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Wu HM, Chen LH, Chiu WJ, Tsai CL. Kisspeptin Regulates Cell Invasion and Migration in Endometrial Cancer. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae001. [PMID: 38264268 PMCID: PMC10805434 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (a product of the KISS1 gene and its receptor) plays an important role in obstetrics, gynecology, and cancer cell metastasis and behavior. In hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and placentation, Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor affects hormone release and represses trophoblast invasion into maternal deciduae. Endometrial cancer is one of the common gynecological cancers and is usually accompanied by metastasis, the risk factor that causes death. Recently, research has demonstrated that Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor expression in aggressive-stage endometrial cancer tissues. However, the detailed mechanism of Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor in regulating the motility of endometrial cancers is not well understood. In this study, we use endometrial cancer cell lines RL95-2, Ishikawa, HEC-1-A, and HEC-1-B as models to explore the molecular mechanism of Kisspeptin on cell motility. First, we discovered that Kisspeptin/Kisspeptin receptor was expressed in endometrial cancer cells, and Kisspeptin significantly regulated the migration and invasion of endometrial cancer cells. Furthermore, we explored the epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression and the underlying signals were regulated on Kisspeptin treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that Kisspeptin regulates endometrial cancer cell motility via FAK and Src expression and the ERK1/2, N-Cadherin, E-Cadherin, beta-Catenin, Twist, and matrix metalloproteinase signaling pathways. We expect these molecules could be candidates for the development of new approaches and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Liang-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jung Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chia-Lung Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan R.O.C
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Desaulniers AT, White BR. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 and its receptor in human reproductive cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1341162. [PMID: 38260130 PMCID: PMC10800933 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1341162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1) and its receptor (GnRHR1) drive reproduction by regulating gonadotropins. Another form, GnRH2, and its receptor (GnRHR2), also exist in mammals. In humans, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 genes are present, but coding errors in the GnRHR2 gene are predicted to hinder full-length protein production. Nonetheless, mounting evidence supports the presence of a functional GnRHR2 in humans. GnRH2 and its receptor have been identified throughout the body, including peripheral reproductive tissues like the ovary, uterus, breast, and prostate. In addition, GnRH2 and its receptor have been detected in a wide number of reproductive cancer cells in humans. Notably, GnRH2 analogues have potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and/or anti-metastatic effects on various reproductive cancers, including endometrial, breast, placental, ovarian, and prostate. Thus, GnRH2 is an emerging target to treat human reproductive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Desaulniers
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Brett R. White
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Wu HM, Chen LH, Huang HY, Wang HS, Tsai CL. EGF-Enhanced GnRH-II Regulation in Decidual Stromal Cell Motility through Twist and N-Cadherin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15271. [PMID: 37894950 PMCID: PMC10607070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crucial roles in embryo implantation and placentation in humans include the invasion of the maternal decidua by extravillous trophoblasts and the motile behavior of decidual endometrial stromal cells. The effects of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and GnRH-II in the endometrium take part in early pregnancy. In the present study, we demonstrated the coaction of EGF- and GnRH-II-promoted motility of human decidual endometrial stromal cells, indicating the possible roles of EGF and GnRH-II in embryo implantation and early pregnancy. After obtaining informed consent, we obtained human decidual endometrial stromal cells from decidual tissues from normal pregnancies at 6 to 12 weeks of gestation in healthy women undergoing suction dilation and curettage. Cell motility was evaluated with invasion and migration assays. The mechanisms of EGF and GnRH-II were performed using real-time PCR and immunoblot analysis. The results showed that human decidual tissue and stromal cells expressed the EGF and GnRH-I receptors. GnRH-II-mediated cell motility was enhanced by EGF and was suppressed by the knockdown of the endogenous GnRH-I receptor and EGF receptor with siRNA, revealing that GnRH-II promoted the cell motility of human decidual endometrial stromal cells through the GnRH-I receptor and the activation of Twist and N-cadherin signaling. This new concept regarding the coaction of EGF- and GnRH-promoted cell motility suggests that EGF and GnRH-II potentially affect embryo implantation and the decidual programming of human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (L.-H.C.); (H.-Y.H.); (H.-S.W.); (C.-L.T.)
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Cho-Clark MJ, Watkins A, Wu TJ. The role of GnRH metabolite, GnRH-(1-5), in endometrial cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1183278. [PMID: 37124730 PMCID: PMC10140499 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
From the time of its discovery and isolation in the mammalian hypothalamus, the decapeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), has also been found to be expressed in non-hypothalamic tissues and can elicit a diverse array of functions both in the brain and periphery. In cancer, past studies have targeted the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHR) as a way to treat reproductive cancers due to its anti-tumorigenic effects. On the contrary, its metabolite, GnRH-(1-5), behaves divergently from its parental peptide through putative orphan G-protein coupled receptor (oGPCR), GPR101. In this review, we will focus on the potential roles of GnRH-(1-5) in the periphery with an emphasis on its effects on endometrial cancer progression.
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Tripathi PH, Akhtar J, Arora J, Saran RK, Mishra N, Polisetty RV, Sirdeshmukh R, Gautam P. Quantitative proteomic analysis of GnRH agonist treated GBM cell line LN229 revealed regulatory proteins inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:133. [PMID: 35109816 PMCID: PMC8812247 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor, a rhodopsin-like G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family member involved in GnRH signaling, is reported to be expressed in several tumors including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one of the most malignant and aggressive forms of primary brain tumors. However, the molecular targets associated with GnRH receptor are not well studied in GBM or in other cancers. The present study aims at investigating the effect of GnRH agonist (Gosarelin acetate) on cell proliferation and associated signaling pathways in GBM cell line, LN229. METHODS LN229 cells were treated with different concentrations of GnRH agonist (10-10 M to 10-5 M) and the effect on cell proliferation was analyzed by cell count method. Further, total protein was extracted from control and GnRH agonist treated cells (with maximum reduction in cell proliferation) followed by trypsin digestion, labeling with iTRAQ reagents and LC-MS/MS analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatic analysis was performed for annotation of proteins for the associated molecular function, altered pathways and network analysis using STRING database. RESULTS The treatment with different concentrations of GnRH agonist showed a reduction in cell proliferation with a maximum reduction of 48.2% observed at 10-6 M. Quantitative proteomic analysis after GnRH agonist treatment (10-6 M) led to the identification of a total of 29 differentially expressed proteins with 1.3-fold change (23 upregulated, such as, kininogen-1 (KNG1), alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and 6 downregulated, such as integrator complex subunit 11 (CPSF3L), protein FRG1 (FRG1). Some of them are known [KNG1, AHSG, AFP] while others such as inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 (ITIH2), ITIH4, and LIM domain-containing protein 1 (LIMD1) are novel to GnRH signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed a direct interaction of KNG1, a hub molecule, with GnRH, GnRH receptor, EGFR and other interactors including ITIH2, ITIH4 and AHSG. Overexpression of KNG1 after GnRH agonist treatment was validated using Western blot analysis, while a significant inhibition of EGFR was observed after GnRH agonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests a possible link of GnRH signaling with EGFR signaling pathways likely via KNG1. KNG1 inhibitors may be investigated independently or in combination with GnRH agonist for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka H Tripathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412115, India
| | - Javed Akhtar
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Jamia Hamdard- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Jyoti Arora
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Saran
- Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Neetu Mishra
- Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412115, India
| | - Ravindra Varma Polisetty
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, ICMR- National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Wu HM, Chen LH, Schally AV, Huang HY, Soong YK, Leung PCK, Wang HS. Impact of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonist on Decidual stromal cell growth and apoptosis in vitro. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:145-154. [PMID: 34792103 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial stromal cells remodeling is critical during human pregnancy. GHRH and its functional receptor have been shown to be expressed in gynecological cancer cells and eutopic endometrial stromal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential clinical uses of antagonists of GHRH as effective antitumor agents because of its directly antagonistic effect on the locally produced GHRH in gynecological tumors. However, the impact of GHRH antagonists on normal endometrial stromal cell growth remained to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a GHRH antagonist (JMR-132) on cell proliferation and apoptosis of human decidual stromal cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that GHRH and the splice variant 1 (SV1) of GHRH receptor (GHRH-R SV1) are expressed in human decidual stromal cells isolated from the decidual tissues of early pregnant women receiving surgical abortion. In addition, treatment of stroma cells with JMR-132 induced cell apoptosis with increasing cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities, and decrease cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Using a dual inhibition approach (pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA-mediated knockdown), we showed that JMR-132-induced activation of apoptotic signals are mediated by the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways and the subsequent upregulation of GADD45α. Taken together, JMR-132 suppresses cell survival of decidual stromal cells by inducing apoptosis through the activation of ERK1/2- and JNK-mediated upregulation of GADD45α in human endometrial stromal cells. Our findings provide new insights into the potential impact of GHRH antagonist on the decidual programming in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan R.O.C. 333
| | - Liang-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan R.O.C. 333
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Hong-Yuan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan R.O.C. 333
| | - Yung-Kuei Soong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan R.O.C. 333
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5
| | - Hsin-Shih Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan R.O.C. 333
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The Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in Endometrial Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020292. [PMID: 33535622 PMCID: PMC7912811 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide first described to be secreted by the hypothalamus to regulate pituitary gonadotropin secretion. In this systematic review, we analyze and summarize the data indicating that most EC express GnRH and its receptor (GnRH-R) as part of an autocrine system regulating proliferation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. We analyze the available data on the expression and function of GnRH-II, its putative receptor, and its signal transduction. GnRH-I and GnRH-II agonists, and antagonists as well as cytotoxic GnRH-I analogs, have been shown to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis in human EC cell lines in pre-clinical models. Treatment with conventional doses of GnRH-agonists that suppress pituitary gonadotropin secretion and ovarian estrogen production has become part of fertility preserving therapy of early EC or its pre-cancer (atypical endometrial hyperplasia). Conventional doses of GnRH-agonists had marginal activity in advanced or recurrent EC. Higher doses or more potent analogs including GnRH-II antagonists have not yet been used clinically. The cytotoxic GnRH-analog Zoptarelin Doxorubicin has shown encouraging activity in a phase II trial in patients with advanced or recurrent EC, which expressed GnRH-R. In a phase III trial in patients with EC of unknown GnRH-R expression, the cytotoxic GnRH doxorubicin conjugate was not superior to free doxorubicin. Further well-designed clinical trials exploiting the GnRH-system in EC might be useful.
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Wu HM, Chang HM, Leung PCK. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications in female reproduction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100876. [PMID: 33045257 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extra-hypothalamic GnRH and extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in multiple human reproductive tissues, including the ovary, endometrium and myometrium. Recently, new analogs (agonists and antagonists) and modes of GnRH have been developed for clinical application during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for assisted reproductive technology (ART). Additionally, the analogs and upstream regulators of GnRH suppress gonadotropin secretion and regulate the functions of the reproductive axis. GnRH signaling is primarily involved in the direct control of female reproduction. The cellular mechanisms and action of the GnRH/GnRH receptor system have been clinically applied for the treatment of reproductive disorders and have widely been introduced in ART. New GnRH analogs, such as long-acting GnRH analogs and oral nonpeptide GnRH antagonists, are being continuously developed for clinical application. The identification of the upstream regulators of GnRH, such as kisspeptin and neurokinin B, provides promising potential to develop these upstream regulator-related analogs to control the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3V5, Canada.
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Curcusone C induces apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells via mitochondria-dependent apoptotic and ERK pathway. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 43:329-338. [PMID: 33108571 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-03027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Jatropha curcashas been used in traditional medicine in Africa to treat cancer for thousands of years. This study aimed to examine the anti-endometrial cancer effect of Curcusone C, a naturally occurring rhamnofolane diterpene, isolated from J. curcas and reveal its molecular mechanism of action. RESULTS Curcusone C treatment caused significant anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in human endometrial cancer (EC) Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure of EC cells to Curcusone C resulted in apoptosis, which was associated with cytochrome c release, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation, Bcl-xL/Bax dysregulation, and decreased expression of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, such as XIAP and survivin. The inhibitory effect induced by Curcusone C was greatly impaired by the overexpression of survivin or Bax-/- MEFs or the knockdown of Bim expression. Moreover, Curcusone C activated mitogen-activated protein kinases, and the ERK inhibitor U0126 significantly attenuated the growth-inhibitory and apoptotic effects of Curcusone C in Ishikawa cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results demonstrate the anti-endometrial cancer potential of Curcusone C for the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Wu HM, Huang HY, Soong YK, Leung PCK, Wang HS. Kisspeptin regulation of human decidual stromal cells motility via FAK-Src intracellular tyrosine kinases. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1291-1301. [PMID: 31188433 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht kisspeptin and its analogues regulate the motility of human decidual stromal cells and what intracellular signaling pathways are involved? SUMMARY ANSWER Kisspeptin analogue-mediated cell motility in human decidual stromal cells via the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-steroid receptor coactivator (Src) pathway suggesting that kisspeptin may modulate embryo implantation and decidual programming in human pregnancy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The extravillous trophoblast invades the maternal decidua during embryo implantation and placentation. The motile behavior and invasive potential of decidual stromal cells regulate embryo implantation and programming of human pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Human decidual stromal cells were isolated from healthy women undergoing elective termination of a normal pregnancy at 6- to 12-week gestation, after informed consent. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Kisspeptin analogues were synthetic peptides. Cell motility was estimated by an invasion and migration assay. Immunoblot analysis was performed to investigate the expression of kisspeptin receptor and the effects of kisspeptin analogues on the phosphorylation of FAK and Src. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to knock down the expression of kisspeptin receptor, FAK, Src, matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The kisspeptin receptor was expressed in human decidual stromal cells. Kisspeptin agonist decreased, but antagonist increased, cell motility. Kisspeptin agonist decreased the phosphorylation of FAK and Src tyrosine kinases, whereas antagonist increased it. These effects on phosphorylation were abolished by kisspeptin receptor siRNA. The activation of cell motility by kisspeptin analogues was suppressed by siRNA knockdown of endogenous FAK (decreased 66%), Src (decreased 60%), kisspeptin receptor (decreased 26%), MMP-2 (decreased 36%), MMP-9 (decreased 23%), and ERK 1/2 inhibitor (decreased 27%). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Human decidual stromal cells were obtained from women having terminations after 6-12 weeks of pregnancy and differences in timing could affect their properties. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Kisspeptin acting within the endometrium has a potential modulatory role on embryo implantation and decidual programming of human pregnancy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by grant NSC-104-2314-B-182A-146-MY2 (to H.-M.W.) from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, and grants CMRPG3E0401 and CMRPG3E0402 (to H.-M.W.). This work was also supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to P.C.K.L. P.C.K.L. is the recipient of a Child & Family Research Institute Distinguished Investigator Award. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-M Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - H-Y Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Y-K Soong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - P C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H-S Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kim JW, Yadav DK, Kim SJ, Lee MY, Park JM, Kim BS, Kim MH, Park HG, Kang KW. Anti-cancer effect of GV1001 for prostate cancer: function as a ligand of GnRHR. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:147-162. [PMID: 30400054 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GV1001, a 16-amino acid fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (hTERT), has been developed as an injectable formulation of cancer vaccine. Here, we revealed for the first time that GV1001 is a novel ligand for gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). The docking prediction for GV1001 against GnRHR showed high binding affinity. Binding of GV1001 to GnRHR stimulated the Gαs-coupled cAMP signaling pathway and antagonized Gαq-coupled Ca2+ release by leuprolide acetate (LA), a GnRHR agonist. Repeated injection of GV1001 attenuated both serum testosterone level and seminal vesicle weight via desensitization of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. We then tested whether GV1001 has an inhibitory effect on tumor growth of LNCaP cells, androgen receptor-positive human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. GV1001 significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in LNCaP-implanted xenografts. Interestingly, mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were suppressed by GV1001, but not by LA. Moreover, GV1001 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PCa cells and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that GV1001 functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway, with anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on human PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharmendra K Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jodhpur, India
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Seok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Geun Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Double-edged sword of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): A novel role of GnRH in the multiple beneficial functions of endometrial stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:828. [PMID: 30069003 PMCID: PMC6070560 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, which induce estrogen production and subsequent ovulation. Therefore, long-term GnRH exposure to regulate ovarian hyperstimulation is recognized as the gold standard for most in vitro fertilization (IVF) strategies. However, one of the most disappointing aspects of current IVF technology is relatively low rate (between 35 and 50%) of positive pregnancy outcomes, and the major reason for this high cancellation rate has not yet been revealed. Previous studies have demonstrated that resident stem cell deficiency limits the cyclic regenerative capacity of the endometrium and subsequently increases pregnancy failure rates. Therefore, we hypothesized that long-term GnRH exposure directly damages endometrial stem cells and consequently negatively affects pregnancy outcomes in GnRH-based IVF. In addition to their well-known roles in regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, GnRH and its receptors also localize in the extra-hypothalamic endometrium, suggesting a possible non-canonical role in endometrial stem cells. Consistent with our hypothesis, we show for the first time that GnRH suppresses the multiple beneficial functions of endometrial stem cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the direct effects of GnRH on the regenerative potential of stem cells, and the findings will facilitate the development of more promising IVF strategies.
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Dong M, Jiang S, Tian W, Yan Y, Gao C, Gao J, Sheng Y, Wang Y, Xue F. Preliminary clinical application of an aromatase inhibitor and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist combination for inoperable endometrial cancer patients with comorbidities: case report and literature review. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:956-961. [PMID: 29584567 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1456609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) occurs most commonly after menopause. A proportion of patients present with advanced age and comorbidities, and become ineligible for surgery. The optimal treatment strategy of these patients remains a clinical challenge. Aromatase inhibitor (AI) combined with Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) possesses profound effect in suppressing the estrogen level, has become a valid treatment in the breast cancer. However, the combined use of an AI and a GnRH-a in EC has rarely been studied. Case presentation: Herein, we report the combination of an AI and a GnRH-a in the treatment of three patients with advanced age or comorbidities who were ineligible for surgery. The disease remained stable for two years in patients who received the combination treatment as an initial approach without any adverse effects. Moreover, an AI combined with a GnRH-a also effective as salvage treatment of recurrent patients. Further, we provide a brief review of the literature. Conclusion: The combination of an AI and a GnRH-a presents satisfactory therapeutic effect and provides an optimal option for inoperable EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Dong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Su Jiang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Wenyan Tian
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Ye Yan
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Chao Gao
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Jinping Gao
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Yan Sheng
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin , China
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Cho-Clark M, Larco DO, Zahn BR, Mani SK, Wu TJ. GnRH-(1-5) activates matrix metallopeptidase-9 to release epidermal growth factor and promote cellular invasion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 415:114-25. [PMID: 26277400 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the extracellular space, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is metabolized by the zinc metalloendopeptidase EC3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) to form the pentapeptide, GnRH-(1-5). GnRH-(1-5) diverges in function and mechanism of action from GnRH in the brain and periphery. GnRH-(1-5) acts on the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 101 (GPR101) to sequentially stimulate epidermal growth factor (EGF) release, phosphorylate the EGF receptor (EGFR), and facilitate cellular migration. These GnRH-(1-5) actions are dependent on matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) activity. Here, we demonstrated that these GnRH-(1-5) effects are dependent on increased MMP-9 enzymatic activity in the Ishikawa and ECC-1 cell lines. Furthermore, the effects of GnRH-(1-5) mediated by GPR101 and the subsequent increase in MMP-9 enzymatic activity lead to an increase in cellular invasion. These results suggest that GnRH-(1-5) and GPR101 regulation of MMP-9 may have physiological relevance in the metastatic potential of endometrial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Cho-Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Darwin O Larco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brian R Zahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shaila K Mani
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Bjarnadottir O, Kimbung S, Johansson I, Veerla S, Jönsson M, Bendahl PO, Grabau D, Hedenfalk I, Borgquist S. Global Transcriptional Changes Following Statin Treatment in Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3402-11. [PMID: 25840970 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins purportedly exert antitumoral effects, but the underlying mechanisms are currently not fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore potential statin-induced effects on global gene expression profiles in primary breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This window-of-opportunity phase II trial enrolled 50 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients prescribed atorvastatin (80 mg/day) for 2 weeks presurgically. Pre- and posttreatment tumor samples were analyzed using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) to identify differentially expressed genes. Similarly, SAM and gene ontology analyses were applied to gene expression data derived from atorvastatin-treated breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, BT474, SKBR3, and MDAMB231) comparing treated and untreated cells. The Systematic Motif Analysis Retrieval Tool (SMART) was used to identify enriched transcription factor-binding sites. Literature Vector Analysis (LitVAn) identified gene module functionality, and pathway analysis was performed using GeneGo Pathways Software (MetaCore; https://portal.genego.com/). RESULTS Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in paired clinical samples revealed 407 significantly differentially expressed genes (FDR = 0); 32 upregulated and 375 downregulated genes. Restricted filtration (fold change ≥1.49) resulted in 21 upregulated and 46 downregulated genes. Significantly upregulated genes included DUSP1, RHOB1, GADD45B, and RGS1. Pooled results from gene ontology, LitVAn and SMART analyses identified statin-induced effects on the apoptotic and MAPK pathways among others. Comparative analyses of gene expression profiles in breast cancer cell lines showed significant upregulation of the mevalonate and proapoptotic pathways following atorvastatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS We report potential statin-induced changes in global tumor gene expression profiles, indicating MAPK pathway inhibition and proapoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olöf Bjarnadottir
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Siker Kimbung
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Johansson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Veerla
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. SciBlu genomics, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Mats Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dorthe Grabau
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hedenfalk
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Wu HM, Huang HY, Lee CL, Soong YK, Leung PC, Wang HS. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Type II (GnRH-II) Agonist Regulates the Motility of Human Decidual Endometrial Stromal Cells: Possible Effect on Embryo Implantation and Pregnancy1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:98. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.127324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Meccariello R, Chianese R, Chioccarelli T, Ciaramella V, Fasano S, Pierantoni R, Cobellis G. Intra-testicular signals regulate germ cell progression and production of qualitatively mature spermatozoa in vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:69. [PMID: 24847312 PMCID: PMC4021137 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis, a highly conserved process in vertebrates, is mainly under the hypothalamic-pituitary control, being regulated by the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, in response to stimulation exerted by gonadotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamic neurons. At testicular level, gonadotropins bind specific receptors located on the somatic cells regulating the production of steroids and factors necessary to ensure a correct spermatogenesis. Indeed, besides the endocrine route, a complex network of cell-to-cell communications regulates germ cell progression, and a combination of endocrine and intra-gonadal signals sustains the production of high quality mature spermatozoa. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the area of the intra-gonadal signals supporting sperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Chianese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Chioccarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Ciaramella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Riccardo Pierantoni, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples 80138, Italy e-mail:
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale sez “F. Bottazzi”, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Wu HM, Wang HS, Huang HY, Lai CH, Lee CL, Soong YK, Leung PC. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone type II (GnRH-II) agonist regulates the invasiveness of endometrial cancer cells through the GnRH-I receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:300. [PMID: 23786715 PMCID: PMC3697993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 25% of patients diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma have an invasive primary cancer accompanied by metastases. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays an important role in reproduction. In mammals, expression of GnRH-II is higher than GnRH-I in reproductive tissues. Here, we examined the effect of a GnRH-II agonist on the motility of endometrial cancer cells and its mechanism of action in endometrial cancer therapy. Methods Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to determine the expression of the GnRH-I receptor protein in human endometrial cancer. The activity of MMP-2 in the conditioned medium was determined by gelatin zymography. Cell motility was assessed by invasion and migration assay. GnRH-I receptor si-RNA was applied to knockdown GnRH-I receptor. Results The GnRH-I receptor was expressed in the endometrial cancer cells. The GnRH-II agonist promoted cell motility in a dose-dependent manner. The GnRH-II agonist induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and the phosphorylation was abolished by ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and the JNK inhibitor (SP600125). Cell motility promoted by GnRH-II agonist was suppressed in cells that were pretreated with U0126 and SP600125. Moreover, U0126 and SP600125 abolished the GnRH-II agonist-induced activation of MMP-2. The inhibition of MMP-2 with MMP-2 inhibitor (OA-Hy) suppressed the increase in cell motility in response to the GnRH-II agonist. Enhanced cell motility mediated by GnRH-II agonist was also suppressed by the knockdown of the endogenous GnRH-I receptor using siRNA. Conclusion Our study indicates that GnRH-II agonist promoted cell motility of endometrial cancer cells through the GnRH-I receptor via the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and the subsequent, MAPK-dependent activation of MMP-2. Our findings represent a new concept regarding the mechanism of GnRH-II-induced cell motility in endometrial cancer cells and suggest the possibility of exploring GnRH-II as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of integral membrane protein receptors in the human genome. We examined here the reports whether the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) interacts with a single or multiple types of G proteins. It seems that the GnRHR, as other GPCRs, alternates between various conformations and is stabilized by its ligands, other modulators and intracellular partners in selective conformations culminating in coupling with a single type or multiple G proteins in a cell- and context-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Naor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Cho-Clark M, Larco DO, Semsarzadeh NN, Vasta F, Mani SK, Wu TJ. GnRH-(1-5) transactivates EGFR in Ishikawa human endometrial cells via an orphan G protein-coupled receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 28:80-98. [PMID: 24264576 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The decapeptide GnRH is known for its central role in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. In addition, it is also known to have local effects within peripheral tissues. The zinc metalloendopeptidase, EC 3.4.24.15 (EP24.15), can cleave GnRH at the Tyr(5)-Gly(6) bond to form the pentapeptide, GnRH-(1-5). The central and peripheral effect of GnRH-(1-5) is different from its parent peptide, GnRH. In the current study, we examined the effect of GnRH-(1-5) on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation and cellular migration. Using the Ishikawa cell line as a model of endometrial cancer, we demonstrate that GnRH-(1-5) stimulates epidermal growth factor release, increases the phosphorylation of EGFR (P < .05) at three tyrosine sites (992, 1045, 1068), and promotes cellular migration. In addition, we also demonstrate that these actions of GnRH-(1-5) are mediated by the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 101 (GPR101). Down-regulation of GPR101 expression blocked the GnRH-(1-5)-mediated release of epidermal growth factor and the subsequent phosphorylation of EGFR and cellular migration. These results suggest that GPR101 is a critical requirement for GnRH-(1-5) transactivation of EGFR in Ishikawa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Cho-Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.J.W., M.C., F.V.) and the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology (D.O.L., T.J.W.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; and Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (S.K.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Melamed P, Savulescu D, Lim S, Wijeweera A, Luo Z, Luo M, Pnueli L. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone signalling downstream of calmodulin. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1463-75. [PMID: 22775470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates reproduction via binding a G-protein coupled receptor on the surface of the gonadotroph, through which it transmits signals, mostly via the mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) cascade, to increase synthesis of the gonadotrophin hormones: luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Activation of the MAPK cascade requires an elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, which is a result of both calcium influx and mobilisation from intracellular stores. However, Ca(2+) also transmits signals via an MAPK-independent pathway, through binding calmodulin (CaM), which is then able to bind a number of proteins to impart diverse downstream effects. Although the ability of GnRH to activate CaM was recognised over 20 years ago, only recently have some of the downstream effects been elucidated. GnRH was shown to activate the CaM-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, which targets gonadotrophin gene expression both directly and indirectly via transcription factors such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells and Nur77, the Transducer of Regulated CREB (TORC) co-activators and also the prolyl isomerase, Pin1. Gonadotrophin gene expression is also regulated by GnRH-induced CaM-dependent kinases (CaMKs); CaMKI is able to derepress the histone deacetylase-inhibition of β-subunit gene expression, whereas CaMKII appears to be essential for the GnRH-activation of all three subunit genes. Asides from activating gonadotrophin gene expression, GnRH also exerts additional effects on gonadotroph function, some of which clearly occur via CaM, including the proliferation of immature gonadotrophs, which is dependent on calcineurin. In this review, we summarise these pathways, and discuss the additional functions that have been proposed for CaM with respect to modifying GnRH-induced signalling pathways via the regulation of the small GTP-binding protein, Gem, and/or the regulator of G-protein signalling protein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Melamed
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Wu HM, Wang HS, Soong YK, Huang HY, Chen CK, Lee CL, Leung PCK. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist induces apoptosis in human decidual stromal cells: effect on GADD45 and MAPK signaling. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:795-804. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ling Poon S, Lau MT, Hammond GL, Leung PCK. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-II increases membrane type I metalloproteinase production via beta-catenin signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:764-72. [PMID: 21239435 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GnRH-II is produced by ovarian cancer cells and enhances their invasiveness in vitro. In our studies of OVCAR-3 and CaOV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines, GnRH-II treatment induced phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β, as well as β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus, and the latter was reduced by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated depletion of the GnRH receptor. The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is involved in β-catenin-dependent signaling, and pretreatment of these human ovarian cancer cells with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002, attenuated GnRH-II-stimulated phosphorylation of GSK3β and inhibited GnRH-II-induced invasion. It also attenuated GnRH-II induced trans-activation of a β-catenin-dependent reporter gene, most likely because GSK3β phosphorylation promotes translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus. Membrane type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) contributes to tumor progression directly, or by processing the latent MMP-2 zymogen, and is a known target of β-catenin signaling. When OVCAR-3 and CaOV-3 cells were treated with GnRH-II, MT1-MMP levels increased approximately 3-fold, whereas siRNA-mediated depletion of GnRH receptor or pretreatment with LY294002 abrogated this. In addition, lithium chloride, which increases GSK3β phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of β-catenin, increased MT1-MMP levels in these ovarian cancer cells. By contrast, depletion of β-catenin by siRNA treatment abolished GnRH-II-induced MT1-MMP synthesis and reduced their invasive potential. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated reduction of MT1-MMP levels reduced GnRH-II-induced invasion in ovarian cancer cells. We therefore conclude that GnRH-II stimulates the PI3K/Akt pathway, and the phosphorylation of GSK3β, thereby enhancing the β-catenin-dependent up-regulation of MT1-MMP production, which contributes to ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling Poon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Room 2H-30, 4490 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3V5
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Olaharski AJ, Albertini S, Mueller L, Zeller A, Struwe M, Gocke E, Kolaja K. GADD45α induction in the GreenScreen HC indicator assay does not occur independently of cytotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:28-34. [PMID: 20839224 DOI: 10.1002/em.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian chromosomal integrity assays are influenced by cytotoxicity, a phenomenon which impacts data interpretation, assay specificity, and regulatory testing guidelines. Concordance of the GADD45α GreenScreen HC indicator assay to established in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicological assays has previously been described, yet a detailed description in the manner by which cytotoxicity influences its performance has not. Here we present a post-hoc analysis of a previously tested set of 91 proprietary and nonproprietary compounds investigating the influence of cytotoxicity on GADD45α induction and how varying assay cutoff criteria impacts assay performance. Significant cytotoxicity was identified to accompany the majority (72%) of compounds classified as genotoxic by GADD45α induction. Decreasing the GADD45α genotoxic induction criteria (from a 50 to a 30% increase over solvent controls) resulted in an increased assay sensitivity (from 30 to 68%) and concordance (from 55 to 68%), though a concomitant decrease in specificity was also observed (from 97 to 68%). We conclude that GADD45α induction in the GreenScreen HC indicator assay is influenced by cytotoxicity and that assay performance can be improved if different cutoff criteria are implemented.
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Induction of DNA Damage-Inducible Gene GADD45β Contributes to Sorafenib-Induced Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9309-18. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Oztürk HB, Vural B, Calışkan E, Solakoğlu S. Effect of GnRH analogues and octreotide treatment on apoptosis and the cell proliferation of endometrium adenocarcinoma cell lines. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2010; 11:131-6. [PMID: 24591918 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2010.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues and their combination with octeotide on endometrioid endometrial cancer cell lines. MATERIAL AND METHOD Women diagnosed with endometrioid adenocarcinoma at the department of Gynecology and Obstetric of Kocaeli University Medical School were included in this research. Endometrium cancer cell lines obtained from three patients were used for this study. After trypsinization in 0.5% in calcium magnesium, free phosphate buffer solution (CMFPBS) cells were seeded on glass slides in 24-well plates containing DMEM-F12 medium and 10% fetal calf serum as culture medium. Cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC in 5% CO2. GnRH agonist leuprolide (Lucrin 1 μmol/L), GnRH antagonist ganirelix (Orgalutran 1 μmol/L), leuprolide with octreotide (Sandostatin 10-6 mol/L), ganirelix with octreotide and no drug were added to the wells. Apoptosis and cells proliferations were evaluated after 12, 24, 48 and 72(th) hours of incubation. The percentage of apoptotic cells was evaluated by TdT mediated biotin-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method; cell proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. RESULTS Apoptotic index in grade I EEC cell line among ganirelixoctreotide treated cells and leuprolide-octreotide combination therapy were respectively higher than the untreated control (p<0.001, p=0.001). The number of apoptotic cells in grade II EEC cell line among leuprolide-octreotide and leuprolide were significantly (p<0.001, p<0.001) higher than in controls. In grade III EEC cell line, the number of TUNEL positive cells among leuprolide, ganirelix and ganirelixoctreotide therapiy groups were significantly higher than in untreated control. Time dependent antiproliferative effect was obtained with leuprolide and leuprolide-octreotide in grade I EEC (p<0.001, p<0.001). Grade II EEC cell line is not influenced by hormonotherapies. However, the antiproliferative effect was obtained with ganirelix, leuprolide and leuprolide-octreotide in grade III cell line. CONCLUSION GnRH analogues appears to have a direct effect, enhancing the apoptotic index and decreasing the cell proliferation in endometrial adenocancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birol Vural
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Eray Calışkan
- Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Seyhun Solakoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhang X, Bocca S, Franchi A, Anderson S, Kaur M, Bajic VB, Oehninger S. Do GnRH analogues directly affect human endometrial epithelial cell gene expression? Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:347-60. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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