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Pandey R, Bisht P, Wal P, Murti K, Ravichandiran V, Kumar N. SMAC Mimetics for the Treatment of Lung Carcinoma: Present Development and Future Prospects. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1334-1352. [PMID: 38275029 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575269644231120104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation, which originate from lung tissue often lead to lung carcinoma and are more likely due to smoking as well as inhaled environmental toxins. It is widely recognized that tumour cells evade the ability of natural programmed death (apoptosis) and facilitates tumour progression and metastasis. Therefore investigating and targeting the apoptosis pathway is being utilized as one of the best approaches for decades. OBJECTIVE This review describes the emergence of SMAC mimetic drugs as a treatment approach, its possibilities to synergize the response along with current limitations as well as future perspective therapy for lung cancer. METHOD Articles were analysed using search engines and databases namely Pubmed and Scopus. RESULT Under cancerous circumstances, the level of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) gets elevated, which suppresses the pathway of programmed cell death, plus supports the proliferation of lung cancer. As it is a major apoptosis regulator, natural drugs that imitate the IAP antagonistic response like SMAC mimetic agents/Diablo have been identified to trigger cell death. SMAC i.e. second mitochondria activators of caspases is a molecule produced by mitochondria, stimulates apoptosis by neutralizing/inhibiting IAP and prevents its potential responsible for the activation of caspases. Various preclinical data have proven that these agents elicit the death of lung tumour cells. Apart from inducing apoptosis, these also sensitize the cancer cells toward other effective anticancer approaches like chemo, radio, or immunotherapies. There are many SMAC mimetic agents such as birinapant, BV-6, LCL161, and JP 1201, which have been identified for diagnosis as well as treatment purposes in lung cancer and are also under clinical investigation. CONCLUSION SMAC mimetics acts in a restorative way in the prevention of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - Priya Bisht
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Murti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
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2
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Tavakoli S, Firoozpour L, Davoodi J. The synergistic effect of chimeras consisting of N-terminal smac and modified KLA peptides in inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 655:138-144. [PMID: 36934589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most important obstacles in effective cancer therapy triggered through various mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is caused by the upregulation of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs). IAPs, inhibit apoptosis through direct and/or indirect caspase inhibition, which themselves are antagonized by an endogenous protein called Second Mitochondrial-derived Activator of Caspases, Smac/Diablo, mediated by the presence of a tetrapeptide IAP binding motif at its N-terminus. Accordingly, Smac-based peptides are under intense investigation as anti-cancer drugs and have reached Phase 2 clinical trials, although, Smac based peptides or mimetics alone have not been effective as anti-cancer agents. On the other hand, KLA peptide has shown major toxicity against cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. Consequently, we designed an anti-cancer chimera by fusing an octa-peptide from the N-terminus of mature Smac protein to a modified proapoptotic KLA peptide (KLAKLCKKLAKLCK) to be called Smac-KLA. This chimera, therefore, possesses both proapoptotic and anti-IAP activities. In addition, we dimerized this chimera via intermolecular disulfide bonds in order to enhance their cellular permeability. Both the Smac-KLA monomeric and dimeric peptides exhibited cytotoxic activity against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines at low micromolar concentrations. Importantly, the dimerization of the chimeras enhanced their potency 2-4- fold due to higher cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Tavakoli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Postal code: 1417614335, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Davoodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Postal code: 1417614335, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Burton AM, Ligman BR, Kearney CA, Murray SE. SMAC mimetics inhibit human T cell proliferation and fail to augment type 1 cytokine responses. Cell Immunol 2023; 384:104674. [PMID: 36706656 PMCID: PMC10319349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics are small molecule drugs that mimic the activity of the endogenous SMAC protein. SMAC and SMAC mimetics antagonize inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), thereby sensitizing cells to apoptosis. As such, SMAC mimetics are being tested in numerous clinical trials for cancer. In addition to their direct anti-cancer effect, it has been suggested that SMAC mimetics may activate T cells, thereby promoting anti-tumor immunity. Here, we tested the effect of three clinically relevant SMAC mimetics on activation of primary human T cells. As previously reported, SMAC mimetics killed tumor cells and activated non-canonical NF-κB in T cells at clinically relevant doses. Surprisingly, none of the SMAC mimetics augmented T cell responses. Rather, SMAC mimetics impaired T cell proliferation and decreased the proportion of IFNγ/TNFα double-producing T cells. These results question the assumption that SMAC mimetics are likely to boost anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Burton
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brittany R Ligman
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Claire A Kearney
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Susan E Murray
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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4
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A Review of the Current Impact of Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins and Their Repression in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071671. [PMID: 35406442 PMCID: PMC8996962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins has emerged as a potential pharmacological target in cancer. Abnormal expression of IAPs can lead to dysregulated cell suicide, promoting the development of different pathologies. In several cancer types, members of this protein family are overexpressed while their natural antagonist (Smac) appears to be downregulated, contributing to the acquisition of resistance to traditional therapy. The development of compounds that mimic the action of Smac showed promise in the re-sensitization of the cell suicide defense mechanism in cancer cells, particularly in combination with other treatments. Interaction with other molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, in the tumor microenvironment reveals a complex interplay between IAPs and cancer. Abstract The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family possesses the ability to inhibit programmed cell death through different mechanisms; additionally, some of its members have emerged as important regulators of the immune response. Both direct and indirect activity on caspases or the modulation of survival pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), have been implicated in mediating its effects. As a result, abnormal expression of inhibitor apoptosis proteins (IAPs) can lead to dysregulated apoptosis promoting the development of different pathologies. In several cancer types IAPs are overexpressed, while their natural antagonist, the second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (Smac), appears to be downregulated, potentially contributing to the acquisition of resistance to traditional therapy. Recently developed Smac mimetics counteract IAP activity and show promise in the re-sensitization to apoptosis in cancer cells. Given the modest impact of Smac mimetics when used as a monotherapy, pairing of these compounds with other treatment modalities is increasingly being explored. Modulation of molecules such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) present in the tumor microenvironment have been suggested to contribute to putative therapeutic efficacy of IAP inhibition, although published results do not show this consistently underlining the complex interaction between IAPs and cancer.
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Ali H, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Cassol E, Angel JB, Kumar A. Selective Induction of Cell Death in Human M1 Macrophages by Smac Mimetics Is Mediated by cIAP-2 and RIPK-1/3 through the Activation of mTORC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2359-2373. [PMID: 34561230 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages have been implicated in many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, targeting macrophage function and activation may represent a potential strategy to treat macrophage-associated diseases. We have previously shown that IFN-γ-induced differentiation of human M0 macrophages toward proinflammatory M1 state rendered them highly susceptible to the cytocidal effects of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetics (SMs), antagonist of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), whereas M0 and anti-inflammatory M2c macrophages were resistant. In this study, we investigated the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death during differentiation into M1 macrophages and in polarized M1 macrophages. IFN-γ stimulation conferred on M0 macrophages the sensitivity to SM-induced cell death through the Jak/STAT, IFN regulatory factor-1, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC-1)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase pathways. Interestingly, mTORC-1 regulated SM-induced cell death independent of M1 differentiation. In contrast, SM-induced cell death in polarized M1 macrophages is regulated by the mTORC-2 pathway. Moreover, SM-induced cell death is regulated by cellular IAP (cIAP)-2, receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1, and RIPK-3 degradation through mTORC activation during differentiation into M1 macrophages and in polarized M1 macrophages. In contrast to cancer cell lines, SM-induced cell death in M1 macrophages is independent of endogenously produced TNF-α, as well as the NF-κB pathway. Collectively, selective induction of cell death in human M1 macrophages by SMs may be mediated by cIAP-2, RIPK-1, and RIPK-3 degradation through mTORC activation. Moreover, blocking cIAP-1/2, mTORC, or IFN regulatory factor-1 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to control M1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; .,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; .,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Zietek T, Boomgaarden WAD, Rath E. Drug Screening, Oral Bioavailability and Regulatory Aspects: A Need for Human Organoids. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1280. [PMID: 34452240 PMCID: PMC8399541 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium critically contributes to oral bioavailability of drugs by constituting an important site for drug absorption and metabolism. In particular, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) actively serve as gatekeepers of drug and nutrient availability. IECs' transport processes and metabolism are interrelated to the whole-body metabolic state and represent potential points of origin as well as therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. Human intestinal organoids represent a superior model of the intestinal epithelium, overcoming limitations of currently used in vitro models. Caco-2 cells or rodent explant models face drawbacks such as their cancer and non-human origin, respectively, but are commonly used to study intestinal nutrient absorption, enterocyte metabolism and oral drug bioavailability, despite poorly correlative data. In contrast, intestinal organoids allow investigating distinct aspects of bioavailability including spatial resolution of transport, inter-individual differences and high-throughput screenings. As several countries have already developed strategic roadmaps to phase out animal experiments for regulatory purposes, intestinal organoid culture and organ-on-a-chip technology in combination with in silico approaches are roads to go in the preclinical and regulatory setup and will aid implementing the 3Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement) principle in basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zietek
- Doctors against Animal Experiments, 51143 Köln, Germany
| | | | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Zietek T, Giesbertz P, Ewers M, Reichart F, Weinmüller M, Urbauer E, Haller D, Demir IE, Ceyhan GO, Kessler H, Rath E. Organoids to Study Intestinal Nutrient Transport, Drug Uptake and Metabolism - Update to the Human Model and Expansion of Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:577656. [PMID: 33015026 PMCID: PMC7516017 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.577656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transport and sensing processes and their interconnection to metabolism are relevant to pathologies such as malabsorption syndromes, inflammatory diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Constituting a highly selective barrier, intestinal epithelial cells absorb, metabolize, and release nutrients into the circulation, hence serving as gatekeeper of nutrient availability and metabolic health for the whole organism. Next to nutrient transport and sensing functions, intestinal transporters including peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) are involved in the absorption of drugs and prodrugs, including certain inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme, protease inhibitors, antivirals, and peptidomimetics like β-lactam antibiotics. Here, we verify the applicability of 3D organoids for in vitro investigation of intestinal biochemical processes related to transport and metabolism of nutrients and drugs. Establishing a variety of methodologies including illustration of transporter-mediated nutrient and drug uptake and metabolomics approaches, we highlight intestinal organoids as robust and reliable tool in this field of research. Currently used in vitro models to study intestinal nutrient absorption, drug transport and enterocyte metabolism, such as Caco-2 cells or rodent explant models are of limited value due to their cancer and non-human origin, respectively. Particularly species differences result in poorly correlative data and findings obtained in these models cannot be extrapolated reliably to humans, as indicated by high failure rates in drug development pipelines. In contrast, human intestinal organoids represent a superior model of the intestinal epithelium and might help to implement the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement and Replacement) principle in basic science as well as the preclinical and regulatory setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zietek
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Ewers
- Pediatric Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Reichart
- Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Urbauer
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modeling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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8
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Zinngrebe J, Schlichtig F, Kraus JM, Meyer M, Boldrin E, Kestler HA, Meyer L, Fischer‐Posovszky P, Debatin K. Biomarker profile for prediction of response to SMAC mimetic monotherapy in pediatric precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:3219-3231. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zinngrebe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center Ulm Germany
| | - Ferdinand Schlichtig
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center Ulm Germany
| | - Johann M. Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Malcolm Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center Ulm Germany
| | - Elena Boldrin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center Ulm Germany
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Lüder‐Hinrich Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center Ulm Germany
| | | | - Klaus‐Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineUlm University Medical Center Ulm Germany
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Zhao XY, Wang XY, Wei QY, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Potency and Selectivity of SMAC/DIABLO Mimetics in Solid Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041012. [PMID: 32325691 PMCID: PMC7226512 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to promote cancer cell apoptosis is a mainstream strategy of cancer therapy. The second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein with low pI (DIABLO) protein is an essential and endogenous antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). SMAC mimetics (SMs) are a series of synthetically chemical compounds. Via database analysis and literature searching, we summarize the potential mechanisms of endogenous SMAC inefficiency, degradation, mutation, releasing blockage, and depression. We review the development of SMs, as well as preclinical and clinical outcomes of SMs in solid tumor treatment, and we analyze their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from our point of view. We also highlight several questions in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
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10
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Roychoudhury S, Kumar A, Bhatkar D, Sharma NK. Molecular avenues in targeted doxorubicin cancer therapy. Future Oncol 2020; 16:687-700. [PMID: 32253930 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent, intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity is seen as one of key factors behind success and failure of chemotherapy. Incessant use of doxorubicin (DOX) drug is associated with numerous post-treatment debacles including cardiomyopathy, health disorders, reversal of tumor and formation of secondary tumors. The module of cancer treatment has undergone evolutionary changes by achieving crucial understanding on molecular, genetic, epigenetic and environmental adaptations by cancer cells. Therefore, there is a paradigm shift in cancer therapeutic by employing amalgam of peptide mimetic, small RNA mimetic, DNA repair protein inhibitors, signaling inhibitors and epigenetic modulators to achieve targeted and personalized DOX therapy. This review summarizes on recent therapeutic avenues that can potentiate DOX effects by removing discernible pitfalls among cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Roychoudhury
- Cancer & Translational Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Cancer & Translational Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Devyani Bhatkar
- Cancer & Translational Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer & Translational Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411033, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Zhang R, Sun H, Wang H, Zhang W, Geng K, Liu Q, Wang P. ANTP-SmacN7 fusion peptide-induced radiosensitization in A549 cells and its potential mechanisms. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:1271-1279. [PMID: 32155687 PMCID: PMC7180582 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radioresistance in tumors limits the curative effect of the radiotherapy. Mimetic compounds of second mitochondria‐derived activator of caspase (Smac) are potential new tumor radiation‐sensitizing drugs because they can increase radiation‐induced tumor cell apoptosis. Here, we observed the radiosensitization effect of a new Smac mimetic Antennapedia protein (ANTP)‐SmacN7 fusion peptide in A549 cells and investigated the underlying mechanisms behind the effects of this protein on tumor cells. Methods The ANTP‐SmacN7 fusion peptide was synthesized and linked with fluorescein isothiocyanate to observe the protein's ability to penetrate cells. A549 cells were divided into the control, radiation‐only, ANTP‐SmacN7‐only and ANTP‐SmacN7 + radiation groups. The cells were exposed to 0, 2, 4 and 6 Gy, with 20 μmol/L of ANTP‐SmacN7. The radiation‐sensitizing effects of the ANTP‐SmacN7 fusion proteins were observed via clonogenic assay. Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. A comet assay was used to assess DNA damage. The levels and degrees of cytochrome‐c, PARP, H2AX, caspase‐8, caspase‐3, and caspase‐9 activation were detected via western blot assay. The radiation sensitization of the fusion peptide, expression of γ‐H2AX and C‐PARP were compared after adding the caspase inhibitor, Z‐VAD. Results ANTP‐SmacN7 fusion proteins entered the cells and promoted A549 cell radiosensitization. Treatment with ANTP‐SmacN7 + radiation significantly reduced the A549 cell clone‐forming rate, increased the cytochrome‐c, cleaved caspase‐8, cleaved caspase‐3 and cleaved caspase‐9 expression levels, promoted caspase activation, and increased the rate of radiation‐induced apoptosis. The ANTP‐SmacN7 fusion peptide significantly increased radiation‐induced double‐stranded DNA rupture in the A549 cells and increased DNA damage. Adding Z‐VAD reduced the fusion peptide's proapoptotic effect but not the level of double‐stranded DNA breakage. Conclusions The ANTP‐SmacN7 fusion peptide exerted a remarkable radiosensitization effect on A549 cells. This protein may reduce tumor cell radioresistance by inducing caspase activation and may be a potential new Smac mimetic that can be applied in radiosensitization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Radiotherapy Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Radiation Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Geriatric Health Engineering Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- Radiotherapy Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Geng
- Radiotherapy Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Institute of Radiation Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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12
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Key necroptotic proteins are required for Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization of cholangiocarcinoma cells to TNF-α and chemotherapeutic gemcitabine-induced necroptosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227454. [PMID: 31914150 PMCID: PMC6948742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignant tumor originating in the biliary tract, is well known to be associated with adverse clinical outcomes and high mortality rates due to the lack of effective therapy. Evasion of apoptosis is considered a key contributor to therapeutic success and chemotherapy resistance in CCA, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we demonstrated that the induction of necroptosis, a novel regulated form of necrosis, could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic approach for CCA patients. The RNA sequencing data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed and revealed that both receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), two essential mediators of necroptosis, were upregulated in CCA tissues when compared with the levels in normal bile ducts. We demonstrated in a panel of CCA cell lines that RIPK3 was differentially expressed in CCA cell lines, while MLKL was more highly expressed in CCA cell lines than in nontumor cholangiocytes. We therefore showed that treatment with both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Smac mimetic, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist, induced RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis in CCA cells when caspases were blocked. The necroptotic induction in a panel of CCA cells was correlated with RIPK3 expression. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that Smac mimetic sensitized CCA cells to a low dose of standard chemotherapy, gemcitabine, and induced necroptosis in an RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent manner upon caspase inhibition but not in nontumor cholangiocytes. We further demonstrated that Smac mimetic and gemcitabine synergistically induced an increase in TNF-α mRNA levels and that Smac mimetic reversed gemcitabine-induced cell cycle arrest, leading to cell killing. Collectively, our present study demonstrated that TNF-α and gemcitabine induced RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis upon IAP depletion and caspase inhibition; therefore, our findings have pivotal implications for designing a novel necroptosis-based therapeutic strategy for CCA patients.
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Zhu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Han B. Bivalent SMAC Mimetics for Treating Cancer by Antagonizing Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1951-1962. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yi Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
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Elmaci İ, Bilir A, Ozpinar A, Altinoz MA. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the treatment of glioblastoma. Ultrastructural analyses in C6 glioma in vitro. Tissue Cell 2019; 59:18-32. [PMID: 31383285 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define ultrastructural features accompanying to antitumor effects of gemcitabine, vinorelbine and cyclooxygenase inhibitors in C6 glioma cells in vitro. Vinorelbine is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid and recent studies showed its antitumor activity in pediatric optic and pontine gliomas. Vinorelbine infusion induces a severe tumor site-pain in systemic cancers, but it is unknown whether algesia and inflammation contribute to its antitumor effects. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside-chemotherapeutic which was recently shown to act as a radiosensitizer in high-grade glioma. Some studies showed synergism of anti-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-inhibitors with microtubule inhibitors and gemcitabine. DMSO is a solvent and blocks both cylooxygenase and ribonucleotide reductase, another target of gemcitabine. Rofecoxib is withdrawn from the market, yet we used it for investigational purposes, since it blocks cylooxygenase-2 1000-times more potently than cylooxygenase -1 and is also a selective inhibitor of crinophagy. METHODS Plating efficacy, 3D-spheroid S-phase analysis with BrdU labelling and transmission electron microscopical analyses were performed. RESULTS Vinorelbine induced frequent mitotic slippage/apoptosis and autophagy. Despite both DMSO and rofecoxib induced autophagy alone and in synergy, they reduced mitotic catastrophe and autophagy triggered by vinorelbine, which was also reflected by reduced inhibition of spheroid S-phase. Gemcitabine induced karyolysis and margination of coarse chromatin towards the nuclear membrane, abundant autophagy, gutta adipis formation and decrease in mitochondria, which were enhanced by DMSO and rofecoxib. CONCLUSIONS Detailed ultrastructural analysis of the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs may provide a broader insight about their actions and pave to develop better strategies in treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlhan Elmaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bilir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meric A Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University, Holland.
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Nuclear Imaging Study of the Pharmacodynamic Effects of Debio 1143, an Antagonist of Multiple Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs), in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Model. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2018:8494031. [PMID: 30627061 PMCID: PMC6305031 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8494031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Debio 1143, a potent orally available SMAC mimetic, targets inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) members and is currently in clinical trials. In this study, nuclear imaging evaluated the effects of Debio 1143 on tumor cell death and metabolism in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line (MDA-MB-231)-based animal model. Methods Apoptosis induced by Debio 1143 was assessed by FACS (caspase-3, annexin 5 (A5)), binding of 99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin V, and a cell proliferation assay. 99mTc-HYNIC-Annexin V SPECT and [18F]-FDG PET were also performed in mice xenografted with MDA-MB-231 cells. Results Debio 1143 induced early apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo 6 h after treatment. Debio 1143 inhibited tumor growth, which was associated with a decreased tumor [18F]-FDG uptake when measured during treatment. Conclusions This imaging study combining SPECT and PET showed the early proapoptotic effects of Debio 1143 resulting in a robust antitumor activity in a preclinical TNBC model. These imaging biomarkers represent valuable noninvasive tools for translational and clinical research in TNBC.
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Nikkhoo A, Rostami N, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Azizi G, Yousefi B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Smac mimetics as novel promising modulators of apoptosis in the treatment of breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9300-9314. [PMID: 30506843 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women. Despite improvements in treatment, the rate of breast cancer-related deaths is still high, and this issue needs further, accurate investigations. Although several treatment options are available, none of them are efficient for complete remission, particularly in advanced stages of the disease. It is known that cancerous cells have dysregulated apoptosis-related pathways, by which they can remain alive for a long time, expand freely, and escape from apoptosis-inducing drugs or antitumor immune responses. Therefore, modulation of apoptosis resistance in cancer cells may be an efficient strategy to overcome current problems faced in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of breast cancer. The inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAPs) are important targets for cancer therapy because it has been shown that these molecules are overexpressed and highly active in various cancer cells and suppress apoptosis process in malignant cells by blockage of caspase proteins. There is evidence of Smac mimetics efficacy as a single agent; however, recent studies have indicated the efficacy of current anticancer immunotherapeutic approaches when combined with Smac mimetics, which are potent inhibitors of IAPs and synthesized mimicking Smac/Diablo molecules. In this review, we are going to discuss the efficacy of treatment of breast cancer by Smac mimetics alone or in combination with other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nikkhoo
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Rostami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Altinoz MA, Ozpinar A, Alturfan EE, Elmaci I. Vinorelbine's anti-tumor actions may depend on the mitotic apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation: hypotheses with implications for chemo-immunotherapy of advanced cancers and pediatric gliomas. J Chemother 2018; 30:203-212. [PMID: 30025492 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2018.1487149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vinorelbine is a very potent chemotherapeutic agent which is used to treat a number of cancers including breast and non-small cell lung tumors. Vinorelbine mainly acts via blocking microtubules and induces a specific type of cell death called 'mitotic catastrophe/apoptosis' subsequent to mitotic slippage, which is the failure of cells to stay in a mitotic arrested state and replicating their DNA without cytokinesis. Glial tumor cells are especially sensitive to mitotic slippage. In recent years, vinorelbine demonstrated potency in pediatric optic and pontine gliomas. In this manuscript, we propose that vinorelbine's anti-tumor actions involve mitotic apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation. Intravenous infusion of vinorelbine induces a peculiar severe pain in the tumor site and patients with highly vascularized, oedematous and necrotic tumors are particularly vulnerable to this pain. Severe pain is a sign of robust inflammation and anti-inflammatory agents are used in treatment of this side effect. However, no one has questioned whether inflammation contributes to anti-tumor effects of vinorelbine, despite the existing data that vinorelbine induces Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4), cytokines and cell death in endothelial cells especially under hypoxia. Robust inflammation may contribute to tumor necrosis such as seen during immunotherapy with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Evidence also emerges that enhanced cyclooxygenase activity may increase cancer cell death in certain contexts. There are data indicating that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could block anti-tumor efficacy of taxanes, which also work mainly via anti-microtubule actions. Further, combining vinorelbine with immunostimulant cytokines provided encouraging results in far advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, which are highly antigenic tumors. Vinorelbine also showed potential in treatment of inflammatory breast cancer. Finally, pontine gliomas - where partial activity of vinorelbine is shown by some studies - are also tumors which partially respond to immune stimulation. Animal experiments shall be conducted whether TLR4-activating molecules or immune-checkpoint inhibitors could augment anti-tumor actions of vinorelbine. Noteworthy, TLR4-activation seems as the most promising way of cancer immunotherapy, as a high percentage of molecules which demonstrated clinical benefits in cancer treatment are activators of TLR4, including BCG vaccine, monophosphoryl lipid A and picibanil (OKT-432). The provided data would be meaningful for the oncological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Neuroacademy Group, Memorial Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- b Department of Medical Biochemistry , Acibadem University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | - Ilhan Elmaci
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Neuroacademy Group, Memorial Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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18
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Interferon-γ and Smac mimetics synergize to induce apoptosis of lung cancer cells in a TNFα-independent manner. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:84. [PMID: 29946223 PMCID: PMC6001173 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of lung cancer is very poor and hence new therapeutic strategies are urgently desired. In this study, we searched for efficacious Smac mimetic-based combination therapies with biomarkers to predict responses for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods NSCLC cell lines and normal human alveolar epithelial cells were treated with Smac mimetics plus IFNγ or other agonists and cell viabilities were assessed by MTS assay, cell counting, flow cytometry and cell colony assay. Western blot analysis was performed to assess the cleavage (activation) of caspases and expression of signaling molecules. Caspase activity was determined to verify caspase activation. The pathways involved in NSCLC cell death were investigated using specific inhibitors. Results We found that IFNγ could cooperate with various Smac mimetics to trigger a profound apoptosis in a number of NSCLC cell lines that are competent for IFNγ signaling (i.e. expressing IFNγ receptor-1 and STAT1) but have low expression levels of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins survivin and livin without harming normal human lung epithelial cells. IFNγ co-treatment with a novel class dimeric Smac mimetic AZD5582 eradicated NSCLC cell colony formation. Unlike IFNγ, IFNα, IFNλ, TNFα, or TRAIL alone or plus AZD5582 had minor effects on NSCLC cell viability. IFNγ/AZD5582-induced cell death in NSCLC cells was independent of TNFα autocrine but relied on apoptosis mediated by JAK kinase, caspase 8 and RIPK1 pathways. Conclusion Our results indicate that IFNγ and Smac mimetics can synergize to induce apoptosis of NSCLC cells and suggest that IFNγ and Smac mimetic regimen may be a novel and efficacious apoptosis targeted therapy with biomarkers to predict responses for NSCLC cells.
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19
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Jeon YK, Kim CK, Koh J, Chung DH, Ha GH. Pellino-1 confers chemoresistance in lung cancer cells by upregulating cIAP2 through Lys63-mediated polyubiquitination. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41811-41824. [PMID: 27248820 PMCID: PMC5173098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pellino-1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates immune receptor signaling pathways. The role of Pellino-1 in oncogenesis of lung cancer was investigated in this study. Pellino-1 expression was increased in human lung cancer cell lines compared with non-neoplastic lung cell lines. Pellino-1 overexpression in human lung cancer cells, A549 and H1299 cells, increased the survival and colony forming ability. Pellino-1 overexpression in these cells also conferred resistance to cisplatin- or paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. In contrast, depletion of Pellino-1 decreased the survival of A549 and H1299 cells and sensitized these cells to cisplatin- and paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Pellino-1 overexpression in A549 and H1299 cells upregulated the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, including cIAP1 and cIAP2, while Pellino-1 depletion downregulated these molecules. Notably, Pellino-1 directly interacted with cIAP2 and stabilized cIAP2 through lysine63-mediated polyubiquitination via its E3 ligase activity. Pellino-1-mediated chemoresistance in lung cancer cells was dependent on the induction of cIAP2. Moreover, a strong positive correlation between Pellino-1 and the cIAP2 expression was observed in human lung adenocarcinoma tissues. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Pellino-1 contributes to lung oncogenesis through the overexpression of cIAP2 and promotion of cell survival and chemoresistance. Pellino-1 might be a novel oncogene and potential therapeutic target in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Kwon Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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20
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Langemann D, Trochimiuk M, Appl B, Hundsdoerfer P, Reinshagen K, Eschenburg G. Sensitization of neuroblastoma for vincristine-induced apoptosis by Smac mimetic LCL161 is attended by G2 cell cycle arrest but is independent of NFκB, RIP1 and TNF-α. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87763-87772. [PMID: 29152118 PMCID: PMC5675670 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated sensitization for chemotherapy by Smac mimetic (SM) LCL161, a potent antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP), in neuroblastoma (NB). Vinca alkaloids, particularly vincristine (VCR), displayed the strongest impact on inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis induction in combination with LCL161. The underlying signaling pathways remain elusive, though. LCL161 induces a quick degradation of cellular IAP 1 (cIAP-1). Combination of LCL161 with VCR had only marginal effects on X-linked IAP (XIAP) protein expression. Cell death is accompanied by activation of intrinsic (caspase-9 and MMP) and extrinsic (caspase-8) pathways of apoptosis, repression of migratory potential and cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. LCL161-induced cIAP degradation leads to activation of non-canonical and blockade of canonical NF-κB pathways but not induction of apoptosis. Surprisingly NF-κB and TNF-α signaling is negligible for VCR- and VCR/LCL161-induced apoptosis since chemical inhibition of NF-κB using BAY-7085 and PBS-1086, as well as application of TNF-α blocking antibody Humira (adalimumab) has no relevant effect on cell death. Recently formation of a TNF-α-independent complex (ripoptosome) consisting of RIP1, FADD and caspase-8 following IAP inhibition by SM has been described. However, targeting of RIP1 by Necrostatin was not sufficient to influence apoptosis induced by VCR/LCL161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doerte Langemann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Trochimiuk
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Appl
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Hundsdoerfer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Eschenburg
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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De-qian K, Yue L, Li L, Guangying Z. Downregulation of Smac attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress in human lens epithelial cells. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7419. [PMID: 28682901 PMCID: PMC5502174 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) is reported to promote apoptosis. Given the important role of apoptosis in cataract development, the aim of this study was to investigate whether Smac induces human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS Smac expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in anterior lens capsules from 157 patients with age-related cataracts and 5 normal controls. The role of Smac in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced ERS and apoptosis was further evaluated using small interfering RNA knockdown in an HLEC line. RESULTS Notably, Smac expression was significantly higher in patients with cataracts than in controls, but showed no association with cataract severity. Cell survival was inversely correlated with H2O2 concentration, and was most significantly affected at 200 μmol/L. Moreover, flow cytometry revealed that Smac knockdown attenuated H2O2-induced apoptosis and enhanced apoptotic- and endoplasmic reticulum-related marker expression-including that of glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, caspase 3, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2-associated X, and BCL2-at the gene and protein level. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results indicate that Smac plays an important role in ERS-induced apoptosis in HLECs, suggesting its close association with cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong De-qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- The Key Discipline Open Laboratory of Clinical Medicine for Institutions of Higher Learning in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liu Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- The Key Discipline Open Laboratory of Clinical Medicine for Institutions of Higher Learning in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- The Key Discipline Open Laboratory of Clinical Medicine for Institutions of Higher Learning in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Guangying
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- The Key Discipline Open Laboratory of Clinical Medicine for Institutions of Higher Learning in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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Medal RM, Im AM, Yamamoto Y, Lakhdari O, Blackwell TS, Hoffman HM, Sahoo D, Prince LS. The innate immune response in fetal lung mesenchymal cells targets VEGFR2 expression and activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L861-L872. [PMID: 28336813 PMCID: PMC5495951 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00554.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In preterm infants, soluble inflammatory mediators target lung mesenchymal cells, disrupting airway and alveolar morphogenesis. However, how mesenchymal cells respond directly to microbial stimuli remains poorly characterized. Our objective was to measure the genome-wide innate immune response in fetal lung mesenchymal cells exposed to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). With the use of Affymetrix MoGene 1.0st arrays, we showed that LPS induced expression of unique innate immune transcripts heavily weighted toward CC and CXC family chemokines. The transcriptional response was different between cells from E11, E15, and E18 mouse lungs. In all cells tested, LPS inhibited expression of a small core group of genes including the VEGF receptor Vegfr2 Although best characterized in vascular endothelial populations, we demonstrated here that fetal mouse lung mesenchymal cells express Vegfr2 and respond to VEGF-A stimulation. In mesenchymal cells, VEGF-A increased cell migration, activated the ERK/AKT pathway, and promoted FOXO3A nuclear exclusion. With the use of an experimental coculture model of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, we also showed that VEGFR2 inhibition prevented formation of three-dimensional structures. Both LPS and tyrosine kinase inhibition reduced three-dimensional structure formation. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for inflammation-mediated defects in lung development involving reduced VEGF signaling in lung mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Medal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Amanda M Im
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yasutoshi Yamamoto
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar Lakhdari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
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23
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Sumi H, Inazuka M, Morimoto M, Hibino R, Hashimoto K, Ishikawa T, Kuida K, Smith PG, Yoshida S, Yabuki M. An inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonist T-3256336 potentiates the antitumor efficacy of the Nedd8-activating enzyme inhibitor pevonedistat (TAK-924/MLN4924). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:380-386. [PMID: 27771247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are antiapoptotic regulators that block cell death, and are frequently overexpressed in several human cancers, where they facilitate evasion of apoptosis and promote cell survival. IAP antagonists are also known as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)-mimetics, and have recently been considered as novel therapeutic agents for inducing apoptosis, alone and in combination with other anticancer drugs. In this study, we showed that T-3256336, the orally available IAP antagonist has synergistically enhances the antiproliferative effects of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor pevonedistat (TAK-924/MLN4924), and these effects were attenuated by a TNFα-neutralizing antibody. In the present mechanistic analyses, pevonedistat induced TNFα mRNA and triggered IAP antagonist-dependent extrinsic apoptotic cell death in cancer cell lines. Furthermore, synergistic effects of the combination of T-3256336 and pevonedistat were demonstrated in a HL-60 mouse xenograft model. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence of the effects of IAP antagonists in combination with NAE inhibitors, and demonstrate the potential of a new combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sumi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Inazuka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Megumi Morimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hibino
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hashimoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Ishikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuida
- Discovery, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Peter G Smith
- Discovery, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sei Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yabuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
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Yang C, Wang H, Zhang B, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sun X, Xiao G, Nan K, Ren H, Qin S. LCL161 increases paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by degrading cIAP1 and cIAP2 in NSCLC. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:158. [PMID: 27737687 PMCID: PMC5062899 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LCL161, a novel Smac mimetic, is known to have anti-tumor activity and improve chemosensitivity in various cancers. However, the function and mechanisms of the combination of LCL161 and paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unknown. METHODS Cellular inhibitor of apoptotic protein 1 and 2 (cIAP1&2) expression in NSCLC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between cIAP1&2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis were analyzed. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT assays and Flow cytometry. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assay were performed to measure the protein expression and interaction in NF-kB pathway. siRNA-mediated gene silencing and caspases activity assays were applied to demonstrate the role and mechanisms of cIAP1&2 and RIP1 in lung cancer cell apoptosis. Mouse xenograft NSCLC models were used in vivo to determine the therapeutic efficacy of LCL161 alone or in combination with paclitaxel. RESULTS The expression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues. cIAP1 was highly expressed in patients with late TNM stage NSCLC and a poor prognosis. Positivity for both cIAP1 and cIAP2 was an independent prognostic factor that indicated a poorer prognosis in NSCLC patients. LCL161, an IAP inhibitor, cooperated with paclitaxel to reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Molecular studies revealed that paclitaxel increased TNFα expression, thereby leading to the recruitment of various factors and the formation of the TRADD-TRAF2-RIP1-cIAP complex. LCL161 degraded cIAP1&2 and released RIP1 from the complex. Subsequently, RIP1 was stabilized and bound to caspase-8 and FADD, thereby forming the caspase-8/RIP1/FADD complex, which activated caspase-8, caspase-3 and ultimately lead to apoptosis. In nude mouse xenograft experiments, the combination of LCL161 and paclitaxel degraded cIAP1,2, activated caspase-3 and inhibited tumor growth with few toxic effects. CONCLUSION Thus, LCL161 could be a useful agent for the treatment of NSCLC in combination with paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Huangzhen Wang
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi, 721008, China
| | - Boxiang Zhang
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yimeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Sida Qin
- Department Two of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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25
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Czaplinski S, Abhari BA, Torkov A, Seggewiß D, Hugle M, Fulda S. Differential role of RIP1 in Smac mimetic-mediated chemosensitization of neuroblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41522-34. [PMID: 26575016 PMCID: PMC4747171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential of Smac mimetics, which antagonize Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins, for chemosensitization of neuroblastoma (NB). Here, we report that Smac mimetics, e.g. BV6, prime NB cells for chemotherapeutics including the topoisomerase II inhibitor doxorubicin (DOX) and vinca alkaloids such as Vincristine (VCR), Vinblastine (VBL) and Vinorelbine (VNR). Additionally, BV6 acts in concert with DOX or VCR to suppress long-term clonogenic growth. While BV6 causes rapid downregulation of cellular IAP (cIAP)1 protein and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, DOX/BV6- or VCR/BV6-induced apoptosis occurs independently of NF-κB or TNFα signaling, since overexpression of dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor or the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)α-blocking antibody Enbrel fail to block cell death. Mechanistic studies reveal that Receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 is required for DOX/BV6-, but not for VCR/BV6-induced apoptosis, since transient or stable knockdown of RIP1 or the pharmacological RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 significantly reduce apoptosis. By comparison, VCR/BV6-mediated apoptosis critically depends on the mitochondrial pathway. VCR/BV6 cotreatment causes phosphorylation of BCL-2 during mitotic arrest, enhanced activation of BAX and BAK and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Additionally, overexpression of BCL-2 profoundly suppresses VCR/BV6-induced apoptosis. Thus, BV6 sensitizes NB cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis via distinct initial signaling mechanisms depending on the chemotherapeutic drug. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into Smac mimetic-mediated chemosensitization of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Czaplinski
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Alica Torkov
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Seggewiß
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuela Hugle
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Larsen JE, Nathan V, Osborne JK, Farrow RK, Deb D, Sullivan JP, Dospoy PD, Augustyn A, Hight SK, Sato M, Girard L, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Hayward NK, Minna JD. ZEB1 drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3219-35. [PMID: 27500490 DOI: 10.1172/jci76725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is associated with tumor grade and metastasis in lung cancer, likely due to its role as a transcription factor in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we modeled malignant transformation in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and determined that EMT and ZEB1 expression are early, critical events in lung cancer pathogenesis. Specific oncogenic mutations in TP53 and KRAS were required for HBECs to engage EMT machinery in response to microenvironmental (serum/TGF-β) or oncogenetic (MYC) factors. Both TGF-β- and MYC-induced EMT required ZEB1, but engaged distinct TGF-β-dependent and vitamin D receptor-dependent (VDR-dependent) pathways, respectively. Functionally, we found that ZEB1 causally promotes malignant progression of HBECs and tumorigenicity, invasion, and metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines. Mechanistically, ZEB1 expression in HBECs directly repressed epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1), leading to increased expression of a mesenchymal splice variant of CD44 and a more invasive phenotype. In addition, ZEB1 expression in early stage IB primary NSCLC correlated with tumor-node-metastasis stage. These findings indicate that ZEB1-induced EMT and associated molecular changes in ESRP1 and CD44 contribute to early pathogenesis and metastatic potential in established lung cancer. Moreover, TGF-β and VDR signaling and CD44 splicing pathways associated with ZEB1 are potential EMT chemoprevention and therapeutic targets in NSCLC.
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27
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PKC activation sensitizes basal-like breast cancer cell lines to Smac mimetics. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16002. [PMID: 27551497 PMCID: PMC4979953 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for novel strategies to initiate cancer cell death. One approach is the use of Smac mimetics, which antagonize inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Recent studies have shown that combinations of Smac mimetics such as LBW242 or LCL161 in combination with chemotherapeutic agents increase cancer cell death. Here we show that the protein kinase C (PKC) activator TPA together with the Smac mimetic LBW242 induces cell death in two basal breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and BT-549) that are resistant to Smac mimetic as single agent. Ten other LBW242-insensitive cancer cell lines were not influenced by the TPA+LBW242 combination. The TPA+LBW242 effect was suppressed by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X, indicating dependence on PKC enzymatic activity. The PKC effect was mediated via increased synthesis and release of TNFα, which can induce death in the presence of Smac mimetics. The cell death, coinciding with caspase-3 cleavage, was suppressed by caspase inhibition and preceded by the association of RIP1 with caspase-8, as seen in complex II formation. Smac mimetics, but not TPA, induced the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Blocking the canonical NF-κB pathway suppressed TPA induction of TNFα in MDA-MB-468 cells whereas isolated downregulation of either the canonical or non-canonical pathways did not abolish the Smac mimetic induction of the NF-κB driven genes TNFα and BIRC3 in MDA-MB-231 cells although the absolute levels were suppressed. A combined downregulation of the canonical and non-canonical pathways further suppressed TNFα levels and inhibited Smac mimetic-mediated cell death. Our data suggest that in certain basal breast cancer cell lines co-treatment of TPA with a Smac mimetic induces cell death highlighting the potential of using these pathways as molecular targets for basal-like breast cancers.
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28
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Intrinsic and chemo-sensitizing activity of SMAC-mimetics on high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2052. [PMID: 26775704 PMCID: PMC4816168 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SMAC-mimetics represent a targeted therapy approach to overcome apoptosis resistance in many tumors. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the SMAC-mimetic BV6 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). In ALL cell lines, intrinsic apoptosis sensitivity was associated with rapid cIAP degradation, NF-κB activation, TNF-α secretion and induction of an autocrine TNF-α-dependent cell death loop. This pattern of responsiveness was also observed upon ex vivo analysis of 40 primograft BCP-ALL samples. Treatment with BV6 induced cell death in the majority of ALL primografts including leukemias with high-risk and poor-prognosis features. Inhibition of cell death by the TNF receptor fusion protein etanercept demonstrated that BV6 activity is dependent on TNF-α. In a preclinical NOD/SCID/huALL model of high-risk ALL, marked anti-leukemia effectivity and significantly prolonged survival were observed upon BV6 treatment. Interestingly, also in vivo, intrinsic SMAC-mimetic activity was mediated by TNF-α. Importantly, BV6 increased the effectivity of conventional induction therapy including vincristine, dexamethasone and asparaginase leading to prolonged remission induction. These data suggest SMAC-mimetics as an important addendum to efficient therapy of pediatric BCP-ALL.
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29
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Goldar S, Khaniani MS, Derakhshan SM, Baradaran B. Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and roles in cancer development and treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2129-44. [PMID: 25824729 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) or apoptosis is a mechanism which is crucial for all multicellular organisms to control cell proliferation and maintain tissue homeostasis as well as eliminate harmful or unnecessary cells from an organism. Defects in the physiological mechanisms of apoptosis may contribute to different human diseases like cancer. Identification of the mechanisms of apoptosis and its effector proteins as well as the genes responsible for apoptosis has provided a new opportunity to discover and develop novel agents that can increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to undergo apoptosis or reset their apoptotic threshold. These novel targeted therapies include those targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, p53, the extrinsic pathway, FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the caspases. In recent years a number of these novel agents have been assessed in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we introduce some of the key regulatory molecules that control the apoptotic pathways, extrinsic and intrinsic death receptors, discuss how defects in apoptotic pathways contribute to cancer, and list several agents being developed to target apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Goldar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Labratorary, Division of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail :
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30
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Yu X, Deng Q, Li W, Xiao L, Luo X, Liu X, Yang L, Peng S, Ding Z, Feng T, Zhou J, Fan J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Liu J, Cao Y. Neoalbaconol induces cell death through necroptosis by regulating RIPK-dependent autocrine TNFα and ROS production. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1995-2008. [PMID: 25575821 PMCID: PMC4385831 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis/regulated necrosis is a caspase-independent, but receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-dependent form of cell death. In previous studies, neoalbaconol (NA), a constituent extracted from Albatrellus confluens, was demonstrated to induce necroptosis in some cancer cell lines. The molecular mechanism of NA-induced necroptosis is described in this research study. We determined that NA-induced cell death is partly dependent on tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) feed-forward signaling. More importantly, NA abolished the ubiquitination of RIPK1 by down-regulating E3 ubiquitin ligases, cellular inhibitors of apoptosis protein 1/2 (cIAP1/2) and TNFα receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). The suppression of RIPK1 ubiquitination induced the activation of the non-canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway and stimulated the transcription of TNFα. Moreover, we also found that NA caused RIPK3-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and contribution to cell death. Taken together, these results suggested that two distinct mechanisms are involved in NA-induced necroptosis and include RIPK1/NF-κB-dependent expression of TNFα and RIPK3-dependent generation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Yu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Qipan Deng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Songling Peng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Liver Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Liver Surgery Department, Zhongshan Hospital
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jikai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
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31
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Chaudhary AK, Yadav N, Bhat TA, O'Malley J, Kumar S, Chandra D. A potential role of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and its implication in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:38-47. [PMID: 26232549 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) has an important regulatory role in programmed cell death by inhibiting the caspase cascade. Activation of XIAP-dependent signaling culminates into regulation of multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, innate immunity, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, invasion, metastasis and differentiation. Although XIAP localizes to the cytosolic compartment, XIAP-mediated cellular signaling encompasses mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial levels. Recent findings demonstrate that XIAP also localizes to mitochondria and regulates mitochondria functions. XIAP acts upstream of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and modulates caspase-dependent apoptosis. The new function of XIAP has potential to enhance mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and other cellular functions controlling cytochrome c release. These findings could exploit the overexpression of XIAP in human tumors for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jordan O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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32
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Liese J, Abhari BA, Fulda S. Smac mimetic and oleanolic acid synergize to induce cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:47-56. [PMID: 25917078 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major unsolved problem highlighting the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we identify a novel synergistic induction of cell death by the combination of the Smac mimetic BV6, which antagonizes Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the triterpenoid oleanolic acid (OA) in human HCC cells. Importantly, BV6 and OA also cooperate to suppress long-term clonogenic survival as well as tumor growth in a preclinical in vivo model of HCC underscoring the clinical relevance of our findings. In contrast, BV6/OA cotreatment does not exert cytotoxic effects against normal primary hepatocytes, pointing to some tumor selectivity. Mechanistic studies show that BV6/OA cotreatment leads to DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 cleavage, while supply of the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD.fmk) revealed a cell type-dependent requirement of caspases for BV6/OA-induced cell death. The receptor interacting protein (RIP)1 kinase Inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) or genetic knockdown of RIP1 fails to rescue BV6/OA-mediated cell death, indicating that BV6/OA cotreatment does not primarily engage necroptotic cell death. Notably, the addition of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers significantly decreases BV6/OA-triggered cell death, indicating that ROS production contributes to BV6/OA-induced cell death. In conclusion, cotreatment of Smac mimetic and OA represents a novel approach for the induction of cell death in HCC and implicates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Liese
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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Qin S, Xu C, Li S, Yang C, Sun X, Wang X, Tang SC, Ren H. Indomethacin induces apoptosis in the EC109 esophageal cancer cell line by releasing second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase and activating caspase-3. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4694-700. [PMID: 25673090 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been associated with a reduced risk of various types of cancer, including esophageal cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effects of NSAIDs in esophageal cancer remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a significant inhibition in cell viability was observed in the EC109 cells following treatment with different concentrations of indomethacin, and these effects occurred in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner. This inhibition was due to the release of second mitochondria‑derived activator of caspase (Smac) into the cytosol and the activation of caspase‑3. Subsequently, flow cytometry was performed to investigate indomethacin‑induced apoptosis following the overexpression or knockdown of Smac, and western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression of Smac and the activation of caspase‑3. Overexpression of Smac was promoted apoptosis, while downregulation of Smac significantly inhibited apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that indomethacin induced apoptosis through releasing Smac into the cytosol and activating caspase‑3. These results indicated that Smac is essential for the apoptosis induced by indomethacin in esophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chongwen Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xifang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Ching Tang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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34
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Elkholi R, Renault TT, Serasinghe MN, Chipuk JE. Putting the pieces together: How is the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis regulated in cancer and chemotherapy? Cancer Metab 2014; 2:16. [PMID: 25621172 PMCID: PMC4304082 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to solve a jigsaw puzzle, one must first have the complete picture to logically connect the pieces. However, in cancer biology, we are still gaining an understanding of all the signaling pathways that promote tumorigenesis and how these pathways can be pharmacologically manipulated by conventional and targeted therapies. Despite not having complete knowledge of the mechanisms that cause cancer, the signaling networks responsible for cancer are becoming clearer, and this information is serving as a solid foundation for the development of rationally designed therapies. One goal of chemotherapy is to induce cancer cell death through the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Within this review, we present the pathways that govern the cellular decision to undergo apoptosis as three distinct, yet connected puzzle pieces: (1) How do oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways regulate apoptosis upstream of mitochondria? (2) How does the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family influence tumorigenesis and chemotherapeutic responses? (3) How is post-mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) regulation of cell death relevant in cancer? When these pieces are united, it is possible to appreciate how cancer signaling directly impacts upon the fundamental cellular mechanisms of apoptosis and potentially reveals novel pharmacological targets within these pathways that may enhance chemotherapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Elkholi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thibaud T Renault
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Madhavika N Serasinghe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1130, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Bai L, Smith DC, Wang S. Small-molecule SMAC mimetics as new cancer therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:82-95. [PMID: 24841289 PMCID: PMC4247261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated cellular process and faulty regulation of apoptosis is a hallmark of human cancers. Targeting key apoptosis regulators with the goal to restore apoptosis in tumor cells has been pursued as a new cancer therapeutic strategy. XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2, members of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, are critical regulators of cell death and survival and are attractive targets for new cancer therapy. The SMAC/DIABLO protein is an endogenous antagonist of XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2. In the last decade, intense research efforts have resulted in the design and development of several small-molecule SMAC mimetics now in clinical trials for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss the roles of XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 in regulation of cell death and survival, and the design and development of small-molecule SMAC mimetics as novel cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchuan Bai
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David C Smith
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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36
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Benetatos CA, Mitsuuchi Y, Burns JM, Neiman EM, Condon SM, Yu G, Seipel ME, Kapoor GS, Laporte MG, Rippin SR, Deng Y, Hendi MS, Tirunahari PK, Lee YH, Haimowitz T, Alexander MD, Graham MA, Weng D, Shi Y, McKinlay MA, Chunduru SK. Birinapant (TL32711), a bivalent SMAC mimetic, targets TRAF2-associated cIAPs, abrogates TNF-induced NF-κB activation, and is active in patient-derived xenograft models. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:867-79. [PMID: 24563541 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of apoptosis resistance is a fundamental event in cancer development. Among the mechanisms used by cancer cells to evade apoptosis is the dysregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. The activity of the IAPs is regulated by endogenous IAP antagonists such as SMAC (also termed DIABLO). Antagonism of IAP proteins by SMAC occurs via binding of the N-terminal tetrapeptide (AVPI) of SMAC to selected BIR domains of the IAPs. Small molecule compounds that mimic the AVPI motif of SMAC have been designed to overcome IAP-mediated apoptosis resistance of cancer cells. Here, we report the preclinical characterization of birinapant (TL32711), a bivalent SMAC-mimetic compound currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Birinapant bound to the BIR3 domains of cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, and the BIR domain of ML-IAP in vitro and induced the autoubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of cIAP1 and cIAP2 in intact cells, which resulted in formation of a RIPK1:caspase-8 complex, caspase-8 activation, and induction of tumor cell death. Birinapant preferentially targeted the TRAF2-associated cIAP1 and cIAP2 with subsequent inhibition of TNF-induced NF-κB activation. The activity of a variety of chemotherapeutic cancer drugs was potentiated by birinapant both in a TNF-dependent or TNF-independent manner. Tumor growth in multiple primary patient-derived xenotransplant models was inhibited by birinapant at well-tolerated doses. These results support the therapeutic combination of birinapant with multiple chemotherapies, in particular, those therapies that can induce TNF secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Benetatos
- Authors' Affiliations: TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals, 343 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania; and Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
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Rettinger E, Glatthaar A, Abhari BA, Oelsner S, Pfirrmann V, Huenecke S, Kuçi S, Kreyenberg H, Willasch AM, Klingebiel T, Fulda S, Bader P. SMAC Mimetic BV6 Enables Sensitization of Resistant Tumor Cells but also Affects Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Cells: A Potential Challenge for Combination Therapy. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:75. [PMID: 25101252 PMCID: PMC4103003 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment option for high-risk hematological malignancies, and may also be offered to patients with solid malignancies refractory to conventional therapies. In case of patients' relapse, refractory tumor cells may then be targeted by cellular therapy-based combination strategies. Here, we investigated the potential of small molecule IAP (SMAC mimetic) BV6 in increasing cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against different tumor targets. Four-hour pre-incubation with 2.5 μMol BV6 moderately enhanced CIK cell-mediated lysis of hematological (H9, THP-1, and Tanoue) and solid malignancies (RH1, RH30, and TE671). However, BV6 also increased apoptosis of non-malignant cells like peripheral blood mononuclear cells and most notably had an inhibitory effect on immune cells potentially limiting their cytotoxic potential. Hence, cytotoxicity increased in a dose-dependent manner when BV6 was removed before CIK cells were added to tumor targets. However, cytotoxic potential was not further increasable by extending BV6 pre-incubation period of target cells from 4 to 12 h. Molecular studies revealed that BV6 sensitization of target cells involved activation of caspases. Here, we provide evidence that SMAC mimetic may sensitize targets cells for CIK cell-induced cell death. However, BV6 also increased apoptosis of non-malignant cells like CIK cells and peripheral mononuclear cells. These findings may therefore be important for cell- and small molecule IAP-based combination therapies of resistant cancers after allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rettinger
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andreas Glatthaar
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Sarah Oelsner
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany ; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Verena Pfirrmann
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Selim Kuçi
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Hermann Kreyenberg
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andre M Willasch
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
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Gatti L, De Cesare M, Ciusani E, Corna E, Arrighetti N, Cominetti D, Belvisi L, Potenza D, Moroni E, Vasile F, Lecis D, Delia D, Castiglioni V, Scanziani E, Seneci P, Zaffaroni N, Perego P. Antitumor Activity of a Novel Homodimeric SMAC Mimetic in Ovarian Carcinoma. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:283-93. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gatti
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Michelandrea De Cesare
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Emilio Ciusani
- Laboratory
of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Corna
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Denis Cominetti
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Potenza
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moroni
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Vasile
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Vittoria Castiglioni
- Department
of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Department
of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi
19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Department
of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milan 20133, Italy
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Lecis D, De Cesare M, Perego P, Conti A, Corna E, Drago C, Seneci P, Walczak H, Colombo MP, Delia D, Sangaletti S. Smac mimetics induce inflammation and necrotic tumour cell death by modulating macrophage activity. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e920. [PMID: 24232096 PMCID: PMC3847325 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Smac mimetics (SMs) comprise a class of small molecules that target members of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of pro-survival proteins, whose expression in cancer cells hinders the action of conventional chemotherapeutics. Herein, we describe the activity of SM83, a newly synthesised dimeric SM, in two cancer ascites models: athymic nude mice injected intraperitoneally with IGROV-1 human ovarian carcinoma cells and immunocompetent BALB/c mice injected with murine Meth A sarcoma cells. SM83 rapidly killed ascitic IGROV-1 and Meth A cells in vivo (prolonging mouse survival), but was ineffective against the same cells in vitro. IGROV-1 cells in nude mice were killed within the ascites by a non-apoptotic, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent mechanism. SM83 administration triggered a rapid inflammatory event characterised by host secretion of TNF, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ. This inflammatory response was associated with the reversion of the phenotype of tumour-associated macrophages from a pro-tumoural M2- to a pro-inflammatory M1-like state. SM83 treatment was also associated with a massive recruitment of neutrophils that, however, was not essential for the antitumoural activity of this compound. In BALB/c mice bearing Meth A ascites, SM83 treatment was in some cases curative, and these mice became resistant to a second injection of cancer cells, suggesting that they had developed an adaptive immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that, in vivo, SM83 modulates the immune system within the tumour microenvironment and, through its pro-inflammatory action, leads cancer cells to die by necrosis with the release of high-mobility group box-1. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that SMs could be more therapeutically active than expected by stimulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
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Ahmad A, Maitah MY, Ginnebaugh KR, Li Y, Bao B, Gadgeel SM, Sarkar FH. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling sensitizes NSCLC cells to standard therapies through modulation of EMT-regulating miRNAs. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:77. [PMID: 24199791 PMCID: PMC3852827 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor- tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) benefit Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and an EGFR-TKIi erlotinib, is approved for patients with recurrent NSCLC. However, resistance to erlotinib is a major clinical problem. Earlier we have demonstrated the role of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) of NSCLC cells, leading to increased proliferation and invasion. Here, we investigated the role of Hh signaling in erlotinib resistance of TGF-β1-induced NSCLC cells that are reminiscent of EMT cells. Methods Hh signaling was inhibited by specific siRNA and by GDC-0449, a small molecule antagonist of G protein coupled receptor smoothened in the Hh pathway. Not all NSCLC patients are likely to benefit from EGFR-TKIs and, therefore, cisplatin was used to further demonstrate a role of inhibition of Hh signaling in sensitization of resistant EMT cells. Specific pre- and anti-miRNA preparations were used to study the mechanistic involvement of miRNAs in drug resistance mechanism. Results siRNA-mediated inhibition as well as pharmacological inhibition of Hh signaling abrogated resistance of NSCLC cells to erlotinib and cisplatin. It also resulted in re-sensitization of TGF-β1-induced A549 (A549M) cells as well the mesenchymal phenotypic H1299 cells to erlotinib and cisplatin treatment with concomitant up-regulation of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers (Sox2, Nanog and EpCAM) and down-regulation of miR-200 and let-7 family miRNAs. Ectopic up-regulation of miRNAs, especially miR-200b and let-7c, significantly diminished the erlotinib resistance of A549M cells. Inhibition of Hh signaling by GDC-0449 in EMT cells resulted in the attenuation of CSC markers and up-regulation of miR-200b and let-7c, leading to sensitization of EMT cells to drug treatment, thus, confirming a connection between Hh signaling, miRNAs and drug resistance. Conclusions We demonstrate that Hh pathway, through EMT-induction, leads to reduced sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLCs. Therefore, targeting Hh pathway may lead to the reversal of EMT phenotype and improve the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Yang C, Novack DV. Anti-cancer IAP antagonists promote bone metastasis: a cautionary tale. J Bone Miner Metab 2013; 31:496-506. [PMID: 23740289 PMCID: PMC3962044 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-013-0479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The bone microenvironment is complex, containing bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, bone-maintaining osteocytes, hematopoietic lineage cells, as well as blood vessels, nerves, and stromal cells. Release of embedded growth factors from the bone matrix via osteoclast resorption has been shown to participate in the alteration of bone microenvironment to facilitate tumor metastasis to this organ. Many types of malignancies including solid tumors and leukemias are associated with elevated levels of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and IAP antagonists represent an important emerging class of anti-cancer agents. IAPs exert anti-apoptotic roles by inhibiting caspases and upregulating pro-survival proteins, at least in part by activating classical NF-κB signaling. In addition, IAPs act as negative regulators in the alternative NF-κB pathway, so that IAP antagonists stimulate this pathway. The role of the classical NF-κB pathway in IAP antagonist-induced apoptosis has been extensively studied, whereas much less attention has been paid to the role of these agents in the alternative pathway. Thus far, several IAP antagonists have been tested in preclinical and early stage clinical trials, and have shown promise in sensitizing tumor cells to apoptosis without significant side effects. However, recent preclinical evidence suggests an increased risk of bone metastasis caused by IAP antagonists, along with potential for promoting osteoporosis. In this review, the connection between IAP antagonists, the alternative NF-κB pathway, osteoclasts, and bone metastasis are discussed. In light of these effects of IAP antagonists on the bone microenvironment, more attention should be paid to this and other host tissues as these drugs are developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yang
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8301, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
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Lee EK, Jinesh G G, Laing NM, Choi W, McConkey DJ, Kamat AM. A Smac mimetic augments the response of urothelial cancer cells to gemcitabine and cisplatin. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:812-22. [PMID: 23792592 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is considered the gold standard for patients with advanced bladder cancer. However, despite initial response, many patients will relapse; therefore, novel salvage treatment strategies are desperately needed. Herein, we studied a mechanism based treatment combination using a Smac mimetic with standard chemotherapy. Using a panel of 10 urothelial cancer cell lines, we exposed them to a combination of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and a Smac mimetic. Sensitivity was determined using a DNA fragmentation assay. We determined that three cell lines (UMUC-3, UMUC-13, and RT4v6) were considered sensitive to the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin and an additional three cell lines were sensitized to gemcitabine and cisplatin with the addition of the Smac mimetic (UMUC-6, UMUC-12, and UMUC-18). We next explored the constitutive expression of selected members of the IAP family (XIAP, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, and Survivin), the BCL family (BCL-2, BCLXL, and BAX) and Smac using gene expression profiling and western blotting. We determined that RNA and protein expression of SMAC, selected members of the IAP family and members of the BCL family did not correlate to drug sensitivity. Lastly, using an in vivo mouse model, we determined that treatment with the Smac mimetic in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin resulted in increased apoptosis, decreased microvessel density and decreased cellular proliferation. This novel treatment strategy may be effective in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene K Lee
- Department of Urology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Goodwin Jinesh G
- Department of Urology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Woonyoung Choi
- Department of Urology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Department of Urology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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Kutluk Cenik B, Ostapoff KT, Gerber DE, Brekken RA. BIBF 1120 (nintedanib), a triple angiokinase inhibitor, induces hypoxia but not EMT and blocks progression of preclinical models of lung and pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:992-1001. [PMID: 23729403 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from other angiokinases may underlie resistance to VEGF-directed therapy. We evaluated the antitumor and biologic effects of BIBF 1120 (nintedanib), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets VEGF receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and fibroblast growth factor receptor in preclinical models of lung and pancreatic cancer, including models resistant to VEGF-targeted treatments. In vitro, BIBF 1120 did not show antiproliferative effects, nor did it sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy. However, in vivo BIBF 1120 inhibited primary tumor growth in all models as a single agent and in combination with standard chemotherapy. Analysis of tumor tissue posttreatment revealed that BIBF 1120 reduced proliferation (phospho-histone 3) and elevated apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) to a greater extent than chemotherapy alone. Furthermore, BIBF 1120 showed potent antiangiogenic effects, including decreases in microvessel density (CD31), pericyte coverage (NG2), vessel permeability, and perfusion, while increasing hypoxia. Despite the induction of hypoxia, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were not elevated in BIBF 1120-treated tumors. In summary, BIBF 1120 showed potent antitumor and antiangiogenic activity in preclinical models of lung and pancreatic cancer where it induced hypoxia but not EMT. The absence of EMT induction, which has been implicated in resistance to antiangiogenic therapies, is noteworthy. Together, these results warrant further clinical studies of BIBF 1120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bercin Kutluk Cenik
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Sato M, Larsen JE, Lee W, Sun H, Shames DS, Dalvi MP, Ramirez RD, Tang H, DiMaio JM, Gao B, Xie Y, Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Shay JW, Minna JD. Human lung epithelial cells progressed to malignancy through specific oncogenic manipulations. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:638-50. [PMID: 23449933 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0634-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We used CDK4/hTERT-immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) from several individuals to study lung cancer pathogenesis by introducing combinations of common lung cancer oncogenic changes (p53, KRAS, and MYC) and followed the stepwise transformation of HBECs to full malignancy. This model showed that: (i) the combination of five genetic alterations (CDK4, hTERT, sh-p53, KRAS(V12), and c-MYC) is sufficient for full tumorigenic conversion of HBECs; (ii) genetically identical clones of transformed HBECs exhibit pronounced differences in tumor growth, histology, and differentiation; (iii) HBECs from different individuals vary in their sensitivity to transformation by these oncogenic manipulations; (iv) high levels of KRAS(V12) are required for full malignant transformation of HBECs, however, prior loss of p53 function is required to prevent oncogene-induced senescence; (v) overexpression of c-MYC greatly enhances malignancy but only in the context of sh-p53+KRAS(V12); (vi) growth of parental HBECs in serum-containing medium induces differentiation, whereas growth of oncogenically manipulated HBECs in serum increases in vivo tumorigenicity, decreases tumor latency, produces more undifferentiated tumors, and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (vii) oncogenic transformation of HBECs leads to increased sensitivity to standard chemotherapy doublets; (viii) an mRNA signature derived by comparing tumorigenic versus nontumorigenic clones was predictive of outcome in patients with lung cancer. Collectively, our findings show that this HBEC model system can be used to study the effect of oncogenic mutations, their expression levels, and serum-derived environmental effects in malignant transformation, while also providing clinically translatable applications such as development of prognostic signatures and drug response phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Sato
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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Owens TW, Gilmore AP, Streuli CH, Foster FM. Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins: Promising Targets for Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Suppl 14. [PMID: 25328816 PMCID: PMC4201371 DOI: 10.4172/2157-2518.s14-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease in which normal physiological processes are imbalanced, leading to tumour formation, metastasis and eventually death. Recent biological advances have led to the advent of targeted therapies to complement traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, a major problem still facing modern medicine is resistance to therapies, whether targeted or traditional. Therefore, to increase the survival rates of cancer patients, it is critical that we continue to identify molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins act downstream of a broad range of stimuli, such as cytokines and extracellular matrix interactions, to regulate cell survival, proliferation and migration. These processes are dysregulated during tumourigenesis and are critical to the metastatic spread of the disease. IAPs are commonly upregulated in cancer and have therefore become the focus of much research as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Here we discuss the roles that IAPs may play in cancer, and the potential benefits and pitfalls that targeting IAPs could have in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Owens
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK ; Department of Physiology, Sydney Medical School & Bosch Institute, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew P Gilmore
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Fiona M Foster
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Smac mimetic SM-164 potentiates APO2L/TRAIL- and doxorubicin-mediated anticancer activity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51461. [PMID: 23240027 PMCID: PMC3519882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The members of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family are key negative regulators of apoptosis. Overexpression of IAPs are found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and can contribute to chemotherapy resistance and recurrence of HCC. Small-molecule Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetics have recently emerged as novel anticancer drugs through targeting IAPs. The specific aims of this study were to 1) examine the anticancer activity of Smac mimetics as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy in HCC cells, and 2) investigate the mechanism of anticancer action of Smac mimetics. METHODS Four HCC cell lines, including SMMC-7721, BEL-7402, HepG2 and Hep3B, and 12 primary HCC cells were used in this study. Smac mimetic SM-164 was used to treat HCC cells. Cell viability, cell death induction and clonal formation assays were used to evaluate the anticancer activity. Western blotting analysis and a pancaspase inhibitor were used to investigate the mechanisms. RESULTS Although SM-164 induced complete cIAP-1 degradation, it displayed weak inhibitory effects on the viability of HCC cells. Nevertheless, SM-164 considerably potentiated Apo2 ligand or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (APO2L/TRAIL)- and Doxorubicin-mediated anticancer activity in HCC cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that SM-164 in combination with chemotherapeutic agents resulted in enhanced activation of caspases-9, -3 and cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and also led to decreased AKT activation. CONCLUSIONS Smac mimetics can enhance chemotherapeutic-mediated anticancer activity by enhancing apoptosis signaling and suppressing survival signaling in HCC cells. This study suggests Smac mimetics are potential therapeutic agents for HCC.
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Yu HY, Jin CY, Kim KS, Lee YC, Park SH, Kim GY, Kim WJ, Moon HI, Choi YH, Lee JH. Oleifolioside A mediates caspase-independent human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell apoptosis involving nuclear relocation of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors AIF and EndoG. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5400-5406. [PMID: 22564025 DOI: 10.1021/jf3014475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, the main type of programmed cell death, plays an essential role in a variety of biological events. Whereas "classical" apoptosis is dependent on caspase activation, caspase-independent death is increasingly recognized as an alternative pathway. To develop new anticancer agents, oleifolioside A was isolated from Dendropanax morbifera Leveille and the biochemical mechanisms of oleifolioside A-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells were investigated. Exposure to oleifolioside A resulted in caspase activation and typical features of apoptosis, although cell death was not prevented by caspase inhibition. Oleifolioside A treatment induced up-regulation of Bad, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, nuclear relocation of mitochondrial factors, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), endonuclease G (EndoG), and apoptosis induction. This is the first report of anticancer activity of oleifolioside A, and nuclear translocation of AIF and EndoG in oleifolioside A-treated HeLa cells might represent an alternative death signaling pathway in the absence of caspase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yang Yu
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, BK21 Center for Silver-Bio Industrialization, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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