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Klomp JA, Klomp JE, Stalnecker CA, Bryant KL, Edwards AC, Drizyte-Miller K, Hibshman PS, Diehl JN, Lee YS, Morales AJ, Taylor KE, Peng S, Tran NL, Herring LE, Prevatte AW, Barker NK, Hover LD, Hallin J, Chowdhury S, Coker O, Lee HM, Goodwin CM, Gautam P, Olson P, Christensen JG, Shen JP, Kopetz S, Graves LM, Lim KH, Wang-Gillam A, Wennerberg K, Cox AD, Der CJ. Defining the KRAS- and ERK-dependent transcriptome in KRAS-mutant cancers. Science 2024; 384:eadk0775. [PMID: 38843331 PMCID: PMC11301402 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
How the KRAS oncogene drives cancer growth remains poorly understood. Therefore, we established a systemwide portrait of KRAS- and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent gene transcription in KRAS-mutant cancer to delineate the molecular mechanisms of growth and of inhibitor resistance. Unexpectedly, our KRAS-dependent gene signature diverges substantially from the frequently cited Hallmark KRAS signaling gene signature, is driven predominantly through the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and accurately reflects KRAS- and ERK-regulated gene transcription in KRAS-mutant cancer patients. Integration with our ERK-regulated phospho- and total proteome highlights ERK deregulation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and other components of the cell cycle machinery as key processes that drive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) growth. Our findings elucidate mechanistically the critical role of ERK in driving KRAS-mutant tumor growth and in resistance to KRAS-ERK MAPK targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Klomp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Clint A. Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kirsten L. Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - A. Cole Edwards
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristina Drizyte-Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Priya S. Hibshman
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J. Nathaniel Diehl
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ye S. Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexis J. Morales
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Khalilah E. Taylor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nhan L. Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alex W. Prevatte
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie K. Barker
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jill Hallin
- Mirati Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Saikat Chowdhury
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oluwadara Coker
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hey Min Lee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Craig M. Goodwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Prson Gautam
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Olson
- Mirati Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - John P. Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adrienne D. Cox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Channing J. Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Cell Biology & Physiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Tomić G, Sheridan C, Refermat AY, Baggelaar MP, Sipthorp J, Sudarshan B, Ocasio CA, Suárez-Bonnet A, Priestnall SL, Herbert E, Tate EW, Downward J. Palmitoyl transferase ZDHHC20 promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114224. [PMID: 38733589 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the defining features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that contributes to poor prognosis. In this study, the palmitoyl transferase ZDHHC20 was identified in an in vivo short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen as critical for metastatic outgrowth, with no effect on proliferation and migration in vitro or primary PDAC growth in mice. This phenotype is abrogated in immunocompromised animals and animals with depleted natural killer (NK) cells, indicating that ZDHHC20 affects the interaction of tumor cells and the innate immune system. Using a chemical genetics platform for ZDHHC20-specific substrate profiling, a number of substrates of this enzyme were identified. These results describe a role for palmitoylation in enabling distant metastasis that could not have been detected using in vitro screening approaches and identify potential effectors through which ZDHHC20 promotes metastasis of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Tomić
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Clare Sheridan
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Marc P Baggelaar
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - James Sipthorp
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | - Cory A Ocasio
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eleanor Herbert
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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3
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Kim J, Jeon YJ, Lim SC, Ryu J, Lee JH, Chang IY, You HJ. Akt-mediated Ephexin1-Ras interaction promotes oncogenic Ras signaling and colorectal and lung cancer cell proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1013. [PMID: 34711817 PMCID: PMC8553951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRCT Ephexin1 was reported to be highly upregulated by oncogenic Ras, but the functional consequences of this remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Ephexin1 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer (LC) patient tissues. Knockdown of Ephexin1 markedly inhibited the cell growth of CRC and LC cells with oncogenic Ras mutations. Ephexin1 contributes to the positive regulation of Ras-mediated downstream target genes and promotes Ras-induced skin tumorigenesis. Mechanically, Akt phosphorylates Ephexin1 at Ser16 and Ser18 (pSer16/18) and pSer16/18 Ephexin1 then interacts with oncogenic K-Ras to promote downstream MAPK signaling, facilitating tumorigenesis. Furthermore, pSer16/18 Ephexin1 is associated with both an increased tumor grade and metastatic cases of CRC and LC, and those that highly express pSer16/18 exhibit poor overall survival rates. These data indicate that Ephexin1 plays a critical role in the Ras-mediated CRC and LC and pSer16/18 Ephexin1 might be an effective therapeutic target for CRC and LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeho Kim
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
| | - Joohyun Ryu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Jung-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea
| | - In-Youb Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea.
| | - Ho Jin You
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Cancer therapeutics, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University School of medicine, 375 Seosuk-Dong, Gwangju, 501-759, South Korea.
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4
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Akt-mediated Ephexin1-Ras interaction promotes oncogenic Ras signaling and colorectal and lung cancer cell proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2021. [PMID: 34711817 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04332-0.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRCT Ephexin1 was reported to be highly upregulated by oncogenic Ras, but the functional consequences of this remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Ephexin1 is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer (LC) patient tissues. Knockdown of Ephexin1 markedly inhibited the cell growth of CRC and LC cells with oncogenic Ras mutations. Ephexin1 contributes to the positive regulation of Ras-mediated downstream target genes and promotes Ras-induced skin tumorigenesis. Mechanically, Akt phosphorylates Ephexin1 at Ser16 and Ser18 (pSer16/18) and pSer16/18 Ephexin1 then interacts with oncogenic K-Ras to promote downstream MAPK signaling, facilitating tumorigenesis. Furthermore, pSer16/18 Ephexin1 is associated with both an increased tumor grade and metastatic cases of CRC and LC, and those that highly express pSer16/18 exhibit poor overall survival rates. These data indicate that Ephexin1 plays a critical role in the Ras-mediated CRC and LC and pSer16/18 Ephexin1 might be an effective therapeutic target for CRC and LC.
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5
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Valencia K, Erice O, Kostyrko K, Hausmann S, Guruceaga E, Tathireddy A, Flores NM, Sayles LC, Lee AG, Fragoso R, Sun TQ, Vallejo A, Roman M, Entrialgo-Cadierno R, Migueliz I, Razquin N, Fortes P, Lecanda F, Lu J, Ponz-Sarvise M, Chen CZ, Mazur PK, Sweet-Cordero EA, Vicent S. The Mir181ab1 cluster promotes KRAS-driven oncogenesis and progression in lung and pancreas. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1879-1895. [PMID: 31874105 PMCID: PMC7108928 DOI: 10.1172/jci129012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Few therapies are currently available for patients with KRAS-driven cancers, highlighting the need to identify new molecular targets that modulate central downstream effector pathways. Here we found that the microRNA (miRNA) cluster including miR181ab1 is a key modulator of KRAS-driven oncogenesis. Ablation of Mir181ab1 in genetically engineered mouse models of Kras-driven lung and pancreatic cancer was deleterious to tumor initiation and progression. Expression of both resident miRNAs in the Mir181ab1 cluster, miR181a1 and miR181b1, was necessary to rescue the Mir181ab1-loss phenotype, underscoring their nonredundant role. In human cancer cells, depletion of miR181ab1 impaired proliferation and 3D growth, whereas overexpression provided a proliferative advantage. Lastly, we unveiled miR181ab1-regulated genes responsible for this phenotype. These studies identified what we believe to be a previously unknown role for miR181ab1 as a potential therapeutic target in 2 highly aggressive and difficult to treat KRAS-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele Valencia
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kaja Kostyrko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Simone Hausmann
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Natasha M. Flores
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leanne C. Sayles
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex G. Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rita Fragoso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Adrian Vallejo
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Roman
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Entrialgo-Cadierno
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Migueliz
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Razquin
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jun Lu
- Genetics Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Chang-Zheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Achelois Oncology, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Pawel K. Mazur
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Silvestre Vicent
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
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6
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PIK3CA Cooperates with KRAS to Promote MYC Activity and Tumorigenesis via the Bromodomain Protein BRD9. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111634. [PMID: 31652979 PMCID: PMC6896067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor formation is generally linked to the acquisition of two or more driver genes that cause normal cells to progress from proliferation to abnormal expansion and malignancy. In order to understand genetic alterations involved in this process, we compared the transcriptomes of an isogenic set of breast epithelial cell lines that are non-transformed or contain a single or double knock-in (DKI) of PIK3CA (H1047R) or KRAS (G12V). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that DKI cells were enriched over single mutant cells for genes that characterize a MYC target gene signature. This gene signature was mediated in part by the bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9) that was found in the SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, bound to the MYC super-enhancer locus. Small molecule inhibition of BRD9 reduced MYC transcript levels. Critically, only DKI cells had the capacity for anchorage-independent growth in semi-solid medium, and CRISPR-Cas9 manipulations showed that PIK3CA and BRD9 expression were essential for this phenotype. In contrast, KRAS was necessary for DKI cell migration, and BRD9 overexpression induced the growth of KRAS single mutant cells in semi-solid medium. These results provide new insight into the earliest transforming events driven by oncoprotein cooperation and suggest BRD9 is an important mediator of mutant PIK3CA/KRAS-driven oncogenic transformation.
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7
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Seino T, Kawasaki S, Shimokawa M, Tamagawa H, Toshimitsu K, Fujii M, Ohta Y, Matano M, Nanki K, Kawasaki K, Takahashi S, Sugimoto S, Iwasaki E, Takagi J, Itoi T, Kitago M, Kitagawa Y, Kanai T, Sato T. Human Pancreatic Tumor Organoids Reveal Loss of Stem Cell Niche Factor Dependence during Disease Progression. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:454-467.e6. [PMID: 29337182 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent efforts to dissect the inter-tumor heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by determining prognosis-predictive gene expression signatures for specific subtypes, their functional differences remain elusive. Here, we established a pancreatic tumor organoid library encompassing 39 patient-derived PDACs and identified 3 functional subtypes based on their stem cell niche factor dependencies on Wnt and R-spondin. A Wnt-non-producing subtype required Wnt from cancer-associated fibroblasts, whereas a Wnt-producing subtype autonomously secreted Wnt ligands and an R-spondin-independent subtype grew in the absence of Wnt and R-spondin. Transcriptome analysis of PDAC organoids revealed gene-expression signatures that associated Wnt niche subtypes with GATA6-dependent gene expression subtypes, which were functionally supported by genetic perturbation of GATA6. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing of PDAC driver genes (KRAS, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and TP53) demonstrated non-genetic acquisition of Wnt niche independence during pancreas tumorigenesis. Collectively, our results reveal functional heterogeneity of Wnt niche independency in PDAC that is non-genetically formed through tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Seino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tamagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kohta Toshimitsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nanki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sirirat Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eisuke Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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8
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Gwinn DM, Lee AG, Briones-Martin-Del-Campo M, Conn CS, Simpson DR, Scott AI, Le A, Cowan TM, Ruggero D, Sweet-Cordero EA. Oncogenic KRAS Regulates Amino Acid Homeostasis and Asparagine Biosynthesis via ATF4 and Alters Sensitivity to L-Asparaginase. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:91-107.e6. [PMID: 29316436 PMCID: PMC5761662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is a regulator of the nutrient stress response in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Induction of the ATF4 pathway during nutrient depletion requires AKT and NRF2 downstream of KRAS. The tumor suppressor KEAP1 strongly influences the outcome of activation of this pathway during nutrient stress; loss of KEAP1 in KRAS mutant cells leads to apoptosis. Through ATF4 regulation, KRAS alters amino acid uptake and asparagine biosynthesis. The ATF4 target asparagine synthetase (ASNS) contributes to apoptotic suppression, protein biosynthesis, and mTORC1 activation. Inhibition of AKT suppressed ASNS expression and, combined with depletion of extracellular asparagine, decreased tumor growth. Therefore, KRAS is important for the cellular response to nutrient stress, and ASNS represents a promising therapeutic target in KRAS mutant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Gwinn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alex G Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marcela Briones-Martin-Del-Campo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Crystal S Conn
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David R Simpson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna I Scott
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony Le
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina M Cowan
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- School of Medicine and Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - E Alejandro Sweet-Cordero
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Vallejo A, Perurena N, Guruceaga E, Mazur PK, Martinez-Canarias S, Zandueta C, Valencia K, Arricibita A, Gwinn D, Sayles LC, Chuang CH, Guembe L, Bailey P, Chang DK, Biankin A, Ponz-Sarvise M, Andersen JB, Khatri P, Bozec A, Sweet-Cordero EA, Sage J, Lecanda F, Vicent S. An integrative approach unveils FOSL1 as an oncogene vulnerability in KRAS-driven lung and pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14294. [PMID: 28220783 PMCID: PMC5321758 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutated tumours represent a large fraction of human cancers, but the vast majority remains refractory to current clinical therapies. Thus, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms triggered by KRAS oncogene may yield alternative therapeutic strategies. Here we report the identification of a common transcriptional signature across mutant KRAS cancers of distinct tissue origin that includes the transcription factor FOSL1. High FOSL1 expression identifies mutant KRAS lung and pancreatic cancer patients with the worst survival outcome. Furthermore, FOSL1 genetic inhibition is detrimental to both KRAS-driven tumour types. Mechanistically, FOSL1 links the KRAS oncogene to components of the mitotic machinery, a pathway previously postulated to function orthogonally to oncogenic KRAS. FOSL1 targets include AURKA, whose inhibition impairs viability of mutant KRAS cells. Lastly, combination of AURKA and MEK inhibitors induces a deleterious effect on mutant KRAS cells. Our findings unveil KRAS downstream effectors that provide opportunities to treat KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Vallejo
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Naiara Perurena
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Elisabet Guruceaga
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Pawel K. Mazur
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Susana Martinez-Canarias
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Carolina Zandueta
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Karmele Valencia
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Andrea Arricibita
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Dana Gwinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Leanne C. Sayles
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chen-Hua Chuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Laura Guembe
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Morphology Unit, Pamplona 31010, Spain
| | - Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David K. Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - Andrew Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
- Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Jesper B. Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Julien Sage
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Histology and Pathology, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Silve Vicent
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Pamplona 31010, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona 31008, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Histology and Pathology, Pamplona 31008, Spain
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10
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Kim ES, Samanta A, Cheng HS, Ding Z, Han W, Toschi L, Chang YT. Effect of oncogene activating mutations and kinase inhibitors on amino acid metabolism of human isogenic breast cancer cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:3378-86. [PMID: 26469267 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the changes in amino acid (AA) metabolism induced in MCF10A, a human mammary epithelial cell line, by the sequential knock-in of K-Ras and PI3K mutant oncogenes. Differentially regulated genes associated to AA pathways were identified on comparing gene expression patterns in the isogenic cell lines. Additionally, we monitored the changes in the levels of AAs and transcripts in the cell lines treated with kinase inhibitors (REGO: a multi-kinase inhibitor, PI3K-i: a PI3K inhibitor, and MEK-i: a MEK inhibitor). In total, 19 AAs and 58 AA-associated transcripts were found to be differentially regulated by oncogene knock-in and by drug treatment. In particular, the multi-kinase and MEK inhibitor affected pathways in K-Ras mutant cells, whereas the PI3K inhibitor showed a major impact in the K-Ras/PI3K double mutant cells. These findings may indicate the dependency of AA metabolism on the oncogene mutation pattern in human cancer. Thus, future therapy might include combinations of kinase inhibitors and drug targeting enzymes of AA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Sam Kim
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, 138667, Singapore and Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, 138667, Singapore
| | - Hui Shan Cheng
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, 138667, Singapore
| | - Zhaobing Ding
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, 138667, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, 138667, Singapore
| | - Luisella Toschi
- Global Drug Discovery, Therapeutic Research Group Oncology/Gynecological Therapies, Tumor Metabolism, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Young Tae Chang
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios Building, 138667, Singapore and Department of Chemistry & MedChem Program of Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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11
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Oncogenic PIK3CA mutations reprogram glutamine metabolism in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11971. [PMID: 27321283 PMCID: PMC4915131 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often require glutamine for growth, thereby distinguishing them from most normal cells. Here we show that PIK3CA mutations reprogram glutamine metabolism by upregulating glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, making them more dependent on glutamine. Compared with isogenic wild-type (WT) cells, PIK3CA mutant CRCs convert substantially more glutamine to α-ketoglutarate to replenish the tricarboxylic acid cycle and generate ATP. Mutant p110α upregulates GPT2 gene expression through an AKT-independent, PDK1–RSK2–ATF4 signalling axis. Moreover, aminooxyacetate, which inhibits the enzymatic activity of aminotransferases including GPT2, suppresses xenograft tumour growth of CRCs with PIK3CA mutations, but not with WT PIK3CA. Together, these data establish oncogenic PIK3CA mutations as a cause of glutamine dependency in CRCs and suggest that targeting glutamine metabolism may be an effective approach to treat CRC patients harbouring PIK3CA mutations. Cancer cells rely on glutamine to replenish the TCA cycle. Here, the authors show that oncogenic PIK3CA mutations drive this metabolic rewiring in colorectal cancer cells by up-regulating glutamate pyruvate transaminase expression, thus increasing sensitivity to glutamine starvation.
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12
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Conti A, Majorini MT, Elliott R, Ashworth A, Lord CJ, Cancelliere C, Bardelli A, Seneci P, Walczak H, Delia D, Lecis D. Oncogenic KRAS sensitizes premalignant, but not malignant cells, to Noxa-dependent apoptosis through the activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:10994-1008. [PMID: 26028667 PMCID: PMC4484434 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is mutated in about 20-25% of all human cancers and especially in pancreatic, lung and colorectal tumors. Oncogenic KRAS stimulates several pro-survival pathways, but it also triggers the trans-activation of pro-apoptotic genes. In our work, we show that G13D mutations of KRAS activate the MAPK pathway, and ERK2, but not ERK1, up-regulates Noxa basal levels. Accordingly, premalignant epithelial cells are sensitized to various cytotoxic compounds in a Noxa-dependent manner. In contrast to these findings, colorectal cancer cell sensitivity to treatment is independent of KRAS status and Noxa levels are not up-regulated in the presence of mutated KRAS despite the fact that ERK2 still promotes Noxa expression. We therefore speculated that other survival pathways are counteracting the pro-apoptotic effect of mutated KRAS and found that the inhibition of AKT restores sensitivity to treatment, especially in presence of oncogenic KRAS. In conclusion, our work suggests that the pharmacological inhibition of the pathways triggered by mutated KRAS could also switch off its oncogene-activated pro-apoptotic stimulation. On the contrary, the combination of chemotherapy to inhibitors of specific pro-survival pathways, such as the one controlled by AKT, could enhance treatment efficacy by exploiting the pro-death stimulation derived by oncogene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Conti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Majorini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Elliott
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Current Address: UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Centre, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre and CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Carlotta Cancelliere
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milano, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Università Degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Milan, Italy
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Myers MB, McKim KL, Meng F, Parsons BL. Low-frequency KRAS mutations are prevalent in lung adenocarcinomas. Per Med 2015; 12:83-98. [PMID: 27795727 PMCID: PMC5084916 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study quantified low-frequency KRAS mutations in normal lung and lung adenocarcinomas, to understand their potential significance in the development of acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies. MATERIALS & METHODS Allele-specific Competitive Blocker-PCR was used to quantify KRAS codon 12 GAT (G12D) and GTT (G12V) mutation in 19 normal lung and 21 lung adenocarcinoma samples. RESULTS Lung adenocarcinomas had KRAS codon 12 GAT and GTT geometric mean mutant fractions of 1.94 × 10-4 and 1.16 × 10-3, respectively. For 76.2% of lung adenocarcinomas, the level of KRAS mutation was greater than the upper 95% confidence interval of that in normal lung. CONCLUSION KRAS mutant tumor subpopulations, not detectable by DNA sequencing, may drive resistance to EGFR blockade in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Myers
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Karen L McKim
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fanxue Meng
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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14
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Abstract
Mutations in the KRAS oncogene represent one of the most prevalent genetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC), the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. In addition to their well-characterized function in driving tumor progression, KRAS mutations have been recognized as a critical determinant of the therapeutic response of CRC. Recent studies demonstrate that KRAS-mutant tumors are intrinsically insensitive to clinically-used epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting antibodies, including cetuximab and panitumumab. Acquired resistance to the anti-EGFR therapy was found to be associated with enrichment of KRAS-mutant tumor cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of mutant-KRAS-mediated therapeutic resistance has remained unclear. Despite intensive efforts, directly targeting mutant KRAS has been largely unsuccessful. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the biological function of KRAS mutations in determining the therapeutic response of CRC, highlighting several recently developed agents and strategies for targeting mutant KRAS, such as synthetic lethal interactions.
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15
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Crowley EH, Arena S, Lamba S, Di Nicolantonio F, Bardelli A. Targeted knock-in of the polymorphism rs61764370 does not affect KRAS expression but reduces let-7 levels. Hum Mutat 2013; 35:208-14. [PMID: 24282149 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pathological process represents a unique experimental challenge especially when the variants occur outside of coding regions. The noncoding SNP rs61764370 located in the 3'-untranslated region of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of cancer and the response to targeted therapies. This cancer-associated variant is thought to affect the binding of the microRNA let-7, which allegedly modulates KRAS expression. Using site-specific homologous recombination, we inserted the rs61764370:T>G KRAS gene variant in the colorectal cancer cell line SW48 (SW48 +SNP) and assessed the cellular and biochemical phenotype. We observed a significant increase in cellular proliferation, as well as a reduction in the levels of the microRNA let-7a, let-7b, and let-7c. Transcriptional and biochemical analysis showed no concomitant change in the KRAS protein expression or modulation of the downstream mitogen activated kinase or PI3K/AKT signaling. These results suggest that the cancer-associated rs61764370 variant exerts a biological effect not through transcriptional modulation of KRAS but rather by tuning the expression of the microRNA let-7.
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16
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Wang GM, Wong HY, Konishi H, Blair BG, Abukhdeir AM, Gustin JP, Rosen DM, Denmeade SR, Rasheed Z, Matsui W, Garay JP, Mohseni M, Higgins MJ, Cidado J, Jelovac D, Croessmann S, Cochran RL, Karnan S, Konishi Y, Ota A, Hosokawa Y, Argani P, Lauring J, Park BH. Single copies of mutant KRAS and mutant PIK3CA cooperate in immortalized human epithelial cells to induce tumor formation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3248-61. [PMID: 23580570 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The selective pressures leading to cancers with mutations in both KRAS and PIK3CA are unclear. Here, we show that somatic cell knockin of both KRAS G12V and oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human breast epithelial cells results in cooperative activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in vitro, and leads to tumor formation in immunocompromised mice. Xenografts from double-knockin cells retain single copies of mutant KRAS and PIK3CA, suggesting that tumor formation does not require increased copy number of either oncogene, and these results were also observed in human colorectal cancer specimens. Mechanistically, the cooperativity between mutant KRAS and PIK3CA is mediated in part by Ras/p110α binding, as inactivating point mutations within the Ras-binding domain of PIK3CA significantly abates pathway signaling. In addition, Pdk1 activation of the downstream effector p90RSK is also increased by the combined presence of mutant KRAS and PIK3CA. These results provide new insights into mutant KRAS function and its role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of , The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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17
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Martin ES, Belmont PJ, Sinnamon MJ, Richard LG, Yuan J, Coffee EM, Roper J, Lee L, Heidari P, Lunt SY, Goel G, Ji X, Xie Z, Xie T, Lamb J, Weinrich SL, VanArsdale T, Bronson RT, Xavier RJ, Vander Heiden MG, Kan JLC, Mahmood U, Hung KE. Development of a colon cancer GEMM-derived orthotopic transplant model for drug discovery and validation. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2929-40. [PMID: 23403635 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Effective therapies for KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) are a critical unmet clinical need. Previously, we described genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) for sporadic Kras-mutant and non-mutant CRC suitable for preclinical evaluation of experimental therapeutics. To accelerate drug discovery and validation, we sought to derive low-passage cell lines from GEMM Kras-mutant and wild-type tumors for in vitro screening and transplantation into the native colonic environment of immunocompetent mice for in vivo validation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cell lines were derived from Kras-mutant and non-mutant GEMM tumors under defined media conditions. Growth kinetics, phosphoproteomes, transcriptomes, drug sensitivity, and metabolism were examined. Cell lines were implanted in mice and monitored for in vivo tumor analysis. RESULTS Kras-mutant cell lines displayed increased proliferation, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase signaling. Microarray analysis identified significant overlap with human CRC-related gene signatures, including KRAS-mutant and metastatic CRC. Further analyses revealed enrichment for numerous disease-relevant biologic pathways, including glucose metabolism. Functional assessment in vitro and in vivo validated this finding and highlighted the dependence of Kras-mutant CRC on oncogenic signaling and on aerobic glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully characterized a novel GEMM-derived orthotopic transplant model of human KRAS-mutant CRC. This approach combines in vitro screening capability using low-passage cell lines that recapitulate human CRC and potential for rapid in vivo validation using cell line-derived tumors that develop in the colonic microenvironment of immunocompetent animals. Taken together, this platform is a clear advancement in preclinical CRC models for comprehensive drug discovery and validation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Martin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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18
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Vartanian S, Bentley C, Brauer MJ, Li L, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Kim JS, Haverty P, Stawiski E, Modrusan Z, Waldman T, Stokoe D. Identification of mutant K-Ras-dependent phenotypes using a panel of isogenic cell lines. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23188824 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the consequences of endogenous mutant K-Ras, we analyzed the signaling and biological properties of a small panel of isogenic cell lines. These include the cancer cell lines DLD1, HCT116, and Hec1A, in which either the WT or mutant K-ras allele has been disrupted, and SW48 colorectal cancer cells and human mammary epithelial cells in which a single copy of mutant K-ras was introduced at its endogenous genomic locus. We find that single copy mutant K-Ras causes surprisingly modest activation of downstream signaling to ERK and Akt. In contrast, a negative feedback signaling loop to EGFR and N-Ras occurs in some, but not all, of these cell lines. Mutant K-Ras also had relatively minor effects on cell proliferation and cell migration but more dramatic effects on cell transformation as assessed by growth in soft agar. Surprisingly, knock-out of the wild type K-ras allele consistently increased growth in soft agar, suggesting tumor-suppressive properties of this gene under these conditions. Finally, we examined the effects of single copy mutant K-Ras on global gene expression. Although transcriptional programs triggered by mutant K-Ras were generally quite distinct in the different cell lines, there was a small number of genes that were consistently overexpressed, and these could be used to monitor K-Ras inhibition in a panel of human tumor cell lines. We conclude that there are conserved components of mutant K-Ras signaling and phenotypes but that many depend on cell context and environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan Vartanian
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Oncogenic KRAS impairs EGFR antibodies' efficiency by C/EBPβ-dependent suppression of EGFR expression. Neoplasia 2012; 14:190-205. [PMID: 22496619 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) are associated with lack of benefit from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed antibody (Ab) therapy. However, the mechanisms by which constitutively activated KRAS (KRAS(G12V)) impairs effector mechanisms of EGFR-Abs are incompletely understood. Here, we established isogenic cell line models to systematically investigate the impact of KRAS(G12V) on tumor growth in mouse A431 xenograft models as well as on various modes of action triggered by EGFR-Abs in vitro. KRAS(G12V) impaired EGFR-Ab-mediated growth inhibition by stimulating receptor-independent downstream signaling. KRAS(G12V) also rendered tumor cells less responsive to Fc-mediated effector mechanisms of EGFR-Abs-such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Impaired CDC and ADCC activities could be linked to reduced EGFR expression in KRAS-mutated versus wild-type (wt) cells, which was restored by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of KRAS4b. Immunohistochemistry experiments also revealed lower EGFR expression in KRAS-mutated versus KRAS-wt harboring CRC samples. Analyses of potential mechanisms by which KRAS(G12V) downregulated EGFR expression demonstrated significantly decreased activity of six distinct transcription factors. Additional experiments suggested the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family to be implicated in the regulation of EGFR promoter activity in KRAS-mutated tumor cells by suppressing EGFR transcription through up-regulation of the inhibitory family member C/EBPβ-LIP. Thus, siRNA-mediated knockdown of C/EBPβ led to enhanced EGFR expression and Ab-mediated cytotoxicity against KRAS-mutated cells. Together, these results demonstrate that KRAS(G12V) signaling induced C/EBPβ-dependent suppression of EGFR expression, thereby impairing Fc-mediated effector mechanisms of EGFR-Abs and rendering KRAS-mutated tumor cells less sensitive to these therapeutic agents.
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20
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Poulogiannis G, Luo F, Arends MJ. RAS signalling in the colorectum in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:1-9. [PMID: 22233291 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2011.649380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
The basics of cell culture are now relatively common, though it was not always so. The pioneers of cell culture would envy our simple access to manufactured plastics, media and equipment for such studies. The prerequisites for cell culture are a well lit and suitably ventilated laboratory with a laminar flow hood (Class II), CO(2) incubator, benchtop centrifuge, microscope, plasticware (flasks and plates) and a supply of media with or without serum supplements. Not only can all of this be ordered easily over the internet, but large numbers of well-characterised cell lines are available from libraries maintained to a very high standard allowing the researcher to commence experiments rapidly and economically. Attention to safety and disposal is important, and maintenance of equipment remains essential. This chapter should enable researchers with little prior knowledge to set up a suitable laboratory to do basic cell culture, but there is still no substitute for experience within an existing well-run laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Cree
- Translational Oncology Research Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
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Vicent S, Chen R, Sayles LC, Lin C, Walker RG, Gillespie AK, Subramanian A, Hinkle G, Yang X, Saif S, Root DE, Huff V, Hahn WC, Sweet-Cordero EA. Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) regulates KRAS-driven oncogenesis and senescence in mouse and human models. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3940-52. [PMID: 20972333 DOI: 10.1172/jci44165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated human oncogenes. In some settings, oncogenic KRAS can trigger cellular senescence, whereas in others it produces hyperproliferation. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating these 2 drastically distinct outcomes would help identify novel therapeutic approaches in RAS-driven cancers. Using a combination of functional genomics and mouse genetics, we identified a role for the transcription factor Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) as a critical regulator of senescence and proliferation downstream of oncogenic KRAS signaling. Deletion or suppression of Wt1 led to senescence of mouse primary cells expressing physiological levels of oncogenic Kras but had no effect on wild-type cells, and Wt1 loss decreased tumor burden in a mouse model of Kras-driven lung cancer. In human lung cancer cell lines dependent on oncogenic KRAS, WT1 loss decreased proliferation and induced senescence. Furthermore, WT1 inactivation defined a gene expression signature that was prognostic of survival only in lung cancer patients exhibiting evidence of oncogenic KRAS activation. These findings reveal an unexpected role for WT1 as a key regulator of the genetic network of oncogenic KRAS and provide important insight into the mechanisms that regulate proliferation or senescence in response to oncogenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestre Vicent
- Cancer Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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23
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Lauring J, Cosgrove DP, Fontana S, Gustin JP, Konishi H, Abukhdeir AM, Garay JP, Mohseni M, Wang GM, Higgins M, Gorkin D, Reis M, Vogelstein B, Polyak K, Cowherd M, Buckhaults PJ, Park BH. Knock in of the AKT1 E17K mutation in human breast epithelial cells does not recapitulate oncogenic PIK3CA mutations. Oncogene 2010; 29:2337-45. [PMID: 20101210 PMCID: PMC3042798 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An oncogenic mutation (G49A:E17K) in the AKT1 gene has been described recently in human breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. The low frequency of this mutation and perhaps other selective pressures have prevented the isolation of human cancer cell lines that harbor this mutation thereby limiting functional analysis. Here, we create a physiologic in vitro model to study the effects of this mutation by using somatic cell gene targeting using the nontumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A. Surprisingly, knock in of E17K into the AKT1 gene had minimal phenotypic consequences and importantly, did not recapitulate the biochemical and growth characteristics seen with somatic cell knock in of PIK3CA hotspot mutations. These results suggest that mutations in critical genes within the PI3-kinase (PI3K) pathway are not functionally equivalent, and that other cooperative genetic events may be necessary to achieve oncogenic PI3K pathway activation in cancers that contain the AKT1 E17K mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lauring
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - David P. Cosgrove
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Stefani Fontana
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - John P. Gustin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Abde M. Abukhdeir
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Joseph P. Garay
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Morassa Mohseni
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Grace M. Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Michaela Higgins
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - David Gorkin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Marcelo Reis
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | | | - Meredith Cowherd
- The University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29203
| | | | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
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Parsons BL, Marchant-Miros KE, Delongchamp RR, Verkler TL, Patterson TA, McKinzie PB, Kim LT. ACB-PCR Quantification of K-RASCodon 12 GAT and GTT Mutant Fraction in Colon Tumor and Non-Tumor Tissue. Cancer Invest 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/07357901003630975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Kikuchi H, Pino MS, Zeng M, Shirasawa S, Chung DC. Oncogenic KRAS and BRAF differentially regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and -2alpha in colon cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8499-506. [PMID: 19843849 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
KRAS and BRAF mutations are frequently observed in human colon cancers. These mutations occur in a mutually exclusive manner, and each is associated with distinctive biological features. We showed previously that K-ras can interact with hypoxia to activate multiple signaling pathways. Many hypoxic responses are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, and we sought to define the roles of mutant KRAS and BRAF in the induction of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in colon cancer cells. Ectopic expression of mutant K-ras in Caco2 cells enhanced the hypoxic induction of only HIF-1alpha, whereas mutant BRAF enhanced both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha. Knockout or knockdown of mutant KRAS in DLD-1 and HCT116 cells impaired the hypoxic induction of only HIF-1alpha. HIF-1alpha mRNA levels were comparable in cells with and without a KRAS mutation. However, the rate of HIF-1alpha protein synthesis was higher in cells with a KRAS mutation, and this was suppressed by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. In contrast, knockdown of mutant BRAF in HT29 cells suppressed both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha. Although BRAF regulated mRNA levels of both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha, knockdown of BRAF or treatment with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 impaired the translation of only HIF-2alpha. Our data reveal that oncogenic KRAS and BRAF mutations differentially regulate the hypoxic induction of HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in colon cancer, and this may potentially contribute to the phenotypic differences of KRAS and BRAF mutations in colon tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Kikuchi
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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26
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Cancer gene discovery in mouse and man. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:140-61. [PMID: 19285540 PMCID: PMC2756404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the human and mouse genome sequence and developments in high-throughput genome analysis, and in computational tools, have made it possible to profile entire cancer genomes. In parallel with these advances mouse models of cancer have evolved into a powerful tool for cancer gene discovery. Here we discuss the approaches that may be used for cancer gene identification in both human and mouse and discuss how a cross-species 'oncogenomics' approach to cancer gene discovery represents a powerful strategy for finding genes that drive tumourigenesis.
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27
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van Staveren WCG, Solís DYW, Hébrant A, Detours V, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C. Human cancer cell lines: Experimental models for cancer cells in situ? For cancer stem cells? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1795:92-103. [PMID: 19167460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Established human cancer cell lines are routinely used as experimental models for human cancers. Their validity for such use is analyzed and discussed, with particular focus on thyroid tumors. Although cell lines retain some properties of the cells of origin, from the points of view of their genetics, epigenetics and gene expression, they show clear differences in these properties compared to in vivo tumors. This can be explained by a prior selection of initiating cells and a Darwinian evolution in vitro. The properties of the cell lines are compared to those of the postulated cancer stem cells and their use as models in this regard are discussed. Furthermore, other proper and possible uses of the cell lines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C G van Staveren
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, School of Medicine, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Replacement of normal with mutant alleles in the genome of normal human cells unveils mutation-specific drug responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:20864-9. [PMID: 19106301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808757105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are responsible for tumorigenesis and represent favored therapeutic targets in oncology. We exploited homologous recombination to knock-in individual cancer mutations in the genome of nontransformed human cells. Sequential introduction of multiple mutations was also achieved, demonstrating the potential of this strategy to construct tumor progression models. Knock-in cells displayed allele-specific activation of signaling pathways and mutation-specific phenotypes different from those obtainable by ectopic oncogene expression. Profiling of a library of pharmacological agents on the mutated cells showed striking sensitivity or resistance phenotypes to pathway-targeted drugs, often matching those of tumor cells carrying equivalent cancer mutations. Thus, knock-in of single or multiple cancer alleles provides a pharmacogenomic platform for the rational design of targeted therapies.
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29
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Medico E. Translational and Functional Oncogenomics. From Cancer-Oriented Genomic Screenings to New Diagnostic Tools and Improved Cancer Treatment. TUMORI JOURNAL 2008; 94:172-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160809400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present here an experimental pipeline for the systematic identification and functional characterization of genes with high potential diagnostic and therapeutic value in human cancer. Complementary competences and resources have been brought together in the TRANSFOG Consortium to reach the following integrated research objectives: 1) execution of cancer-oriented genomic screenings on tumor tissues and experimental models and merging of the results to generate a prioritized panel of candidate genes involved in cancer progression and metastasis; 2) setup of systems for high-throughput delivery of full-length cDNAs, for gain-of-function analysis of the prioritized candidate genes; 3) collection of vectors and oligonucleotides for systematic, RNA interference-mediated down-regulation of the candidate genes; 4) adaptation of existing cell-based and model organism assays to a systematic analysis of gain and loss of function of the candidate genes, for identification and preliminary validation of novel potential therapeutic targets; 5) proteomic analysis of signal transduction and protein-protein interaction for better dissection of aberrant cancer signaling pathways; 6) validation of the diagnostic potential of the identified cancer genes towards the clinical use of diagnostic molecular signatures; 7) generation of a shared informatics platform for data handling and gene functional annotation. The results of the first three years of activity of the TRANSFOG Consortium are also briefly presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Medico
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy
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30
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Bleeker FE, Bardelli A. Genomic landscapes of cancers: prospects for targeted therapies. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:1629-33. [PMID: 18085994 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.12.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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