
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Development, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliqué-GIGA Cancer, Tour de Pathologie (B23), Sart-Tilman, Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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21
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Bhang SH, Won N, Lee TJ, Jin H, Nam J, Park J, Chung H, Park HS, Sung YE, Hahn SK, Kim BS, Kim S. Hyaluronic acid-quantum dot conjugates for in vivo lymphatic vessel imaging. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1389-98. [PMID: 19476339 DOI: 10.1021/nn900138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple and novel electrostatic coupling method is reported, which provides a hyaluronic acid-quantum dot conjugate (HA-QD) that is colloidally stable and size-tunable from 50 to 120 nm. The HA-QDs show cancer targeting efficiency, which suggests diagnostic and imaging applications. The conjugates are also demonstrated for the fluorescence staining capability for lymphatic vessels in vitro and in vivo. Using the HA-QDs in a small animal model, lymphatic vessels are visualized real-time in vivo for days. Comprehensive cytotoxicity evaluations are made for the conjugates and the unconjugated counterpart. The HA-QDs showcase the potentials toward cancer imaging and real-time visualization of changes in lymphatic vessels such as lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ho Bhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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22
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Raica M, Cimpean AM, Ribatti D. Angiogenesis in pre-malignant conditions. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1924-34. [PMID: 19406633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process involved in the normal growth and differentiation. In its defective and excessive form, angiogenesis is a crucial event in the progression of many human diseases. Excessive angiogenesis was largely investigated in psoriasis, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and malignant tumours. Soon after the discovery of angiogenic factors and their inhibitors, the angiogenesis jumped from the experimental studies to clinical application. Tumour-associated angiogenesis is nowadays considered as a priority in oncology based on numerous evidences that showed a significant reduction in tumour growth following anti-angiogenic therapy. However, few data are available on pre-malignant conditions. First evidences on angiogenesis in pre-malignant lesions came from the evaluation of microvessel density (MVD). MVD was found to be significantly increased in a relatively large spectrum of pre-malignant squamous cell lesions, such as in the oral mucosa, skin, uterine cervix, vulva and anal canal. For many of them, a correlation was found between MVD and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Based on these data, it was suggested that tumour angiogenesis is not necessarily a characteristic of invasive tumour, but may be an early event during tumourigenesis. Additional evidences came from pre-malignant lesions of glandular epithelia, in which the angiogenic switch was demonstrated by the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF in gastric metaplasia and dysplasia, in atypical adenoma of the colon, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ of the breast and others. Actually, there are convincing evidences for an active angiogenesis in many cases with pre-malignant conditions, and this supports a more accurate evaluation of different chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Raica
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
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23
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Clasper S, Royston D, Baban D, Cao Y, Ewers S, Butz S, Vestweber D, Jackson DG. A novel gene expression profile in lymphatics associated with tumor growth and nodal metastasis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7293-303. [PMID: 18794116 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of lymphatic vessels is a key step in the metastasis of primary tumors to draining lymph nodes. Although the process is enhanced by tumor lymphangiogenesis, it is unclear whether this is a consequence of increased lymphatic vessel number, altered lymphatic vessel properties, or both. Here we have addressed the question by comparing the RNA profiles of primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) isolated from the vasculature of normal tissue and from highly metastatic T-241/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C fibrosarcomas implanted in C57BL/6 mice. Our findings reveal significant differences in expression of some 792 genes (i.e., >or=2-fold up- or down-regulated, P <or= 0.05) that code for a variety of proteins including components of endothelial junctions, subendothelial matrix, and vessel growth/patterning. The tumor LEC profile, validated by immunohistochemical staining, is distinct from that of normal, inflammatory cytokine, or mitogen-activated LEC, characterized by elevated expression of such functionally significant molecules as the tight junction regulatory protein endothelial specific adhesion molecule (ESAM), the transforming growth factor-beta coreceptor Endoglin (CD105), the angiogenesis-associated leptin receptor, and the immunoinhibitory receptor CD200, and reduced expression of subendothelial matrix proteins including collagens, fibrillin, and biglycan. Moreover, we show similar induction of ESAM, Endoglin, and leptin receptor within tumor lymphatics in a series of human head and neck and colorectal carcinomas, and uncover a dramatic correlation between ESAM expression and nodal metastasis that identifies this marker as a possible prognostic indicator. These findings reveal a remarkable degree of phenotypic plasticity in cancer lymphatics and provide new insight into the processes of lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Clasper
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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24
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Gao Y, Zhong WX, Mu DB, Yuan YP, Zhang YH, Yu JM, Sun LP, Wang L, Li YH, Zhang JB, Zhao Y, Cai SP, Zhou GY. Distributions of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:1117-23. [PMID: 18202892 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers has been investigated in many studies, their distribution characteristics in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors have not been well addressed. METHODS We evaluated the blood microvessel density (BMVD) and lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD) by immunostaining with monoclonal antibodies of CD34 and D2-40 in 37 patients with stomach intramucosal carcinoma and 28 patients with colorectal intramucosal neoplasia. Microvessels with endothelial cells labeled by CD34 but not by D2-40 were recognized as blood microvessels; and microvessels with endothelial cells labeled by both CD34 and D2-40 were recognized as lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, the relationships between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-C, and BMVD, LMVD were investigated as well. RESULTS The LMVD was significantly higher in peritumoral tissues than in corresponding normal tissues in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors (20.87 versus 14.56, P = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference in the BMVD between peritumoral tissues and corresponding normal tissues (P = 0.166). The BMVD in peritumoral tissues was higher in patients with lymph node metastases than in patients without lymph nodes metastases (P = 0.047). Our results did not show significant association between VEGF, VEGF-C and BMVD, LMVD. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the increase of lymphangiogenesis seems superior to the increase of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal intramucosal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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25
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Blei F. Literature watch. Dellinger, MT, RJ Hunter, et al. (2007). Chy-3 mice are Vegfc haploinsufficient and exhibit defective dermal superficial to deep lymphatic transition and dermal lymphatic hypoplasia. Dev Dyn 236:2346-2355. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 5:203-4. [PMID: 18035938 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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