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Datta S, Patel M, Kashyap S, Patel D, Singh U. Chimeric chromosome landscapes of human somatic cell cultures show dependence on stress and regulation of genomic repeats by CGGBP1. Oncotarget 2022; 13:136-155. [PMID: 35070079 PMCID: PMC8765472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes of somatic cells in culture are prone to spontaneous mutations due to errors in replication and DNA repair. Some of these errors, such as chromosomal fusions, are not rectifiable and subject to selection or elimination in growing cultures. Somatic cell cultures are thus expected to generate background levels of potentially stable chromosomal chimeras. A description of the landscape of such spontaneously generated chromosomal chimeras in cultured cells will help understand the factors affecting somatic mosaicism. Here we show that short homology-associated non-homologous chromosomal chimeras occur in normal human fibroblasts and HEK293T cells at genomic repeats. The occurrence of chromosomal chimeras is enhanced by heat stress and depletion of a repeat regulatory protein CGGBP1. We also present evidence of homologous chromosomal chimeras between allelic copies in repeat-rich DNA obtained by methylcytosine immunoprecipitation. The formation of homologous chromosomal chimeras at Alu and L1 repeats increases upon depletion of CGGBP1. Our data are derived from de novo sequencing from three different cell lines under different experimental conditions and our chromosomal chimera detection pipeline is applicable to long as well as short read sequencing platforms. These findings present significant information about the generation, sensitivity and regulation of somatic mosaicism in human cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Datta
- HoMeCell Lab, Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Manthan Patel
- HoMeCell Lab, Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Sukesh Kashyap
- HoMeCell Lab, Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Divyesh Patel
- HoMeCell Lab, Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
- Current address: Research Programs Unit, Applied Tumor Genomics Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Umashankar Singh
- HoMeCell Lab, Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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2
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Investigations concerning the impact of consumption of hot beverages on acute cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in oral mucosa cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23014. [PMID: 34836993 PMCID: PMC8626505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of very hot beverages and foods increases the incidence of oral and esophageal cancer but the mechanisms are not known and the critical temperature is not well defined. We realized a study with exfoliated cells from the oral cavity of individuals (n = 73) that live in an area in Iran which has the highest incidence of EC worldwide. Consumption of beverages at very high temperatures is a characteristic feature of this population. We analyzed biomarkers which are (i) indicative for genetic instability (micronuclei that are formed as a consequence of chromosomal damage, nuclear buds which are a consequence of gene amplifications and binucleated cells which reflect mitotic disturbances), (ii) markers that reflect cytotoxic effects (condensed chromatin, karyorrhectic, karyolitic and pyknotic cells), (iii) furthermore, we determined the number of basal cells which is indicative for the regenerative capacity of the buccal mucosa. The impact of the drinking temperature on the frequencies of these parameters was monitored with thermometers. We found no evidence for induction of genetic damage but an increase of the cytotoxic effects with the temperature was evident. This effect was paralleled by an increase of the cell division rate of the mucosa which was observed when the temperature exceeded 60 °C. Our findings indicate that cancer in the upper digestive tract in drinkers of very hot beverages is not caused by damage of the genetic material but by an increase of the cell division rate as a consequence of cytotoxic effects which take place at temperatures over 60 °C. It is known from earlier experiments with rodents that increased cell divisions lead to tumor promotion in the esophagus. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation and indicate that increased cancer risks can be expected when the drinking temperature of beverages exceeds 60 °C.
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3
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Zastko L, Petrovičová P, Račková A, Jakl L, Jakušová V, Marková E, Belyaev I. DNA damage response and apoptosis induced by hyperthermia in human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105127. [PMID: 33652125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While hyperthermia (HT) is a promising modality for cancer treatment, the knowledge on mechanisms of its effect on cells is still limited. We have investigated DNA double-strand break (DSB) and apoptosis induced by HT. Umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) were subjected to HT at 43 °C. We have treated cells for 1 h (1 h HT), 2 h (2 h HT) and by combined HT and ice treatment (both lasting 1 h). Enumeration of DSB by 53BP1/γH2AX DNA repair focus formation and early apoptosis by γH2AX pan-staining was conducted by automated fluorescent microscopy. Apoptotic stages and viability were assessed by the annexin/propidium iodide (PI) assay using flow cytometry 0, 18, and 42 h post-treatment. HT induced either immediate (2 h HT) or postponed (1 h HT) DNA damage. The levels of 53BP1 and γH2AX foci differed under the same treatment conditions, suggesting that the ratio of co-localized γH2AX/53BP1 foci to all γH2AX and also to all 53BP1 foci could be a valuable marker. The ratio of co-localized foci increased immediately after 2 h HT regardless the way of assessment. For the first time we show, by both annexin/PI and γH2AX pan-staining assay that apoptosis can be induced during or immediately after the 2 h HT treatment. Our results suggest that HT may induce DSB in dependence on treatment duration and post-treatment time due to inhibition of DNA repair pathways and that HT-induced apoptosis might be dependent or associated with DSB formation in human lymphocytes. Assessment of γH2AX pan-staining in lymphocytes affected by HT may represent a valuable marker of HT treatment side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucián Zastko
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Medical Biophysics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Petra Petrovičová
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Račková
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Jakl
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viera Jakušová
- Department of Public Health, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Malá Hora 4B, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Marková
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Department of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Sears J, Swanner J, Fahrenholtz CD, Snyder C, Rohde M, Levi-Polyachenko N, Singh R. Combined Photothermal and Ionizing Radiation Sensitization of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Using Triangular Silver Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:851-865. [PMID: 33574666 PMCID: PMC7872896 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s296513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ionizing radiation (IR) is commonly used in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment regimens. However, off-target toxicity affecting normal tissue and grueling treatment regimens remain major limitations. Hyperthermia is one of the greatest IR sensitizers, but only if heat is administered simultaneously or immediately prior to ionizing radiation. Difficulty in co-localizing ionizing radiation (IR) in rapid succession with hyperthermia, and confining treatment to the tumor have hindered widespread clinical adoption of combined thermoradiation treatment. Metal nanoparticle-based approaches to IR sensitization and photothermal heat generation may aid in overcoming these issues and improve treatment specificity. Methods We assessed the potential to selectively treat MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells without affecting non-malignant MCF-10A breast cells using a multimodal approach based upon combined photothermal therapy, IR sensitization, and specific cytotoxicity using triangular silver nanoparticles (TAgNPs) with peak absorbance in the near-infrared light (NIR) spectrum. Results We found that TAgNP-mediated photothermal therapy and radiosensitization offer a high degree of specificity for treatment of TNBC without affecting non-malignant mammary epithelial cells. Discussion If given at a high enough dose, IR, heat, or TAgNPs alone could be sufficient for tumor treatment. However, when the dose of one or all of these modalities increases, off-target effects also increase. The challenge lies in identifying the minimal doses of each individual treatment such that when combined they provide maximum selectivity for treatment of TNBC cells with minimum off-target effects on non-malignant breast cells. Our results provide proof of concept that this combination is highly selective for TNBC cells while sparing non-malignant mammary epithelial cells. This treatment would be particularly important for patients undergoing breast conservation therapy and for treatment of invasive tumor margins near the periphery where each individual treatment might be at a sub-therapeutic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sears
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Swanner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cale D Fahrenholtz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Christina Snyder
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Monica Rohde
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Levi-Polyachenko
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstructive Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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5
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Jentsch M, Snyder P, Sheng C, Cristiano E, Loewer A. p53 dynamics in single cells are temperature-sensitive. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1481. [PMID: 32001771 PMCID: PMC6992775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells need to preserve genome integrity despite varying cellular and physical states. p53, the guardian of the genome, plays a crucial role in the cellular response to DNA damage by triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence. Mutations in p53 or alterations in its regulatory network are major driving forces in tumorigenesis. As multiple studies indicate beneficial effects for hyperthermic treatments during radiation- or chemotherapy of human cancers, we aimed to understand how p53 dynamics after genotoxic stress are modulated by changes in temperature across a physiological relevant range. To this end, we employed a combination of time-resolved live-cell microscopy and computational analysis techniques to characterise the p53 response in thousands of individual cells. Our results demonstrate that p53 dynamics upon ionizing radiation are temperature dependent. In the range of 33 °C to 39 °C, pulsatile p53 dynamics are modulated in their frequency. Above 40 °C, which corresponds to mild hyperthermia in a clinical setting, we observed a reversible phase transition towards sustained hyperaccumulation of p53 disrupting its canonical response to DNA double strand breaks. Moreover, we provide evidence that mild hyperthermia alone is sufficient to induce a p53 response in the absence of genotoxic stress. These insights highlight how the p53-mediated DNA damage response is affected by alterations in the physical state of a cell and how this can be exploited by appropriate timing of combination therapies to increase the efficiency of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jentsch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Petra Snyder
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Caibin Sheng
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cristiano
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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6
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Cellular Stress Responses in Radiotherapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091105. [PMID: 31540530 PMCID: PMC6769573 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major cancer treatment strategies. Exposure to penetrating radiation causes cellular stress, directly or indirectly, due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and subcellular organelle damage and autophagy. These radiation-induced damage responses cooperatively contribute to cancer cell death, but paradoxically, radiotherapy also causes the activation of damage-repair and survival signaling to alleviate radiation-induced cytotoxic effects in a small percentage of cancer cells, and these activations are responsible for tumor radio-resistance. The present study describes the molecular mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced cellular stress response and radioresistance, and the therapeutic approaches used to overcome radioresistance.
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7
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Fu Q, Wang J, Huang T. The effect of hyperthermia on the DNA damage response induced by γ-rays, as determined through in situ cell tracking. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:577-582. [PMID: 30085098 PMCID: PMC6151638 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermia (HT) acts as a cancer treatment by direct cell killing, radiosensitization, and promotion of tumor reoxygenation. The sensor proteins of the DNA damage response (DDR) are the direct targets of HT. However, the spatiotemporal properties of sensor proteins under HT are still unclear. Therefore, investigating the impact of HT on sensor proteins is of great importance. In the present study, the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080 stably transfected with 53BP1-GFP [the DDR protein 53BP1 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP)] was used to investigate the real-time cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by γ-rays. Using live-cell imaging combined with HT treatment, the spatiotemporal properties of the 53BP1 protein were directly monitored and quantitatively studied. We found that HT could delay and decrease the formation of 53BP1 ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF). Moreover, through the in situ tracking of individual IRIF, it was found that HT resulted in more unrepaired IRIF over the period of observation compared with IR alone. Additionally, the unrepaired IRIF had a larger area, higher intensity, and slower repair rate. Indeed, almost every cell treated with HT had unrepaired IRIF, and the majority of these IRIF increased in area individually, while the rest increased in area by the merging of adjacent IRIF. In summary, our study demonstrated that HT could perturb the primary event in the DDR induced by IR, and this may have important implications for cancer treatment and heat radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Fu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tuchen Huang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Tang Jia Wan, Zhuhai, P. R. China
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8
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Newton JM, Flores-Arredondo JH, Suki S, Ware MJ, Krzykawska-Serda M, Agha M, Law JJ, Sikora AG, Curley SA, Corr SJ. Non-Invasive Radiofrequency Field Treatment of 4T1 Breast Tumors Induces T-cell Dependent Inflammatory Response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3474. [PMID: 29472563 PMCID: PMC5823899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work using non-invasive radiofrequency field treatment (RFT) in cancer has demonstrated its therapeutic potential as it can increase intratumoral blood perfusion, localization of intravenously delivered drugs, and promote a hyperthermic intratumoral state. Despite the well-known immunologic benefits that febrile hyperthermia can induce, an investigation of how RFT could modulate the intra-tumoral immune microenvironment had not been studied. Thus, using an established 4T1 breast cancer model in immune competent mice, we demonstrate that RFT induces a transient, localized, and T-cell dependent intratumoral inflammatory response. More specifically we show that multi- and singlet-dose RFT promote an increase in tumor volume in immune competent Balb/c mice, which does not occur in athymic nude models. Further leukocyte subset analysis at 24, 48, and 120 hours after a single RFT show a rapid increase in tumoral trafficking of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells 24 hours post-treatment. Additional serum cytokine analysis reveals an increase in numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with enhanced T-cell trafficking. Overall, these data demonstrate that non-invasive RFT could be an effective immunomodulatory strategy in solid tumors, especially for enhancing the tumoral trafficking of lymphocytes, which is currently a major hindrance of numerous cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Newton
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | | | - Sarah Suki
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew J Ware
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Martyna Krzykawska-Serda
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Mahdi Agha
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Justin J Law
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Steven A Curley
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Rice University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stuart J Corr
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dept. of Surgery, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Rice University, Dept. of Chemistry & Smalley Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,University of Houston, Dept. of Bioengineering, Houston, TX, 77004, USA. .,Swansea University, School of Medicine, Swansea, Wales, UK.
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9
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Fu Q, Huang T, Wang X, Lu C, Liu F, Yang G, Wang Y, Wang B. Association of elevated reactive oxygen species and hyperthermia induced radiosensitivity in cancer stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101560-101571. [PMID: 29254186 PMCID: PMC5731896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are the principal causes of tumor radio-resistance, dormancy and recurrence after radiotherapy. Clinical trials show hyperthermia (HT) might be a potent radiation sensitizer. In this study, CSCs were found to be more susceptible to radiation when combined with HT treatment. Treated cells showed significantly reduced self-renewal, cell survival and proliferation in vitro, as well as significant reduced tumor formation in vivo. Further study demonstrated that the radiosensitization effect was associated with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in CSCs, confirmed by modifying redox status in CSCs bidirectionally. Pharmacologic depletion of glutathione by buthionine sulphoximine mimicked HT induced radiosensitivity in CSCs. Antioxidant N-acetylcysteine could efficiently rescue HT induced radiosensitivity in CSCs. To our knowledge, this may be the first report suggesting the association between elevated intracellular ROS level and HT induced radiosensitization in human breast CSCs and pancreatic CSCs, which might provide new strategy for improving CSCs radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Fu
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Tuchen Huang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Gen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, P. R. China
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10
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Hsieh JH, Huang R, Lin JA, Sedykh A, Zhao J, Tice RR, Paules RS, Xia M, Auerbach SS. Real-time cell toxicity profiling of Tox21 10K compounds reveals cytotoxicity dependent toxicity pathway linkage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177902. [PMID: 28531190 PMCID: PMC5439695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity is a commonly used in vitro endpoint for evaluating chemical toxicity. In support of the U.S. Tox21 screening program, the cytotoxicity of ~10K chemicals was interrogated at 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, & 40 hours of exposure in a concentration dependent fashion in two cell lines (HEK293, HepG2) using two multiplexed, real-time assay technologies. One technology measures the metabolic activity of cells (i.e., cell viability, glo) while the other evaluates cell membrane integrity (i.e., cell death, flor). Using glo technology, more actives and greater temporal variations were seen in HEK293 cells, while results for the flor technology were more similar across the two cell types. Chemicals were grouped into classes based on their cytotoxicity kinetics profiles and these classes were evaluated for their associations with activity in the Tox21 nuclear receptor and stress response pathway assays. Some pathways, such as the activation of H2AX, were associated with the fast-responding cytotoxicity classes, while others, such as activation of TP53, were associated with the slow-responding cytotoxicity classes. By clustering pathways based on their degree of association to the different cytotoxicity kinetics labels, we identified clusters of pathways where active chemicals presented similar kinetics of cytotoxicity. Such linkages could be due to shared underlying biological processes between pathways, for example, activation of H2AX and heat shock factor. Others involving nuclear receptor activity are likely due to shared chemical structures rather than pathway level interactions. Based on the linkage between androgen receptor antagonism and Nrf2 activity, we surmise that a subclass of androgen receptor antagonists cause cytotoxicity via oxidative stress that is associated with Nrf2 activation. In summary, the real-time cytotoxicity screen provides informative chemical cytotoxicity kinetics data related to their cytotoxicity mechanisms, and with our analysis, it is possible to formulate mechanism-based hypotheses on the cytotoxic properties of the tested chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ja-An Lin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raymond R. Tice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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11
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Effects of hyperthermia as a mitigation strategy in DNA damage-based cancer therapies. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 37-38:96-105. [PMID: 27025900 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of thermal therapy (hyperthermia) is defined as the application of exogenous heat induction and represents a concept that is far from new as it goes back to ancient times when heat was used for treating various diseases, including malignancies. Such therapeutic strategy has gained even more popularity (over the last few decades) since various studies have shed light into understanding hyperthermia's underlying molecular mechanism(s) of action. In general, hyperthermia is applied as complementary (adjuvant) means in therapeutic protocols combining chemotherapy and/or irradiation both of which can induce irreversible cellular DNA damage. Furthermore, according to a number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies, hyperthermia has been shown to enhance the beneficial effects of DNA targeting therapeutic strategies by interfering with DNA repair response cascades. Therefore, the continuously growing evidence supporting hyperthermia's beneficial role in cancer treatment can also encourage its application as a DNA repair mitigation strategy. In this review article, we aim to provide detailed information on how hyperthermia acts on DNA damage and repair pathways and thus potentially contributing to various adjuvant therapeutic protocols relevant to more efficient cancer treatment strategies.
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12
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Oei AL, Vriend LEM, Crezee J, Franken NAP, Krawczyk PM. Effects of hyperthermia on DNA repair pathways: one treatment to inhibit them all. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:165. [PMID: 26245485 PMCID: PMC4554295 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently available arsenal of anticancer modalities includes many DNA damaging agents that can kill malignant cells. However, efficient DNA repair mechanisms protect both healthy and cancer cells against the effects of treatment and contribute to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, anti-cancer treatments based on inflicting DNA damage can benefit from inhibition of DNA repair. Hyperthermia – treatment at elevated temperature – considerably affects DNA repair, among other cellular processes, and can thus sensitize (cancer) cells to DNA damaging agents. This effect has been known and clinically applied for many decades, but how heat inhibits DNA repair and which pathways are targeted has not been fully elucidated. In this review we attempt to summarize the known effects of hyperthermia on DNA repair pathways relevant in clinical treatment of cancer. Furthermore, we outline the relationships between the effects of heat on DNA repair and sensitization of cells to various DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene L Oei
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianne E M Vriend
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM)-AMC, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Crezee
- Department of Radiotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicolaas A P Franken
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy (LCAM)-AMC, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Dicks N, Gutierrez K, Michalak M, Bordignon V, Agellon LB. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, genome damage, and cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:11. [PMID: 25692096 PMCID: PMC4315039 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been linked to many diseases, including cancer. A large body of work has focused on the activation of the ER stress response in cancer cells to facilitate their survival and tumor growth; however, there are some studies suggesting that the ER stress response can also mitigate cancer progression. Despite these contradictions, it is clear that the ER stress response is closely associated with cancer biology. The ER stress response classically encompasses activation of three separate pathways, which are collectively categorized the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR has been extensively studied in various cancers and appears to confer a selective advantage to tumor cells to facilitate their enhanced growth and resistance to anti-cancer agents. It has also been shown that ER stress induces chromatin changes, which can also facilitate cell survival. Chromatin remodeling has been linked with many cancers through repression of tumor suppressor and apoptosis genes. Interplay between the classic UPR and genome damage repair mechanisms may have important implications in the transformation process of normal cells into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dicks
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Karina Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
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14
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Moritz E, Pauly K, Bravard A, Hall J, Radicella J, Epe B. hOGG1-Cys326 variant cells are hypersensitive to DNA repair inhibition by nitric oxide. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1426-33. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Peregrine Laziosi (1265–1345), an Italian priest, became the patron saint of cancer patients when the tumour in his left leg miraculously disappeared after he developed a fever. Elevated body temperature can cause tumours to regress and sensitizes cancer cells to agents that break DNA. Why hyperthermia blocks the repair of broken chromosomes by changing the way that the DNA damage checkpoint kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) are activated is an unanswered question. This review discusses the current knowledge of how heat affects the ATR–Chk1 and ATM–Chk2 kinase networks, and provides a possible explanation of why homeothermal organisms such as humans still possess this ancient heat response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Turner
- Genome Biology Group, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Wales LL57 2UW, UK
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16
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Velichko AK, Markova EN, Petrova NV, Razin SV, Kantidze OL. Mechanisms of heat shock response in mammals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4229-41. [PMID: 23633190 PMCID: PMC11113869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock (HS) is one of the best-studied exogenous cellular stresses. The cellular response to HS utilizes ancient molecular networks that are based primarily on the action of stress-induced heat shock proteins and HS factors. However, in one way or another, all cellular compartments and metabolic processes are involved in such a response. In this review, we aimed to summarize the experimental data concerning all aspects of the HS response in mammalian cells, such as HS-induced structural and functional alterations of cell membranes, the cytoskeleton and cellular organelles; the associated pathways that result in different modes of cell death and cell cycle arrest; and the effects of HS on transcription, splicing, translation, DNA repair, and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem K. Velichko
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N. Markova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Petrova
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Razin
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Omar L. Kantidze
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Speit G, Schütz P. Hyperthermia-induced genotoxic effects in human A549 cells. Mutat Res 2013; 747-748:1-5. [PMID: 23643703 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects of hyperthermia in vitro and in vivo have repeatedly been reported. Short-duration heat shocks and elevated temperature over longer time periods have been shown to induce DNA damage, chromosomal damage and to inhibit DNA repair. Using the comet assay and the micronucleus test, we now investigated temperature- and time-related effects on DNA damage and chromosomal effects of hyperthermia on the A549 human lung cell line. We also related the genotoxic effects to cytotoxic effects and the induction of apoptosis. Our results indicate that exposure to hyperthermia (42-48°C for 30-120min) induced genotoxic effects in a temperature- and time-related manner. Interestingly, hyperthermia-induced DNA damage measured by the comet assay was not rapidly removed by post-incubation at 37°C but even increased after exposure to 48°C for 60min. Cytotoxic effects occurred in parallel to the genotoxic effects but apoptosis was not significantly induced under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Speit
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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18
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Genet SC, Fujii Y, Maeda J, Kaneko M, Genet MD, Miyagawa K, Kato TA. Hyperthermia inhibits homologous recombination repair and sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1473-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Tuul M, Kitao H, Iimori M, Matsuoka K, Kiyonari S, Saeki H, Oki E, Morita M, Maehara Y. Rad9, Rad17, TopBP1 and claspin play essential roles in heat-induced activation of ATR kinase and heat tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55361. [PMID: 23383325 PMCID: PMC3562228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is widely used to treat patients with cancer, especially in combination with other treatments such as radiation therapy. Heat treatment per se activates DNA damage responses mediated by the ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways but it is not fully understood how these DNA damage responses are activated and affect heat tolerance. By performing a genetic analysis of human HeLa cells and chicken B lymphoma DT40 cells, we found that heat-induced Chk1 Ser345 phosphorylation by ATR was largely dependent on Rad9, Rad17, TopBP1 and Claspin. Activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway by heat, however, was not associated with FancD2 monoubiquitination or RPA32 phosphorylation, which are known as downstream events of ATR kinase activation when replication forks are stalled. Downregulation of ATR, Rad9, Rad17, TopBP1 or Claspin drastically reduced clonogenic cell viability upon hyperthermia, while gene knockout or inhibition of ATM kinase reduced clonogenic viability only modestly. Suppression of the ATR-Chk1 pathway activation enhanced heat-induced phosphorylation of Chk2 Thr68 and simultaneous inhibition of ATR and ATM kinases rendered severe heat cytotoxicity. These data indicate that essential factors for activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway at stalled replication forks are also required for heat-induced activation of ATR kinase, which predominantly contributes to heat tolerance in a non-overlapping manner with ATM kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhbold Tuul
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Iimori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsuoka
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Tokushima Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiyonari
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Morita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Rapid inactivation and proteasome-mediated degradation of OGG1 contribute to the synergistic effect of hyperthermia on genotoxic treatments. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:227-37. [PMID: 23332971 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA repair has been proposed as a mechanism underlying heat-induced sensitization of tumour cells to some anticancer treatments. Base excision repair (BER) constitutes the main pathway for the repair of DNA lesions induced by oxidizing or alkylating agents. Here, we report that mild hyperthermia, without toxic consequences per se, affects cellular DNA glycosylase activities, thus impairing BER. Exposure of cells to mild hyperthermia leads to a rapid and selective inactivation of OGG1 (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase) associated with the relocalisation of the protein into a detergent-resistant cellular fraction. Following its inactivation, OGG1 is ubiquitinated and directed to proteasome-mediated degradation, through a CHIP (C-terminus of HSC70-interacting protein) E3 ligase-mediated process. Moreover, the residual OGG1 accumulates in the perinuclear region leading to further depletion from the nucleus. As a consequence, HeLa cells subjected to hyperthermia and exposed to a genotoxic treatment have a reduced capacity to repair OGG1 cognate base lesions and an enhanced cell growth defect. The partial alleviation of this response by OGG1 overexpression indicates that heat-induced glycosylase inactivation contributes to the synergistic effect of hyperthermia on genotoxic treatments. Taken together, our results suggest that OGG1 inhibition contributes to heat-induced chemosensitisation of cells and could lay the basis for new anticancer therapeutic protocols that include hyperthermia.
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21
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Ciocca DR, Arrigo AP, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins and heat shock factor 1 in carcinogenesis and tumor development: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:19-48. [PMID: 22885793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a subset of the molecular chaperones, best known for their rapid and abundant induction by stress. HSP genes are activated at the transcriptional level by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). During the progression of many types of cancer, this heat shock transcriptional regulon becomes co-opted by mechanisms that are currently unclear, although evidently triggered in the emerging tumor cell. Concerted activation of HSF1 and the accumulation of HSPs then participate in many of the traits that permit the malignant phenotype. Thus, cancers of many histologies exhibit activated HSF1 and increased HSP levels that may help to deter tumor suppression and evade therapy in the clinic. We review here the extensive work that has been carried out and is still in progress aimed at (1) understanding the oncogenic mechanisms by which HSP genes are switched on, (2) determining the roles of HSF1/HSP in malignant transformation and (3) discovering approaches to therapy based on disrupting the influence of the HSF1-controlled transcriptome in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Scientific and Technological Center (CCT), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Andre Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis Cancer and Development, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon-1, Cheney A Building, Centre Regional Léon Bérard, 28, rue Laennec 69008 LYON, France. ;
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
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22
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Janes S, Schmidt U, Ashour Garrido K, Ney N, Concilio S, Zekri M, Caspari T. Heat induction of a novel Rad9 variant from a cryptic translation initiation site reduces mitotic commitment. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4487-97. [PMID: 22797921 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of human cells to heat switches the activating signal of the DNA damage checkpoint from genotoxic to temperature stress. This change reduces mitotic commitment at the expense of DNA break repair. The thermal alterations behind this switch remain elusive despite the successful use of heat to sensitise cancer cells to DNA breaks. Rad9 is a highly conserved subunit of the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 (9-1-1) checkpoint-clamp that is loaded by Rad17 onto damaged chromatin. At the DNA, Rad9 activates the checkpoint kinases Rad3(ATR) and Chk1 to arrest cells in G2. Using Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model eukaryote, we discovered a new variant of Rad9, Rad9-M50, whose expression is specifically induced by heat. High temperatures promote alternative translation from a cryptic initiation codon at methionine-50. This process is restricted to cycling cells and is independent of the temperature-sensing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. While full-length Rad9 delays mitosis in the presence of DNA lesions, Rad9-M50 functions in a remodelled checkpoint pathway to reduce mitotic commitment at elevated temperatures. This remodelled pathway still relies on Rad1 and Hus1, but acts independently of Rad17. Heat-induction of Rad9-M50 ensures that the kinase Chk1 remains in a hypo-phosphorylated state. Elevated temperatures specifically reverse the DNA-damage-induced modification of Chk1 in a manner dependent on Rad9-M50. Taken together, heat reprogrammes the DNA damage checkpoint at the level of Chk1 by inducing a Rad9 variant that can act outside of the canonical 9-1-1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Janes
- Bangor University, Genome Biology Group, College of Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
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23
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Velichko AK, Petrova NV, Kantidze OL, Razin SV. Dual effect of heat shock on DNA replication and genome integrity. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3450-60. [PMID: 22787276 PMCID: PMC3431931 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-12-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented here suggest that in an asynchronous cell culture, heat shock might affect DNA integrity both directly and via arrest of replication fork progression and that the phosphorylation of histone H2AX has a protective effect on the arrested replication forks in addition to its known DNA damage signaling function. Heat shock (HS) is one of the better-studied exogenous stress factors. However, little is known about its effects on DNA integrity and the DNA replication process. In this study, we show that in G1 and G2 cells, HS induces a countable number of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) in the DNA that are marked by γH2AX. In contrast, in S-phase cells, HS does not induce DSBs but instead causes an arrest or deceleration of the progression of the replication forks in a temperature-dependent manner. This response also provoked phosphorylation of H2AX, which appeared at the sites of replication. Moreover, the phosphorylation of H2AX at or close to the replication fork rescued the fork from total collapse. Collectively our data suggest that in an asynchronous cell culture, HS might affect DNA integrity both directly and via arrest of replication fork progression and that the phosphorylation of H2AX has a protective effect on the arrested replication forks in addition to its known DNA damage signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem K Velichko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Dynlacht JR, Batuello CN, Lopez JT, Kim KK, Turchi JJ. Identification of Mre11 as a target for heat radiosensitization. Radiat Res 2011; 176:323-32. [PMID: 21699368 DOI: 10.1667/rr2594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Thermal radiosensitization is believed to be mediated by an inhibition of double-strand break (DSB) repair, but the exact mechanism of radiosensitization remains to be elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that proteins of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex (MRN) translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in cells have that been heated or heated and then irradiated; this finding led us to propose that heat radiosensitization was due at least in part to translocation of MRN. In the current study, we used leptomycin B to inhibit MRN translocation in heated, irradiated cells, but we found that heat radiosensitization was not altered. Thus enhanced radiosensitivity was not attributed to translocation of MRN proteins. To determine which of the MRN subunits contributed to heat radiosensitization, we compared the extent of heat radiosensitization in wild-type cells with that of cells hypomorphic for Mre11 or Nbs1 or cells in which the level of Rad50 was suppressed. We found that neither Nbs1 nor Rad50 is involved in heat radiosensitization, because a similar amount of heat radiosensitization was observed in cells deficient in those proteins compared to cells expressing normal levels. However, heat radiosensitization was not observed in A-TLD1 cells deficient in Mre11. Measurement of exonuclease activity of purified Mre11 heated at 42.5°C or 45.5°C indicated that the protein is very heat-labile. Immunoprecipitation of Mre11 from heated HeLa cells also revealed that hsp70 associates with Mre11 and that this association is maintained long after heating. Taken together, these findings implicate Mre11 as a target for heat radiosensitization and suggest that heat radiosensitization and inhibition of DSB repair may be mediated by heat-induced conformational changes in Mre11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Dynlacht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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25
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Homologous recombination research is heating up and ready for therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9731-2. [PMID: 21642535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106456108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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26
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Okamoto N, Takahashi A, Ota I, Ohnishi K, Mori E, Kondo N, Noda T, Nakagawa Y, Uemura H, Yane K, Hosoi H, Ohnishi T. siRNA targeted forNBS1enhances heat sensitivity in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2011; 27:297-304. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2010.545365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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27
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Hori T, Kondo T, Lee H, Song CW, Park HJ. Hyperthermia enhances the effect of β-lapachone to cause γH2AX formations and cell death in human osteosarcoma cells. Int J Hyperthermia 2010; 27:53-62. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2010.513361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is part of the histone code. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19915-20. [PMID: 21045127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009023107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic posttranslational modification of serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins by β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulator of cellular processes such as transcription, signaling, and protein-protein interactions. Like phosphorylation, O-GlcNAc cycles in response to a wide variety of stimuli. Although cycling of O-GlcNAc is catalyzed by only two highly conserved enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which adds the sugar, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase), which hydrolyzes it, the targeting of these enzymes is highly specific and is controlled by myriad interacting subunits. Here, we demonstrate by multiple specific immunological and enzymatic approaches that histones, the proteins that package DNA within the nucleus, are O-GlcNAcylated in vivo. Histones also are substrates for OGT in vitro. We identify O-GlcNAc sites on histones H2A, H2B, and H4 using mass spectrometry. Finally, we show that histone O-GlcNAcylation changes during mitosis and with heat shock. Taken together, these data show that O-GlcNAc cycles dynamically on histones and can be considered part of the histone code.
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29
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Atkinson RL, Zhang M, Diagaradjane P, Peddibhotla S, Contreras A, Hilsenbeck SG, Woodward WA, Krishnan S, Chang JC, Rosen JM. Thermal enhancement with optically activated gold nanoshells sensitizes breast cancer stem cells to radiation therapy. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:55ra79. [PMID: 20980696 PMCID: PMC4123313 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis and disease recurrence are hypothesized to result from residual cancer stem cells, also referred to as tumor-initiating cells, which evade initial treatment. Using both syngeneic mouse and human xenograft models of triple-negative breast cancer, we have demonstrated that a subpopulation enriched in cancer stem cells was more resistant to treatment with 6 gray of ionizing radiation than the bulk of the tumor cells, and accordingly their relative proportion increased 48 to 72 hours after ionizing radiation treatment. In contrast, we achieved a larger reduction in tumor size without a concomitant increase in the percentage of cancer stem cells by treating with local hyperthermia for 20 minutes at 42°C after ionizing radiation using intravenously administered, optically activated gold nanoshells. Forty-eight hours after treatment, cells derived from the tumors treated with ionizing radiation plus hyperthermia exhibited both a marked decrease in tumorigenicity and a more differentiated phenotype than mock- and ionizing radiation-treated tumors. Thus, we have confirmed that these cancer stem cells are responsible for accelerated repopulation in vivo and demonstrated that hyperthermia sensitizes this cell population to radiation treatment. These findings suggest that local hyperthermia delivered by gold nanoshells plus radiation can eliminate radioresistant breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Atkinson
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Sirisha Peddibhotla
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy A. Woodward
- Radiation Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Radiation Oncology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Rosen
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Takahashi A, Mori E, Su X, Nakagawa Y, Okamoto N, Uemura H, Kondo N, Noda T, Toki A, Ejima Y, Chen DJ, Ohnishi K, Ohnishi T. ATM is the predominant kinase involved in the phosphorylation of histone H2AX after heating. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:417-422. [PMID: 20448412 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Heating induces histone H2AX phosphorylation at serine 139 (gammaH2AX). Phosphorylated H2AX subsequently forms foci in numerous mammalian cell lines. The aim of this study was to clarify details in the mechanisms involved in the phosphorylation of H2AX after heating. The cell lines used were DNA-PKcs knockout cells, ATM knockout cells, and their parental cell lines. To elucidate mechanisms of induction of phosphorylation of H2AX after heating, ATM/ATR inhibitor (CGK733) and DNA-PK inhibitor (NU7026) were used. The intensity of gammaH2AX signals was assayed with flow cytometry. The thermal dose-response curve for the fluorescence intensity of gammaH2AX appearance in DNA-PKcs-/- cells during the heating period was similar to that observed in DNA-PKcs+/+ cells. On the other hand, the slope of thermal dose-response curve for them in ATM-/- cells was lower than that in ATM+/+ cells. Phosphorylation of H2AX after heating was suppressed by a combination of CGK733 and NU7026 in the culture medium in DNA-PKcs-/- cells, ATM-/- cells and in their parental cells. Although the phosphorylation of H2AX after heating was not suppressed by NU7026 in their parental cells, such phosphorylation was suppressed by CGK733 in their parental cells. These results indicate that ATM is the predominant protein which is active in the phosphorylation of histone H2AX after heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Departments of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
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Takahashi A, Mori E, Ohnishi T. The foci of DNA double strand break-recognition proteins localize with gammaH2AX after heat treatment. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:91-95. [PMID: 20173316 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there have been many reports concerning proteins which can recognize DNA double strand break (DSBs), and such proteins include histone H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139 (gammaH2AX), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phospho-serine 1981, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) phospho-threonine 2609, Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (NBS1) phospho-serine 343, checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), phospho-threonine 68, and structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1) phospho-serine 966. Thus, it should be possible to follow the formation of DSBs and their repair using immunohistochemical methods with multiple antibodies to detect these proteins. When normal human fibroblasts (AG1522 cells) were exposed to 3 Gy of X-rays as a control, clearly discernable foci for these proteins were detected, and these foci localized with gammaH2AX foci. After heat treatment at 45.5 degrees C for 20 min, these proteins are partially localized with gammaH2AX foci. Here we show that there were slight differences in the localization pattern among these proteins, such as a disappearance from the nucleus (phospho-ATM) and translocation to the cytoplasm (phospho-NBS1) at 30 min after heat treatment, and some foci (phospho-DNA-PKcs and phospho-CHK2) appeared at 8 h after heat treatment. These results are discussed from perspectives of heat-induced denaturation of proteins and formation of DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Takahashi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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