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Smadja DM, Rossi E, Haviari S, Bieche I, Cras A, Gaussem P. Thrombin receptor PAR1 silencing in endothelial colony-forming cells modifies stemness and vasculogenic properties. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3640-3648. [PMID: 37678550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of thrombin receptor PAR1 in blood vessel development has been largely demonstrated in knockout mice; however, its implication in adult mouse angiogenesis seems very moderate. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the potential relationships between PAR1, stemness, and angiogenic properties of human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). METHODS AND RESULTS PAR1 activation on ECFCs using the selective PAR1-activating peptide induced a significant decrease in CD133 expression (RTQ-PCR analysis). In line, silencing of PAR1 gene expression with siRNA increased CD133 mRNA as well as intracellular CD133 protein expression. To confirm the link between CD133 and PAR1, we explored the association between PAR1 and CD133 levels in fast and slow fibroblasts prone to reprogramming. An imbalance between PAR1 and CD133 levels was evidenced, with a decreased expression of PAR1 in fast reprogramming fibroblasts expressing a high CD133 level. Regarding in vitro ECFC angiogenic properties, PAR1 silencing with specific siRNA induced cell proliferation evidenced by the overexpression of Ki67. However, it did not impact migration properties nor ECFC adhesion on smooth muscle cells or human arterial endothelial cells. In a mouse model of hind-limb ischemia, PAR1 silencing in ECFCs significantly increased postischemic revascularization compared to siCtrl-ECFCs along with a significant increase in cutaneous blood flows (P < .0001), microvessel density (P = .02), myofiber regeneration (P < .0001), and human endothelial cell incorporation in muscle (P < .0001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our work describes for the first time a link between PAR1, stemness, and vasculogenesis in human ECFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Smadja
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1140, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris, France.
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1140, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris, France
| | - Skerdi Haviari
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1137 (IAME), Paris, France; Département Épidémiologie Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Audrey Cras
- Université Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1140, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris, France; Cell Therapy Unit, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Hematology Department, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France; Université Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1140, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Paris, France
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2
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Shah H, Hill TA, Lim J, Fairlie DP. Protease-activated receptor 2 attenuates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00791-6. [PMID: 37991681 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major problem in cancer treatment. Doxorubicin (adriamycin) is an injectable DNA intercalating drug that halts cancer cell growth by inhibiting topoisomerase 2, but its long-term effectiveness is compromised by onset of resistance. This study demonstrates that expression of the PAR2 gene in human colon adenocarcinoma tissue samples was the highest among 32 different cancer types (n = 10,989), and higher in colon adenocarcinoma tissues (n = 331) than normal colon tissues (n = 308), revealing an association between PAR2 expression and human colon cancer. HT29 cells are a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line that is sensitive to the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin and also expresses PAR2. We find that PAR2 activation in HT29 cells, either by an endogenous protease agonist (trypsin) or an exogenous peptide agonist (2f-LIGRL-NH2), significantly reduces doxorubicin-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species production, caspase 3/7 activity and cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3. Moreover, PAR2-mediated MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway induced by 2f-LIGRL-NH2 leads to upregulated anti-apoptotic MCL-1 and Bcl-xL proteins that promote cellular survival. These findings suggest that activation of PAR2 compromises efficacy of doxorubicin in colon cancer. Further support for this conclusion came from experiments with human colon cancer HT29 cells, either with the PAR2 gene deleted or in the presence of a pharmacological antagonist of PAR2, which showed full restoration of all doxorubicin-mediated effects. Together, these findings reveal a strong link between PAR2 activation and signalling in human colon cancer cells and increased survival against doxorubicin-induced cell death. They support PAR2 antagonism as a possible new strategy for enhancing doxorubicin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Shah
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A Hill
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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3
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Ahmadi SE, Shabannezhad A, Kahrizi A, Akbar A, Safdari SM, Hoseinnezhad T, Zahedi M, Sadeghi S, Mojarrad MG, Safa M. Tissue factor (coagulation factor III): a potential double-edge molecule to be targeted and re-targeted toward cancer. Biomark Res 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37280670 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is a protein that plays a critical role in blood clotting, but recent research has also shown its involvement in cancer development and progression. Herein, we provide an overview of the structure of TF and its involvement in signaling pathways that promote cancer cell proliferation and survival, such as the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. TF overexpression is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in various cancers. The review also explores TF's role in promoting cancer cell metastasis, angiogenesis, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Of note, various TF-targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and immunotherapies have been developed, and preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of these therapies in various cancer types are now being evaluated. The potential for re-targeting TF toward cancer cells using TF-conjugated nanoparticles, which have shown promising results in preclinical studies is another intriguing approach in the path of cancer treatment. Although there are still many challenges, TF could possibly be a potential molecule to be used for further cancer therapy as some TF-targeted therapies like Seagen and Genmab's tisotumab vedotin have gained FDA approval for treatment of cervical cancer. Overall, based on the overviewed studies, this review article provides an in-depth overview of the crucial role that TF plays in cancer development and progression, and emphasizes the potential of TF-targeted and re-targeted therapies as potential approaches for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Shabannezhad
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Kahrizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Armin Akbar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehrab Safdari
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Hoseinnezhad
- Department of Hematolog, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Sadeghi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Mahsa Golizadeh Mojarrad
- Shahid Beheshti Educational and Medical Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Departments of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Ren Z, Xue Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Pei J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yu K. Tissue factor overexpression in triple-negative breast cancer promotes immune evasion by impeding T-cell infiltration and effector function. Cancer Lett 2023; 565:216221. [PMID: 37192729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a most deadly human malignancy with limited response to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Tumor immunoenvironment plays an increasingly important role in therapy outcome. Tissue factor (TF) is the target of the FDA-approved ADC Tivdak. HuSC1-39 is the parent antibody of MRG004A, a clinical stage TF-ADC (NCT04843709). Here, we employed HuSC1-39 (termed "anti-TF") to investigate the role of TF in regulating immune-tolerance in TNBC. We found that patients with aberrant TF expression had a poor prognosis and low immune effector cell infiltration, characterizing as "cold tumor". In the 4T1 TNBC syngeneic mouse model, knockout of tumor cell TF inhibited tumor growth and increased tumor infiltration of effector T cell, which was not dependent on the clotting inhibition. In an immune-reconstituted M-NSG mouse model of TNBC, anti-TF inhibited tumor growth, which was further enhanced by a dual-targeting anti-TF&TGFβR fusion protein. There were diminished P-AKT and P-ERK signaling and profound tumor cell death in treated tumors. Transcriptome analyses and immunohistochemistry revealed a dramatically improved tumor immunoenvironment including the increase of effector T cells, decrease of Treg cells and the transformation of tumor into "hot tumor". Moreover, employing qPCR analysis and T cell culture, we further demonstrated that TF expression in tumor cells is sufficient to block the synthesis and secretion of T cell-recruiting chemokine CXCL9/10/11. Treatment of TF-high TNBC cells with anti-TF or TF-knockout all stimulated CXCL9/10/11 production, promoted T cell migration and effector function. Thus, we have identified a new mechanism of TF in TNBC tumor progression and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yinyin Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinpeng Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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5
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Hassan N, Efing J, Kiesel L, Bendas G, Götte M. The Tissue Factor Pathway in Cancer: Overview and Role of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051524. [PMID: 36900315 PMCID: PMC10001432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, the only focus on tissue factor (TF) in clinical pathophysiology has been on its function as the initiation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. This obsolete vessel-wall TF dogma is now being challenged by the findings that TF circulates throughout the body as a soluble form, a cell-associated protein, and a binding microparticle. Furthermore, it has been observed that TF is expressed by various cell types, including T-lymphocytes and platelets, and that certain pathological situations, such as chronic and acute inflammatory states, and cancer, may increase its expression and activity. Transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors can be proteolytically cleaved by the TF:FVIIa complex that develops when TF binds to Factor VII (PARs). The TF:FVIIa complex can activate integrins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and PARs in addition to PARs. Cancer cells use these signaling pathways to promote cell division, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the maintenance of cancer stem-like cells. Proteoglycans play a crucial role in the biochemical and mechanical properties of the cellular extracellular matrix, where they control cellular behavior via interacting with transmembrane receptors. For TFPI.fXa complexes, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) may serve as the primary receptor for uptake and degradation. The regulation of TF expression, TF signaling mechanisms, their pathogenic effects, and their therapeutic targeting in cancer are all covered in detail here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Janes Efing
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Pharmaceutical Department, University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53225 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Domagkstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Li X, Cao D, Zheng X, Wang G, Liu M. Tissue factor as a new target for tumor therapy-killing two birds with one stone: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1250. [PMID: 36544632 PMCID: PMC9761121 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Cancer is an important disease and can occur anywhere in the body. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads to other body parts. This study extensively investigated the transmembrane receptor tissue factor (TF), which is the key motivator of the clotting cascade and plays an essential role in cancer-associated coagulation. TF is considered to be aberrantly expressed in various tumors and appears to promote tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, this study was performed to explain the pathological characteristics of TF expression and to discuss future cancer therapies that target TF. Methods We extensively reviewed the literature on TF published in PubMed, and discussed the effect of TF on tumor progression and TF-targeted therapeutics. Key Content and Findings This review aimed to uncover how TFs contribute to tumor progression and cancer-associated thrombosis and summarize TF-based targeted therapy. Multiple functions and mechanisms of the TF in cancer-associated thrombosis and tumor progression were discussed. Conclusions The current literature has confirmed that the TF is involved in the hypercoagulable state of tumors and promotes malignant tumors through coagulation-dependent or non-coagulation-dependent pathways. TF-dependent signaling is also involved in divergent cancer progression. Thus, TF-targeted therapeutics could have broad clinical applicability for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Gastric Cancer Center/Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Duan X, Chen H, Zhou X, Liu P, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Zhong L, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Yang C, Feng QS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Xiang T. EBV infection in epithelial malignancies induces resistance to antitumor natural killer cells via F3-mediated platelet aggregation. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1070-1083. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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9
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Tekin C, Scicluna BP, Lodestijn SC, Shi K, Bijlsma MF, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor 1 drives and maintains ductal cell fates in the premalignant pancreas and ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3091-3108. [PMID: 33932087 PMCID: PMC8564660 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells have high plasticity and can transdifferentiate into ductal-like cells. This acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) contributes to tissue maintenance but may also contribute to the premalignant transformation that can eventually progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Macrophages are key players in ADM, and macrophage-secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 induces ADM through yet unknown mechanisms. As we previously identified MMP9 as a novel agonist of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a receptor that is known to orchestrate the cross-talk between macrophages and tumor cells in PDAC, we here assessed the contribution of PAR1 to pancreatic cell fates. We found that genetic deficiency for PAR1 increases acinar gene expression programs in the healthy pancreas and that PAR1 deficiency limits ductal transdifferentiation in experimental systems for ADM. Moreover, PAR1 silencing in PDAC cells increases acinar marker expression. Changes in PDAC cell lines were associated with a downregulation of known Myc-target genes, and Myc inhibition mimics PAR1 deficiency in enhancing acinar programs in healthy organoids and PDAC cells. Overall, we identify the PAR1-Myc axis as a driver of ductal cell fates in premalignant pancreas and PDAC. Moreover, we show that cellular plasticity is not unique to acinar cells and that ductal regeneration into acinar-like cells is possible even in the context of oncogenic KRAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Tekin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Brendon P. Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sophie C. Lodestijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kun Shi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - C. Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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10
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Ma Y, He L, Zhao X, Li W, Lv X, Zhang X, Peng J, Yang L, Xu Q, Wang H. Protease activated receptor 2 signaling promotes self-renewal and metastasis in colorectal cancer through β-catenin and periostin. Cancer Lett 2021; 521:130-141. [PMID: 34461179 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance and expansion of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) is necessary for metastasis. Although protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is strongly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, it is unclear how it regulates distal metastasis, and no studies have shown the involvement of CSCs. In this study, we demonstrated that high PAR2 protein expression was correlated with metastatic CRC and poor prognosis in patients with stage III-IV CRC. CSCs from cell lines and patients showed higher levels of PAR2 than that of corresponding non-CSCs, and PAR2 inhibition reduced the CSC properties of the cell lines. Mechanistically, PAR2 inhibition switched the division mode of CSCs from symmetrical to asymmetrical via the ERK/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. We also identified periostin as a direct transcriptional target of β-catenin that mediates CSC self-renewal via PAR2 signaling. In a mouse xenograft model, PAR2 knockdown significantly attenuated liver metastasis. Finally, PAR2 expression was positively correlated with β-catenin and periostin in the primary sites of CRC with distant metastasis. Overall, our results indicate that PAR2 activation enhances CSC self-renewal and promotes metastasis through β-catenin and its target gene, periostin, in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Longmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, 300020, China; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Biobank of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China; Department of Gastroenterology of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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11
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Hisada Y, Mackman N. Tissue Factor and Extracellular Vesicles: Activation of Coagulation and Impact on Survival in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153839. [PMID: 34359742 PMCID: PMC8345123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The tissue factor (TF)-factor VIIa complex is the major physiological initiator of blood coagulation. Tumors express TF and release TF-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the circulation, and this is associated with the activation of coagulation. Circulating levels of EVTF activity may be a useful biomarker to identify patients at risk for thrombosis. Tumor TF and TF-positive EVs are also associated with reduced survival. Abstract Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a receptor for FVII/FVIIa and initiates the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Tumors and cancer cells express TF that can be released in the form of TF positive (TF+) extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this review, we summarize the studies of tumor TF and TF + EVs, and their association with activation of coagulation and survival in cancer patients. We also summarize the role of tumor-derived TF + EVs in venous thrombosis in mouse models. Levels of tumor TF and TF + EVs are associated with venous thromboembolism in pancreatic cancer patients. In addition, levels of EVTF activity are associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation in cancer patients. Furthermore, tumor-derived TF + EVs enhance venous thrombosis in mice. Tumor TF and TF + EVs are also associated with worse survival in cancer patients, particularly in pancreatic cancer patients. These studies indicate that EVTF activity could be used as a biomarker to identify pancreatic cancer patients at risk for venous thrombosis and cancer patients at risk for disseminated intravascular coagulation. EVTF activity may also be a useful prognostic biomarker in cancer patients.
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12
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Ruf W, Graf C. Coagulation signaling and cancer immunotherapy. Thromb Res 2021; 191 Suppl 1:S106-S111. [PMID: 32736766 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(20)30406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decades have delineated many interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer cells that are pivotal for cancer-associated thrombosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Expanding evidence shows that platelets, the tissue factor pathway, and proteolytic signaling involving protease-activated receptors (PARs) are also central players in innate and adaptive immunity. Recent studies in immune-competent mice have uncovered new immune-evasive roles of coagulation signaling networks in the development and growth of different preclinical tumor models. Tumor-type specific PAR1 signaling facilitates the escape from immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells. In addition, tumor-associated macrophages produce factor X (FX) and cell autonomous FXa-PAR2 signaling emerges as a central mechanism for tumor-promoting macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Pharmacological targeting of this signaling pathway with tissue penetrating oral FXa inhibitor reprograms macrophage phenotypes, enhances tumor antigen presentation, and expands tumor-killing cytotoxic lymphocytes. Importantly, by specifically targeting innate immune cells, the oral FXa inhibitor rivaroxaban synergizes with checkpoint inhibitor therapy in enhancing antigen-specific antitumor immunity. In similar experiments, anticoagulation with heparin is inefficient to block extravascular coagulation signaling. Thus, antithrombotic therapy with oral FXa inhibitors may contribute to reversing tumor immune-evasive mechanisms and enhance the clinical outcome of targeted immuno-therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Nassar E, Hassan N, El-Ghonaimy EA, Hassan H, Abdullah MS, Rottke TV, Kiesel L, Greve B, Ibrahim SA, Götte M. Syndecan-1 Promotes Angiogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through the Prognostically Relevant Tissue Factor Pathway and Additional Angiogenic Routes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102318. [PMID: 34066023 PMCID: PMC8150756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by tumor angiogenesis and poor patient survival. Here, we analyzed the function of the cell surface molecule Syndecan-1 in tumor angiogenesis in a 3D cell culture system. As a novel finding, we demonstrate that downregulation of Syndecan-1 reduces angiogenesis by decreasing the amount of angiogenesis factors of the tissue factor pathway. Furthermore, we show that the components of this pathway are associated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Our study identifies Syndecan-1 and the tissue factor pathway as novel potential therapeutic targets in the aggressive triple-negative subtype of breast cancer, for which no targeted therapies are currently available. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by increased angiogenesis, metastasis, and poor survival. Dysregulation of the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan and signaling co-receptor Syndecan-1 is linked to poor prognosis. To study its role in angiogenesis, we silenced Syndecan-1 in TNBC cell lines using a 3D human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture system. Syndecan-1 siRNA depletion in SUM-149, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 cells decreased HUVEC tubule network formation. Angiogenesis array revealed reduced VEGF-A and tissue factor (TF) in the Syndecan-1-silenced secretome. qPCR independently confirmed altered expression of F3, F7, F2R/PAR1, F2RL1/PAR2, VEGF-A, EDN1, IGFBP1, and IGFBP2 in SUM-149, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468 cells. ELISA revealed reduced secreted endothelin-1 (SUM-149, MDA-MB-468) and TF (all cell lines) upon Syndecan-1 depletion, while TF pathway inhibitor treatment impaired angiogenesis. Survival analysis of 3951 patients demonstrated that high expression of F3 and F7 are associated with better relapse-free survival, whereas poor survival was observed in TNBC and p53 mutant basal breast cancer (F3) and in ER-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer (F2R, F2RL1). STRING protein network analysis revealed associations of Syndecan-1 with VEGF-A and IGFBP1, further associated with the TF and ET-1 pathways. Our study suggests that TNBC Syndecan-1 regulates angiogenesis via the TF and additional angiogenic pathways and marks its constituents as novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyyad Nassar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
| | - Nourhan Hassan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Eslam A. El-Ghonaimy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Hebatallah Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Salah Abdullah
- Biotechnology/Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
| | - Theresa V. Rottke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Sherif Abdelaziz Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (S.A.I.); (M.G.)
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D11, 48149 Münster, Germany; (E.N.); (N.H.); (E.A.E.-G.); (T.V.R.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.I.); (M.G.)
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14
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Kothari A, Flick MJ. Coagulation Signaling through PAR1 as a Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105138. [PMID: 34066284 PMCID: PMC8152032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly fatal disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10% following diagnosis. The aggressive and invasive properties of pancreatic cancer tumors coupled with poor diagnostic options contribute to the high mortality rate since most patients present with late-stage disease. Accordingly, PDAC is linked to the highest rate of cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease of all solid tumor malignancies. However, in addition to promoting clot formation, recent studies suggest that the coagulation system in PDAC mediates a reciprocal relationship, whereby coagulation proteases and receptors promote PDAC tumor progression and dissemination. Here, upregulation of tissue factor (TF) by tumor cells can drive local generation of the central coagulation protease thrombin that promotes cell signaling activity through protease-activated receptors (PARs) expressed by both tumor cells and multiple stromal cell subsets. Moreover, the TF-thrombin-PAR1 signaling axis appears to be a major mechanism of cancer progression in general and PDAC in particular. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of PAR1 in PDAC and review possibilities for pharmacologically targeting PAR1 as a PDAC therapeutic approach.
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15
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Kappes L, Amer RL, Sommerlatte S, Bashir G, Plattfaut C, Gieseler F, Gemoll T, Busch H, Altahrawi A, Al-Sbiei A, Haneefa SM, Arafat K, Schimke LF, Khawanky NE, Schulze-Forster K, Heidecke H, Kerstein-Staehle A, Marschner G, Pitann S, Ochs HD, Mueller A, Attoub S, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Riemekasten G, Al-Ramadi BK, Cabral-Marques O. Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor type A-selective antagonist, inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15931. [PMID: 32985601 PMCID: PMC7522204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported a central role of the endothelin type A receptor (ETAR) in tumor progression leading to the formation of metastasis. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of the FDA-approved ETAR antagonist, Ambrisentan, which is currently used to treat patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In vitro, Ambrisentan inhibited both spontaneous and induced migration/invasion capacity of different tumor cells (COLO-357 metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, OvCar3 ovarian carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma, and HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia). Whole transcriptome analysis using RNAseq indicated Ambrisentan's inhibitory effects on the whole transcriptome of resting and PAR2-activated COLO-357 cells, which tended to normalize to an unstimulated profile. Finally, in a pre-clinical murine model of metastatic breast cancer, treatment with Ambrisentan was effective in decreasing metastasis into the lungs and liver. Importantly, this was associated with a significant enhancement in animal survival. Taken together, our work suggests a new therapeutic application for Ambrisentan in the treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kappes
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ruba L Amer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sabine Sommerlatte
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ghada Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Corinna Plattfaut
- Section Experimental Oncology, University Hospital and Medical School (UKSH), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Gieseler
- Section Experimental Oncology, University Hospital and Medical School (UKSH), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Gemoll
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology (LIED) and Institute of Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Abeer Altahrawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashraf Al-Sbiei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shoja M Haneefa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kholoud Arafat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze-Forster
- CellTrend GmbH, Luckenwalde, Brandenburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja Kerstein-Staehle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriele Marschner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silke Pitann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antje Mueller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Lineu Prestes Avenue, 1730, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Hassan S, Fanola C, Beckman A, Li F, Nelson AC, Linden M, Beckman JD. Adult Langerhans histiocytosis with rare BRAF mutation complicated by massive pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2020; 193:207-210. [PMID: 32768704 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Hassan
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christina Fanola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Amy Beckman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael Linden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joan D Beckman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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17
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Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32665005 PMCID: PMC7362520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, though its effects extend well beyond hemostasis. When TF binds to Factor VII, the resulting TF:FVIIa complex can proteolytically cleave transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). In addition to activating PARs, TF:FVIIa complex can also activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. These signaling pathways are utilized by tumors to increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem-like cell maintenance. Herein, we review in detail the regulation of TF expression, mechanisms of TF signaling, their pathological consequences, and how it is being targeted in experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusten Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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18
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Andreou T, Rippaus N, Wronski K, Williams J, Taggart D, Cherqui S, Sunderland A, Kartika YD, Egnuni T, Brownlie RJ, Mathew RK, Holmen SL, Fife C, Droop A, Lorger M. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy for Brain Metastases Using Myeloid Cell-Specific Gene Promoters. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:617-627. [PMID: 31501884 PMCID: PMC7301153 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases (BrM) develop in 20-40% of cancer patients and represent an unmet clinical need. Limited access of drugs into the brain because of the blood-brain barrier is at least partially responsible for therapeutic failure, necessitating improved drug delivery systems. METHODS Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transduced murine and nontransduced human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were administered into mice (n = 10 and 3). The HSC progeny in mouse BrM and in patient-derived BrM tissue (n = 6) was characterized by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Promoters driving gene expression, specifically within the BrM-infiltrating HSC progeny, were identified through differential gene-expression analysis and subsequent validation of a series of promoter-green fluorescent protein-reporter constructs in mice (n = 5). One of the promoters was used to deliver tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to BrM in mice (n = 17/21 for TRAIL vs control group). RESULTS HSC progeny (consisting mostly of macrophages) efficiently homed to macrometastases (mean [SD] = 37.6% [7.2%] of all infiltrating cells for murine HSC progeny; 27.9% mean [SD] = 27.9% [4.9%] of infiltrating CD45+ hematopoietic cells for human HSC progeny) and micrometastases in mice (19.3-53.3% of all macrophages for murine HSCs). Macrophages were also abundant in patient-derived BrM tissue (mean [SD] = 8.8% [7.8%]). Collectively, this provided a rationale to optimize the delivery of gene therapy to BrM within myeloid cells. MMP14 promoter emerged as the strongest promoter construct capable of limiting gene expression to BrM-infiltrating myeloid cells in mice. TRAIL delivered under MMP14 promoter statistically significantly prolonged survival in mice (mean [SD] = 19.0 [3.4] vs mean [SD] = 15.0 [2.0] days for TRAIL vs control group; two-sided P = .006), demonstrating therapeutic and translational potential of our approach. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes HSC gene therapy using a myeloid cell-specific promoter as a new strategy to target BrM. This approach, with strong translational value, has potential to overcome the blood-brain barrier, target micrometastases, and control multifocal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Rippaus
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teklu Egnuni
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Ryan K Mathew
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Alastair Droop
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Abstract
As basic research into GPCR signaling and its association with disease has come into fruition, greater clarity has emerged with regards to how these receptors may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. As a diverse group of receptor proteins, which regulate a variety of intracellular signaling pathways, research in this area has been slow to yield tangible therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of diseases including cancer. However, recently such research has gained momentum based on a series of studies that have sought to define GPCR proteins dynamics through the elucidation of their crystal structures. In this chapter, we define the approaches that have been adopted in developing better therapeutics directed against the specific parts of the receptor proteins, such as the extracellular and the intracellular domains, including the ligands and auxiliary proteins that bind them. Finally, we also briefly outline how GPCR-derived signaling transduction pathways hold great potential as additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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20
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Maqsood A, Hisada Y, Garratt KB, Homeister J, Mackman N. Rivaroxaban does not affect growth of human pancreatic tumors in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:2169-2173. [PMID: 31393055 PMCID: PMC6893077 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some clinical studies have shown that low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) prolong the survival of cancer patients. In addition, various anticoagulants have been shown to reduce growth of tumors in mice. However, there are no studies on the effect of the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban on growth of human pancreatic tumors in nude mice. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban reduces the growth of tissue factor (TF)-positive pancreatic tumors but not TF-negative pancreatic tumors in mice. METHODS The TF-positive human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPc-3 and the TF-negative human pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2 were injected subcutaneously into nude mice and tumors grown to a mean volume of ~100 mm3 . Mice were then divided into two groups. One group was fed chow containing rivaroxaban (0.5 g/kg chow) whereas the other group was fed chow without rivaroxaban. RESULTS Rivaroxaban significantly prolonged prothrombin time in tumor-bearing mice. Rivaroxaban did not affect cell proliferation or growth of either BxPc-3 or MIA PaCa-2 tumors grown subcutaneously in nude mice. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that inhibition of factor Xa with rivaroxaban does not affect the growth of two human pancreatic tumors in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaum Maqsood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yohei Hisada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kenison B. Garratt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan Homeister
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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21
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Kinnunen PT, Murto MO, Artama M, Pukkala E, Visvanathan K, Murtola TJ. Anticoagulants and Breast Cancer Survival: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 29:208-215. [PMID: 31653681 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various components of the coagulation cascade have been linked to breast cancer progression. In vivo results suggest that anticoagulants possess anticancer properties, but there are virtually no studies in human populations. Our nationwide study explored the association between anticoagulant use and breast cancer survival. METHODS All anticoagulants used from 1995 to 2015 in women (n = 73,170) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Finland between 1995 and 2013 were identified from the national prescription database; women were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry. Cox regressions were performed to analyze breast cancer survival as a function of pre- and postdiagnostic anticoagulant use; analyses were conducted for different anticoagulant subtypes and overall. Models were adjusted for age, mammography screening, tumor clinical characteristics, comorbidities, statin use, antidiabetic use, and antihypertensive use. To control for immortal time bias, postdiagnostic anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS At a median of 5.8 years after breast cancer diagnosis, 10,900 (15%) women had died from breast cancer. In total, 25,622 (35%) women had used anticoagulants during the study period. Postdiagnostic anticoagulant use increased the risk of breast cancer death (HR = 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-1.49). The risk was especially high for low-molecular weight heparin, although the effect disappeared in long-term users. CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulant use provides no clinical benefit for breast cancer survival; however, the association between thrombosis and cancer might mask potential survival benefits. IMPACT Future pharmacoepidemiologic studies should adjust for anticoagulant use. Research should focus on the use of new oral anticoagulants because these are rarely studied and might be associated with improved breast cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete T Kinnunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mika O Murto
- Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Miia Artama
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Finnish Cancer Registry - Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Teemu J Murtola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Department of Surgery, Seinäjoki, Finland
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22
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor primes monocytes for antiphospholipid antibody-induced thrombosis. Blood 2019; 134:1119-1131. [PMID: 31434703 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) with complex lipid and/or protein reactivities cause complement-dependent thrombosis and pregnancy complications. Although cross-reactivities with coagulation regulatory proteins contribute to the risk for developing thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, the majority of pathogenic aPLs retain reactivity with membrane lipid components and rapidly induce reactive oxygen species-dependent proinflammatory signaling and tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activation. Here, we show that lipid-reactive aPLs activate a common species-conserved TF signaling pathway. aPLs dissociate an inhibited TF coagulation initiation complex on the cell surface of monocytes, thereby liberating factor Xa for thrombin generation and protease activated receptor 1/2 heterodimer signaling. In addition to proteolytic signaling, aPLs promote complement- and protein disulfide isomerase-dependent TF-integrin β1 trafficking that translocates aPLs and NADPH oxidase to the endosome. Cell surface TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) synthesized by monocytes is required for TF inhibition, and disabling TFPI prevents aPL signaling, indicating a paradoxical prothrombotic role for TFPI. Myeloid cell-specific TFPI inactivation has no effect on models of arterial or venous thrombus development, but remarkably prevents experimental aPL-induced thrombosis in mice. Thus, the physiological control of TF primes monocytes for rapid aPL pathogenic signaling and thrombosis amplification in an unexpected crosstalk between complement activation and coagulation signaling.
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Hisada Y, Mackman N. Tissue Factor and Cancer: Regulation, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2019; 45:385-395. [PMID: 31096306 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong relationship between tissue factor (TF) and cancer. Many cancer cells express high levels of both full-length TF and alternatively spliced (as) TF. TF expression in cancer is associated with poor prognosis. In this review, the authors summarize the regulation of TF expression in cancer cells and the roles of TF and asTF in tumor growth and metastasis. A variety of different signaling pathways, transcription factors and micro ribonucleic acids regulate TF gene expression in cancer cells. The TF/factor VIIa complex enhances tumor growth by activating protease-activated receptor 2 signaling and by increasing the expression of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. AsTF increases tumor growth by enhancing integrin β1 signaling. TF and asTF also contribute to metastasis via multiple thrombin-dependent and independent mechanisms that include protecting tumor cells from natural killer cells. Finally, a novel anticancer therapy is using tumor TF as a target to deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor. TF may be useful in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hisada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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24
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Ashok SR, Shivananda MK, Manikandan A, Chandrasekaran R. Discovery and synthesis of 2-amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4(5H)-ones as GPCR ligands; an approach to develop breast cancer drugs via GPCR associated PAR1 and PI3Kinase inhibition mechanism. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:641-651. [PMID: 30822721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Efforts were taken to synthesis and characterize 2-amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4(5H)-one derivatives (4a-u) through a four-step reaction. The achieved compounds in remarkable yield have characterized through standard analytical techniques such as FTIR, LC-MS, NMR, HRMS, and elemental analysis. Present study mainly aimed to evaluate 4a-u as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). In the mechanism, stimulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt (protein kinase B) is a general reaction activated by a series of membrane-bound receptors such as GPCR. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is a subfamily of related GPCR, which triggered by the division of fragment of its extracellular domain. Therefore, molecular docking is done to ensure the inhibition of PAR1 and PI3Kinase. PI3Kinase is a chief enzyme in the development of breast cancer via the Akt/mTOR pathway. Thus, in vitro PI3Kinase inhibition and anti-breast cancer studies has also done to screen medicinally important compounds among (4a-u). Based on the best binding affinity, in vitro relative % activity and IC50 values, compounds 4a, 4g, 4i, 4n, and 4u were screened for further preclinical studies in animal model evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ashok
- Dept(.) of Studies & Research in Chemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India
| | - M K Shivananda
- Dept(.) of Studies & Research in Chemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India.
| | - A Manikandan
- Dept. of Biotech, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Chandrasekaran
- Sai Supreme Chemicals, Gummidipoondi, Chennai 601201, Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Thangarasu P, Thamarai Selvi S, Manikandan A. Unveiling novel 2-cyclopropyl-3-ethynyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolines as GPCR ligands via PI3-kinase/PAR-1 antagonism and platelet aggregation valuations; development of a new class of anticancer drugs with thrombolytic effects. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:468-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Transcriptional Landscape of PARs in Epithelial Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113451. [PMID: 30400241 PMCID: PMC6275037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of cell receptors, act as important regulators of diverse signaling pathways. Our understanding of the impact of GPCRs in tumors is emerging, yet there is no therapeutic platform based on GPCR driver genes. As cancer progresses, it disrupts normal epithelial organization and maintains the cells outside their normal niche. The dynamic and flexible microenvironment of a tumor contains both soluble and matrix-immobilized proteases that contribute to the process of cancer advancement. An example is the activation of cell surface protease-activated receptors (PARs). Mammalian PARs are a subgroup of GPCRs that form a family of four members, PAR1–4, which are uniquely activated by proteases found in the microenvironment. PAR1 and PAR2 play central roles in tumor biology, and PAR3 acts as a coreceptor. The significance of PAR4 in neoplasia is just beginning to emerge. PAR1 has been shown to be overexpressed in malignant epithelia, in direct correlation with tumor aggressiveness, but there is no expression in normal epithelium. In this review, the involvement of key transcription factors such as Egr1, p53, Twist, AP2, and Sp1 that control PAR1 expression levels specifically, as well as hormone transcriptional regulation by both estrogen receptors (ER) and androgen receptors (AR) are discussed. The cloning of the human protease-activated receptor 2; Par2 (hPar2) promoter region and transcriptional regulation of estrogen (E2) via binding of the E2–ER complex to estrogen response elements (ERE) are shown. In addition, evidence that TEA domain 4 (TEAD4) motifs are present within the hPar2 promoter is presented since the YAP oncogene, which plays a central part in tumor etiology, acts via the TEAD4 transcription factor. As of now, no information is available on regulation of the hPar3 promoter. With regard to hPar4, only data showing CpG methylation promoter regulation is available. Characterization of the PAR transcriptional landscape may identify powerful targets for cancer therapies.
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27
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Adams GN, Sharma BK, Rosenfeldt L, Frederick M, Flick MJ, Witte DP, Mosnier LO, Harmel-Laws E, Steinbrecher KA, Palumbo JS. Protease-activated receptor-1 impedes prostate and intestinal tumor progression in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2258-2269. [PMID: 30152921 PMCID: PMC6214773 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been proposed to drive cancer progression. Surprisingly, PAR-1 deletion accelerated tumor progression in two distinct experimental settings. PAR-1 deletion was shown to limit the apoptosis of transformed epithelial cells. Thrombin- and activated protein C-mediated PAR-1 activation have unique effects on tumor cell biology. SUMMARY: Background Multiple studies have implicated protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminus, as one target coupling thrombin-mediated proteolysis to tumor progression. Objective To analyze the role of PAR-1 in the setting of two distinct spontaneously developing tumor models in mice. Methods We interbred PAR-1-deficient mice with Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice, which spontaneously develop prostate tumors, and adenomatous polyposis coli Min (APCMin/+ ) mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal adenomas. Results Analyses of TRAMP mice with advanced disease (30 weeks) revealed that PAR-1 deficiency resulted in significantly larger and more aggressive prostate tumors. Prostates collected at an earlier time point (12 weeks of age) revealed that PAR-1 promotes apoptosis in transformed epithelia. In vitro analyses of TRAMP-derived cells revealed that activated protein C-mediated PAR-1 cleavage can induce tumor cell apoptosis, suggesting that tumor cell-intrinsic PAR-1 functions can limit tumor progression. Paralleling results in TRAMP mice, PAR-1-deficient APCMin/+ mice developed three-fold more adenomas than PAR-1-expressing mice, and the adenomas that formed were significantly larger. Moreover, loss of PAR-1 expression was shown to limit apoptosis in transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions Together, these results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for PAR-1 in impeding tumor progression in vivo. These results also offer a cautionary note suggesting that long-term PAR-1 inhibition could increase malignancy risk in some contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Adams
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Malinda Frederick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - David P. Witte
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | | | - Eleana Harmel-Laws
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kris A. Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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Protease-activated receptor 2 induces migration and promotes Slug-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:486-503. [PMID: 30321617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G protein-coupled receptor for trypsin, contributes to growth, anti-apoptosis, and migration in lung cancer. Given that PAR2 activation in airway epithelial cells compromises the airway epithelium barrier by disruption of E-cadherin adhesion, PAR2 may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Although PAR2 is known to promote the migration of lung cancer cells, the detailed mechanism of this event is still not clear. Here, we found that PAR2 is highly expressed in several lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. In two lung adenocarcinoma cell lines, CL1-5 and H1299 cells, activation of PAR2 induces migration and Slug-mediated EMT. The underlying mechanisms involved in PAR2-induced migration and EMT in CL1-5 cells were further investigated. We showed that PAR2-induced migration of CL1-5 cells is mediated by the Src/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway. β-arrestin 1, not G protein, is involved in this PAR2-mediated Src/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. PAR2-induced EMT in CL1-5 cells is dependent on the activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). The activation of ERK2 further mediates Slug stabilization through suppressing the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. In addition, a poor prognosis was observed in lung adenocarcinoma patients with a high expression of PAR2. Thus, PAR2 regulates migration through β-arrestin 1-dependent activation of p38 MAPK and EMT through ERK2-mediated stabilization of Slug in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Our finding also suggests that PAR2 might serve as a therapeutic target for metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Carvalho É, Hugo de Almeida V, Rondon AMR, Possik PA, Viola JPB, Monteiro RQ. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) upregulates granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) expression in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:270-276. [PMID: 30172372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor which is activated upon cleavage of its N-terminal region. PAR2 has been associated with many aspects regarding tumor progression, such as the production of pro-tumoral cytokines. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine essential to neutrophil production and maturation, and it is often overexpressed in tumors. In this study, we evaluated the ability of PAR2 to modulate G-CSF expression. PAR2 and G-CSF were significantly more expressed in metastatic (4T1 and MDA-MB-231) as compared to non-metastatic (67NR and MCF7) breast cancer cell lines. In addition, PAR2 stimulation by a synthetic agonist peptide significantly increased G-CSF gene expression in the metastatic cell lines. Knockdown of PAR2 in 4T1 cells decreased G-CSF expression and secretion. In addition, treatment of 4T1 with the commercial PAR2 antagonist, ENMD-1068, significantly decreased G-CSF expression. cBioPortal analyses of the TCGA database showed a significant co-occurrence of G-CSF and PAR2 gene overexpression in breast cancer samples. In conclusion, our data suggest that PAR2 contributes to G-CSF expression in breast cancer cells, possibly favoring tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Carvalho
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo de Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Araci M R Rondon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Possik
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João P B Viola
- Program of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Haemmerle M, Stone RL, Menter DG, Afshar-Kharghan V, Sood AK. The Platelet Lifeline to Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:965-983. [PMID: 29657130 PMCID: PMC5997503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Besides their function in limiting blood loss and promoting wound healing, experimental evidence has highlighted platelets as active players in all steps of tumorigenesis including tumor growth, tumor cell extravasation, and metastasis. Additionally, thrombocytosis in cancer patients is associated with adverse patient survival. Due to the secretion of large amounts of microparticles and exosomes, platelets are well positioned to coordinate both local and distant tumor-host crosstalk. Here, we present a review of recent discoveries in the field of platelet biology and the role of platelets in cancer progression as well as challenges in targeting platelets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Haemmerle
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Stone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287-1281, USA
| | - David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vahid Afshar-Kharghan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Benign Hematology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Nag JK, Kancharla A, Maoz M, Turm H, Agranovich D, Gupta CL, Uziely B, Bar-Shavit R. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 is a novel coreceptor of protease-activated receptor-2 in the dynamics of cancer-associated β-catenin stabilization. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38650-38667. [PMID: 28418856 PMCID: PMC5503561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) plays a central role in cancer; however, the molecular machinery of PAR2-instigated tumors remains to be elucidated. We show that PAR2 is a potent inducer of β-catenin stabilization, a core process in cancer biology, leading to its transcriptional activity. Novel association of low-density lipoprotein-related protein 6 (LRP6), a known coreceptor of Frizzleds (Fz), with PAR2 takes place following PAR2 activation. The association between PAR2 and LRP6 was demonstrated employing co-immunoprecipitation, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), and confocal microscopy analysis. The association was further supported by ZDOCK protein-protein server. PAR2-LRP6 interaction promotes rapid phosphorylation of LRP6, which results in the recruitment of Axin. Confocal microscopy of PAR2-driven mammary gland tumors in vivo, as well as in vitro confirms the association between PAR2 and LRP6. Indeed, shRNA silencing of LRP6 potently inhibits PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization, demonstrating its critical role in the induced path. We have previously shown a novel link between protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and β-catenin stabilization, both in a transgenic (tg) mouse model with overexpression of human PAR1 (hPar1) in the mammary glands, and in cancer epithelial cell lines. Unlike in PAR1-Gα13 axis, both Gα12 and Gα13 are equally involved in PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization. Disheveled (DVL) is translocated to the cell nucleus through the DVL-PDZ domain. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel PAR2-LRP6-Axin interaction as a key axis of PAR2-induced β-catenin stabilization in cancer. This newly described axis enhances our understanding of cancer biology, and opens new avenues for future development of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Nag
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Arun Kancharla
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Myriam Maoz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Hagit Turm
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Daniel Agranovich
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chhedi Lal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
| | - Beatrice Uziely
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Rachel Bar-Shavit
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Signaling Crosstalk of TGF-β/ALK5 and PAR2/PAR1: A Complex Regulatory Network Controlling Fibrosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061568. [PMID: 29795022 PMCID: PMC6032192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and agonists of the G Protein-coupled receptors proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and -2 (PAR2) have been linked to tissue fibrosis and cancer. Intriguingly, TGF-β and PAR signaling either converge on the regulation of certain matrix genes overexpressed in these pathologies or display mutual regulation of their signaling components, which is mediated in part through sphingosine kinases and sphingosine-1-phosphate and indicative of an intimate signaling crosstalk between the two pathways. In the first part of this review, we summarize the various regulatory interactions that have been discovered so far according to the organ/tissue in which they were described. In the second part, we highlight the types of signaling crosstalk between TGF-β on the one hand and PAR2/PAR1 on the other hand. Both ligand–receptor systems interact at various levels and by several mechanisms including mutual regulation of ligand–ligand, ligand–receptor, and receptor–receptor at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and receptor transactivation levels. These mutual interactions between PAR2/PAR1 and TGF-β signaling components eventually result in feed-forward loops/vicious cycles of matrix deposition and malignant traits that exacerbate fibrosis and oncogenesis, respectively. Given the crucial role of PAR2 and PAR1 in controlling TGF-β receptor activation, signaling, TGF-β synthesis and bioactivation, combining PAR inhibitors with TGF-β blocking agents may turn out to be more efficient than targeting TGF-β alone in alleviating unwanted TGF-β-dependent responses but retaining the beneficial ones.
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Miles LA, Baik N, Bai H, Makarenkova HP, Kiosses WB, Krajewski S, Castellino FJ, Valenzuela A, Varki NM, Mueller BM, Parmer RJ. The plasminogen receptor , Plg-R KT, is essential for mammary lobuloalveolar development and lactation. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:919-932. [PMID: 29495105 PMCID: PMC5965281 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Plg-RKT-/- female mice give birth, but no offspring of Plg-RKT-/- female mice survive to weaning. Causal mechanisms of potential lactational failure in Plg-RKT-/- mice are unknown. Plg-RKT regulates extracellular matrix remodeling, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fibrin surveillance. Plg-RKT is essential for lactogenesis and mammary lobuloalveolar development. SUMMARY Background Lactational competence requires plasminogen, the zymogen of the serine protease, plasmin. Plg-RKT is a unique transmembrane plasminogen receptor that promotes plasminogen activation to plasmin on cell surfaces. Plg-RKT-/- mice are viable, but no offspring of Plg-RKT-/- female mice survive to weaning. Objectives We investigated potential lactational failure in Plg-RKT-/- mice and addressed causal mechanisms. Methods Fibrin accumulation, macrophage infiltration, processing of extracellular matrix components, effects of genetic deletion of fibrinogen, expression of fibrosis genes, and proliferation and apoptosis of epithelial cells were examined in lactating mammary glands of Plg-RKT-/- and Plg-RKT+/+ mice. Results Milk was not present in the stomachs of offspring of Plg-RKT-/- female mice and the pups were rescued by foster mothers. Although the mammary ductal tree developed normally in Plg-RKT-/- glands, lobuloalveolar development was blocked by a hypertrophic fibrotic stroma and infiltrating macrophages were present. A massive accumulation of fibrin was also present in Plg-RKT-/- alveoli and ducts. Although this accumulation was decreased when Plg-RKT-/- mice were made genetically heterozygous for fibrinogen, defects in lobuloalveolar development were not rescued by fibrinogen heterozygosity. Transcriptional profiling revealed that EGF was downregulated 12-fold in Plg-RKT-/- glands. Furthermore, proliferation of epithelial cells was not detectable. In addition, the pro-survival protein, Mcl-1, was markedly downregulated and apoptosis was observed in Plg-RKT-/- but not Plg-RKT+/+ glands. Conclusions Plg-RKT is essential for lactogenesis and functions to maintain the appropriate stromal extracellular matrix environment, regulate epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and, by regulating fibrinolysis, preserve alveolar and ductal patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hongdong Bai
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | | | - William B. Kiosses
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stan Krajewski
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Alex Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nissi M. Varki
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Robert J. Parmer
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Rippaus N, Taggart D, Williams J, Andreou T, Wurdak H, Wronski K, Lorger M. Metastatic site-specific polarization of macrophages in intracranial breast cancer metastases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41473-41487. [PMID: 27203741 PMCID: PMC5173073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to primary tumors, the understanding of macrophages within metastases is very limited. In order to compare macrophage phenotypes between different metastatic sites, we established a pre-clinical mouse model of intracranial breast cancer metastasis in which cancer lesions develop simultaneously within the brain parenchyma and the dura. This mimics a situation that is commonly occurring in the clinic. Flow cytometry analysis revealed significant differences in the activation state of metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs) at the two locations. Concurrently, gene expression analysis identified significant differences in molecular profiles of cancer cells that have metastasized to the brain parenchyma as compared to the dura. This included differences in inflammation-related pathways, NF-kB1 activity and cytokine profiles. The most significantly upregulated cytokine in brain parenchyma- versus dura-derived cancer cells was Lymphotoxin β and a gain-of-function approach demonstrated a direct involvement of this factor in the M2 polarization of parenchymal MAMs. This established a link between metastatic site-specific properties of cancer cells and the MAM activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Rippaus
- Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - David Taggart
- Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer Williams
- Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Tereza Andreou
- Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mihaela Lorger
- Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, LS9 7TF Leeds, UK
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Proteinase-activated receptor 2 promotes TGF-β-dependent cell motility in pancreatic cancer cells by sustaining expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41095-41109. [PMID: 27248167 PMCID: PMC5173045 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by high expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the G protein-coupled receptor proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), the latter of which functions as a cell-surface sensor for serine proteinases asscociated with the tumour microenvironment. Since TGF-β and PAR2 affect tumourigenesis by regulating migration, invasion and metastasis, we hypothesized that there is signalling crosstalk between them. Depleting PDAC and non-PDAC cells of PAR2 by RNA interference strongly decreased TGF-β1-induced activation of Smad2/3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Smad dependent transcriptional activity, expression of invasion associated genes, and cell migration/invasion in vitro. Likewise, the plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 gene in primary cultures of aortic smooth muscle cells from PAR2-/- mice displayed a greatly attenuated sensitivity to TGF-β1 stimulation. PAR2 depletion in PDAC cells resulted in reduced protein and mRNA levels of the TGF-β type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5). Forced expression of wild-type ALK5 or a kinase-active ALK5 mutant, but not a kinase-active but Smad-binding defective ALK5 mutant, was able to rescue TGF-β1-induced Smad3 activation, Smad dependent transcription, and cell migration in PAR2-depleted cells. Together, our data show that PAR2 is crucial for TGF-β1-induced cell motility by its ability to sustain expression of ALK5. Therapeutically targeting PAR2 may thus be a promising approach in preventing TGF-β-dependent driven metastatic dissemination in PDAC and possibly other stroma-rich tumour types.
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Identification of the integrin-binding site on coagulation factor VIIa required for proangiogenic PAR2 signaling. Blood 2017; 131:674-685. [PMID: 29246902 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-02-768218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue factor (TF) pathway serves both hemostasis and cell signaling, but how cells control these divergent functions of TF remains incompletely understood. TF is the receptor and scaffold of coagulation proteases cleaving protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that plays pivotal roles in angiogenesis and tumor development. Here we demonstrate that coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) elicits TF cytoplasmic domain-dependent proangiogenic cell signaling independent of the alternative PAR2 activator matriptase. We identify a Lys-Gly-Glu (KGE) integrin-binding motif in the FVIIa protease domain that is required for association of the TF-FVIIa complex with the active conformer of integrin β1. A point mutation in this motif markedly reduces TF-FVIIa association with integrins, attenuates integrin translocation into early endosomes, and reduces delayed mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation required for the induction of proangiogenic cytokines. Pharmacologic or genetic blockade of the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (arf6) that regulates integrin trafficking increases availability of TF-FVIIa with procoagulant activity on the cell surface, while inhibiting TF-FVIIa signaling that leads to proangiogenic cytokine expression and tumor cell migration. These experiments delineate the structural basis for the crosstalk of the TF-FVIIa complex with integrin trafficking and suggest a crucial role for endosomal PAR2 signaling in pathways of tissue repair and tumor biology.
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Ungefroren H, Witte D, Rauch BH, Settmacher U, Lehnert H, Gieseler F, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 May Drive Cancer Progression by Facilitating TGF-β Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2494. [PMID: 29165389 PMCID: PMC5713460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been implicated in various aspects of cellular physiology including inflammation, obesity and cancer. In cancer, it usually acts as a driver of cancer progression in various tumor types by promoting invasion and metastasis in response to activation by serine proteinases. Recently, we discovered another mode through which PAR2 may enhance tumorigenesis: crosstalk with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling to promote TGF-β1-induced cell migration/invasion and invasion-associated gene expression in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. In this chapter, we review what is known about the cellular TGF-β responses and signaling pathways affected by PAR2 expression, the signaling activities of PAR2 required for promoting TGF-β signaling, and the potential molecular mechanism(s) that underlie(s) the TGF-β signaling-promoting effect. Since PAR2 is activated through various serine proteinases and biased agonists, it may couple TGF-β signaling to a diverse range of other physiological processes that may or may not predispose cells to cancer development such as local inflammation, systemic coagulation and pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Witte
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
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Yang X, Yang L, Ma Y, Zhao X, Wang H. MicroRNA-205 Mediates Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR 2) -Promoted Cancer Cell Migration. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:601-609. [PMID: 28990808 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1378671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) promotes cell migration in cancers, but the exact mechanism underlying this process remains largely unknown. Here we report that activation of PAR2 reduced miR-205 expression, whereas inhibition of miR-205 promoted cell migration in cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-205 blocked PAR2-mediated stimulation of cell migration. BMPR1B was identified as a downstream target gene of miR-205. In colorectal carcinoma specimens from patients, the level of PAR2 was negatively correlated with that of miR-205, but it was positively associated with BMPR1B expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that PAR2 signaling promotes cancer cell migration through miR-205/BMPR1B pathway in human colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Lan Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Yiming Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
| | - Hongying Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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Qian L, Gao X, Huang H, Lu S, Cai Y, Hua Y, Liu Y, Zhang J. PRSS3 is a prognostic marker in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21444-21453. [PMID: 28423522 PMCID: PMC5400596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Serine protease 3 (PRSS3) is an isoform of trypsinogen, and plays an important role in the development of many malignancies. The objective of this study was to determine PRSS3 mRNA and protein expression levels in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and normal surrounding tissue samples. Results Both PRSS3 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast tissues than in normal or benign tissues (all P < 0.05). High PRSS3 protein levels were associated with patients’ age, histological grade, Her-2 expression level, ki-67 expression, and the 5.0-year survival rate. These high protein levels are independent prognostic markers in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Materials and Methods We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (N = 40) and tissue microarray immunohistochemistry analysis (N = 286) to determine PRSS3 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. PRSS3 protein levels in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast tissues were correlated with the clinical characteristics of patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and their 5.0-year survival rate. Conclusions PRSS3 acts as an oncogene in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast development and progression. This finding implies that detection of PRSS3 expression can be a useful prognosis marker and the targeting of PRSS3 can potentially represent a new strategy for invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangxiang Gao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shumin Lu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Cai
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Hua
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Roy A, Ansari SA, Das K, Prasad R, Bhattacharya A, Mallik S, Mukherjee A, Sen P. Coagulation factor VIIa-mediated protease-activated receptor 2 activation leads to β-catenin accumulation via the AKT/GSK3β pathway and contributes to breast cancer progression. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13688-13701. [PMID: 28522609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion are very characteristic features of cancer cells that promote metastasis, which is one of the most common causes of mortality among cancer patients. Emerging evidence has shown that coagulation factors can directly mediate cancer-associated complications either by enhancing thrombus formation or by initiating various signaling events leading to metastatic cancer progression. It is well established that, apart from its distinct role in blood coagulation, coagulation factor FVIIa enhances aggressive behaviors of breast cancer cells, but the underlying signaling mechanisms still remain elusive. To this end, we investigated FVIIa's role in the migration and invasiveness of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Consistent with previous observations, we observed that FVIIa increased the migratory and invasive potential of these cells. We also provide molecular evidence that protease-activated receptor 2 activation followed by PI3K-AKT activation and GSK3β inactivation is involved in these processes and that β-catenin, a well known tumor-regulatory protein, contributes to this signaling pathway. The pivotal role of β-catenin was further indicated by the up-regulation of its downstream targets cyclin D1, c-Myc, COX-2, MMP-7, MMP-14, and Claudin-1. β-Catenin knockdown almost completely attenuated the FVIIa-induced enhancement of breast cancer migration and invasion. These findings provide a new perspective to counteract the invasive behavior of breast cancer, indicating that blocking PI3K-AKT pathway-dependent β-catenin accumulation may represent a potential therapeutic approach to control breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roy
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Shabbir A Ansari
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Kaushik Das
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Ramesh Prasad
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Anindita Bhattacharya
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Suman Mallik
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
| | - Ashis Mukherjee
- Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India and
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Chanakira A, Westmark PR, Ong IM, Sheehan JP. Tissue factor-factor VIIa complex triggers protease activated receptor 2-dependent growth factor release and migration in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 145:167-175. [PMID: 28148395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced tissue factor (TF) expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is associated with aggressive disease. Our objective was to evaluate the role of the TF-factor VIIa-protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) pathway in human EOC. METHODS TCGA RNAseq data from EOC databases were analyzed for PAR expression. Cell and microparticle (MP) associated TF protein expression (Western blot) and MP-associated coagulant activity were determined in human EOC (SKOV-3, OVCAR-3 and CaOV-3) and control cell lines. PAR-1 and PAR-2 protein expressions were similarly examined. The PAR dependence of VEGF-A release (ELISA) and chemotactic migration in response to FVIIa and cellular proliferation in response to thrombin was evaluated with small molecule antagonists. RESULTS Relative mRNA expression consistently demonstrated PAR-2>PAR-1≫PAR-3/4 in multiple EOC datasets. Human EOC cell line lysates confirmed expression of TF, PAR-1 and PAR-2 proteins. MPs isolated from EOC cell lines demonstrated markedly enhanced (4-10 fold) TF coagulant activity relative to control cell lines. FVIIa induced a dose-dependent increase in VEGF-A release (2.5-3 fold) from EOC cell lines that was abrogated by the PAR-2 antagonist ENMD-1068. FVIIa treatment of CaOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells resulted in increased chemotactic migration that was abolished by ENMD-1068. Thrombin induced dose-dependent EOC cell line proliferation was completely reversed by the PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar. Small molecule antagonists had no effect on these phenotypes without protease present. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced activity of the TF-FVIIa-PAR-2 axis may contribute to the EOC progression via PAR-2 dependent signaling that supports an angiogenic and invasive phenotype and local thrombin generation supporting PAR-1 dependent proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chanakira
- Departments of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Pamela R Westmark
- Departments of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - Irene M Ong
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States
| | - John P Sheehan
- Departments of Medicine/Hematology-Oncology and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, United States.
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Witte D, Zeeh F, Gädeken T, Gieseler F, Rauch BH, Settmacher U, Kaufmann R, Lehnert H, Ungefroren H. Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 Is a Novel Regulator of TGF-β Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E111. [PMID: 27916875 PMCID: PMC5184784 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β has a dual role in tumorigenesis, acting as a tumor suppressor in normal cells and in the early stages of tumor development while promoting carcinogenesis and metastasis in advanced tumor stages. The final outcome of the TGF-β response is determined by cell-autonomous mechanisms and genetic alterations such as genomic instability and somatic mutations, but also by a plethora of external signals derived from the tumor microenvironment, such as cell-to-cell interactions, growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins and proteolytic enzymes. Serine proteinases mediate their cellular effects via activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), a subclass of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage. We have recently identified PAR2 as a factor required for TGF-β1-dependent cell motility in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. In this article, we review what is known on the TGF-β-PAR2 signaling crosstalk and its relevance for tumor growth and metastasis. Since PAR2 is activated through various serine proteinases, it may couple TGF-β signaling to a diverse range of other physiological processes, such as local inflammation, systemic coagulation or pathogen infection. Moreover, since PAR2 controls expression of the TGF-β type I receptor ALK5, PAR2 may also impact signaling by other TGF-β superfamily members that signal through ALK5, such as myostatin and GDF15/MIC-1. If so, PAR2 could represent a molecular linker between PDAC development and cancer-related cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Witte
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Franziska Zeeh
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gädeken
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), and University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Kanemaru A, Yamamoto K, Kawaguchi M, Fukushima T, Lin CY, Johnson MD, Camerer E, Kataoka H. Deregulated matriptase activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma promotes the infiltration of cancer-associated fibroblasts by paracrine activation of protease-activated receptor 2. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:130-141. [PMID: 27615543 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to contribute to cancer progression. We have reported that cell surface expression of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 (HAI-1) is decreased in invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. This study examined if HAI-1-insufficiency contributes to CAF recruitment in OSCC. Serum-free conditioned medium (SFCM) from a human OSCC line (SAS) stimulated the migration of 3 human fibroblast cell lines, NB1RGB, MRC5 and KD. SFCM from HAI-1-knockdown SAS showed an additive effect on the migration of NB1RGB and MRC5, but not KD. SAS SFCM induced protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression in NB1RGB and MRC5, but not in KD, and a PAR-2 antagonist blocked the stimulatory effect of HAI-1 knockdown on migration of the PAR-2 expressing cell lines. Moreover, HAI-1-deficient SFCM showed additive stimulatory effects on the migration of wild-type but not PAR-2-deficient mouse fibroblasts. Therefore, the enhanced migration induced by HAI-1-insufficiency was mediated by PAR-2 activation in fibroblasts. This activation resulted from the deregulation of the activity of matriptase, a PAR-2 agonist protease. HAI-1 may thus prevent CAF recruitment to OSCC by controlling matriptase activity. When HAI-1 expression is reduced on OSCC, matriptase may contribute to CAF accumulation by paracrine activation of fibroblast PAR-2. Immunohistochemical analysis of resected OSCC revealed increased PAR2-positive CAFs in 35% (33/95) of the cases studied. The increased PAR-2 positive CAFs tended to correlate with infiltrative histology of the invasion front and shorter disease-free survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kanemaru
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukushima
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- School of Medicine, Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Michael D Johnson
- School of Medicine, Lambardi Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Japan
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Mußbach F, Ungefroren H, Günther B, Katenkamp K, Henklein P, Westermann M, Settmacher U, Lenk L, Sebens S, Müller JP, Böhmer FD, Kaufmann R. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in hepatic stellate cells - evidence for a role in hepatocellular carcinoma growth in vivo. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:54. [PMID: 27473374 PMCID: PMC4966804 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have established that proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) promotes migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, suggesting a role in HCC progression. Here, we assessed the impact of PAR2 in HCC stromal cells on HCC growth using LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and Hep3B cells as model. METHODS PAR2 expression and function in LX-2 cells was analysed by RT-PCR, confocal immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and [Ca(2+)]i measurements, respectively. The impact of LX-2-expressed PAR2 on tumour growth in vivo was monitored using HCC xenotransplantation experiments in SCID mice, in which HCC-like tumours were induced by coinjection of LX-2 cells and Hep3B cells. To characterise the effects of PAR2 activation in LX-2 cells, various signalling pathways were analysed by immunoblotting and proteome profiler arrays. RESULTS Following verification of functional PAR2 expression in LX-2 cells, in vivo studies showed that these cells promoted tumour growth and angiogenesis of HCC xenografts in mice. These effects were significantly reduced when F2RL1 (encoding PAR2) was downregulated by RNA interference (RNAi). In vitro studies confirmed these results demonstrating RNAi mediated inhibition of PAR2 attenuated Smad2/3 activation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation in LX-2 cells and blocked the pro-mitotic effect of LX-2 derived conditioned medium on Hep3B cells. Furthermore, PAR2 stimulation with trypsin or a PAR2-selective activating peptide (PAR2-AP) led to activation of different intracellular signalling pathways, an increased secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-mitotic factors and proteinases, and an enhanced migration rate across a collagen-coated membrane barrier. Silencing F2RL1 by RNAi or pharmacological inhibition of Src, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (Met), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) blocked PAR2-AP-induced migration. CONCLUSION PAR2 in HSCs plays a crucial role in promoting HCC growth presumably by mediating migration and secretion of pro-angiogenic and pro-mitotic factors. Therefore, PAR2 in stromal HSCs may have relevance as a therapeutic target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mußbach
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Günther
- Service Unit Small Animal, Research Center Lobeda (FZL), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Lennart Lenk
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Group Inflammatory Carcinogenesis, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank-Dietmar Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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Stahn S, Thelen L, Albrecht IM, Bitzer J, Henkel T, Teusch NE. Teleocidin A2 inhibits human proteinase-activated receptor 2 signaling in tumor cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00230. [PMID: 28116092 PMCID: PMC5242168 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression of the proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is linked to cell proliferation and migration in many cancer cell types. The role of PAR2 in cancer progression strongly illustrates the need for PAR2‐inhibiting compounds. However, to date, potent and selective PAR2 antagonists have not been reported. The natural product teleocidin A2 was characterized against PAR2‐activating peptide SLIGKV‐NH2, and trypsin‐induced PAR2‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in tumor and in primary endothelial or epithelial cells. Further biochemical and cell‐based studies were conducted to evaluate teleocidin specificity. The antagonizing effect of teleocidin A2 was confirmed in PAR2‐dependent cell migration and rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton of human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA‐MB 231) breast cancer cells. Teleocidin A2 antagonizes PAR2‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by either SLIGKV‐NH2 or trypsin with IC50 values from 15 to 25 nmol/L in MDA‐MB 231, lung carcinoma cell line, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Half maximal inhibition of either PAR1 or P2Y receptor‐dependent Ca2+ release is only achieved with 10‐ to 20‐fold higher concentrations of teleocidin A2. In low nanomolar concentrations, teleocidin A2 reverses both SLIGKV‐NH2 and trypsin‐mediated PAR2‐dependent migration of MDA‐MB 231 cells, and has no effect itself on cell migration and no effect on cell viability. Teleocidin A2 further controls PAR2‐induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement of MDA‐MB 231 cells. Thus, for the first time, the small molecule natural product teleocidin A2 exhibiting PAR2 antagonism in the low nanomolar range with potent antimigratory activity is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stahn
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | - Lisa Thelen
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Albrecht
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Elisabeth Teusch
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
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Matriptase activation connects tissue factor-dependent coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Blood 2016; 127:3260-9. [PMID: 27114461 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is designed to sense tissue injury by physical separation of the membrane-anchored cofactor tissue factor (TF) from inactive precursors of coagulation proteases circulating in plasma. Once TF on epithelial and other extravascular cells is exposed to plasma, sequential activation of coagulation proteases coordinates hemostasis and contributes to host defense and tissue repair. Membrane-anchored serine proteases (MASPs) play critical roles in the development and homeostasis of epithelial barrier tissues; how MASPs are activated in mature epithelia is unknown. We here report that proteases of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation transactivate the MASP matriptase, thus connecting coagulation initiation to epithelial proteolysis and signaling. Exposure of TF-expressing cells to factors (F) VIIa and Xa triggered the conversion of latent pro-matriptase to an active protease, which in turn cleaved the pericellular substrates protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) and pro-urokinase. An activation pathway-selective PAR2 mutant resistant to direct cleavage by TF:FVIIa and FXa was activated by these proteases when cells co-expressed pro-matriptase, and matriptase transactivation was necessary for efficient cleavage and activation of wild-type PAR2 by physiological concentrations of TF:FVIIa and FXa. The coagulation initiation complex induced rapid and prolonged enhancement of the barrier function of epithelial monolayers that was dependent on matriptase transactivation and PAR2 signaling. These observations suggest that the coagulation cascade engages matriptase to help coordinate epithelial defense and repair programs after injury or infection, and that matriptase may contribute to TF-driven pathogenesis in cancer and inflammation.
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Eisenreich A, Bolbrinker J, Leppert U. Tissue Factor: A Conventional or Alternative Target in Cancer Therapy. Clin Chem 2016; 62:563-70. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.241521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Tissue factor (TF) is an evolutionary conserved glycoprotein that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. TF is expressed in 2 naturally occurring protein isoforms, membrane-bound full-length (fl)TF and soluble alternatively spliced (as)TF. Both isoforms have been shown to affect a variety of pathophysiologically relevant functions, such as tumor-associated angiogenesis, thrombogenicity, tumor growth, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting TF either by direct inhibition or indirectly, i.e., on a posttranscriptional level, offers a novel therapeutic option for cancer treatment.
CONTENT
In this review we summarize the latest findings regarding the role of TF and its isoforms in cancer biology. Moreover, we briefly depict and discuss the therapeutic potential of direct and/or indirect inhibition of TF activity and expression for the treatment of cancer.
SUMMARY
asTF and flTF play important and often distinct roles in cancer biology, i.e., in thrombogenicity and angiogenesis, which is mediated by isoform-specific signal transduction pathways. Therefore, both TF isoforms and downstream signaling are promising novel therapeutic targets in malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eisenreich
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Bolbrinker
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC04, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Leppert
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC02, Institut für Physiologie, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis remains a significant complication in the clinical management of cancer and interactions of the hemostatic system with cancer biology continue to be elucidated. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of tissue factor (TF) regulation and procoagulant activation, TF signaling in cancer and immune cells, and the expanding roles of the coagulation system in stem cell niches and the tumor microenvironment. The extravascular functions of coagulant and anti-coagulant pathways have significant implications not only for tumor progression, but also for the selection of appropriate target specific anticoagulants in the therapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea S Rothmeier
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudine Graf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; 3(rd) Medical Department, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Yau MK, Lim J, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:471-83. [PMID: 26936077 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1154540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a self-activated G protein-coupled receptor that has been implicated in several diseases, including inflammatory, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic diseases, cancers and others, making it an important prospective drug target. No known endogenous ligands are available for PAR2, so having potent exogenous agonists and antagonists can be helpful for studying physiological functions of PAR2. AREAS COVERED This review covers agonist-, antagonist-, antibody- and pepducin-based modulators of PAR2 reported in patent applications between 2010-2015, along with their available structure-activity relationships, biological activities and potential uses for studying PAR2. EXPERT OPINION In the last six years, substantial efforts were made towards developing PAR2 modulators, but most lack potency or selectivity or have poor pharmacokinetic profiles. Many PAR2 modulators were assessed by measuring Gαq protein-mediated calcium release in cells. This may be insufficient to fully characterize ligand function, since different ligands signal through PAR2 via multiple signaling pathways. It may be feasible to develop biased ligands as drugs that can selectively modulate one or more specific signaling pathways linking PAR2 to a specific diseased state. Accordingly, potent, orally bioavailable, pathway- and receptor-selective PAR2 modulators may be an achievable goal to realizing effective drugs that can treat PAR2-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- a Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
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Karachaliou N, Pilotto S, Bria E, Rosell R. Platelets and their role in cancer evolution and immune system. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 4:713-20. [PMID: 26798580 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate fragments formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes and represent the smallest circulating hematopoietic cells. Thought for almost a century to possess solely hemostatic potentials, platelets actually play a much wider role in tissue regeneration and repair and interact intimately with tumor cells. On the one hand, tumor cells induce platelet aggregation, known to act as the trigger of cancer-associated thrombosis and on the other hand, platelets recruited to the tumor microenvironment interact directly with tumor cells favoring proliferation, and indirectly through the release of angiogenic and mitogenic proteins. Furthermore, platelets are immunosuppressive cells that protect metastatic cancer cells from surveillance by killer cells, nullifying the effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sara Pilotto
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Emilio Bria
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quiron-Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy ; 3 Pangaea Biotech, Barcelona, Spain ; 4 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 5 Molecular Oncology Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain ; 6 Germans Trias i Pujol Health Sciences Institute and Hospital, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
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