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Ethier SP, Guest ST, Garrett-Mayer E, Armeson K, Wilson RC, Duchinski K, Couch D, Gray JW, Kappler C. Development and implementation of the SUM breast cancer cell line functional genomics knowledge base. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:30. [PMID: 32715085 PMCID: PMC7374090 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several years ago, the SUM panel of human breast cancer cell lines was developed, and these cell lines have been distributed to hundreds of labs worldwide. Our lab and others have developed extensive omics data sets from these cells. More recently, we performed genome-scale shRNA essentiality screens on the entire SUM line panel, as well as on MCF10A cells, MCF-7 cells, and MCF-7LTED cells. These gene essentiality data sets allowed us to perform orthogonal analyses that functionalize the otherwise descriptive genomic data obtained from traditional genomics platforms. To make these omics data sets available to users of the SUM lines, and to allow users to mine these data sets, we developed the SUM Breast Cancer Cell Line Knowledge Base. This knowledge base provides information on the derivation of each cell line, provides protocols for the proper maintenance of the cells, and provides a series of data mining tools that allow rapid identification of the oncogene signatures for each line, the enrichment of KEGG pathways with screen hit and gene expression data, an analysis of protein and phospho-protein expression for the cell lines, as well as a gene search tool and a functional-druggable signature tool. Recently, we expanded our database to include genomic data for an additional 27 commonly used breast cancer cell lines. Thus, the SLKBase provides users with deep insights into the biology of human breast cancer cell lines that can be used to develop strategies for the reverse engineering of individual breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ethier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Stephen T Guest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
- Present Address: Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
- Present Address: American Society for Clinical Oncology, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Kent Armeson
- Biostatistics Core, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Robert C Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Kathryn Duchinski
- Department of Computer Science, The College of Charleston, Charleston, SC USA
- Present Address: Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daniel Couch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Christiana Kappler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA
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Liu Q, Borcherding NC, Shao P, Maina PK, Zhang W, Qi HH. Contribution of synergism between PHF8 and HER2 signalling to breast cancer development and drug resistance. EBioMedicine 2020; 51:102612. [PMID: 31923801 PMCID: PMC7000350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2 plays a critical role in tumourigenesis and is associated with poor prognosis of patients with HER2-positive breast cancers. Although anti-HER2 drugs are beneficial for treating breast cancer, de novo, or acquired resistance often develops. Epigenetic factors are increasingly targeted for therapy; however, such mechanisms that interact with HER2 signalling are poorly understood. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed to identify PHF8 targets downstream of HER2 signalling. CHIP-qPCR were used to investigate how PHF8 regulates HER2 transcription. ELISA determined cytokine secretion. Cell-based assay revealed a feed forward loop in HER2 signalling and then evaluated in vivo. FINDINGS We report the synergistic interplay between histone demethylase PHF8 and HER2 signalling. Specifically, PHF8 levels were elevated in HER2-positive breast cancers and upregulated by HER2. PHF8 functioned as a coactivator that regulated the expression of HER2, markers of the HER2-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cytokines. The HER2-PHF8-IL-6 regulatory axis was active in cell lines and in newly established MMTV-Her2/MMTV-Cre/Phf8fl°x/fl°x mouse models, which revealed the oncogenic function of Phf8 in breast cancer for the first time. Further, the PHF8-IL-6 axis contributed to the resistance to trastuzumab in vitro and may play a critical role in the infiltration of T cells in HER2-driven breast cancers. INTERPRETATION These findings provided informative mechanistic insight into the potential application of PHF8 inhibitors to overcome resistance to anti-HER2 therapies. FUNDING This work was supported by Carver Trust Young Investigator Award (01-224 to H.H.Q); and a Breast Cancer Research Award (to H.H.Q.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicholas C Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peterson K Maina
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA
| | - Hank H Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Bao B, Mitrea C, Wijesinghe P, Marchetti L, Girsch E, Farr RL, Boerner JL, Mohammad R, Dyson G, Terlecky SR, Bollig-Fischer A. Treating triple negative breast cancer cells with erlotinib plus a select antioxidant overcomes drug resistance by targeting cancer cell heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44125. [PMID: 28281569 PMCID: PMC5345072 DOI: 10.1038/srep44125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among breast cancer patients, those diagnosed with the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype have the worst prog-nosis. TNBC does not express estrogen receptor-alpha, progesterone receptor, or the HER2 oncogene; therefore, TNBC lacks targets for molecularly-guided therapies. The concept that EGFR oncogene inhibitor drugs could be used as targeted treatment against TNBC has been put forth based on estimates that 30-60% of TNBC express high levels of EGFR. However, results from clinical trials testing EGFR inhibitors, alone or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, did not improve patient outcomes. Results herein offer an explanation as to why EGFR inhibitors failed TNBC patients and support how combining a select antioxidant and an EGFR-specific small molecule kinase inhibitor (SMKI) could be an effective, novel therapeutic strategy. Treatment with CAT-SKL-a re-engineered protein form of the antioxidant enzyme catalase-inhibited cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), and treatment with the EGFR-specific SMKI erlotinib inhibited non-CSCs. Thus, combining the antioxidant CAT-SKL with erlotinib targeted both CSCs and bulk cancer cells in cultures of EGFR-expressing TNBC-derived cells. We also report evidence that the mechanism for CAT-SKL inhibition of CSCs may depend on antioxidant-induced downregulation of a short alternative mRNA splicing variant of the methyl-CpG binding domain 2 gene, isoform MBD2c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Cristina Mitrea
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Priyanga Wijesinghe
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Luca Marchetti
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Emily Girsch
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Rebecca L Farr
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Julie L Boerner
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ramzi Mohammad
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Greg Dyson
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stanley R Terlecky
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Aliccia Bollig-Fischer
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Yin Y, Sun G, Li E, Kiselyov K, Sun D. ER stress and impaired autophagy flux in neuronal degeneration and brain injury. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:3-14. [PMID: 27594375 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly controlled lysosome-mediated function in eukaryotic cells to eliminate damaged or aged long-lived proteins and organelles. It is required for restoring cellular homeostasis in cell survival under multiple stresses. Autophagy is known to be a double-edged sword because too much activation or inhibition of autophagy can disrupt homeostatic degradation of protein and organelles within the brain and play a role in neuronal cell death. Many factors affect autophagy flux function in the brain, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and aging. Newly emerged research indicates that altered autophagy flux functionality is involved in neurodegeneration of the aged brain, chronic neurological diseases, and after traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. In search to identify neuroprotective agents that may reduce oxidative stress and stimulate autophagy, one particular neuroprotective agent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) presents unique functions in reducing ER and oxidative stress and modulating autophagy. This review will summarize the recent findings on changes of autophagy in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain injury after trauma or ischemic strokes. Discussion of DHA functions is focused on modulating ER stress and autophagy in regard to its neuroprotection and anti-tumor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - George Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Eric Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Kirill Kiselyov
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Docosahexaenoic Acid Modulates a HER2-Associated Lipogenic Phenotype, Induces Apoptosis, and Increases Trastuzumab Action in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:838652. [PMID: 26640797 PMCID: PMC4659962 DOI: 10.1155/2015/838652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer, lipid metabolic alterations have been recognized as potential oncogenic stimuli that may promote malignancy. To investigate whether the oncogenic nature of lipogenesis closely depends on the overexpression of HER2 protooncogene, the normal breast cell line, HB4a, was transfected with HER2 cDNA to obtain HER2-overexpressing HB4aC5.2 cells. Both cell lines were treated with trastuzumab and docosahexaenoic acid. HER2 overexpression was accompanied by an increase in the expression of lipogenic genes involved in uptake (CD36), transport (FABP4), and storage (DGAT) of exogenous fatty acids (FA), as well as increased activation of “de novo” FA synthesis (FASN). We further investigate whether this lipogenesis reprogramming might be regulated by mTOR/PPARγ pathway. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway markers, p70S6 K1, SREBP1, and LIPIN1, as well as an increase in DEPTOR expression (the main inhibitor of the mTOR) was detected in HB4aC5.2. Based on these results, a PPARγ selective antagonist, GW9662, was used to treat both cells lines, and the lipogenic genes remained overexpressed in the HB4aC5.2 but not HB4a cells. DHA treatment inhibited all lipogenic genes (except for FABP4) in both cell lines yet only induced death in the HB4aC5.2 cells, mainly when associated with trastuzumab. Neither trastuzumab nor GW9662 alone was able to induce cell death. In conclusion, oncogenic transformation of breast cells by HER2 overexpression may require a reprogramming of lipogenic genetic that is independent of mTORC1 pathway and PPARγ activity. This reprogramming was inhibited by DHA.
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Liu J, Ma DWL. The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Nutrients 2014; 6:5184-223. [PMID: 25412153 PMCID: PMC4245586 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Dietary fatty acids, especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are believed to play a role in reducing BC risk. Evidence has shown that fish consumption or intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial for inhibiting mammary carcinogenesis. The evidence regarding α-linolenic acid (ALA), however, remains equivocal. It is essential to clarify the relation between ALA and cancer since ALA is the principal source of n-3 PUFA in the Western diet and the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is not efficient in humans. In addition, the specific anticancer roles of individual n-3 PUFA, alone, have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present review evaluates ALA, EPA and DHA consumed individually as well as in n-3 PUFA mixtures. Also, their role in the prevention of BC and potential anticancer mechanisms of action are examined. Overall, this review suggests that each n-3 PUFA has promising anticancer effects and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Liu
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Bollig-Fischer A, Marchetti L, Mitrea C, Wu J, Kruger A, Manca V, Drăghici S. Modeling time-dependent transcription effects of HER2 oncogene and discovery of a role for E2F2 in breast cancer cell-matrix adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 30:3036-43. [PMID: 25028721 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Oncogenes are known drivers of cancer phenotypes and targets of molecular therapies; however, the complex and diverse signaling mechanisms regulated by oncogenes and potential routes to targeted therapy resistance remain to be fully understood. To this end, we present an approach to infer regulatory mechanisms downstream of the HER2 driver oncogene in SUM-225 metastatic breast cancer cells from dynamic gene expression patterns using a succession of analytical techniques, including a novel MP grammars method to mathematically model putative regulatory interactions among sets of clustered genes. RESULTS Our method highlighted regulatory interactions previously identified in the cell line and a novel finding that the HER2 oncogene, as opposed to the proto-oncogene, upregulates expression of the E2F2 transcription factor. By targeted gene knockdown we show the significance of this, demonstrating that cancer cell-matrix adhesion and outgrowth were markedly inhibited when E2F2 levels were reduced. Thus, validating in this context that upregulation of E2F2 represents a key intermediate event in a HER2 oncogene-directed gene expression-based signaling circuit. This work demonstrates how predictive modeling of longitudinal gene expression data combined with multiple systems-level analyses can be used to accurately predict downstream signaling pathways. Here, our integrated method was applied to reveal insights as to how the HER2 oncogene drives a specific cancer cell phenotype, but it is adaptable to investigate other oncogenes and model systems. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Accessibility of various tools is listed in methods; the Log-Gain Stoichiometric Stepwise algorithm is accessible at http://www.cbmc.it/software/Software.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliccia Bollig-Fischer
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Luca Marchetti
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Cristina Mitrea
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jiusheng Wu
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Adéle Kruger
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Vincenzo Manca
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sorin Drăghici
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy, The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, 38068 Rovereto, Italy, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Butler EB, Zhao Y, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Lu J, Tan M. Stalling the engine of resistance: targeting cancer metabolism to overcome therapeutic resistance. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2709-17. [PMID: 23610447 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are markedly different from normal cells with regards to how their metabolic pathways are used to fuel cellular growth and survival. Two basic metabolites that exemplify these differences through increased uptake and altered metabolic usage are glucose and glutamine. These molecules can be catabolized to manufacture many of the building blocks required for active cell growth and proliferation. The alterations in the metabolic pathways necessary to sustain this growth have been linked to therapeutic resistance, a trait that is correlated with poor patient outcomes. By targeting the metabolic pathways that import, catabolize, and synthesize essential cellular components, drug-resistant cancer cells can often be resensitized to anticancer treatments. The specificity and efficacy of agents directed at the unique aspects of cancer metabolism are expected to be high; and may, when in used in combination with more traditional therapeutics, present a pathway to surmount resistance within tumors that no longer respond to current forms of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Butler
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, USA
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Björkelund H, Gedda L, Malmqvist M, Andersson K. Resolving the EGF-EGFR interaction characteristics through a multiple-temperature, multiple-inhibitor, real-time interaction analysis approach. Mol Clin Oncol 2012; 1:343-352. [PMID: 24649173 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and aberrant activity of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) have been observed in various cancer types, rendering it an important target in oncology research. The interaction between EGF and its receptor (EGFR), as well as subsequent internalization, is complex and may be affected by various factors including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). By combining real-time binding curves produced in LigandTracer® with internalization assays conducted at different temperatures and with different TKIs, the processes of ligand binding, internalization and excretion was visualized. SKOV3 cells had a slower excretion rate compared to A431 and U343 cells, and the tested TKIs (gefitinib, lapatinib, AG1478 and erlotinib) reduced the degree of internalization. The kinetic analysis of the binding curves further demonstrated TKI-dependent balances of EGFR monomer and dimer populations, where lapatinib promoted the monomeric form, while the other TKIs induced dimers. The dimer levels were found to be associated with the apparent affinity of the EGF-EGFR interaction, with EGF binding stronger to EGFR dimers compared to monomers. This study analyzed how real-time molecular interaction analysis may be utilized in combination with perturbations in order to understand the kinetics of a ligand-receptor interaction, as well as some of its associated intracellular processes. Our multiple-temperature and -inhibitor assay setup renders it possible to follow the EGFR monomer, dimer and internalized populations in a detailed manner, allowing for a new perspective of the EGFR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Björkelund
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University; ; Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala
| | - Lars Gedda
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University; ; Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, Stockholm
| | - Magnus Malmqvist
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University; ; Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala; ; Ridgeview Diagnostics AB c/o Bioventia AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Andersson
- Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University; ; Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala; ; Ridgeview Diagnostics AB c/o Bioventia AB, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lipid raft disruption by docosahexaenoic acid induces apoptosis in transformed human mammary luminal epithelial cells harboring HER-2 overexpression. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:505-15. [PMID: 22749134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In HER-2-overexpressing breast cells, HER-2 receptors exist on the cell surface as monomers, homodimers and heterodimers. For signal activation and transduction to occur, HER-2 must be localized to lipid rafts. Therefore, we hypothesized that the amount of lipid rafts on the cell membrane would be a factor in HER-2 signaling. To test this, we used HB4a (an untransformed human mammary epithelial cell line) and HB4aC5.2 cells. HB4aC5.2 cells are HB4a derivatives that have been transfected with five copies of pJ5E.c-ErbB-2 and express approximately 900 times more HER-2 than HB4a cells. In these cells, HER-2 overexpression was accompanied by increased lipid rafts in cell membranes, a hyperactivation of downstream Akt and ERK1/2 proteins, and an increased rate of cell growth compared to HB4a. In addition, HER-2 overexpression was associated with an increased activation of FASN, a key enzyme involved in cellular lipogenesis. Its final product, palmitate, is frequently used to synthesize lipid rafts. We further hypothesized that treatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, would disrupt the lipid rafts and lead to a growth arrest. In HB4aC5.2 cells, but not HB4a cells, we found that DHA treatment disrupted lipid raft; inhibited HER-2 signaling by decreasing activation of Akt, ERK1/2 and FASN proteins; and induced apoptosis. Although little is known about lipid rafts, our data support the idea that disturbances in these microdomains induced by DHA may represent a useful tool for controlling the signaling initiated by HER-2 receptors and its therapeutic potential in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer.
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Giordano CR, Mueller KL, Terlecky LJ, Krentz KA, Bollig-Fischer A, Terlecky SR, Boerner JL. A targeted enzyme approach to sensitization of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2014-21. [PMID: 22687878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of potential use in patients with breast cancer. Unfortunately, in clinical studies, gefitinib is often ineffective indicating that resistance to EGFR inhibitors may be a common occurrence in cancer of the breast. EGFR has been shown to be overexpressed in breast cancer, and in particular remains hyperphosphorylated in cell lines such as MDA-MB-468 that are resistant to EGFR inhibitors. Here, we investigate the cause of this sustained phosphorylation and the molecular basis for the ineffectiveness of gefitinib. We show that reactive oxygen species (ROS), known to damage cellular macromolecules and to modulate signaling cascades in a variety of human diseases including cancers, appear to play a critical role in mediating EGFR TKI-resistance. Furthermore, elimination of these ROS through use of a cell-penetrating catalase derivative sensitizes the cells to gefitinib. These results suggest a new approach for the treatment of TKI-resistant breast cancer patients specifically, the targeting of ROS and attendant downstream oxidative stress and their effects on signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Giordano
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Oncogene activation induces metabolic transformation resulting in insulin-independence in human breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17959. [PMID: 21437235 PMCID: PMC3060101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal breast epithelial cells require insulin and EGF for growth in serum-free media. We previously demonstrated that over expression of breast cancer oncogenes transforms MCF10A cells to an insulin-independent phenotype. Additionally, most breast cancer cell lines are insulin-independent for growth. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which oncogene over expression transforms MCF10A cells to an insulin-independent phenotype. Analysis of the effects of various concentrations of insulin and/or IGF-I on proliferation of MCF10A cells demonstrated that some of the effects of insulin were independent from those of IGF-I, suggesting that oncogene over expression drives a true insulin-independent proliferative phenotype. To test this hypothesis, we examined metabolic functions of insulin signaling in insulin-dependent and insulin-independent cells. HER2 over expression in MCF10A cells resulted in glucose uptake in the absence of insulin at a rate equal to insulin-induced glucose uptake in non-transduced cells. We found that a diverse set of oncogenes induced the same result. To gain insight into how HER2 oncogene signaling affected increased insulin-independent glucose uptake we compared HER2-regulated gene expression signatures in MCF10A and HER2 over expressing MCF10A cells by differential analysis of time series gene expression data from cells treated with a HER2 inhibitor. This analysis identified genes specifically regulated by the HER2 oncogene, including VAMP8 and PHGDH, which have known functions in glucose uptake and processing of glycolytic intermediates, respectively. Moreover, these genes specifically implicated in HER2 oncogene-driven transformation are commonly altered in human breast cancer cells. These results highlight the diversity of oncogene effects on cell regulatory pathways and the importance of oncogene-driven metabolic transformation in breast cancer.
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