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Yu C, Liu Q, Chen C, Yu J, Wang J. Landscape perspectives of tumor, EMT, and development. Phys Biol 2019; 16:051003. [PMID: 31067516 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ab2029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A tumor is rarely fatal until becoming metastatic. Recent discoveries suggest that epithelial mesenchymal transition(EMT) is an important process which contributes to not only cancer metastasis but also increased stemness. Cancer cells with stem cell characteristics are called cancer stem cells (CSCs). We review recent efforts to quantify and delineate the relationship among EMT, CSC and tumor development. When the gene regulatory network is tightly regulated through the effectively fast regulatory binding, Cancer, Premalignant, Normal, CSC, stem cell (SC), Lesion and Hyperplasia states emerged. The corresponding landscape topography for all of these states can be quantified to a global way for uncovering the relationship among the tumor, metastasis, and development. On the other hand, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is regarded as one of the greatest challenge in cancer treatment. Cancer and CSCs are heterogeneous and give rise to tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells during self-renewal, differentiation and epigenetic diversification. Further, if the gene regulatory network is weakly regulated through the effective slow regulatory binding (by DNA methylation or histone modification etc), multiple meta-stable states can emerge. This model can provide an epigenetic and physical rather than genetic and fixed origin of heterogeneity. Elucidating the origin of and dynamic nature of tumor cells will likely help better understand the cellular basis of therapeutic response, resistance, and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China. University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Brown N, Song L, Kollu NR, Hirsch ML. Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors and Stem Cells: Friends or Foes? Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:450-463. [PMID: 28490211 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The infusion of healthy stem cells into a patient-termed "stem-cell therapy"-has shown great promise for the treatment of genetic and non-genetic diseases, including mucopolysaccharidosis type 1, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, numerous immunodeficiency disorders, and aplastic anemia. Stem cells for cell therapy can be collected from the patient (autologous) or collected from another "healthy" individual (allogeneic). The use of allogenic stem cells is accompanied with the potentially fatal risk that the transplanted donor T cells will reject the patient's cells-a process termed "graft-versus-host disease." Therefore, the use of autologous stem cells is preferred, at least from the immunological perspective. However, an obvious drawback is that inherently as "self," they contain the disease mutation. As such, autologous cells for use in cell therapies often require genetic "correction" (i.e., gene addition or editing) prior to cell infusion and therefore the requirement for some form of nucleic acid delivery, which sets the stage for the AAV controversy discussed herein. Despite being the most clinically applied gene delivery context to date, unlike other more concerning integrating and non-integrating vectors such as retroviruses and adenovirus, those based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have not been employed in the clinic. Furthermore, published data regarding AAV vector transduction of stem cells are inconsistent in regards to vector transduction efficiency, while the pendulum swings far in the other direction with demonstrations of AAV vector-induced toxicity in undifferentiated cells. The variation present in the literature examining the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors in stem cells may be due to numerous factors, including inconsistencies in stem-cell collection, cell culture, vector preparation, and/or transduction conditions. This review summarizes the controversy surrounding AAV vector transduction of stem cells, hopefully setting the stage for future elucidation and eventual therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Brown
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Liujiang Song
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Nageswara R Kollu
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
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Flow signaling and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:1835-1858. [PMID: 28039525 PMCID: PMC5391278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis rarely develops in the region of arteries exposed to undisturbed flow (u-flow, unidirectional flow). Instead, atherogenesis occurs in the area exposed to disturbed flow (d-flow, multidirectional flow). Based on these general pathohistological observations, u-flow is considered to be athero-protective, while d-flow is atherogenic. The fact that u-flow and d-flow induce such clearly different biological responses in the wall of large arteries indicates that these two types of flow activate each distinct intracellular signaling cascade in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which are directly exposed to blood flow. The ability of ECs to differentially respond to the two types of flow provides an opportunity to identify molecular events that lead to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. In this review, we will focus on various molecular events, which are differentially regulated by these two flow types. We will discuss how various kinases, ER stress, inflammasome, SUMOylation, and DNA methylation play roles in the differential flow response, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. We will also discuss the interplay among the molecular events and how they coordinately regulate flow-dependent signaling and cellular responses. It is hoped that clear understanding of the way how the two flow types beget each unique phenotype in ECs will lead us to possible points of intervention against endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Kędzierska H, Popławski P, Hoser G, Rybicka B, Rodzik K, Sokół E, Bogusławska J, Tański Z, Fogtman A, Koblowska M, Piekiełko-Witkowska A. Decreased Expression of SRSF2 Splicing Factor Inhibits Apoptotic Pathways in Renal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101598. [PMID: 27690003 PMCID: PMC5085631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine and arginine rich splicing factor 2(SRSF2) belongs to the serine/arginine (SR)-rich family of proteins that regulate alternative splicing. Previous studies suggested that SRSF2 can contribute to carcinogenic processes. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer, highly aggressive and difficult to treat, mainly due to resistance to apoptosis. In this study we hypothesized that SRSF2 contributes to the regulation of apoptosis in ccRCC. Using tissue samples obtained from ccRCC patients, as well as independent validation on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we demonstrate for the first time that expression of SRSF2 is decreased in ccRCC tumours when compared to non-tumorous control tissues. Furthermore, by employing a panel of ccRCC-derived cell lines with silenced SRSF2 expression and qPCR arrays we show that SRSF2 contributes not only to splicing patterns but also to expression of multiple apoptotic genes, including new SRSF2 targets: DIABLO, BIRC5/survivin, TRAIL, BIM, MCL1, TNFRSF9, TNFRSF1B, CRADD, BCL2L2, BCL2A1, and TP53. We also identified a new splice variant of CFLAR, an inhibitor of caspase activity. These changes culminate in diminished caspase-9 activity and inhibition of apoptosis. In summary, we show for the first time that decreased expression of SRSF2 in ccRCC contributes to protection of cancer cells viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kędzierska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Popławski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Hoser
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Beata Rybicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Rodzik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Sokół
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bogusławska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Tański
- Department of Urology, Regional Hospital, 07-410 Ostrołęka, Poland.
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Laboratory for Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Koblowska
- Laboratory for Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Yu C, Wang J. A Physical Mechanism and Global Quantification of Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157422. [PMID: 27410227 PMCID: PMC4943646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation and progression of cancer depend on many factors. Those on the genetic level are often considered crucial. To gain insight into the physical mechanisms of breast cancer, we construct a gene regulatory network (GRN) which reflects both genetic and environmental aspects of breast cancer. The construction of the GRN is based on available experimental data. Three basins of attraction, representing the normal, premalignant and cancer states respectively, were found on the phenotypic landscape. The progression of breast cancer can be seen as switching transitions between different state basins. We quantified the stabilities and kinetic paths of the three state basins to uncover the biological process of breast cancer formation. The gene expression levels at each state were obtained, which can be tested directly in experiments. Furthermore, by performing global sensitivity analysis on the landscape topography, six key genes (HER2, MDM2, TP53, BRCA1, ATM, CDK2) and four regulations (HER2⊣TP53, CDK2⊣BRCA1, ATM→MDM2, TP53→ATM) were identified as being critical for breast cancer. Interestingly, HER2 and MDM2 are the most popular targets for treating breast cancer. BRCA1 and TP53 are the most important oncogene of breast cancer and tumor suppressor gene, respectively. This further validates the feasibility of our model and the reliability of our prediction results. The regulation ATM→MDM2 has been extensive studied on DNA damage but not on breast cancer. We notice the importance of ATM→MDM2 on breast cancer. Previous studies of breast cancer have often focused on individual genes and the anti-cancer drugs are mainly used to target the individual genes. Our results show that the network-based strategy is more effective on treating breast cancer. The landscape approach serves as a new strategy for analyzing breast cancer on both the genetic and epigenetic levels and can help on designing network based medicine for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry/Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry/Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- College of Physics/Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Applied Mathematics/State University of New York at Stony Brook/Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, United States of America
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Topoisomerase 2 Alpha Cooperates with Androgen Receptor to Contribute to Prostate Cancer Progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142327. [PMID: 26560244 PMCID: PMC4641711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of TOP2A is associated with risk of systemic progression in prostate cancer patients, and higher levels of TOP2A were found in hormone-resistant cases. To elucidate the mechanism by which high levels of TOP2A contribute to tumor progression we generated TOP2A overexpressing prostate cancer cell lines. We show that TOP2A promotes tumor aggressiveness by inducing chromosomal rearrangements of genes that contribute to a more invasive phenotype. Anti-androgen treatment alone was ineffective in killing TOP2A overexpressing cells due to activation of an androgen receptor network. TOP2A poisons killed tumor cells more efficiently early in the progression course, while at later stages they provided greater benefit when combined with anti-androgen therapy. Mechanistically, we find that TOP2A enhances androgen signaling by facilitating transcription of androgen responsive genes, thereby promoting tumor cell growth. These studies revealed a relationship between TOP2A and androgen receptor signaling pathway that contributes to prostate cancer progression and confers sensitivity to treatments.
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Dong Y, Yin S, Song X, Huo Y, Fan L, Ye M, Hu H. Involvement of ROS-p38-H2AX axis in novel curcumin analogues-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:323-34. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Shutao Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Yazhen Huo
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Lihong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food From Plant Resources; Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Health; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering; China Agricultural University; Haidian District Beijing China
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Reactive Oxygen Species, SUMOylation, and Endothelial Inflammation. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:678190. [PMID: 22991685 PMCID: PMC3443607 DOI: 10.1155/2012/678190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact mechanism through which NADPH oxidases (Nox's) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still not completely understood, it is widely considered that ROS accumulation is the cause of oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Increasing pieces of evidence strongly indicate the role for ROS in endothelial inflammation and dysfunction and subsequent development of atherosclerotic plaques, which are causes of various pathological cardiac events. An overview for a causative relationship between ROS and endothelial inflammation will be provided in this review. Particularly, a crucial role for specific protein SUMOylation in endothelial inflammation will be presented. Given that SUMOylation of specific proteins leads to increased endothelial inflammation, targeting specific SUMOylated proteins may be an elegant, effective strategy to control inflammation. In addition, the involvement of ROS production in increasing the risk of recurrent coronary events in a sub-group of non-diabetic, post-infarction patients with elevated levels of HDL-cholesterol will be presented with the emphasis that elevated HDL-cholesterol under certain inflammatory conditions can lead to increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
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Heo KS, Lee H, Nigro P, Thomas T, Le NT, Chang E, McClain C, Reinhart-King CA, King MR, Berk BC, Fujiwara K, Woo CH, Abe JI. PKCζ mediates disturbed flow-induced endothelial apoptosis via p53 SUMOylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:867-84. [PMID: 21624955 PMCID: PMC3105539 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed flow-mediated PKCζ–PIASy association is critical for p53 SUMOylation and induces p53 nuclear export and endothelial cell apoptosis. Atherosclerosis is readily observed in regions of blood vessels where disturbed blood flow (d-flow) is known to occur. A positive correlation between protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) activation and d-flow has been reported, but the exact role of d-flow–mediated PKCζ activation in atherosclerosis remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that PKCζ activation by d-flow induces endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis by regulating p53. We found that d-flow–mediated peroxynitrite (ONOO−) increased PKCζ activation, which subsequently induced p53 SUMOylation, p53–Bcl-2 binding, and EC apoptosis. Both d-flow and ONOO− increased the association of PKCζ with protein inhibitor of activated STATy (PIASy) via the Siz/PIAS-RING domain (amino acids 301–410) of PIASy, and overexpression of this domain of PIASy disrupted the PKCζ–PIASy interaction and PKCζ-mediated p53 SUMOylation. En face confocal microscopy revealed increases in nonnuclear p53 expression, nitrotyrosine staining, and apoptosis in aortic EC located in d-flow areas in wild-type mice, but these effects were significantly decreased in p53−/− mice. We propose a novel mechanism for p53 SUMOylation mediated by the PKCζ–PIASy interaction during d-flow–mediated EC apoptosis, which has potential relevance to early events of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Heo
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Fragkos M, Beard P. Mitotic catastrophe occurs in the absence of apoptosis in p53-null cells with a defective G1 checkpoint. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22946. [PMID: 21853057 PMCID: PMC3154265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurring during mitosis, or mitotic catastrophe, often takes place in conjunction with apoptosis, but the conditions in which mitotic catastrophe may exhibit features of programmed cell death are still unclear. In the work presented here, we studied mitotic cell death by making use of a UV-inactivated parvovirus (adeno-associated virus; AAV) that has been shown to induce a DNA damage response and subsequent death of p53-defective cells in mitosis, without affecting the integrity of the host genome. Osteosarcoma cells (U2OSp53DD) that are deficient in p53 and lack the G1 cell cycle checkpoint respond to AAV infection through a transient G2 arrest. We found that the infected U2OSp53DD cells died through mitotic catastrophe with no signs of chromosome condensation or DNA fragmentation. Moreover, cell death was independent of caspases, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), autophagy and necroptosis. These findings were confirmed by time-lapse microscopy of cellular morphology following AAV infection. The assays used readily revealed apoptosis in other cell types when it was indeed occurring. Taken together the results indicate that in the absence of the G1 checkpoint, mitotic catastrophe occurs in these p53-null cells predominantly as a result of mechanical disruption induced by centrosome overduplication, and not as a consequence of a suicide signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Fragkos
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Beard
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Yin S, Dong Y, Fan L, Hu H. p53 activation inhibits ochratoxin A-induced apoptosis in monkey and human kidney epithelial cells via suppression of JNK activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:458-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cho YJ, Liang P. S-phase-coupled apoptosis in tumor suppression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1883-96. [PMID: 21437646 PMCID: PMC11114674 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0666-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication is essential for accurate transmission of genomic information from parental to daughter cells. DNA replication is licensed once per cell division cycle. This process is highly regulated by both positive and negative regulators. Over-replication, under-replication, as well as DNA damage in a cell all induce the activation of checkpoint control pathways such as ATM/ATR, CHK kinases, and the tumor suppressor protein p53, which provide "damage controls" via either DNA repairs or apoptosis. This review focuses on accumulating evidence, with the emphasis on recently discovered Killin, that S-phase checkpoint control is crucial for a mammalian cell to make a life and death decision in order to safeguard genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jig Cho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Mincberg M, Gopas J, Tal J. Minute virus of mice (MVMp) infection and NS1 expression induce p53 independent apoptosis in transformed rat fibroblast cells. Virology 2011; 412:233-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The cytopathic effects induced during parvovirus infection have been widely documented. Parvovirus infection-induced cell death is often directly associated with disease outcomes (e.g., anemia resulting from loss of erythroid progenitors during parvovirus B19 infection). Apoptosis is the major form of cell death induced by parvovirus infection. However, nonapoptotic cell death, namely necrosis, has also been reported during infection of the minute virus of mice, parvovirus H-1 and bovine parvovirus. Recent studies have revealed multiple mechanisms underlying the cell death during parvovirus infection. These mechanisms vary in different parvoviruses, although the large nonstructural protein (NS)1 and the small NS proteins (e.g., the 11 kDa of parvovirus B19), as well as replication of the viral genome, are responsible for causing infection-induced cell death. Cell cycle arrest is also common, and contributes to the cytopathic effects induced during parvovirus infection. While viral NS proteins have been indicated to induce cell cycle arrest, increasing evidence suggests that a cellular DNA damage response triggered by an invading single-stranded parvoviral genome is the major inducer of cell cycle arrest in parvovirus-infected cells. Apparently, in response to infection, cell death and cell cycle arrest of parvovirus-infected cells are beneficial to the viral cell lifecycle (e.g., viral DNA replication and virus egress). In this article, we will discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying parvovirus infection-induced cell death and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Yun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics & Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3029, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Yang G, Chang B, Yang F, Guo X, Cai KQ, Xiao XS, Wang H, Sen S, Hung MC, Mills GB, Chang S, Multani AS, Mercado-Uribe I, Liu J. Aurora kinase A promotes ovarian tumorigenesis through dysregulation of the cell cycle and suppression of BRCA2. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3171-81. [PMID: 20423983 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) is known to regulate genomic instability and tumorigenesis in multiple human cancers. The underlying mechanism, however, is not fully understood. We examined the molecular mechanism of Aurora-A regulation in human ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Retrovirus-mediated small hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to silence the expression of Aurora-A in the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3, OVCA432, and OVCA433. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, flow cytometry, cytogenetic analysis, and animal assay were used to test centrosome amplification, cell cycle alteration, apoptosis, DNA damage response, tumor growth, and genomic instability. Immunostaining of BRCA2 and Aurora-A was done in ovarian, pancreatic, breast, and colon cancer samples. RESULTS Knockdown of Aurora-A reduced centrosome amplification, malformation of mitotic spindles, and chromosome aberration, leading to decreased tumor growth. Silencing Aurora-A attenuated cell cycle progression and enhanced apoptosis and DNA damage response by restoring p21, pRb, and BRCA2 expression. Aurora-A was inversely correlated with BRCA2 in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. In high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, positive expression of BRCA2 predicted increased overall and disease-free survival, whereas positive expression of Aurora-A predicted poor overall and disease-free survival (P < 0.05). Moreover, an increased Aurora-A to BRCA2 expression ratio predicted poor overall survival (P = 0.047) compared with a decreased Aurora-A to BRCA2 expression ratio. CONCLUSION Aurora-A regulates genomic instability and tumorigenesis through cell cycle dysregulation and BRCA2 suppression. The negative correlation between Aurora-A and BRCA2 exists in multiple cancers, whereas the expression ratio of Aurora-A to BRCA2 predicts ovarian cancer patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ingemarsdotter C, Keller D, Beard P. The DNA damage response to non-replicating adeno-associated virus: Centriole overduplication and mitotic catastrophe independent of the spindle checkpoint. Virology 2010; 400:271-86. [PMID: 20199789 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 or UV-inactivated AAV (UV-AAV2) infection provokes a DNA damage response that leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M border. p53-deficient cells cannot sustain the G2 arrest, enter prolonged impaired mitosis, and die. Here, we studied how non-replicating AAV2 kills p53-deficient osteosarcoma cells. We found that the virus uncouples centriole duplication from the cell cycle, inducing centrosome overamplification that is dependent on Chk1, ATR and CDK kinases, and on G2 arrest. Interference with spindle checkpoint components Mad2 and BubR1 revealed unexpectedly that mitotic catastrophe occurs independently of spindle checkpoint function. We conclude that, in the p53-deficient cells, UV-AAV2 triggers mitotic catastrophe associated with a dramatic Chk1-dependent overduplication of centrioles and the consequent formation of multiple spindle poles in mitosis. As AAV2 acts through cellular damage response pathways, the results provide information on the role of Chk1 in mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage signaling in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Ingemarsdotter
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chen GG, Chan UPF, Bai LC, Fung KY, Tessier A, To AKY, Merchant JL, Lai PBS. ZBP-89 reduces the cell death threshold in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by increasing caspase-6 and S phase cell cycle arrest. Cancer Lett 2009; 283:52-8. [PMID: 19362768 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
ZBP-89 inhibits the some tumor cells but its role in HCC is unknown. We investigated effect of ZBP-89 on cell death of 5 HCC cell lines with different status of p53. We found that ZBP-89 significantly induced cell death of all HCC cells particularly those with wild-type p53. The inhibition was well correlated with the induction of caspase-6 activity. The inhibition of caspase-6 abolished the effect of ZBP-89. ZBP-89 reduced the cells in G2-M but increased them in S phase. With the changes in caspase-6 and cell cycle, ZBP-89 greatly enhanced the killing effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil or staurosporine in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Abstract
Phosphorylation of H2AX (gammaH2AX) is an early sign of DNA damage induced by replication stalling. However, the role of H2AX in the repair of this type of DNA damage is still unclear. In this study, we used an inactivated adeno-associated virus (AAV) to induce a stalled replication fork signal and investigate the function of gammaH2AX. The cellular response to AAV provides a unique model to study gammaH2AX function, because the infection causes pannuclear H2AX phosphorylation without any signs of damage to the host genome. We found that pannuclear gammaH2AX formation is a result of ATR overactivation and diffusion but is independent of ATM. The inhibition of H2AX with RNA interference or the use of H2AX-deficient cells showed that gammaH2AX is dispensable for the formation and maintenance of DNA repair foci induced by stalled replication. However, in the absence of H2AX, the AAV-containing cells showed proteosome-dependent degradation of p21, followed by caspase-dependent mitotic catastrophe. In contrast, H2AX-proficient cells as well as H2AX-complemented H2AX(-/-) cells reacted by increasing p21 levels and arresting the cell cycle. The results establish a new role for H2AX in the p53/p21 pathway and indicate that H2AX is required for p21-induced cell cycle arrest after replication stalling.
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