1
|
Bharali D, Banerjee BD, Bharadwaj M, Husain SA, Kar P. Expression Analysis of MicroRNA-21 and MicroRNA-122 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019; 9:294-301. [PMID: 31360021 PMCID: PMC6637083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistep process starting from chronic hepatitis (CH) that progress through cirrhosis to HCC. The expression level of microRNA (miRNA) was found to be deregulated in HCC. The study was designed to find out whether the expression level of miR-21 and miR-122 was deregulated in HCC compared to controls without HCC. METHODS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to find out the miRNA expression level using Ct value followed by statistical analysis where P value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-21 and miR-122 in HCC was detected. All changes in the expression level of miR-21 and miR-122 were due to HCC compared with healthy control, CH, and liver cirrhosis. Hence miR-21 and miR-122 are suitable to differentiate HCC with an efficient diagnostic power of sensitivity, specificity, and expression level, but they might not have any role in patients' survival. CONCLUSION miR-21 and miR-122 could be considered as potential markers of HCC screening molecule in addition to other approved markers. However the current study is limited to expression levels of miRNAs from serum; therefore, it needs further validated study in a large group of population to fulfill all the criteria of a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Bharali
- Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 02, India
| | - Basu D. Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Dilshad Graden, Delhi, 65, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics, National Institute Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, UP, India
| | - Syed A. Husain
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
| | - Premashis Kar
- Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 02, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Finianos A, Matar CF, Taher A. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in β-Thalassemia Patients: Review of the Literature with Molecular Insight into Liver Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124070. [PMID: 30562917 PMCID: PMC6321074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuing progress in managing patients with thalassemia, especially in the setting of iron overload and iron chelation, the life span of these patients is increasing, while concomitantly increasing incidences of many diseases that were less likely to show when survival was rather limited. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major life-threatening cancer that is becoming more frequently identified in this population of patients. The two established risk factors for the development of HCC in thalassemia include iron overload and viral hepatitis with or without cirrhosis. Increased iron burden is becoming a major HCC risk factor in this patient population, especially in those in the older age group. As such, screening thalassemia patients using liver iron concentration (LIC) measurement by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and liver ultrasound is strongly recommended for the early detection of iron overload and for implementation of early iron chelation in an attempt to prevent organ-damaging iron overload and possibly HCC. There remain lacking data on HCC treatment outcomes in patients who have thalassemia. However, a personalized approach tailored to each patient’s comorbidities is essential to treatment success. Multicenter studies investigating the long-term outcomes of currently available therapeutic options in the thalassemia realm, in addition to novel HCC therapeutic targets, are needed to further improve the prognosis of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Finianos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Charbel F Matar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| | - Ali Taher
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bharali D, Jebur HB, Baishya D, Kumar S, Sarma MP, Masroor M, Akhter J, Husain SA, Kar P. Expression Analysis of Serum microRNA-34a and microRNA-183 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2561-2568. [PMID: 30256056 PMCID: PMC6249442 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective:: HCC is a multistep process starting from chronic hepatitis that progress through cirrhosis to HCC. MicroRNA expression level was found to be deregulated in HCC. To find out whether the expression level of miR-34a and miR-183 was deregulated in HCC compared to controls without HCC. Methods: Real time quantitative PCR was done to find out the miRNA expression level in terms of Ct value followed by statistical analysis. Results: Over-expression of miR-183 and under-expression of miR-34a in HCC was detected. All changes in expression level of miR-34a and miR-183 were found to be due to HCC compared to controls without HCC. So both miR-34a and miR-183 were suitable to differentiate HCC from Cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis with an efficient diagnostic power of sensitivity, specificity and expression level. But they might not have any role in patients’ survival. Conclusion: miR-34a and miR-183 might be considered as potential markers of HCC screening molecule in addition to other approved panel of marker. Our study warrants further expression level study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Bharali
- Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Joung JG, Ha SY, Bae JS, Nam JY, Gwak GY, Lee HO, Son DS, Park CK, Park WY. Nonlinear tumor evolution from dysplastic nodules to hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2076-2082. [PMID: 27409339 PMCID: PMC5356781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysplastic nodules are premalignant neoplastic nodules found in explanted livers with cirrhosis. Genetic signatures of premalignant dysplastic nodules (DNs) with concurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may provide an insight in the molecular evolution of hepatocellular carcinogenesis. We analyzed four patients with multifocal nodular lesions and cirrhotic background by whole-exome sequencing (WES). The genomic profiles of somatic single nucleotide variations (SNV) and copy number variations (CNV) in DNs were compared to those of HCCs. The number and variant allele frequency of somatic SNVs of DNs and HCCs in each patient was identical along the progression of pathological grade. The somatic SNVs in DNs showed little conservation in HCC. Additionally, CNVs showed no conservation. Phylogenetic analysis based on SNVs and copy number profiles indicated a nonlinear segregation pattern, implying independent development of DNs and HCC in each patient. Thus, somatic mutations in DNs may be developed separately from other malignant nodules in the same liver, suggesting a nonlinear model for hepatocarcinogenesis from DNs to HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Gun Joung
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ha
- Departments of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seol Bae
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Nam
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum-Youn Gwak
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Ock Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Soon Son
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Keun Park
- Departments of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Departments of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Low-Grade Dysplastic Nodules Revealed as the Tipping Point during Multistep Hepatocarcinogenesis by Dynamic Network Biomarkers. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100268. [PMID: 29027943 PMCID: PMC5664118 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex disease with a multi-step carcinogenic process from preneoplastic lesions, including cirrhosis, low-grade dysplastic nodules (LGDNs), and high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs) to HCC. There is only an elemental understanding of its molecular pathogenesis, for which a key problem is to identify when and how the critical transition happens during the HCC initiation period at a molecular level. In this work, for the first time, we revealed that LGDNs is the tipping point (i.e., pre-HCC state rather than HCC state) of hepatocarcinogenesis based on a series of gene expression profiles by a new mathematical model termed dynamic network biomarkers (DNB)—a group of dominant genes or molecules for the transition. Different from the conventional biomarkers based on the differential expressions of the observed genes (or molecules) for diagnosing a disease state, the DNB model exploits collective fluctuations and correlations of the observed genes, thereby predicting the imminent disease state or diagnosing the critical state. Our results show that DNB composed of 59 genes signals the tipping point of HCC (i.e., LGDNs). On the other hand, there are a large number of differentially expressed genes between cirrhosis and HGDNs, which highlighted the stark differences or drastic changes before and after the tipping point or LGDNs, implying the 59 DNB members serving as the early-warning signals of the upcoming drastic deterioration for HCC. We further identified the biological pathways responsible for this transition, such as the type I interferon signaling pathway, Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK–STAT) signaling pathway, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules, and cell cycle. In particular, pathways related to immune system reactions and cell adhesion were downregulated, and pathways related to cell growth and death were upregulated. Furthermore, DNB was validated as an effective predictor of prognosis for HCV-induced HCC patients by survival analysis on independent data, suggesting a potential clinical application of DNB. This work provides biological insights into the dynamic regulations of the critical transitions during multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zamor PJ, deLemos AS, Russo MW. Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology and management. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:229-242. [PMID: 28480063 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.03.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) are associated with hepatic fibrosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are differences and variation with the incidence of HCC worldwide. Additionally, HCC develops via different pathways with these viral hepatitides. This review outlines the various mechanisms and pathophysiology that contributes to this process. There will also be a review on the recommended screening for HCC. Treatment considerations, which are different for these viruses, will be outlined in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J Zamor
- Division of Hepatology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - Andrew S deLemos
- Division of Hepatology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - Mark W Russo
- Division of Hepatology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen X, Wang YW, Xing AY, Xiang S, Shi DB, Liu L, Li YX, Gao P. Suppression of SPIN1-mediated PI3K-Akt pathway by miR-489 increases chemosensitivity in breast cancer. J Pathol 2016; 239:459-72. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Yan Xing
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Xiang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Duan-Bo Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xiang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niu ZS, Niu XJ, Wang WH, Zhao J. Latest developments in precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3305-3314. [PMID: 27022212 PMCID: PMC4806188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i12.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis in human chronic liver diseases is a multi-step process in which hepatic precancerous lesions progress into early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and progressed HCC, and the close surveillance and treatment of these lesions will help improve the survival rates of patients with HCC. The rapid development and extensive application of imaging technology have facilitated the discovery of nodular lesions of ambiguous significance, such as dysplastic nodules. Further investigations showed that these nodules may be hepatic precancerous lesions, and they often appear in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although the morphology of these nodules is not sufficient to support a diagnosis of malignant tumor, these nodules are closely correlated with the occurrence of HCC, as indicated by long-term follow-up studies. In recent years, the rapid development and wide application of pathology, molecular genetics and imaging technology have elucidated the characteristics of precancerous lesions. Based on our extensive review of the relevant literature, this article focuses on evidence indicating that high-grade dysplastic nodules are more likely to transform into HCC than low-grade dysplastic nodules based on clinical, pathological, molecular genetic and radiological assessments. In addition, evidence supporting the precancerous nature of large cell change in hepatitis B virus-related HCC is discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang YD, Zhu FP, Xu X, Wang Q, Wu CJ, Liu XS, Shi HB. Classifying CT/MR findings in patients with suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of liver imaging reporting and data system and criteria-free Likert scale reporting models. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 43:373-83. [PMID: 26119393 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) and a criteria-free Likert scale (LS) reporting models for classifying computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MR) findings of suspicious hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Imaging data of 281 hepatic nodules in 203 patients were retrospectively included. Imaging characteristics including diameter, arterial hyperenhancement, washout, and capsule were reviewed independently by two groups of readers using LI-RADS and LS (range, score 1-5). LS is primarily based on the overall impression of image findings without using fixed criteria. Interreader agreement (IRA), intraclass agreement (ICA), and diagnostic performance were determined by Fleiss, Cohen's kappa (κ), and logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS There were 167 contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) versus 114 MR data. Overall, IRA was moderate (κ = 0.47, 0.52); IRA was moderate-to-good for arterial hyperenhancement, washout, and capsule (κ = 0.56-0.69); excellent for diameter and tumor embolus (κ = 0.99). Overall, ICA between LI-RADS and LS was moderate (κ = 0.44-0.50); ICA was good for scores 1-2 (κ = 0.71-0.90), moderate for scores 3 and 5 (κ = 0.41-0.52), but very poor for score 4 (κ = 0.11-0.19). LI-RADS produced significantly lower accuracy (78.6% vs. 87.2%) and sensitivity (72.1% vs. 92.8%), higher specificity (97.3% vs. 71.2%) and positive likelihood ratio (+LR: 26.32 vs. 3.23) in diagnosis of HCC. CECT produced relatively low IRA, ICA, and diagnostic ability against MR. CONCLUSION There were substantial variations in liver observations between LI-RADS and LS. Further study is needed to investigate ICA between CECT and MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Peng Zhu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Jiang Wu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Shi
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hsieh YH, Chang YY, Su IJ, Yen CJ, Liu YR, Liu RJ, Hsieh WC, Tsai HW, Wang LHC, Huang W. Hepatitis B virus pre-S2 mutant large surface protein inhibits DNA double-strand break repair and leads to genome instability in hepatocarcinogenesis. J Pathol 2015; 236:337-47. [PMID: 25775999 DOI: 10.1002/path.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been established to cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the exact mechanism remains to be clarified. Type II ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs) harbouring the HBV pre-S2 mutant large surface protein (LHBS) have been recognized as a morphologically distinct hallmark of HCC in the advanced stages of chronic HBV infection. Considering its preneoplastic nature, we hypothesized that type II GGH may exhibit high genomic instability, which is important for the carcinogenic process in chronic HBV carriers. In this study we found that pre-S2 mutant LHBS directly interacted with importin α1, the key factor that recognizes cargos undergoing nuclear transportation mediated by the importin α/β-associated nuclear pore complex (NPC). By interacting with importin α1, which inhibits its function as an NPC factor, pre-S2 mutant LHBS blocked nuclear transport of an essential DNA repair and recombination factor, Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1), upon DNA damage, thereby delaying the formation of nuclear foci at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Pre-S2 mutant LHBS was also found to block NBS1-mediated homologous recombination repair and induce multi-nucleation of cells. In addition, pre-S2 mutant LHBS transgenic mice showed genomic instability, indicated by increased global gene copy number variations (CNVs), which were significantly higher than those in hepatitis B virus X mice, indicating that pre-S2 mutant LHBS is the major viral oncoprotein inducing genomic instability in HBV-infected hepatocytes. Consistently, the human type II GGHs in HCC patients exhibited increased DNA DSBs representing significant genomic instability. In conclusion, type II GGHs harbouring HBV pre-S2 mutant oncoprotein represent a high-risk marker for the loss of genome integrity in chronic HBV carriers and explain the complex chromosome changes in HCCs. Mouse array CGH raw data: GEO Accession No. GSE61378 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE61378).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jei Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Centre of Infectious Disease and Signalling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
miR-429 represses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in HBV-related HCC. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:943-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
12
|
Tan YLJ, Chen WN. MicroRNAs as therapeutic strategy for hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future prospects. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5973-5986. [PMID: 24876720 PMCID: PMC4033437 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be one of the top causing cancer-related deaths today. The majority of HCC cases are reported to be the result of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Current treatments for HBV-related HCC revolve around the use of drugs to inhibit viral replication, as a high level of viral load and antigen in circulation often presents a poor patient prognosis. However, existing therapies are inefficient in the complete eradication of HBV, often resulting in tumour recurrence. The involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in important processes in HBV-related HCC makes it an important player in the progression of HCC in chronic hepatitis B infected patients. In this review, we discuss the key aspects of HBV infection and the important viral products that may regulate cancer-related processes via their interaction with miRNAs or their closely related protein machinery. Conversely, we also look at how miRNAs may go about regulating the virus, especially in vital processes like viral replication. Apart from miRNAs acting as either oncogenes or tumour-suppressors, we also look at how miRNAs may function as biomarkers that may possibly serve as better candidates than those currently employed in the diagnosis of HBV infection or HBV-related HCC. A summary of the roles of miRNAs in HBV-related HCC will hopefully lead to a gain in understanding of the pathogenesis process and pave the way for new insights in medical therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sze KMF, Chu GKY, Mak QHY, Lee JMF, Ng IOL. Proline-rich acidic protein 1 (PRAP1) is a novel interacting partner of MAD1 and has a suppressive role in mitotic checkpoint signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2014; 233:51-60. [PMID: 24374861 DOI: 10.1002/path.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of mitotic checkpoint of cells contributes to chromosomal instability and leads to carcinogenesis. Mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1) is a key component in mitotic checkpoint signalling. In this study, we identified a novel MAD1 interacting partner, proline-rich acidic protein 1 (PRAP1), using yeast-two hybrid screening, and investigated its role in mitotic checkpoint signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We demonstrated the physical interaction of PRAP1 with MAD1 and of PRAP1 with MAD1 isoform MAD1β, using a co-immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, stable expression of PRAP1 in mitotic checkpoint-competent HCC cells, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721, induced impairment of the mitotic checkpoint (p < 0.01), formation of chromosome bridges (p < 0.01) and aberrant chromosome numbers (p < 0.001). Interestingly, ectopic expression PRAP1 in HCC cells led to significant under-expression of MAD1. In human HCC tumours, 40.4% (23/57) of HCCs showed under-expression of PRAP1 protein as compared with their corresponding non-tumorous livers; up-regulation of MAD1 protein was significantly associated with down-regulation of PRAP1 (p = 0.030). Our data revealed that PRAP1 is a protein interacting partner of MAD1 and that PRAP1 is able to down-regulate MAD1 and suppress mitotic checkpoint signalling in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Man-Fong Sze
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, University of Hong Kong; Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a dominant role in the 749,000 new cases and 692,000 deaths related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that are estimated to occur each year worldwide. Chronic infection with HBV is responsible for 60% of HCCs in Asia and Africa and at least 20% of the tumors in Europe, Japan, and the United States. This article discusses the pathogenic role of HBV and the risk of HCC. Tumors almost invariably develop in the context of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, which makes early diagnosis the only practical approach to improve prognosis. The treatment options are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iavarone
- 1st Division of Gastroenterology, A.M. & A. Migliavacca Center for Liver Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sze KMF, Chu GKY, Lee JMF, Ng IOL. C-terminal truncated hepatitis B virus x protein is associated with metastasis and enhances invasiveness by C-Jun/matrix metalloproteinase protein 10 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2013; 57:131-9. [PMID: 22821423 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Random integration of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA into the host genome is frequent in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and this leads to truncation of the HBV DNA, particularly at the C-terminal end of the HBV X protein (HBx). In this study, we investigated the frequency of this natural C-terminal truncation of HBx in human HCCs and its functional significance. In 50 HBV-positive patients with HCC, full-length HBx was detected in all nontumorous livers. However, full-length HBx was found in only 27 (54%) of the HCC tumors, whereas natural carboxylic acid (COOH)-truncated HBx was found in the remaining 23 (46%) tumors. Upon clinicopathological analysis, the presence of natural COOH-truncated HBx significantly correlated with the presence of venous invasion, a hallmark of metastasis (P = 0.005). Inducible stable expression of the COOH-truncated HBx protein (with 24 amino acids truncated at the C-terminal end) enhanced the cell-invasive ability of HepG2 cells, as compared to full-length HBx, using the Matrigel cell-invasion assay. It also resulted in increased C-Jun transcriptional activity and enhanced transcription of matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10), whereas activation of the MMP10 promoter by COOH-truncated HBx was abolished when the activator protein 1-binding sites on the MMP10 promoter were mutated. Furthermore, silencing of MMP10 by short interfering RNA in HBxΔC1-expressing HepG2 cells resulted in significant reduction of cell invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that COOH truncation of HBx, particularly with 24 amino acids truncated at the C-terminal end, plays a role in enhancing cell invasiveness and metastasis in HCC by activating MMP10 through C-Jun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen M F Sze
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fallot G, Neuveut C, Buendia MA. Diverse roles of hepatitis B virus in liver cancer. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:467-73. [PMID: 22722078 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a widespread human pathogen responsible for acute and chronic liver diseases. The hepatitis B burden is particularly heavy in endemic countries, where liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are leading causes of death. However, the oncogenic role of HBV remains enigmatic. As the virus has no cytopathic effect, liver damage is attributed to immune responses that induce inflammation, apoptosis and regeneration, fostering the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. In a more direct action, frequent integration of HBV DNA into host chromosomes may lead to insertional mutagenesis of cancer-related genes and chromosomal instability. HBV proteins, notably the HBx transactivator, participate as co-factors in oncogenesis. Better understanding of hepatitis B pathogenesis is mandatory for improving disease management.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cai G, Liu Y. Diagnosing advanced versus early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:2167; author reply 2168. [PMID: 22564987 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.41.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
18
|
Wong CM, Wong CCL, Lee JMF, Fan DNY, Au SLK, Ng IOL. Sequential alterations of microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma development and venous metastasis. Hepatology 2012; 55:1453-61. [PMID: 22135159 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent cancer with an extremely high mortality rate attributed to HCC metastasis, which is the major cause of tumor recurrence and organ failure. Presence of tumor thrombi in the portal veins (venous metastases) is a clinicopathological feature of metastatic HCCs. In this study, we analyzed the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of nontumorous livers, primary HCCs, and venous metastases in the same livers from 20 HCC patients by way of TaqMan low-density array (TLDA) and identified the precise alterations of miRNA expression from nontumorous livers to primary HCCs and venous metastases globally. By unsupervised clustering analysis, nontumorous livers were distinctly segregated from primary HCCs and venous metastases, whereas no discernible difference in the expression pattern could be found between primary HCCs and venous metastases. However, a marked global reduction of miRNA expression levels was detected in venous metastases, as compared with primary HCCs. These data suggest that miRNA deregulation is an early event in liver carcinogenesis and the later global miRNA down-regulation aggravates the preexisting miRNA deregulation to further promote HCC metastasis. CONCLUSION Our study has enriched the current understanding of the deregulation of miRNAs in HCC progression and highlighted the sequential and distinctive alterations of miRNA expression in primary HCC and venous metastasis formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Wong
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research and Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dong H, Cong WM, Xian ZH, Zhu ZZ. Using loss of heterozygosity of microsatellites to distinguish high-grade dysplastic nodule from early minute hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:578-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
20
|
Breuhahn K, Gores G, Schirmacher P. Strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy and diagnostics: lessons learned from high throughput and profiling approaches. Hepatology 2011; 53:2112-21. [PMID: 21433041 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, numerous small and high-dimensional profiling analyses have been performed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which address different levels of regulation and modulation. Because comprehensive analyses are lacking, the following review summarizes some of the general results and compares them with insights from other tumor entities. Particular attention is given to the impact of these results on future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao P, Wong CCL, Tung EKK, Lee JMF, Wong CM, Ng IOL. Deregulation of microRNA expression occurs early and accumulates in early stages of HBV-associated multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2011; 54:1177-84. [PMID: 21145831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays an important role in human carcinogenesis. However, miRNA deregulation in the pre-malignant lesions and expression changes during multistep hepatocarcinogenesis remain elusive. METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression changes of seven cancer-related miRNAs during the early stages of HBV related hepatocarcinogenesis. miRNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) dysplastic nodules (DN), small HCCs, and their corresponding non-tumorous livers. Expression changes of miRNAs were examined by real-time RT-qPCR. RESULTS We found that down-regulation of miR-145 and miR-199b and up-regulation of miR-224 were frequently observed in pre-malignant DNs and these changes persisted throughout HCC development. Restoration of miR-145 in both HepG2 and Hep3B HCC cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and reduced cell migration and cell invasion. Furthermore, these inhibitory functions of miR-145 could be substantially reduced by an anti-miR-145 inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that miRNA deregulation was an early event and accumulated throughout the various steps of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Our findings also suggest that miR-145 is a candidate tumor suppressive miRNA and may play an important role in HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou L, Zhou W, Wu L, Yu X, Xing C, Zheng S. The association of frequent allelic loss on 17p13.1 with early metastatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. J Surg Oncol 2011; 102:802-8. [PMID: 20886556 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Identification and characterization of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) can determine putative tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and provide a variety of molecular markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to investigate LOH status on chromosomes 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, and 17p, and to explore their clinical significances in HCC post-liver transplantation. METHODS A total of 37 patients with HCC who underwent liver transplantation were enrolled. LOH was examined using 34 microsatellite markers located on 4q13-3q5, 6q27, 8p22-p23, 9p21-p22, and 17p12-p13. RESULTS The frequency of LOH at each microsatellite locus ranged from 23% to 75%, with a mean value of 53.1%. Frequencies of LOH on 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, and 17p were 62% (23 of 37), 30% (11 of 37), 49% (18 of 37), 46% (16 of 35), and 68% (25 of 37), respectively. LOHs on certain chromosomal regions were significantly associated with age, AFP level, tumor size, tumor multiplicity, histological grade, and metastatic recurrence. CONCLUSIONS LOH on 17p13.1 correlated to metastatic HCC recurrence, while LOH on 4q and 8p was found to be associated with progression of HCC. Thus, potential novel biomarkers or TSGs for prognosis and treatment of HCC may harbor on these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang GL, Li BK, Zhang MY, Zhang HZ, Wei RR, Yuan YF, Shi M, Chen XQ, Huang L, Li AH, Huang BJ, Li HH, Wang HY. LOH analysis of genes around D4S2964 identifies ARD1B as a prognostic predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2046-54. [PMID: 20419844 PMCID: PMC2860084 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i16.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate genes around the locus D4S2964 affected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and their clinical implications. METHODS Four hundred and forty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at 49 genes around D4S2964 were selected from the National Center for Biotechnology Information website for the SNPs microarray fabrication. LOH of SNPs markers in 112 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and paired adjacent liver tissues were investigated by the SNPs microarray. The correlation between allelic losses with clinicopathological features and overall survival was analyzed. RESULTS A fine map of LOH of SNPs in genes around D4S2964 was plotted. The average frequency of LOH in genes was 0.39. A correlation between cirrhosis and the FAL index (fractional allelic loss) was found (P = 0.0202). Larger tumor size was found to be significantly associated with LOH in genes ADP-ribosyltransferase 3 (ART3), nucleoporin 54 kDa (NUP54), scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) and coiled-coil domain containing 158 (CCDC158) (P = 0.043, P = 0.019, P = 0.001, P = 0.037, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with LOH in ARD1 homolog B (ARD1B) and septin 11 (SEPT11) had a significantly lower survival rate than those with retention (P = 0.021 and P = 0.004, respectively). A Cox regression model suggested that LOH in ARD1B and SEPT11, respectively, were predictors of the overall survival in HCC (P = 0.006 and P = 0.026, respectively). CONCLUSION LOH in genes around D4S2964 may play an important role in HCC development and progression. LOH in ARD1B and SEPT11 could serve as novel prognostic predictors in HCC patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ko FCF, Yeung YS, Wong CM, Chan LK, Poon RTP, Ng IOL, Yam JWP. Deleted in liver cancer 1 isoforms are distinctly expressed in human tissues, functionally different and under differential transcriptional regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2010; 30:139-48. [PMID: 19874489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deleted in liver cancer (DLC) is a family of tumour suppressors that plays a critical role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIMS This study aimed to document the expression profiles of the three known DLC1 isoforms (alpha, beta and gamma) in normal human tissues and human HCCs and address their functional and regulatory differences. We also aimed to determine the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of the DLC1 dominant isoform in human HCCs. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expressions of DLC1 isoforms in different normal human tissues and human HCCs. The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of DLC1 expression in HCC samples was also analysed. In addition, the functional roles of DLC1 isoforms were addressed using HCC cell lines to examine their abilities to suppress stress fibre formation and HCC cell growth. RESULTS DLC1alpha was the most predominant of the three isoforms in the normal human tissues examined, except the heart. The DLC1alpha promoter, but not the DLC1beta and gamma promoter, was hypermethylated and epigenetically silenced in HCC cells. Underexpression of DLC1alpha at the mRNA level was frequently (52.5%, n=52) observed in the 99 HCCs as compared with the corresponding nontumorous liver tissues. DLC1alpha underexpression correlated with poorer tumour cellular differentiation (P=0.010). Functionally, DLC1alpha and beta, but not DLC1gamma, were localized at focal adhesions of cells and able to inhibit stress fibre formation and suppress HCC cell growth. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that DLC1 isoforms are differentially expressed in human tissues, have different epigenetic transcriptional regulations and are functionally different. DLC1alpha was underexpressed and clinically relevant in human HCCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frankie Chi Fat Ko
- Liver Cancer and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cai YR, Gong L, Teng XY, Zhang HT, Wang CF, Wei GL, Guo L, Ding F, Liu ZH, Pan QJ, Su Q. Clonality and allelotype analyses of focal nodular hyperplasia compared with hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4695-708. [PMID: 19787833 PMCID: PMC2754518 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify clonality and genetic alterations in focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and the nodules derived from it.
METHODS: Twelve FNH lesions were examined. Twelve hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) and 22 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) were used as references. Nodules of different types were identified and isolated from FNH by microdissection. An X-chromosome inactivation assay was employed to describe their clonality status. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was detected, using 57 markers, for genetic alterations.
RESULTS: Nodules of altered hepatocytes (NAH), the putative precursors of HCA and HCC, were found in all the FNH lesions. Polyclonality was revealed in 10 FNH lesions from female patients, and LOH was not detected in any of the six FNH lesions examined, the results apparently showing their polyclonal nature. In contrast, monoclonality was demonstrated in all the eight HCAs and in four of the HCCs from females, and allelic imbalances were found in the HCAs (9/9) and HCCs (15/18), with chromosomal arms 11p, 13q and 17p affected in the former, and 6q, 8p, 11p, 16q and 17p affected in the latter lesions in high frequencies (≥ 30%). Monoclonality was revealed in 21 (40%) of the 52 microdissected NAH, but was not found in any of the five ordinary nodules. LOH was found in all of the 13 NAH tested, being highly frequent at six loci on 8p, 11p, 13q and 17p.
CONCLUSION: FNH, as a whole, is polyclonal, but some of the NAH lesions derived from it are already neoplastic and harbor similar allelic imbalances as HCAs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee YH, Oh BK, Yoo JE, Yoon SM, Choi J, Kim KS, Park YN. Chromosomal instability, telomere shortening, and inactivation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in dysplastic nodules of hepatitis B virus-associated multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:1121-31. [PMID: 19465904 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic analysis for chromosomal instability and inactivation of cell cycle checkpoints are scarce during hepatocarcinogenesis. We studied 24 patients with chronic B viral cirrhosis including 30 cirrhotic regenerative nodules, 35 low-grade dysplastic nodules, 15 high-grade dysplastic nodules, 7 dysplastic nodules with hepatocellular carcinoma foci, and 18 hepatocellular carcinomas. Eight normal livers were studied as the control group. Telomere length and micronuclei were detected by Southern blot and Feulgen-fast green dyeing technique, respectively, and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression was studied by immunohistochemistry. Micronuclei >1 per 3000 hepatocytes were found in 17% of low-grade dysplastic nodules, 87% of high-grade dysplastic nodules, and 100% of high-grade dysplastic nodules with hepatocellular carcinoma foci and hepatocellular carcinomas in contrast to those of all normal livers, and 90% of cirrhosis showed no micronuclei. The micronuclei index showed a gradual increase during hepatocarcinogenesis and there was a significant increase between cirrhosis and low-grade dysplastic nodules, low-grade dysplastic nodules and high-grade dysplastic nodules, and high-grade dysplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. Telomere length showed a gradual shortening during hepatocarcinogenesis and a significant reduction was found in high-grade dysplastic nodules (P=0.024) and hepatocellular carcinomas (P=0.031) compared with normal and cirrhotic livers. The micronuclei index was correlated with telomere shortening (P=0.016). The p21(WAF1/CIP1) labeling index was significantly higher in cirrhosis than in normal livers (P=0.024) and markedly decreased in low-grade dysplastic nodules, high-grade dysplastic nodules, and hepatocellular carcinomas compared with cirrhosis (P<0.05). The p21(WAF1/CIP1) labeling index was associated with telomere length (P<0.001) but not micronuclei index. This study shows that telomere shortening, chromosomal instability, and inactivation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) checkpoint function occur in low-grade dysplastic nodules as well as in high-grade dysplastic nodules, and their cooperation is considered to be critical for malignant transformation during hepatitis B virus associated-multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sze KMF, Ching YP, Jin DY, Ng IOL. Role of a novel splice variant of mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1), MAD1beta, in mitotic checkpoint control in liver cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9194-201. [PMID: 19010891 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mitotic checkpoint contributes to chromosomal instability, leading to carcinogenesis. In this study, we identified a novel splicing variant of mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1), designated MAD1beta, and investigated its role in mitotic checkpoint control in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression levels of human MAD1beta were examined in hepatoma cell lines and human HCC samples. The functional roles of MAD1beta in relation to the mitotic checkpoint control, chromosomal instability, and binding with MAD2 were assessed in hepatoma cell lines. On sequencing, MAD1beta was found to have deletion of exon 4. It was expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in the nine hepatoma cell lines tested and was overexpressed in 12 of 50 (24%) human HCCs. MAD1beta localized in the cytoplasm, whereas MAD1alpha was found in the nucleus. This cytoplasmic localization of MAD1beta was due to the absence of a nuclear localization signal in MAD1alpha. In addition, MAD1beta was found to physically interact with MAD2 and sequester it in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, expression of MAD1beta induced mitotic checkpoint impairment, chromosome bridge formation, and aberrant chromosome numbers via binding with MAD2. Our data suggest that the novel splicing variant MAD1beta may have functions different from those of MAD1alpha and may play opposing roles to MAD1alpha in mitotic checkpoint control in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Man-Fong Sze
- Liver Cancer and Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|