1
|
Wan L, Chen R, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Mu W. Interaction between the Anchoring Domain of A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins and the Dimerization and Docking Domain of Protein Kinase A: A Potent Tool for Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3154-3162. [PMID: 36197832 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nature is enriched with specific interactions between receptor proteins and their cognate ligands. These interacting pairs can be exploited and applied for the construction of well-ordered multicomponent assemblies with multivalency and multifunctionality. One of the research hotspots of this area is the formation of multienzyme complexes with stable and tunable architectures, which may bear the potential to facilitate cascade biocatalysis and/or strengthen metabolic fluxes. Here we focus on a special interacting pair, the anchoring domain (AD) derived from A-kinase anchoring protein and its interacting dimerization and docking domain (DDD) derived from cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, which has potential to be an effective and powerful synthetic biology tool for the construction of multienzyme assemblies. We review the origin and interaction mechanism of AD-DDD, followed by the application of this so-called dock-and-lock pair to form various bioconjugates with multivalency and multispecificity. Then several recent studies related to the construction of multienzyme complexes using AD-DDD, and more specifically, the RIAD-RIDD interacting pair, are presented. Finally, we also discuss the great biotechnology potential and perspectives of AD-DDD as a potent synthetic biology tool for post-translational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Roulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Multivalent Aptamer Approach: Designs, Strategies, and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030436. [PMID: 35334728 PMCID: PMC8956053 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are short and single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules with highly programmable structures that give them the ability to interact specifically with a large variety of targets, including proteins, cells, and small molecules. Multivalent aptamers refer to molecular constructs that combine two or more identical or different types of aptamers. Multivalency increases the avidity of aptamers, a particularly advantageous feature that allows for significantly increased binding affinities in comparison with aptamer monomers. Another advantage of multivalency is increased aptamer stabilities that confer improved performances under physiological conditions for various applications in clinical settings. The current study aims to review the most recent developments in multivalent aptamer research. The review will first discuss structures of multivalent aptamers. This is followed by detailed discussions on design strategies of multivalent aptamer approaches. Finally, recent developments of the multivalent aptamer approach in biosensing and biomedical applications are highlighted.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee M, Kim H, Kim E, Yi SY, Hwang SG, Yang S, Lim EK, Kim B, Jung J, Kang T. Multivalent Antibody-Nanoparticle Conjugates To Enhance the Sensitivity of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Immunoassays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37829-37834. [PMID: 30360053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent immunoprobes can improve the sensitivity of biosensors because increased valency can strengthen the binding affinity between the receptor and target biomolecules. Here, we report surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassays using multivalent antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (NPs) for the first time. Multivalent antibodies were generated through the ligation of Fab fragments fused with Fc-binding peptides to immunoglobulin G. This fabrication method is easy and fast because of the elimination of heterologous protein expression, high degrees of antibody modifications, and covalent chemical ligation steps. We constructed multivalent antibody-NP conjugates (MANCs) and employed them as SERS immunoprobes. MANCs improved the sensitivity of SERS-based immunoassays by 100 times compared to standard antibody-NP conjugates. MANCs will increase the feasibility of practical SERS-based immunoassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | | | - Eungwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | | | - Seul Gee Hwang
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology , UST , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| | - Siyeong Yang
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology , UST , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| | - Bongsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology , UST , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology , UST , Daejeon 34113 , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Li L, Kopeček J. Biorecognition: A key to drug-free macromolecular therapeutics. Biomaterials 2018; 190-191:11-23. [PMID: 30391799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights a new paradigm in macromolecular nanomedicine - drug-free macromolecular therapeutics (DFMT). The effectiveness of the new system is based on biorecognition events without the participation of low molecular weight drugs. Apoptosis of cells can be initiated by the biorecognition of complementary peptide/oligonucleotide motifs at the cell surface resulting in the crosslinking of slowly internalizing receptors. B-cell CD20 receptors and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were chosen as the first target. Exposing cells to a conjugate of one motif with a targeting ligand decorates the cells with this motif. Further exposure of decorated cells to a macromolecule (synthetic polymer or human serum albumin) containing multiple copies of the complementary motif as grafts results in receptor crosslinking and apoptosis induction in vitro and in vivo. The review focuses on recent developments and explores the mechanism of action of DFMT. The altered molecular signaling pathways demonstrated the great potential of DFMT to overcome rituximab resistance resulting from either down-regulation of CD20 or endocytosis and trogocytosis of rituximab/CD20 complexes. The suitability of this approach for the treatment of blood borne cancers is confirmed. In addition, the widespread applicability of DFMT as a new concept in macromolecular therapeutics for numerous diseases is exposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Association of rituximab with graphene oxide confers direct cytotoxicity for CD20-positive lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:12806-22. [PMID: 26859679 PMCID: PMC4914323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies among adults for which the chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody (Ab) rituximab (RTX) is used as first-line therapy. As RTX itself is not directly cytotoxic but relies on host immune effector mechanisms or chemotherapeutic agents to attack target cells, its therapeutic capacity may become limited when host effector mechanisms are compromised. Currently, refractory disease and relapse with NHL are still common, highlighting the need for novel anti-CD20 antibody strategies with superior therapeutic efficacy over current protocols. We hypothesized that making RTX directly cytotoxic might improve the therapeutic efficacy. Graphene oxide (GO) has recently emerged as a highly attractive nanomaterial for biomedical applications; and several studies have reported cytotoxic effect of GO on benign and malignant cells in vitro. Herein, we report that RTX can be stably associated with GO, and that GO-associated RTX (RTX/GO) demonstrates remarkably high avidity for CD20. Binding of GO-associated RTX to CD20-positive lymphoma cells induces CD20 capping and target cell death through an actin dependent mechanism. In vivo, GO-associated RTX, but not free RTX, quickly eliminates high-grade lymphomas in the absence of host effector mechanisms in a xenograft lymphoma mouse model. Our findings represent the first demonstration of using GO-associated antibody as effective cytotoxic therapy for human B cell malignancies in the absence of chemotherapy, and these findings could have important clinical implications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Popov J, Gilabert-Oriol R, Bally MB. Unique therapeutic properties and preparation methodology of multivalent rituximab-lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:256-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
7
|
Benevolo G, Nicolosi M, Santambrogio E, Vitolo U. Current options to manage Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:637-647. [PMID: 28592170 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1339596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, incurable B-cell lymphoma, with a median survival of 5-10 years in symptomatic patients. There is no consensus on the standard of care and several agents are currently used in these patients. Areas covered: In this article, we will review the use of standard therapies and new drugs investigated such as monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors and novel agents in early-stage development. Expert commentary: RCD (Rituximab/Cyclophosphamide/Dexamethasone) is an effective and safe treatment in first line in WM. BR (Bendamustine/Rituximab) or BRD (Bortezomib/Rituximab/Dexamethasone) provide durable responses, and are still indicated in most patients. Ibrutinib is a new option and it was approved as primary therapy and for relapse. Carfilzomib based therapy represents an emerging option for proteasome-inhibitor based therapy for WM. Despite encouraging results, WM remains an incurable disease; therefore, new treatment options are needed. For this reason, continued participation in clinical trials should be encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Benevolo
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| | - Maura Nicolosi
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| | - Elisa Santambrogio
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| | - Umberto Vitolo
- a Division of Hematology , AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza , Torino , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chu TW, Kopeček J. Drug-Free Macromolecular Therapeutics--A New Paradigm in Polymeric Nanomedicines. Biomater Sci 2016; 3:908-22. [PMID: 26191406 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00442f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights a unique research area in polymer-based nanomedicine designs. Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics induce apoptosis of malignant cells by the crosslinking of surface non-internalizing receptors. The receptor crosslinking is mediated by the biorecognition of high-fidelity natural binding motifs (such as antiparallel coiled-coil peptides or complementary oligonucleotides) that are grafted to the side chains of polymers or attached to targeting moieties against cell receptors. This approach features the absence of low-molecular-weight cytotoxic compounds. Here, we summarize the rationales, different designs, and advantages of drug-free macromolecular therapeutics. Recent developments of novel therapeutic systems for B-cell lymphomas are discussed, as well as relevant approaches for other diseases. We conclude by pointing out various potential future directions in this exciting new field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Wei Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Juan L, Xia L, Wang Y, Bao Y, Sun G. Thioridazine Sensitizes Esophageal Carcinoma Cell Lines to Radiotherapy-Induced Apoptosis In Vitro and In Vivo. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2624-34. [PMID: 27453171 PMCID: PMC4970441 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is one of the primary treatments for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Identification of novel radio-sensitizing agents will improve the therapeutic outcome of radiotherapy. This study aimed to determine the radio-sensitizing effect of the antipsychotic agent thioridazine in ESCC and explored the underlying mechanisms. Material/Methods ECA-109 and TE-1 ESCC cells were treated with thioridazine and radiotherapy alone and in combination. Cell survival was measured by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were monitored by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression of phospho-PI3K, phosphor-AKT, phospho-mTOR, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, Bal-xl, Bak, and p53. The xenograft mouse model was used to study the in vivo anticancer effect of thioridazine and irradiation. Results Combined treatment with thioridazine and irradiation significantly reduced viability of ESCC cells compared with thioridazine or irradiation treatment alone. Thioridazine and irradiation treatment induced G0/G1 phases cell cycle arrest through down-regulation of CDK4 and cyclinD1. In addition, thioridazine and irradiation treatment induced apoptosis through up-regulation of cleaved capase-3 and 9, as well as an increase in the expression of Bax and Bak and a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Furthermore, thioridazine and irradiation treatment inhibited the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and up-regulated the expression of p53. In xenograft mice, thioridazine and irradiation reduced ESCC tumor growth. Conclusions Thioridazine sensitizes ESCC cells to radiotherapy. Thioridazine may play a role in ESCC radiation therapy as a promising radiosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Li Juan
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Leiming Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yangyi Bao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Safdari Y, Ahmadzadeh V, Farajnia S. CD20-targeting in B-cell malignancies: novel prospects for antibodies and combination therapies. Invest New Drugs 2016; 34:497-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Golay J, Choblet S, Iwaszkiewicz J, Cérutti P, Ozil A, Loisel S, Pugnière M, Ubiali G, Zoete V, Michielin O, Berthou C, Kadouche J, Mach JP, Duonor-Cérutti M. Design and Validation of a Novel Generic Platform for the Production of Tetravalent IgG1-like Bispecific Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3199-211. [PMID: 26921308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and validated a novel generic platform for production of tetravalent IgG1-like chimeric bispecific Abs. The VH-CH1-hinge domains of mAb2 are fused through a peptidic linker to the N terminus of mAb1 H chain, and paired mutations at the CH1-CL interface mAb1 are introduced that force the correct pairing of the two different free L chains. Two different sets of these CH1-CL interface mutations, called CR3 and MUT4, were designed and tested, and prototypic bispecific Abs directed against CD5 and HLA-DR were produced (CD5xDR). Two different hinge sequences between mAb1 and mAb2 were also tested in the CD5xDR-CR3 or -MUT4 background, leading to bispecific Ab (BsAbs) with a more rigid or flexible structure. All four Abs produced bound with good specificity and affinity to CD5 and HLA-DR present either on the same target or on different cells. Indeed, the BsAbs were able to efficiently redirect killing of HLA-DR(+) leukemic cells by human CD5(+) cytokine-induced killer T cells. Finally, all BsAbs had a functional Fc, as shown by their capacity to activate human complement and NK cells and to mediate phagocytosis. CD5xDR-CR3 was chosen as the best format because it had overall the highest functional activity and was very stable in vitro in both neutral buffer and in serum. In vivo, CD5xDR-CR3 was shown to have significant therapeutic activity in a xenograft model of human leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani," Divisione di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24122 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Sylvie Choblet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPS3044 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," F-30380 Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Cérutti
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPS3044 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," F-30380 Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| | - Annick Ozil
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPS3044 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," F-30380 Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| | - Séverine Loisel
- Animalerie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bretagne Occidentale-Université Européenne de Bretagne, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- INSERM, U1194, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Greta Ubiali
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani," Divisione di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24122 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Département d'oncologie, Université de Lausanne-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean Kadouche
- MAT Biopharma, 91030 Evry, France; Immune Pharmaceuticals Inc., New York, NY 10016
| | - Jean-Pierre Mach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and Biomunex Pharmaceuticals, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Martine Duonor-Cérutti
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPS3044 "Baculovirus et Thérapie," F-30380 Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ahmadzadeh V, Farajnia S, Feizi MAH, Nejad RAK. Antibody humanization methods for development of therapeutic applications. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:67-73. [PMID: 24746146 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibody technologies are rapidly becoming available and showing considerable clinical success. However, the immunogenicity of murine-derived monoclonal antibodies is restrictive in cancer immunotherapy. Humanized antibodies can overcome these problems and are considered to be a promising alternative therapeutic agent. There are several approaches for antibody humanization. In this article we review various methods used in the antibody humanization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Ahmadzadeh
- 1 Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Design, expression and characterization of a single chain anti-CD20 antibody; a germline humanized antibody derived from Rituximab. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 102:45-51. [PMID: 25088934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD20 is a B cell lineage specific surface antigen involved in various B cell malignancies. So far, several murine and chimeric antibodies have been produced against this antigen among which Rituximab is a commercially approved antibody widely used in treatment of cancers associated with CD20 overexpression. The current study reports the production and characterization of a humanized single chain version of Rituximab through CDR grafting method. For either heavy or light chain variable domains, a human antibody with the highest sequence homology to Rituximab was selected from human germline sequences and used as framework donors. Vernier zone residues in framework regions were replaced with those of Rituximab to retain the antigen binding affinity of parental antibody. The reactivity of humanized single chain antibody with CD20 was examined by ELISA and dot blot assays. The ability of antibody to suppress the growth of CD20 overexpressing Raji cells was tested by MTT assay. Analysis of reactivity with CD20 antigen revealed that the humanized single chain antibody reacted to the target antigen with high affinity. Proliferation inhibition assay showed that humanized scFv could suppress the proliferation of Raji cells efficiently in a dose-dependent manner. This successful production of a humanized scFv with the ability to inhibit growth of CD20-expressing cancer cell may provide a promising alternative strategy for CD20 targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Z, Eckert MA, Ali MM, Liu L, Kang DK, Chang E, Pone EJ, Sender LS, Fruman DA, Zhao W. DNA-Scaffolded Multivalent Ligands to Modulate Cell Function. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1268-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
15
|
Aluri SR, Shi P, Gustafson JA, Wang W, Lin YA, Cui H, Liu S, Conti PS, Li Z, Hu P, Epstein AL, MacKay JA. A hybrid protein-polymer nanoworm potentiates apoptosis better than a monoclonal antibody. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2064-76. [PMID: 24484356 PMCID: PMC4004287 DOI: 10.1021/nn403973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas continue to occur with a high incidence. The chimeric antibody known as Rituximab (Rituxan) has become a vital therapy for these patients. Rituximab induces cell death via binding and clustering of the CD20 receptor by Fcγ expressing effector cells. Because of the limited mobility of effector cells, it may be advantageous to cluster CD20 directly using multivalent nanostructures. To explore this strategy, this manuscript introduces a nanoparticle that assembles from a fusion between a single chain antibody and a soluble protein polymer. These hybrid proteins express in Escherichia coli and do not require bioconjugation between the antibody and a substrate. Surprisingly a fusion between an anti-CD20 single chain antibody and a soluble protein polymer assemble worm-like nanostructures, which were characterized using light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. These nanoworms competitively bind CD20 on two B-cell lymphoma cell lines, exhibit concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis, and induce apoptosis better than Rituximab alone. Similar activity was observed in vivo using a non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft model. In comparison to Rituximab, systemic nanoworms significantly slowed tumor growth. These findings suggest that hybrid nanoworms targeted at CD20 may be useful treatments for B-cell related malignancies. Because of the ubiquity of antibody therapeutics, related nanoworms may have uses against other molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhaas Rayudu Aluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Pu Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Joshua A. Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter S. Conti
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - John Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu D, Cardillo TM, Wang Y, Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. Trop-2-targeting tetrakis-ranpirnase has potent antitumor activity against triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:53. [PMID: 24606732 PMCID: PMC4015355 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ranpirnase (Rap) is an amphibian ribonuclease with reported antitumor activity, minimal toxicity, and negligible immunogenicity in clinical studies, but the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and suboptimal efficacy hampered its further clinical development. To improve the potential of Rap-based therapeutics, we have used the DOCK-AND-LOCK™ (DNL™) method to construct a class of novel IgG-Rap immunoRNases. In the present study, a pair of these constructs, (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 and (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2, comprising four copies of Rap linked to the CH3 and CK termini of hRS7 (humanized anti-Trop-2), respectively, were evaluated as potential therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods The DNL-based immunoRNases, (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 and (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2, were characterized and tested for biological activities in vitro on a panel of breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in a MDA-MB-468 xenograft model. Results (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 was highly purified (>95%), exhibited specific cell binding and rapid internalization in MDA-MB-468, a Trop-2-expressing TNBC line, and displayed potent in vitro cytotoxicity (EC50 ≤ 1 nM) against diverse breast cancer cell lines with moderate to high expression of Trop-2, including MDA-MB-468, BT-20, HCC1806, SKBR-3, and MCF-7. In comparison, structural counterparts of (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2, generated by substituting hRS7 with selective non-Trop-2-binding antibodies, such as epratuzumab (anti-CD22), were at least 50-fold less potent than (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 in MDA-MB-468 and BT-20 cells, both lacking the expression of the cognate antigen. Moreover, (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 was less effective (EC50 > 50 nM) in MDA-MB-231 (low Trop-2) or HCC1395 (no Trop-2), and did not show any toxicity to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In a mouse TNBC model, a significant survival benefit was achieved with (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2 when given the maximal tolerated dose. Conclusions A new class of immunoRNases was generated with enhanced potency for targeted therapy of cancer. The promising results from (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 and (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2 support their further investigation as a potential treatment option for TNBC and other Trop-2-expressing cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Liu
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc,, Morris Plains 07950, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rossi DL, Rossi EA, Cardillo TM, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. A new class of bispecific antibodies to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy. MAbs 2014; 6:381-91. [PMID: 24492297 PMCID: PMC3984327 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various constructs of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) to redirect effector T cells for the targeted killing of tumor cells have shown considerable promise in both preclinical and clinical studies. The single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based formats, including bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) and dual-affinity re-targeting (DART), which provide monovalent binding to both CD3 on T cells and to the target antigen on tumor cells, can exhibit rapid blood clearance and neurological toxicity due to their small size (~55 kDa). Herein, we describe the generation, by the modular DOCK-AND-LOCK™) (DNL™) method, of novel T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies, each comprising a monovalent anti-CD3 scFv covalently conjugated to a stabilized dimer of different anti-tumor Fabs. The potential advantages of this design include bivalent binding to tumor cells, a larger size (~130 kDa) to preclude renal clearance and penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and potent T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. These prototypes were purified to near homogeneity, and representative constructs were shown to provoke the formation of immunological synapses between T cells and their target tumor cells in vitro, resulting in T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as potent T-cell mediated anti-tumor activity. In addition, in vivo studies in NOD/SCID mice bearing Raji Burkitt lymphoma or Capan-1 pancreatic carcinoma indicated statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with untreated controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmund A Rossi
- Immunomedics, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
| | | | - David M Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- Garden State Cancer Center; Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology; Morris Plains, NJ USA
| | - Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ali MM, Li F, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Kang DK, Ankrum JA, Le XC, Zhao W. Rolling circle amplification: a versatile tool for chemical biology, materials science and medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3324-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNα/β) are cytokines with a broad spectrum of antitumor activities including antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunostimulatory effects, and are potentially useful in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and other cancers. To improve antitumor potency and diminish the systemic side effects of IFN, we recently developed anti-CD20-IFNα fusion proteins with in vitro and in vivo efficacy against both mouse and human lymphomas expressing CD20. As IFNβ binds more tightly to the IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR) and has more potent antitumor activities, we have now constructed an anti-CD20 fusion protein with murine IFNβ (mIFNβ). Anti-CD20-mIFNβ was more potent than recombinant mIFNβ and anti-CD20-mIFNα in inhibiting the proliferation of a mouse B-cell lymphoma expressing human CD20 (38C13-huCD20). Growth inhibition was accompanied by caspase-independent apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. The efficacy of anti-CD20-mIFNβ required the physical linkage of mIFNβ to anti-CD20 antibody. Importantly, anti-CD20-mIFNβ was active against tumor cells expressing low levels of IFNAR (38C13-huCD20 IFNAR). In vivo, established 38C13-huCD20 tumors were largely insensitive to rituximab or a nontargeted mIFNβ fusion protein, yet treatment with anti-CD20-mIFNβ eradicated 83% of tumors. Anti-CD20-mIFNβ was also more potent in vivo against 38C13-huCD20 than anti-CD20-mIFNα, curing 75% versus 25% of tumors (P=0.001). Importantly, although anti-CD20-mIFNα could not eradicate 38C13-huCD20 IFNAR tumors, anti-CD20-mIFNβ treatment prolonged survival (P=0.0003), and some animals remained tumor-free. Thus, antibody fusion proteins targeting mIFNβ to tumors show promise as therapeutic agents, especially for use against tumors resistant to the effects of mIFNα.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Development of Bispecific Hexavalent Antibodies as a Novel Class of DOCK-AND-LOCKTM (DNLTM) Complexes. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
21
|
Rossi EA, Chang CH, Cardillo TM, Goldenberg DM. Optimization of multivalent bispecific antibodies and immunocytokines with improved in vivo properties. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 24:63-71. [PMID: 23116517 DOI: 10.1021/bc300488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional antibody-based biologics, such as bispecific antibodies and immunocytokines, can be difficult to produce with sufficient yield and stability, and often exhibit inferior pharmacokinetics. Dock-and-Lock (DNL) is a modular method that combines recombinant engineering with site-specific conjugation, allowing the construction of various complex, yet defined, biostructures with multivalency and multispecificity. The technology platform exploits the natural interaction between two interactive human protein binding domains that are modified to provide covalent fusion. We explored the potential application of a new class of IgG-based DNL modules with an anchor domain fused at the C-terminal end of the kappa light chain (C(k)), instead of the C-terminal end of the Fc. Two C(k)-derived prototypes, an anti-CD22/CD20 bispecific hexavalent antibody, comprising epratuzumab (anti-CD22) and four Fabs of veltuzumab (anti-CD20), and a CD20-targeting immunocytokine, comprising veltuzumab and four molecules of interferon-α2b, were compared to their Fc-derived counterparts. The Ck-based conjugates exhibited superior Fc-effector functions in vitro, as well as improved pharmacokinetics, stability, and anti-lymphoma activity in vivo. These results favor the selection of DNL conjugates with the C(k)-design for future clinical development.
Collapse
|
22
|
Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. Complex and defined biostructures with the dock-and-lock method. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:474-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Chang CH, Wang Y, Trisal P, Li R, Rossi DL, Nair A, Gupta P, Losman M, Cardillo TM, Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM. Evaluation of a novel hexavalent humanized anti-IGF-1R antibody and its bivalent parental IgG in diverse cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44235. [PMID: 22952934 PMCID: PMC3432068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major mechanism of monoclonal antibodies that selectively target the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) to inhibit tumor growth is by downregulating the receptor, regardless whether they are capable (antagonistic) or incapable (agonistic) of blocking the binding of cognate ligands. We have developed and characterized a novel agonistic anti-IGF-1R humanized antibody, hR1, and used the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) method to construct Hex-hR1, the first multivalent antibody comprising 6 functional Fabs of hR1, with the aim of enhancing potency of hR1. Based on cross-blocking experiments, hR1 recognizes a region of cysteine-rich domain on the α-subunit, different from the epitopes mapped for existing anti-IGF-1R antibodies, yet hR1 is similar to other anti-IGF-1R antibodies in downregulating IGF-1R and inhibiting proliferation, colony formation, or invasion of selected cancer cell lines in vitro, as well as suppressing growth of the RH-30 rhabdomyosarcoma xenograft in nude mice when combined with the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin. Hex-hR1 and hR1 are generally comparable in their bioactivities under the in-intro and in-vivo conditions investigated. Nevertheless, in selective experiments involving a direct comparison of potency, Hex-hR1 demonstrated a stronger effect on inhibiting cell proliferation stimulated by IGF-1 and could effectively downregulate IGF-1R at a concentration as low as 20 pM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yang Wang
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Preeti Trisal
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rongxiu Li
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Diane L. Rossi
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Anju Nair
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michele Losman
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Edmund A. Rossi
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang CH, Hinkula J, Loo M, Falkeborn T, Li R, Cardillo TM, Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Wahren B. A novel class of anti-HIV agents with multiple copies of enfuvirtide enhances inhibition of viral replication and cellular transmission in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41235. [PMID: 22844444 PMCID: PMC3402531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitors that may overcome the current limitations of enfuvirtide, the first such therapeutic in this class. The three prototypes generated by the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) technology to comprise four copies of enfuvirtide tethered site-specifically to the Fc end of different humanized monoclonal antibodies potently neutralize primary isolates (both R5-tropic and X4-tropic), as well as T-cell-adapted strains of HIV-1 in vitro. All three prototypes show EC50 values in the subnanomolar range, which are 10- to 100-fold lower than enfuvirtide and attainable whether or not the constitutive antibody targets HIV-1. The potential of such conjugates to purge latently infected cells was also demonstrated in a cell-to-cell viral inhibition assay by measuring their efficacy to inhibit the spread of HIV-1LAI from infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to Jurkat T cells over a period of 30 days following viral activation with 100 nM SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid). The IgG-like half-life was not significantly different from that of the parental antibody, as shown by the mean serum concentration of one prototype in mice at 72 h. These encouraging results provide a rationale to develop further novel anti-HIV agents by coupling additional antibodies of interest with alternative HIV-inhibitors via recombinantly-produced, self-assembling, modules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CHC); (BW)
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Virology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Meiyu Loo
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tina Falkeborn
- Department of Molecular Virology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Rongxiu Li
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Edmund A. Rossi
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (CHC); (BW)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chu TW, Yang J, Kopeček J. Anti-CD20 multivalent HPMA copolymer-Fab' conjugates for the direct induction of apoptosis. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7174-81. [PMID: 22795544 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid biomimetic system comprising high-molecular-weight, linear copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) grafted with multiple Fab' fragments of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization followed by attachment of Fab' fragments via thioether bonds. Exposure of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) Raji B cells to the multivalent conjugates resulted in crosslinking of CD20 receptors and commencement of apoptosis. Five conjugates with varying molecular weight and valence (amount of Fab' per polymer chain) were synthesized. One of the copolymers contained enzyme degradable peptide sequences (GFLG) in the backbone. The multivalency led to higher avidity and apoptosis induction compared to unconjugated whole mAb. Time-dependent studies showed that the cytotoxicity of conjugates exhibited a slower onset at shorter exposure times than mAb hyper-crosslinked with a secondary Ab; however, at longer time intervals the HPMA copolymer conjugates achieved significantly higher biological efficacies. In addition, study of the relationship between the structure of conjugates and Raji B cell apoptosis revealed that both valency and polymer molecular weight influenced biological activities, while insertion of peptide sequences into the backbone was not a factor in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Te-Wei Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dual-targeting immunotherapy of lymphoma: potent cytotoxicity of anti-CD20/CD74 bispecific antibodies in mantle cell and other lymphomas. Blood 2012; 119:3767-78. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-381988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We describe the use of novel bispecific hexavalent Abs (HexAbs) to enhance anticancer immunotherapy. Two bispecific HexAbs [IgG-(Fab)4 constructed from veltuzumab (anti-CD20 IgG) and milatuzumab (anti-CD74 IgG)] show enhanced cytotoxicity in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other lymphoma/leukemia cell lines, as well as patient tumor samples, without a crosslinking Ab, compared with their parental mAb counterparts, alone or in combination. The bispecific HexAbs have different properties from and are more potent than their parental mAbs in vitro. The juxtaposition of CD20 and CD74 on MCL cells by the HexAbs resulted in homotypic adhesion and triggered intracellular changes that include loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, rapid and sustained phosphorylation of ERKs and JNK, down-regulation of pAkt and Bcl-xL, actin reorganization, and lysosomal membrane permeabilization, culminating in cell death. They also displayed different potencies in depleting lymphoma cells and normal B cells from whole blood ex vivo and significantly extended the survival of nude mice bearing MCL xenografts in a dose-dependent manner, thus indicating stability and antitumor activity in vivo. Such bispecific HexAbs may constitute a new class of therapeutic agents for improved cancer immunotherapy, as shown here for MCL and other CD20+/CD74+ malignancies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. The dock-and-lock method combines recombinant engineering with site-specific covalent conjugation to generate multifunctional structures. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:309-23. [PMID: 22168393 DOI: 10.1021/bc2004999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Advances in recombinant protein technology have facilitated the production of increasingly complex fusion proteins with multivalent, multifunctional designs for use in various in vitro and in vivo applications. In addition, traditional chemical conjugation remains a primary choice for linking proteins with polyethylene glycol (PEG), biotin, fluorescent markers, drugs, and others. More recently, site-specific conjugation of two or more interactive modules has emerged as a valid approach to expand the existing repertoires produced by either recombinant engineering or chemical conjugation alone, thus advancing the range of potential applications. Five such methods, each involving a specific binding event, are highlighted in this review, with a particular focus on the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) method, which exploits the natural interaction between the dimerization and docking domain (DDD) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the anchoring domain (AD) of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAP). The various enablements of DNL to date include trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent, and hexavalent antibodies of monospecificity or bispecificity; immnocytokines comprising multiple copies of interferon-alpha (IFNα); and site-specific PEGylation. These achievements attest to the power of the DNL platform technology to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents from both proteins and nonproteins for unmet medical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund A Rossi
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Popov J, Kapanen AI, Turner C, Ng R, Tucker C, Chiu G, Klasa R, Bally MB, Chikh G. Multivalent rituximab lipid nanoparticles as improved lymphoma therapies: indirect mechanisms of action and in vivo activity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1575-91. [PMID: 22011314 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The activity of therapeutic antibodies can be enhanced by creating multivalent constructs, such as antibody lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Here, we examine differences between rituximab (Ritux) and Ritux-LNPs in terms of their indirect mechanisms of action: complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). MATERIALS & METHODS We employed two mantle-cell lymphoma cell lines, Z138 and JVM2, which exhibit different in vivo sensitivities to Ritux along with variable expression levels of cell-surface proteins that regulate ADCC and CDC. RESULTS In both cell lines, CDC and ADCC were found to be significantly enhanced after treatment with Ritux-LNPs compared with Ritux. In vivo efficacy studies, however, suggested that the therapeutic activities of Ritux and Ritux-LNPs were equivalent, which was subsequently explained in part by pharmacokinetic studies indicating rapid elimination of Ritux-LNP. CONCLUSION Although indirect and direct mechanisms of multivalent Ritux are enhanced, its further development requires methods to improve its circulation lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Popov
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Ave., Vancouver BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Preclinical studies on targeted delivery of multiple IFNα2b to HLA-DR in diverse hematologic cancers. Blood 2011; 118:1877-84. [PMID: 21680794 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-343145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The short circulating half-life and side effects of IFNα affect its dosing schedule and efficacy. Fusion of IFNα to a tumor-targeting mAb (mAb-IFNα) can enhance potency because of increased tumor localization and improved pharmacokinetics. We used the Dock-and-Lock method to generate C2-2b-2b, a mAb-IFNα comprising tetrameric IFNα2b site-specifically linked to hL243 (humanized anti-HLA-DR). In vitro, C2-2b-2b inhibited various B-cell lymphoma leukemia and myeloma cell lines. In most cases, this immunocytokine was more effective than CD20-targeted mAb-IFNα or a mixture comprising the parental mAb and IFNα. Our findings indicate that responsiveness depends on HLA-DR expression/density and sensitivity to IFNα and hL243. C2-2b-2b induced more potent and longer-lasting IFNα signaling compared with nontargeted IFNα. Phosphorylation of STAT1 was more robust and persistent than that of STAT3, which may promote apoptosis. C2-2b-2b efficiently depleted lymphoma and myeloma cells from whole human blood but also exhibited some toxicity to B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells. C2-2b-2b showed superior efficacy compared with nontargeting mAb-IFNα, peginterferonalfa-2a, or a combination of hL243 and IFNα, using human lymphoma and myeloma xenografts. These results suggest that C2-2b-2b should be useful in the treatment of various hematopoietic malignancies.
Collapse
|
30
|
van Meerten T, Hagenbeek A. Novel antibodies against follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:231-56. [PMID: 21658621 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has revolutionized the treatment of patients with follicular B-cell lymphoma. With the combination of chemotherapy and rituximab the overall survival rate has increased with approximately 30%. Unfortunately, there is resistance to rituximab with relapse of the disease in about 60% of the patients during the first five years of treatment and eventually in all patients. To this end, there is a need to develop improved anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and antibodies that target other attractive molecules expressed on the follicular lymphoma cell. This review describes the development and clinical achievements so far of next generation anti-CD20 and other antibodies in the treatment of follicular B-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/classification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Species Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Vacchelli E, Kroemer G. Cell death signaling and anticancer therapy. Front Oncol 2011; 1:5. [PMID: 22655227 PMCID: PMC3356092 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, it was commonly believed that efficient anticancer regimens would either trigger the apoptotic demise of tumor cells or induce a permanent arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, i.e., senescence. The recent discovery that necrosis can occur in a regulated fashion and the increasingly more precise characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms have raised great interest, as non-apoptotic pathways might be instrumental to circumvent the resistance of cancer cells to conventional, pro-apoptotic therapeutic regimens. Moreover, it has been shown that some anticancer regimens engage lethal signaling cascades that can ignite multiple oncosuppressive mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence. Among these signaling pathways is mitotic catastrophe, whose role as a bona fide cell death mechanism has recently been reconsidered. Thus, anticancer regimens get ever more sophisticated, and often distinct strategies are combined to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. In this review, we will discuss the importance of apoptosis, necrosis, and mitotic catastrophe in the response of tumor cells to the most common clinically employed and experimental anticancer agents.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rossi DL, Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. A new mammalian host cell with enhanced survival enables completely serum-free development of high-level protein production cell lines. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:766-75. [PMID: 21473000 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With over 25 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently approved and many more in development, there is considerable interest in gaining improved productivity by increasing cell density and enhancing cell survival of production cell lines. In addition, high costs and growing safety concerns with use of animal products have made the availability of serum-free cell lines more appealing. We elected to transfect the myeloma cell line Sp2/0-Ag14 with Bcl2-EEE, the constitutively active phosphomimetic mutant of Bcl2, for extended cell survival. After adaptation of the initial transfectants to serum-independent growth, a clone with superior growth properties, referred to as SpESF, was isolated and further subjected to iterative rounds of stressful growth over a period of 4 months. The effort resulted in the selection of a promising clone, designated SpESFX-10, which was shown to exhibit robust growth and resist apoptosis induced by sodium butyrate or glutamine deprivation. The advantage of SpESFX-10 as a host for generating mAb-production cell lines was demonstrated by its increased transfection efficiency, culture longevity, and mAb productivity, as well as by the feasibility of accomplishing the entire cell line development process, including transfection, subcloning, and cryopreservation, in the complete absence of serum.
Collapse
|
33
|
Monoclonal antibodies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: state of the art and perspectives. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:428253. [PMID: 21437222 PMCID: PMC3061293 DOI: 10.1155/2010/428253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been the most successful therapeutics ever brought to cancer treatment by immune technologies. The use of monoclonal antibodies in B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) represents the greatest example of these advances, as the introduction of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has had a dramatic impact on how we treat this group of diseases today. Despite this success, several questions about how to optimize the use of monoclonal antibodies in NHL remain open. The best administration schedules, as well as the optimal duration of rituximab treatment, have yet to be determined. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms underlying resistance to rituximab is also necessary in order to improve the activity of this and of similar therapeutics. Finally, new antibodies and biological agents are entering the scene and their advantages over rituximab will have to be assessed. We will discuss these issues and present an overview of the most significant clinical studies with monoclonal antibodies for NHL treatment carried out to date.
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Q, So CR, Fegan A, Cody V, Sarikaya M, Vallera DA, Wagner CR. Chemically self-assembled antibody nanorings (CSANs): design and characterization of an anti-CD3 IgM biomimetic. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17247-57. [PMID: 21077608 PMCID: PMC3342400 DOI: 10.1021/ja107153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of clever recombinant methodologies have been developed that recapitulate the valencies of IgG's (bivalent) and IgA's (tetravalent). Although higher synthetic valencies have been achieved by conjugation of either monoclonal antibodies or single-chain antibodies to nanoparticles and liposomes, a method for the preparation of recombinant antibodies with valencies similar to IgM's (decavalent) but considerably less than what is generally found after antibody particle conjugation has yet to be devised. Recently, we have developed a methodology for the design of bivalent Chemically Self-Assembled Antibody Nanorings (CSANs). We now report the crystal structure of the nanoring subunit composed of the E. coli DHFR dimer and a methotrexate dimerizer (MTX2-C9) containing a visible nine methylene linker and a protocol for the preparation of CSANs from this subunit with valencies similar to IgM's, ranging from 8-10 single chain antibodies (scFvs). The multivalent CSANs were reversibly assembled from a fusion protein dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-DHFR-antiCD3 scFv containing a single glycine linker between the two DHFR scaffolding proteins. We also demonstrate that, similar to the parental bivalent anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAB), anti-CD3 CSANs selectively bind to CD3+ leukemia cells and undergo rapid internalization through a caveolin-independent pathway that requires cholesterol, actin polymerization, and protein tyrosine kinase activation. While treatment with the monoclonal antibody leads to T-cell activation and nearly complete loss (i.e., 90%) of the surface displayed T-cell receptor (TCR), only 25-30% of the TCR down regulate and no significant T-cell proliferation is observed after treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with anti-CD3 CSANs. Consistent with the proliferation findings, 15-25% less CD25 (IL-2 receptor) was found on the surface of PBMCs treated with either the polyvalent or bivalent anti-CD3 CSANs, respectively, than on PBMCs treated with the parental mAB. Comparative experiments with F(ab')2 derived from the mAB confirm that the activation of the T-cells by the mAB is dependent on the Fc domain, and thus interactions of the PBMC T-cells with accessory cells, such as macrophages. Taken together, our results demonstrate that anti-CD3 CSANs with valencies ranging from 2 to 8 could be employed for radionuclide, drug, or potentially oligonucleotide delivery to T-cells without, as has been observed for other antibody conjugated nanoparticles, the deleterious effects of activation observed for mAB. Further the CSAN construct may be adapted for the preparation of other multivalent scFvs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sharkey RM, Rossi EA, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Improved cancer therapy and molecular imaging with multivalent, multispecific antibodies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 25:1-12. [PMID: 20187791 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are highly versatile proteins with the ability to be used to target diverse compounds, such as radionuclides for imaging and therapy, or drugs and toxins for therapy, but also can be used unconjugated to elicit therapeutically beneficial responses, usually with minimal toxicity. This update describes a new procedure for forming multivalent and/or multispecific proteins, known as the dock-and-lock (DNL) technique. Developed as a procedure for preparing bispecific antibodies capable of binding divalently to a tumor antigen and monovalently to a radiolabeled hapten-peptide for pretargeted imaging and therapy, this methodology has the flexibility to create a number of other biologic agents of therapeutic interest. A variety of constructs, based on anti-CD20 and CD22 antibodies, have been made, with results showing that multispecific antibodies have very different properties from the respective parental monospecific antibodies. The technique is not restricted to antibody combination, but other biologics, such as interferon-alpha2b, have been prepared. These types of constructs not only allow small biologics to be sustained in the blood longer, but also to be selectively targeted. Thus, DNL technology is a highly flexible platform that can be used to prepare many different types of agents that could further improve cancer detection and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Sharkey
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology (CMMI), Belleville, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Multiple signaling pathways induced by hexavalent, monospecific, anti-CD20 and hexavalent, bispecific, anti-CD20/CD22 humanized antibodies correlate with enhanced toxicity to B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. Blood 2010; 116:3258-67. [PMID: 20628151 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-276857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated hexavalent antibodies (HexAbs) comprising 6 Fabs tethered to one Fc of human IgG1. Three such constructs, 20-20, a monospecific HexAb comprising 6 Fabs of veltuzumab (humanized anti-CD20 immunoglobulin G1κ [IgG1κ]), 20-22, a bispecific HexAb comprising veltuzumab and 4 Fabs of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 IgG1κ), and 22-20, a bispecific HexAb comprising epratuzumab and 4 Fabs of veltuzumab, were previously shown to inhibit pro-liferation of several lymphoma cell lines at nanomolar concentrations in the absence of a crosslinking antibody. We now report an in-depth analysis of the apoptotic and survival signals induced by the 3 HexAbs in Burkitt lymphomas and provide in vitro cytotoxicity data for additional lymphoma cell lines and also chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient specimens. Among the key findings are the significant increase in the levels of phosphorylated p38 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) by all 3 HexAbs and the notable differences in the signaling events triggered by the HexAbs from those incurred by crosslinking veltuzumab or rituximab with a secondary antibody. Thus, the greatly enhanced direct toxicity of these HexAbs correlates with their ability to alter the basal expression of various intracellular proteins involved in regulating cell growth, survival, and apoptosis, with the net outcome leading to cell death.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sharkey RM, Rossi EA, McBride WJ, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibodies prepared by the dock-and-lock strategy for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy. Semin Nucl Med 2010; 40:190-203. [PMID: 20350628 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The selective delivery of therapeutic radionuclides is a promising approach for treating cancer. Antibody-targeted radionuclides are of particular interest, with 2 products approved for the treatment of certain forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, for many other cancers, radioimmunotherapy has been ineffective, being limited by prolonged exposure to the highly radiosensitive bone marrow. An alternative approach, known as pretargeting, separates radionuclide from the antibody, allowing the radiation to be delivered on a small molecule that can quickly and efficiently migrate into the tumor, and then rapidly clear from the body with minimal retention in tissues. Several pretargeting methods have been developed that differ in the way they selectively capture the radionuclide. This review focuses on the development of a novel form of bispecific monoclonal antibody (bsMAb) pretargeting that uses a unique radiolabeled hapten-peptide system that can be modified to bind numerous therapeutic and imaging radionuclides. Together with a specialized recombinant humanized bsMAb prepared with by a technique known as the Dock-and-Lock method, this pretargeting procedure has been examined in many different animal models, showing a high level of sensitivity and specificity for localizing tumors, and improved efficacy with less hematologic toxicity associated with directly radiolabeled IgG. The bsMAb is a tri-Fab structure, having 2 binding arms for the tumor antigen and 1 capable of binding a hapten-peptide. Preclinical studies were preformed to support the clinical use of a bsMAb and a hapten-peptide bearing a single DOTA moiety (IMP-288). A phase 0 trial found an (131)I-tri-Fab bsMAb, TF2, that targets carcinoembryonic antigen was stable in vivo, quickly clears from the blood, and localizes known tumors. The first-in-patient pretargeting experience with the (111)In-IMP-288 also observed rapid clearance and low tissue (kidney) retention, as well as localization of tumors, providing initial promising evidence for developing these materials for radioimmunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Sharkey
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Riaz W, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ, Czuczman MS. Strategies to enhance rituximab anti-tumor activity in the treatment of CD20-positive B-cell neoplasms. Immunol Res 2010; 46:192-205. [PMID: 19763890 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody and was the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. It has revolutionized the treatment of patients with CD20-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and CLL. Rituximab is currently being used in virtually all patients with B-cell lymphomas either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Despite its excellent safety and efficacy profile, only a small portion of B-cell lymphoma patients treated with rituximab as a single agent have sustained complete remissions. Combining rituximab with standard chemotherapy regimens is associated with higher response rates, and improved survival in a subset of patients. Unfortunately, a significant percentage of patients who initially respond to rituximab eventually relapse, and there are patients that demonstrate intrinsic resistance to initial therapy. In the last decade, ongoing scientific research has led to a better understanding of rituximab-associated cytotoxic mechanisms against lymphoma target cells. Scientific efforts are increasingly being focused in developing new strategies to improve mAb activity. Various strategies include the following: combining rituximab with different biologic agents (e.g. cytokines, immunomodulatory drugs); developing novel antibody constructs (including bi-specific antibodies); and/or inhibiting signaling pathways associated with lymphomagenesis and immuno-chemotherapy resistance. In this review article, we will provide an overview of various rituximab-associated cytotoxic mechanisms and novel strategies to improve mAb activity against B-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasif Riaz
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hammadi M, Pers JO, Berthou C, Youinou P, Bordron A. A new approach to comparing anti-CD20 antibodies: importance of the lipid rafts in their lytic efficiency. Onco Targets Ther 2010; 3:99-109. [PMID: 20616960 PMCID: PMC2895776 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The view that B lymphocytes are pathogenic in diverse pathological settings is supported by the efficacy of B-cell-ablative therapy in lymphoproliferative disorders, autoimmune diseases and graft rejection. Anti-B-cell antibodies (Abs) directed against CD20 have therefore been generated, and of these, rituximab was the first anti-CD20 monoclonal Ab (mAb) to be applied. Rituximab-mediated apoptosis, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity differ from one disease to another, and, for the same disease, from one patient to another. This knowledge has prompted the development of new anti-CD20 mAbs in the hope of improving B-cell depletion. The inclusion of CD20/anti-CD20 complexes in large lipid rafts (LRs) enhances the results of some, but not all, anti-CD20 mAbs, and it may be possible to include smaller LRs. Lipid contents of membrane may be abnormal in malignant B-cells, and could explain resistance to treatment. The function of these mAbs and the importance of LRs warrant further investigation. A detailed understanding of them will increase results for B-cell depletion in lymphoproliferative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hammadi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire EA2216 and IFR148, Université de Bretagne Occidentale and Université Européenne de Bretagne, BP824, 29609 Brest cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sharkey RM, Karacay H, Goldenberg DM. Improving the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with antibody-targeted radionuclides. Cancer 2010; 116:1134-45. [PMID: 20127947 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises a (90)Y- or (131)I-labeled murine anti-CD20 IgG, but both agents also include a substantial dose of unlabeled anti-CD20 IgG given immediately before the radioconjugate to reduce its uptake in the spleen (primary normal B-cell antigen sink); this extends its plasma half-life and improves tumor visualization. Thus, these treatments combine an effective anti-CD20 radioconjugate with an unconjugated anti-CD20 antibody that is also therapeutically active, but the large anti-CD20 IgG predose ( approximately 900 mg) may diminish the tumor localization of the radioimmunoconjugate (eg, 10-35 mg). We have examined alternative approaches that enhance radionuclide targeting and improve antitumor responses. One uses a (90)Y-labeled anti-CD22 IgG (epratuzumab) combined with an antibody therapy regimen of a humanized anti-CD20 IgG (veltuzumab). Pretargeted radionuclide therapy using a trivalent, humanized, recombinant bispecific anti-CD20 antibody with a (90)Y-hapten-peptide is another highly effective method that is also less toxic than directly radiolabeled IgG. Finally, all approaches benefit from the addition of a consolidation-dosing regimen of the anti-CD20 IgG antibody. This article reviews these various options and discusses how some fundamental changes could potentially enhance the response and duration from radionuclide-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Sharkey
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Garden State Cancer Center, 520 Belleville Avenue, Belleville, NJ 07109, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Deev SM, Labedenko EN. [Antibody engineering: barnase-barstar module as a molecular constructor]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 35:761-78. [PMID: 20208576 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009060041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Today, antibody engineering for clinical applications is a rapidly progressing field of science and a big business. The basic functions of an antibody can be spatially differentiated and attributed to various structural domains of a molecule. Therefore, each of them may be an object for engineering with the aim of using a definite antibody function. In this sense, the potential of antibodies is unique. In this article, recent achievements and current problems of antibody engineering are briefly reviewed. The main attention is focused on a molecular constructor that allows for obtaining, with the help of a versatile barnase-barstar module, mono- and multiva-lent miniantibodies and their derivatives with outlined properties.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lv M, Lin Z, Qiao C, Gen S, Lang X, Li Y, Feng J, Shen B. Novel anti-CD20 antibody TGLA with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediates potent anti-lymphoma activity. Cancer Lett 2010; 294:66-73. [PMID: 20202740 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is the first anti-cancer antibody approved by the FDA for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma. However, its efficacy remains variable and often modest. Some patients are initially unresponsive to rituximab or later develop resistance to it, and require alternative therapies. Rituximab activity has been thought to involve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and apoptosis. Present studies suggest that the patients unresponsive to rituximab may be helped with other CD20 antibodies with enhanced activities. In this study, we characterized a novel anti-CD20 chimeric antibody, TGLA, which binds to various B-cell lines specially and shares an epitope with rituximab. TGLA shows equal activities with rituximab, such as CDC, cell growth arrest and so on. Interestingly, TGLA also shows significant ADCC activity. Immunotherapeutic studies further show that TGLA is far more effective in delaying tumor growth than rituximab. These findings suggest that the ADCC-enhanced anti-CD20 antibody TGLA might be an alternative therapeutic agent for B-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lv
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Increasing the efficacy of CD20 antibody therapy through the engineering of a new type II anti-CD20 antibody with enhanced direct and immune effector cell-mediated B-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 2010; 115:4393-402. [PMID: 20194898 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-225979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD20 is an important target for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well as autoimmune disorders. B-cell depletion therapy using monoclonal antibodies against CD20, such as rituximab, has revolutionized the treatment of these disorders, greatly improving overall survival in patients. Here, we report the development of GA101 as the first Fc-engineered, type II humanized IgG1 antibody against CD20. Relative to rituximab, GA101 has increased direct and immune effector cell-mediated cytotoxicity and exhibits superior activity in cellular assays and whole blood B-cell depletion assays. In human lymphoma xenograft models, GA101 exhibits superior antitumor activity, resulting in the induction of complete tumor remission and increased overall survival. In nonhuman primates, GA101 demonstrates superior B cell-depleting activity in lymphoid tissue, including in lymph nodes and spleen. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence for the development of GA101 as a promising new therapy for the treatment of B-cell disorders.
Collapse
|
44
|
CD20-targeted tetrameric interferon-alpha, a novel and potent immunocytokine for the therapy of B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2009; 114:3864-71. [PMID: 19710501 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-228890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) has direct inhibitory effects on some tumors and is a potent stimulator of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. A tumor-targeting antibody-IFN-alpha conjugate (mAb-IFN-alpha) could kill by direct actions of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and IFN-alpha on tumor cells and also potentiate a tumor-directed immune response. The modular Dock-and-Lock method (DNL) was used to generate 20-2b, the first immunocytokine having 4 cytokine (IFN-alpha2b) groups that are fused to the humanized anti-CD20 mAb, veltuzumab. Additional mAb-IFN-alpha constructs, each retaining potent IFN-alpha2b biologic activity, also were produced by DNL. The 20-2b shows enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity compared with veltuzumab but lacks complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The 20-2b inhibits in vitro proliferation of lymphoma cells and depletes them from whole human blood more potently than the combination of veltuzumab and a nontargeting, irrelevant, mAb-IFN-alpha. The 20-2b demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared with veltuzumab or nontargeting mAb-IFN-alpha in 3 human lymphoma xenograft models, even though mouse immune cells respond poorly to human IFN-alpha2b. Targeting IFN-alpha with an anti-CD20 mAb makes the immunocytokine more potent than either agent alone. These findings suggest that 20-2b merits clinical evaluation as a new candidate antilymphoma therapeutic.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hexavalent bispecific antibodies represent a new class of anticancer therapeutics: 1. Properties of anti-CD20/CD22 antibodies in lymphoma. Blood 2009; 113:6161-71. [PMID: 19372261 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-10-187138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dock and lock (DNL) method is a new technology for generating multivalent antibodies. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo characterizations of 20-22 and 22-20, a pair of humanized hexavalent anti-CD20/22 bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) derived from veltuzumab (v-mab) and epratuzumab (e-mab). The 22-20 was made by site-specific conjugation of e-mab to 4 Fabs of v-mab; 20-22 is of the opposite configuration, composing v-mab and 4 Fabs of e-mab. Each bsAb translocates both CD22 and CD20 into lipid rafts, induces apoptosis and growth inhibition without second-antibody crosslinking, and is significantly more potent in killing lymphoma cells in vitro than their parental antibodies. Although both bsAbs triggered antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, neither displayed complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Intriguingly, 22-20 and 20-22 killed human lymphoma cells in preference to normal B cells ex vivo, whereas the parental v-mab depleted malignant and normal B cells equally. In vivo studies in Daudi tumors revealed 20-22, despite having a shorter serum half-life, had antitumor efficacy comparable with equimolar v-mab; 22-20 was less potent than 20-22 but more effective than e-mab and control bsAbs. These results indicate multiple advantages of hexavalent anti-CD20/22 bsAbs over the individual parental antibodies and suggest that these may represent a new class of cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
46
|
Chang CH, Gupta P, Goldenberg DM. Advances and challenges in developing cytokine fusion proteins as improved therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:181-94. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440802702023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|