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Peña Q, Wang A, Zaremba O, Shi Y, Scheeren HW, Metselaar JM, Kiessling F, Pallares RM, Wuttke S, Lammers T. Metallodrugs in cancer nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2544-2582. [PMID: 35262108 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00468a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes are extensively used for cancer therapy. The multiple variables available for tuning (metal, ligand, and metal-ligand interaction) offer unique opportunities for drug design, and have led to a vast portfolio of metallodrugs that can display a higher diversity of functions and mechanisms of action with respect to pure organic structures. Clinically approved metallodrugs, such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are used to treat many types of cancer and play prominent roles in combination regimens, including with immunotherapy. However, metallodrugs generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics, low levels of target site accumulation, metal-mediated off-target reactivity and development of drug resistance, which can all limit their efficacy and clinical translation. Nanomedicine has arisen as a powerful tool to help overcome these shortcomings. Several nanoformulations have already significantly improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of (chemo-)therapeutic drugs, including some promising metallodrug-containing nanomedicines currently in clinical trials. In this critical review, we analyse the opportunities and clinical challenges of metallodrugs, and we assess the advantages and limitations of metallodrug delivery, both from a nanocarrier and from a metal-nano interaction perspective. We describe the latest and most relevant nanomedicine formulations developed for metal complexes, and we discuss how the rational combination of coordination chemistry with nanomedicine technology can assist in promoting the clinical translation of metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quim Peña
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alec Wang
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Orysia Zaremba
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans W Scheeren
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roger M Pallares
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano, 3rd. Floor, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Matsumoto KI, Nakanishi I, Zhelev Z, Bakalova R, Aoki I. Nitroxyl Radical as a Theranostic Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Redox Imaging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:95-121. [PMID: 34148403 PMCID: PMC8792502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance:In vivo assessment of paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radicals based on cyclic redox mechanism can be an index of tissue redox status. The redox mechanism of nitroxyl radicals, which enables their use as a normal tissue-selective radioprotector, is seen as being attractive on planning radiation therapy. Recent Advances:In vivo redox imaging using nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive contrast agents has been developed to assess tissue redox status. Chemical and biological behaviors depending on chemical structures of nitroxyl radical compounds have been understood in detail. Polymer types of nitroxyl radical contrast agents and/or nitroxyl radical-labeled drugs were designed for approaching theranostics. Critical Issues: Nitroxyl radicals as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have several advantages compared with those used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging, while support by EPR spectroscopy is important to understand information from MRI. Redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents having a medicinal benefit, that is, nitroxyl-labeled drug, have been developed and proposed. Future Directions: A development of suitable nitroxyl contrast agent for translational theranostic applications with high reaction specificity and low normal tissue toxicity is under progress. Nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive magnetic resonance contrast agents can be a useful tool to detect an abnormal tissue redox status such as disordered oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 95-121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.,Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
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Kimura K, Iguchi N, Nakano H, Yasui H, Matsumoto S, Inanami O, Hirata H. Redox-Sensitive Mapping of a Mouse Tumor Model Using Sparse Projection Sampling of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:57-69. [PMID: 33847172 PMCID: PMC8823265 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This work aimed to establish an accelerated imaging system for redox-sensitive mapping in a mouse tumor model using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nitroxyl radicals. Results: Sparse sampling of EPR spectral projections was demonstrated for a solution phantom. The reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) images with filtered back-projection (FBP) and compressed sensing image reconstruction were quantitatively assessed for the solution phantom. Mouse xenograft models of a human-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, MIA PaCa-2, were also measured for redox-sensitive mapping with the sparse sampling technique. Innovation: A short-lifetime redox-sensitive nitroxyl radical (15N-labeled perdeuterated Tempone) could be measured to map the decay rates of the EPR signals for the mouse xenograft models. Acceleration of 3D EPR image acquisition broadened the choices of nitroxyl radical probes with various redox sensitivities to biological environments. Conclusion: Sparse sampling of EPR spectral projections accelerated image acquisition in the 3D redox-sensitive mapping of mouse tumor-bearing legs fourfold compared with conventional image acquisition with FBP. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 57-69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kimura
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nami Iguchi
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakano
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Li G, Sun B, Li Y, Luo C, He Z, Sun J. Small-Molecule Prodrug Nanoassemblies: An Emerging Nanoplatform for Anticancer Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101460. [PMID: 34342126 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor efficiency and clinical translation of traditional nanomedicines is mainly restricted by low drug loading, complex preparation technology, and potential toxicity caused by the overused carrier materials. In recent decades, small-molecule prodrug nanoassemblies (SMP-NAs), which are formed by the self-assembly of prodrugs themselves, have been widely investigated with distinct advantages of ultrahigh drug-loading and negligible excipients-trigged adverse reaction. Benefited from the simple preparation process, SMP-NAs are widely used for chemotherapy, phototherapy, immunotherapy, and tumor diagnosis. In addition, combination therapy based on the accurate co-delivery behavior of SMP-NAs can effectively address the challenges of tumor heterogeneity and multidrug resistance. Recent trends in SMP-NAs are outlined, and the corresponding self-assembly mechanisms are discussed in detail. Besides, the smart stimuli-responsive SMP-NAs and the combination therapy based on SMP-NAs are summarized, with special emphasis on the structure-function relationships. Finally, the outlooks and potential challenges of SMP-NAs in cancer therapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bingjun Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Schaner PE, Williams BB, Chen EY, Pettus JR, Schreiber WA, Kmiec MM, Jarvis LA, Pastel DA, Zuurbier RA, DiFlorio-Alexander RM, Paydarfar JA, Gosselin BJ, Barth RJ, Rosenkranz KM, Petryakov SV, Hou H, Tse D, Pletnev A, Flood AB, Wood VA, Hebert KA, Mosher RE, Demidenko E, Swartz HM, Kuppusamy P. First-In-Human Study in Cancer Patients Establishing the Feasibility of Oxygen Measurements in Tumors Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance With the OxyChip. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743256. [PMID: 34660306 PMCID: PMC8517507 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this clinical study was to validate an implantable oxygen sensor, called the 'OxyChip', as a clinically feasible technology that would allow individualized tumor-oxygen assessments in cancer patients prior to and during hypoxia-modification interventions such as hyperoxygen breathing. METHODS Patients with any solid tumor at ≤3-cm depth from the skin-surface scheduled to undergo surgical resection (with or without neoadjuvant therapy) were considered eligible for the study. The OxyChip was implanted in the tumor and subsequently removed during standard-of-care surgery. Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) at the implant location was assessed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry. RESULTS Twenty-three cancer patients underwent OxyChip implantation in their tumors. Six patients received neoadjuvant therapy while the OxyChip was implanted. Median implant duration was 30 days (range 4-128 days). Forty-five successful oxygen measurements were made in 15 patients. Baseline pO2 values were variable with overall median 15.7 mmHg (range 0.6-73.1 mmHg); 33% of the values were below 10 mmHg. After hyperoxygenation, the overall median pO2 was 31.8 mmHg (range 1.5-144.6 mmHg). In 83% of the measurements, there was a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) response to hyperoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of baseline pO2 and response to hyperoxygenation using EPR oximetry with the OxyChip is clinically feasible in a variety of tumor types. Tumor oxygen at baseline differed significantly among patients. Although most tumors responded to a hyperoxygenation intervention, some were non-responders. These data demonstrated the need for individualized assessment of tumor oxygenation in the context of planned hyperoxygenation interventions to optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Schaner
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Eunice Y. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jason R. Pettus
- Department of Pathology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Wilson A. Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Maciej M. Kmiec
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Lesley A. Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - David A. Pastel
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Zuurbier
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Roberta M. DiFlorio-Alexander
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Joseph A. Paydarfar
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Benoit J. Gosselin
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Richard J. Barth
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kari M. Rosenkranz
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Sergey V. Petryakov
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Huagang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Dan Tse
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Alexandre Pletnev
- Department of Chemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Ann Barry Flood
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Victoria A. Wood
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Kendra A. Hebert
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Robyn E. Mosher
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Harold M. Swartz
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Radiology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Orel VB, Syvak LA, Orel VE. Remote control of magnetic nanocomplexes for delivery and destruction of cancer cells. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:872-881. [PMID: 33840254 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211005098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although nanotechnology advances have been exploited for a myriad of purposes, including cancer diagnostics and treatment, still there is little discussion about the mechanisms of remote control. Our main aim here is to explain the possibility of a magnetic field control over magnetic nanocomplexes to improve their delivery, controlled release and antitumor activity. In doing so we considered the nonlinear dynamics of magnetomechanical and magnetochemical effects based on free radical mechanisms in cancer development for future pre-clinical studies.
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Saito K, Okazaki S, Tachibana Y, Anzai K, Ozawa T, Takeshita K. In vivo ESR imaging of redox status in mice after X-ray irradiation, measured by acyl-protected hydroxylamine probe, ACP. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:596-603. [PMID: 32891759 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
More detailed investigations on the in vivo redox status are needed to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to damage caused by ionizing radiation. In the present study, the in vivo redox status of mice was examined using in vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) imaging after an intraperitoneal injection of 1-acetoxy-3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (ACP) as a probe. ACP is easily hydrolyzed to its hydroxylamine form in the mouse body, and the interconversion between hydroxylamine and the corresponding nitroxyl radical reflects the biological redox status. Liver damage, based on changes in liver weight and plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels, was detected in mice 4 days after X-ray irradiation at 7.5 Gy. ESR imaging showed that the signal intensity of the nitroxyl radical was high at the liver area in both damaged and healthy mice after administration of ACP. Whereas the signal decayed at the liver area for healthy mouse, the decay was negligible in damaged mice. Unlike healthy mouse, signal in the chest for damaged mouse increased with time. The distribution of the sum of hydroxylamine and the nitroxyl radical was similar in damaged and healthy mice. X-ray irradiation slightly lowered the reduction activity of the liver microsomal fraction for the nitroxyl radical. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the liver were higher in damaged mice than in healthy mice; however, no significant differences were noted in reduced glutathione. The present results indicate that the redox status of mice exposed to X-ray irradiation is more oxidative than that in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Saito
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shoko Okazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yoko Tachibana
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Kazunori Anzai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ozawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Keizo Takeshita
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
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Molecular Probes for Evaluation of Oxidative Stress by In Vivo EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging: State-of-the-Art and Limitations. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, defined as a misbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defenses of the cell, appears as a critical factor either in the onset or in the etiology of many pathological conditions. Several methods of detection exist. However, they usually rely on ex vivo evaluation or reports on the status of living tissues only up to a few millimeters in depth, while a whole-body, real-time, non-invasive monitoring technique is required for early diagnosis or as an aid to therapy (to monitor the action of a drug). Methods based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), in association with molecular probes based on aminoxyl radicals (nitroxides) or hydroxylamines especially, have emerged as very promising to meet these standards. The principles involve monitoring the rate of decrease or increase of the EPR signal in vivo after injection of the nitroxide or the hydroxylamine probe, respectively, in a pathological versus a control situation. There have been many successful applications in various rodent models. However, current limitations lie in both the field of the technical development of the spectrometers and the molecular probes. The scope of this review will mainly focus on the latter.
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Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Comparative studies with EPR and MRI on the in vivo tissue redox status estimation using redox-sensitive nitroxyl probes: influence of the choice of the region of interest. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:248-255. [PMID: 29320888 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1427235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo decay rates of a nitroxyl contrast agent were estimated by a MR redox imaging (MRRI) technique and compared with the decay rates obtained by the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPRS) and imaging (EPRI). MRRI is a dynamic imaging technique employing T1-weighted pulse sequence, which can visualise a nitroxyl-induced enhancement of signal intensity by T1-weighted contrast. EPR techniques can directly measure the paramagnetic nitroxyl radical. Both the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumour-bearing and normal legs of a female C3H mouse were scanned by T1-weighted SPGR sequence at 4.7 T with the nitroxyl radical, carbamoyl-proxyl (CmP), as the contrast agent. Similarly, the time course of CmP in normal muscle and tumour tissues was obtained using a 700-MHz EPR spectrometer with a surface coil. The time course imaging of CmP was also performed by 300 MHz CW EPR imager. EPRS and EPRI gave slower decay rates of CmP compared to the MRRI. Relatively slow decay rate at peripheral region of the tumour tissues, which was found in the image obtained by MRRI, may contribute to the slower decay rates observed by EPRS and/or the EPRI measurements. To reliably determine the tissue redox status from the reduction rates of nitroxyls such as CmP, heterogenic structure in the tumour tissue must be considered. The high spatial and temporal resolution of T1-weighted MRI and the T1-enhancing capabilities of nitroxyls support the use of this method to map tissue redox status which can be a useful biomarker to guide appropriate treatments based on the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- a Quantitative Redox Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages , National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba-shi , Japan
| | - James B Mitchell
- b Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- b Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Takeshita K, Okazaki S, Hirose Y. Pharmacokinetics of lipophilically different 3-substituted 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl radicals frequently used as redox probes in in vivo magnetic resonance studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:263-273. [PMID: 27302159 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
3-Carboxy-, 3-carbamoyl-, 3-hydroxymethyl, and 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl radicals (CxP, CmP, HMP, and MCP, respectively) have been widely used as redox probes in in vivo magnetic resonance studies. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of these probes is essential for redox analyses. The apparent partition coefficient (Kp) of these probes at neutral pH was in the order of MCP>HMP>CmP>CxP. After these probes had been injected intravenously, their blood levels decayed in a bi-phasic manner, namely, fast decay followed by slow decay. The order of the area under the curve (AUC) was CxP»HMP>MCP≥CmP, which roughly coincided with that of Kp in the opposite direction, except for CmP. Decay in the slow phase largely affected the AUC of these probes. The reduction of these probes contributed to their decay in the slow phase. A two-compartment model analysis of blood levels, cyclic voltammetry, and magnetic resonance imaging provided the following pharmacokinetic information. The distribution of the probes between the central and peripheral compartments rapidly reached an equilibrium. In addition to lipophilicity, reduction potential may also be involved in the rate of in vivo reduction of the probes. Hydrophilic probes, such as CxP and CmP, were predominantly excreted in the urine. MCP was distributed to the peripheral tissues and then rapidly reduced. HMP was unique due to its moderate lipophilicity and slower reduction. Among the probes examined, the liver and kidney appear to be included in the central compartment in the two-compartment model analysis. MCP and HMP were rapidly distributed to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takeshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Shoko Okazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hirose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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11
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Maulucci G, Bačić G, Bridal L, Schmidt HH, Tavitian B, Viel T, Utsumi H, Yalçın AS, De Spirito M. Imaging Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Modifications in Living Systems. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:939-58. [PMID: 27139586 PMCID: PMC4900226 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) may regulate signaling, ion channels, transcription factors, and biosynthetic processes. ROS-related diseases can be due to either a shortage or an excess of ROS. RECENT ADVANCES Since the biological activity of ROS depends on not only concentration but also spatiotemporal distribution, real-time imaging of ROS, possibly in vivo, has become a need for scientists, with potential for clinical translation. New imaging techniques as well as new contrast agents in clinically established modalities were developed in the previous decade. CRITICAL ISSUES An ideal imaging technique should determine ROS changes with high spatio-temporal resolution, detect physiologically relevant variations in ROS concentration, and provide specificity toward different redox couples. Furthermore, for in vivo applications, bioavailability of sensors, tissue penetration, and a high signal-to-noise ratio are additional requirements to be satisfied. FUTURE DIRECTIONS None of the presented techniques fulfill all requirements for clinical translation. The obvious way forward is to incorporate anatomical and functional imaging into a common hybrid-imaging platform. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 939-958.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Maulucci
- 1 Institute of Physics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Roma, Italy
| | - Goran Bačić
- 2 Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lori Bridal
- 3 Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Universités and UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS and INSERM , Paris, France
| | - Harald Hhw Schmidt
- 4 Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Science, Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Tavitian
- 5 Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Service de Radiologie, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Viel
- 5 Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Service de Radiologie, Paris, France
| | - Hideo Utsumi
- 6 Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Süha Yalçın
- 7 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University , İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Marco De Spirito
- 1 Institute of Physics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Roma, Italy
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12
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Bačić G, Pavićević A, Peyrot F. In vivo evaluation of different alterations of redox status by studying pharmacokinetics of nitroxides using magnetic resonance techniques. Redox Biol 2015; 8:226-42. [PMID: 26827126 PMCID: PMC4753396 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in various pathologies, injuries related to radiation, ischemia-reperfusion or ageing. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to directly detect free radicals in vivo, but the redox status of the whole organism or particular organ can be studied in vivo by using magnetic resonance techniques (EPR and MRI) and paramagnetic stable free radicals - nitroxides. Here we review results obtained in vivo following the pharmacokinetics of nitroxides on experimental animals (and a few in humans) under various conditions. The focus was on conditions where the redox status has been altered by induced diseases or harmful agents, clearly demonstrating that various EPR/MRI/nitroxide combinations can reliably detect metabolically induced changes in the redox status of organs. These findings can improve our understanding of oxidative stress and provide a basis for studying the effectiveness of interventions aimed to modulate oxidative stress. Also, we anticipate that the in vivo EPR/MRI approach in studying the redox status can play a vital role in the clinical management of various pathologies in the years to come providing the development of adequate equipment and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bačić
- EPR Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Pavićević
- EPR Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; ESPE of Paris, Paris Sorbonne Université, 75016 Paris, France
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13
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Okazaki S, Tachibana Y, Koga-Ogawa Y, Takeshita K. Redox evaluation in sepsis model mice by the in vivo ESR technique using acyl-protected hydroxylamine. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 68:72-9. [PMID: 24296247 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a noninvasive technique that measures the oxidative stress in living experimental animals. The rate of decay of the ESR signal right after an injection of nitroxyl radical has been measured to evaluate the oxidative stress in animals, although the probe's disposition could also affect this rate. Because the amount of probes forming the redox pair of hydroxyl amine and its corresponding nitroxyl radical was shown to be nearly constant in most organs or tissues 10min after the injection of 1-acetoxy-3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (ACP) in mice, we evaluated the oxidative stress in sepsis model mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by intravenously injecting ACP as a precursor of redox probes. The in vivo ESR signal increased up to 7-8min after the ACP injection and then decreased. Decay of the in vivo signal in LPS-treated mice was significantly slower than that in healthy mice, whereas no significant difference was observed in the rate of change in the total amount of redox probes in the blood and liver between these groups. ESR imaging showed that the in vivo signals observed at the chest and upper abdomen decayed slowly in LPS-treated mice. Suppression of the decay in LPS-treated mice was canceled by the administration of a combination of pegylated superoxide dismutase and catalase, or an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, or gadolinium chloride. These results indicate that the LPS-treated mouse is under oxidative stress and that reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide and peroxynitrite, related to macrophages are mainly involved in the oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Okazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yoko Tachibana
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yukari Koga-Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Keizo Takeshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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14
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Takeshita K, Okazaki S, Itoda A. Nitroxyl Radicals Remarkably Enhanced the Superoxide Anion Radical-Induced Chemiluminescence of Cypridina Luciferin Analogues. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6833-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401002v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takeshita
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda,
Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Shoko Okazaki
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda,
Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Akiko Itoda
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda,
Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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15
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Hyodo F, Davis RM, Hyodo E, Matsumoto S, Krishna MC, Mitchell JB. The relationship between tissue oxygenation and redox status using magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2103-8. [PMID: 23007796 PMCID: PMC3583655 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of a bi-modality magnetic resonance imaging/electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (MRI/EPRI) platform has enabled longitudinal monitoring of both tumor oxygenation and redox status in murine cancer models. The current study used this imaging platform to test the hypothesis that a more reducing tumor microenvironment accompanies the development of tumor hypoxia. To test this, the redox status of the tumor was measured using Tempol as a redox-sensitive MRI contrast agent, and tumor hypoxia was measured with Oxo63, which is an oxygen-sensitive EPRI spin probe. Images were acquired every 1–2 days in mice bearing SCCVII tumors. The median pO2 decreased from 14 mmHg at 7 days after tumor implantation to 7 mmHg at 15 days after implantation. Additionally, the hypoxic fraction, defined as the percentage of the tumor that exhibited a pO2<10 mmHg, increased with tumor size (from 10% at 500 mm3 to 60% at 3,500 mm3). The rate of Tempol reduction increased as a function of tumor volume (0.4 min−1 at 500 mm3 to 1.7 min−1 at 3,500 mm3), suggesting that the tumor microenvironment became more reduced as the tumor grew. The results show that rapid Tempol reduction correlates with decreased tumor oxygenation, and that the Tempol decay rate constant may be a surrogate marker for tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Hyodo
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Krishna MC, Matsumoto S, Yasui H, Saito K, Devasahayam N, Subramanian S, Mitchell JB. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor pO2. Radiat Res 2012; 177:376-86. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2622.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Takeshita K, Kinoshita S, Okazaki S. Simple Method for Quantification of Gadolinium Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents Using ESR Spectroscopy. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:31-6. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takeshita
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Shota Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Shoko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
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18
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Bobko AA, Eubank TD, Voorhees JL, Efimova OV, Kirilyuk IA, Petryakov S, Trofimiov DG, Marsh CB, Zweier JL, Grigor'ev IA, Samouilov A, Khramtsov VV. In vivo monitoring of pH, redox status, and glutathione using L-band EPR for assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in solid tumors. Magn Reson Med 2011; 67:1827-36. [PMID: 22113626 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.23196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Approach for in vivo real-time assessment of tumor tissue extracellular pH (pH(e)), redox, and intracellular glutathione based on L-band EPR spectroscopy using dual function pH and redox nitroxide probe and disulfide nitroxide biradical, is described. These parameters were monitored in PyMT mice bearing breast cancer tumors during treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. It was observed that tumor pH(e) is about 0.4 pH units lower than that in normal mammary gland tissue. Treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor decreased the value of pH(e) by 0.3 units compared with PBS control treatment. Tumor tissue reducing capacity and intracellular glutathione were elevated compared with normal mammary gland tissue. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment resulted in a decrease of the tumor tissue reducing capacity and intracellular glutathione content. In addition to spectroscopic studies, pH(e) mapping was performed using recently proposed variable frequency proton-electron double-resonance imaging. The pH mapping superimposed with MRI image supports probe localization in mammary gland/tumor tissue, shows high heterogeneity of tumor tissue pH(e) and a difference of about 0.4 pH units between average pH(e) values in tumor and normal mammary gland. In summary, the developed multifunctional approach allows for in vivo, noninvasive pH(e), extracellular redox, and intracellular glutathione content monitoring during investigation of various therapeutic strategies for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Bobko
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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19
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Davis RM, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Nitroxides as cancer imaging agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:347-58. [PMID: 21434855 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795677526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxides are low molecular weight (150-400 Da) superoxide dismutase mimics that exhibit antioxidant, radical scavenging, and radioprotective activity. Additionally, the paramagnetic nature of nitroxides makes them viable as both spin probes for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging as well as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. These imaging techniques enable in vivo monitoring of nitroxide metabolism. In biological systems, nitroxide metabolism occurs predominantly via reduction of the nitroxide to a hydroxylamine. The rate of nitroxide reduction can increase or decrease due to either oxidative stress, suggesting that nitroxides can provide an imaging-based assay of tissue redox status. The current review briefly summarizes the potential clinical applications of nitroxides, and focuses on the biochemical and tumor microenvironmental factors that affect the rate of nitroxide reduction. The potential therapeutic applications and bio-reduction mechanisms are discussed in the context of their relevance to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Davis
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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Takeshita K, Okazaki S, Kansui H. Effect of Cholesterol on Distribution of Stable, Hydrophobic Perchlorotriphenylmethyl Triethylester Radical Incorporated in Lecithin Liposomal Membranes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:624-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Takeshita
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Shoko Okazaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Hisao Kansui
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
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