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Iizuka D, Sasatani M, Ishikawa A, Daino K, Hirouchi T, Kamiya K. Newly discovered genomic mutation patterns in radiation-induced small intestinal tumors of ApcMin/+ mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292643. [PMID: 37824459 PMCID: PMC10569626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the small intestinal tumors that occur in irradiated mice of the established mouse model B6/B6-Chr18MSM-F1 ApcMin/+, loss of heterozygosity analysis can be utilized to estimate whether a deletion in the wild-type allele containing the Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) region (hereafter referred to as Deletion), a duplication in the mutant allele with a nonsense mutation at codon 850 of Apc (Duplication), or no aberration (Unidentified) has occurred. Previous research has revealed that the number of Unidentified tumors tends to increase with the radiation dose. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of an Unidentified tumor type in response to radiation exposure. The mRNA expression levels of Apc were significantly lower in Unidentified tumors than in normal tissues. We focused on epigenetic suppression as the mechanism underlying this decreased expression; however, hypermethylation of the Apc promoter region was not observed. To investigate whether deletions occur that cannot be captured by loss of heterozygosity analysis, we analyzed chromosome 18 using a customized array comparative genomic hybridization approach designed to detect copy-number changes in chromosome 18. However, the copy number of the Apc region was not altered in Unidentified tumors. Finally, gene mutation analysis of the Apc region using next-generation sequencing suggested the existence of a small deletion (approximately 3.5 kbp) in an Unidentified tumor from a mouse in the irradiated group. Furthermore, nonsense and frameshift mutations in Apc were found in approximately 30% of the Unidentified tumors analyzed. These results suggest that radiation-induced Unidentified tumors arise mainly due to decreased Apc expression of an unknown regulatory mechanism that does not depend on promoter hypermethylation, and that some tumors may result from nonsense mutations which are as-yet undefined point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iizuka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Sasatani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Institute for Radiological Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tokuhisa Hirouchi
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamiya
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Mowat C, Dhatt J, Bhatti I, Hamie A, Baker K. Short chain fatty acids prime colorectal cancer cells to activate antitumor immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190810. [PMID: 37304266 PMCID: PMC10248408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death worldwide and its growth can either be promoted or inhibited by the metabolic activities of intestinal microbiota. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbial metabolites with potent immunoregulatory properties yet there is a poor understanding of how they directly regulate immune modulating pathways within the CRC cells. Methods We used engineered CRC cell lines, primary organoid cultures, orthotopic in vivo models, and patient CRC samples to investigate how SCFA treatment of CRC cells regulates their ability to activate CD8+ T cells. Results CRC cells treated with SCFAs induced much greater activation of CD8+ T cells than untreated CRC cells. CRCs exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI) due to inactivation of DNA mismatch repair were much more sensitive to SCFAs and induced much greater CD8+ T cell activation than chromosomally instable (CIN) CRCs with intact DNA repair, indicating a subtype-dependent response to SCFAs. This was due to SCFA-induced DNA damage that triggered upregulation of chemokine, MHCI, and antigen processing or presenting genes. This response was further potentiated by a positive feedback loop between the stimulated CRC cells and activated CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. The initiating mechanism in the CRCs was inhibition of histone deacetylation by the SCFAs that triggered genetic instability and led to an overall upregulation of genes associated with SCFA signaling and chromatin regulation. Similar gene expression patterns were found in human MSI CRC samples and in orthotopically grown MSI CRCs independent of the amount of SCFA producing bacteria in the intestine. Discussion MSI CRCs are widely known to be more immunogenic than CIN CRCs and have a much better prognosis. Our findings indicate that a greater sensitivity to microbially produced SCFAs contributes to the successful activation of CD8+ T cells by MSI CRCs, thereby identifying a mechanism that could be therapeutically targeted to improve antitumor immunity in CIN CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Mowat
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jasmine Dhatt
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ilsa Bhatti
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Angela Hamie
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kristi Baker
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Devall MA, Eaton S, Ali MW, Dampier CH, Weisenberger D, Powell SM, Li L, Casey G. DNA methylation analysis of normal colon organoids from familial adenomatous polyposis patients reveals novel insight into colon cancer development. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:104. [PMID: 35999641 PMCID: PMC9396789 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome resulting from germ line mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. While FAP accounts for less than 1% of all CRC cases, loss of APC expression is seen in > 80% of non-hereditary CRCs. To better understand molecular mechanisms underlying APC-driven CRC, we performed an epigenome-wide analysis of colon organoids derived from normal-appearing colons of FAP patients versus healthy subjects to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) that may precede the onset of CRC. RESULTS We identified 358 DMRs when comparing colon organoids of FAP patients to those of healthy subjects (FDR < 0.05, |mean beta difference| = 5%). Of these, nearly 50% of DMRs were also differentially methylated in at least one of three CRC tumor and normal adjacent tissue (NAT) cohorts (TCGA-COAD, GSE193535 and ColoCare). Moreover, 27 of the DMRs mapped to CRC genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci. We provide evidence suggesting that some of these DMRs led to significant differences in gene expression of adjacent genes using quantitative PCR. For example, we identified significantly greater expression of five genes: Kazal-type serine peptidase inhibitor domain 1 (KAZALD1, P = 0.032), F-Box and leucine-rich repeat protein 8 (FBXL8, P = 0.036), TRIM31 antisense RNA 1 (TRIM31-AS1, P = 0.036), Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2 (FAIM2, P = 0.049) and (Collagen beta (1-0)galactosyltransferase 2 (COLGALT2, P = 0.049). Importantly, both FBXL8 and TRIM31-AS1 were also significantly differentially expressed in TCGA-COAD tumor versus matched NAT, supporting a role for these genes in CRC tumor development. CONCLUSIONS We performed the first DNA methylome-wide analysis of normal colon organoids derived from FAP patients compared to those of healthy subjects. Our results reveal that normal colon organoids from FAP patients exhibit extensive epigenetic differences compared to those of healthy subjects that appear similar to those exhibited in CRC tumor. Our analyses therefore identify DMRs and candidate target genes that are potentially important in CRC tumor development in FAP, with potential implications for non-hereditary CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Devall
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Stephen Eaton
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Mourad Wagdy Ali
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Christopher H. Dampier
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Daniel Weisenberger
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Steven M. Powell
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDigestive Health Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Li Li
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Family Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Graham Casey
- grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA ,grid.27755.320000 0000 9136 933XDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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4
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Lang GT, Shi JX, Huang L, Cao AY, Zhang CH, Song CG, Zhuang ZG, Hu X, Huang W, Shao ZM. Multiple cancer susceptible genes sequencing in BRCA-negative breast cancer with high hereditary risk. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1417. [PMID: 33313162 PMCID: PMC7723566 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Hereditary factors contributed to breast cancer susceptibility. Low BRCA mutation prevalence was demonstrated in previous BRCA mutation screening in Chinese breast cancer patients. Multiple-gene sequencing may assist in discovering detrimental germline mutation in BRCA negative breast cancers. Methods A total of 384 Chinese subjects with any two of high-risk factors were recruited and screened by next-generation sequencing (NGS) for 30 cancer susceptible genes. Variants with a truncating, initiation codon or splice donor/acceptor effect, or with pathogenicity demonstrated in published literature were classified into pathogenic/likely-pathogenic mutations. Results In total, we acquired 39 (10.2%) patients with pathogenic/likely-pathogenic germline mutations, including one carrying two distinct mutations. Major mutant non-BRCA genes were MUTYH (n=11, 2.9%), PTCH1 (n=7, 1.8%), RET (n=6, 1.6%) and PALB2 (n=5, 1.3%). Other mutant genes included TP53 (n=3, 0.8%), RAD51D (n=2, 0.5%), CHEK2 (n=1, 0.3%), BRIP1 (n=1, 0.3%), CDH1 (n=1, 0.3%), MRE11 (n=1, 0.3%), RAD50 (n=1, 0.3%) and PALLD (n=1, 0.3%). A splicing germline mutation, MUTYH c.934-2A>G, was a hotspot (9/384, 2.3%) in Chinese breast cancer. Conclusions Among BRCA-negative breast cancer patients with high hereditary risk in China, 10.2% carried mutations in cancer associated susceptibility genes. MUTYH and PTCH1 had relatively high mutation rates (2.9% and 1.8%). Multigene testing contributes to understand genetic background of BRCA-negative breast cancer patients with high hereditary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Tian Lang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Shi
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute (SITI), Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - A-Yong Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Hui Zhang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute (SITI), Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Gui Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhuang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai (CHGC) and Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute (SITI), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Dietinger V, García de Durango CR, Wiechmann S, Boos SL, Michl M, Neumann J, Hermeking H, Kuster B, Jung P. Wnt-driven LARGE2 mediates laminin-adhesive O-glycosylation in human colonic epithelial cells and colorectal cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:102. [PMID: 32586342 PMCID: PMC7315491 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt signaling drives epithelial self-renewal and disease progression in human colonic epithelium and colorectal cancer (CRC). Characterization of Wnt effector pathways is key for our understanding of these processes and for developing therapeutic strategies that aim to preserve tissue homeostasis. O-glycosylated cell surface proteins, such as α-dystroglycan (α-DG), mediate cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix components. We revealed a Wnt/LARGE2/α-DG signaling pathway which triggers this mode of colonic epithelial cell-to-matrix interaction in health and disease. METHODS Next generation sequencing upon shRNA-mediated silencing of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) combined with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transcription factor binding site targeting characterized LARGE2 as a Wnt target gene. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis on size-fractionated, glycoprotein-enriched samples revealed functional O-glycosylation of α-DG by LARGE2 in CRC. The biology of Wnt/LARGE2/α-DG signaling was assessed by affinity-based glycoprotein enrichment, laminin overlay, CRC-to-endothelial cell adhesion, and transwell migration assays. Experiments on primary tissue, human colonic (tumor) organoids, and bioinformatic analysis of CRC cohort data confirmed the biological relevance of our findings. RESULTS Next generation sequencing identified the LARGE2 O-glycosyltransferase encoding gene as differentially expressed upon Wnt activation in CRC. Silencing of APC, conditional expression of oncogenic β-catenin and endogenous β-catenin-sequestration affected LARGE2 expression. The first intron of LARGE2 contained a CTTTGATC motif essential for Wnt-driven LARGE2 expression, showed occupation by the Wnt transcription factor TCF7L2, and Wnt activation triggered LARGE2-dependent α-DG O-glycosylation and laminin-adhesion in CRC cells. Colonic crypts and organoids expressed LARGE2 mainly in stem cell-enriched subpopulations. In human adenoma organoids, activity of the LARGE2/α-DG axis was Wnt-dose dependent. LARGE2 expression was elevated in CRC and correlated with the Wnt-driven molecular subtype and intestinal stem cell features. O-glycosylated α-DG represented a Wnt/LARGE2-dependent feature in CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor organoids. Modulation of LARGE2/α-DG signaling affected CRC cell migration through laminin-coated membranes and adhesion to endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the LARGE2 O-glycosyltransferase-encoding gene represents a direct target of canonical Wnt signaling and mediates functional O-glycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) in human colonic stem/progenitor cells and Wnt-driven CRC. Our work implies that aberrant Wnt activation augments CRC cell-matrix adhesion by increasing LARGE/α-DG-mediated laminin-adhesiveness. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dietinger
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,DKTK Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Cira R García de Durango
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,DKTK Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Svenja Wiechmann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sophie L Boos
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,DKTK Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlies Michl
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Hermeking
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Jung
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,DKTK Research Group, Oncogenic Signaling Pathways of Colorectal Cancer, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,DKTK AG Oncogenic Signal Transduction Pathways in Colorectal/Pancreatic Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, DKTK Partnerstandort München, Institut für Pathologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Thalkirchner Straße 36, D-80337, Munich, Germany.
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6
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Kalla D, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically Engineered Pigs to Study Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E488. [PMID: 31940967 PMCID: PMC7013672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen groundbreaking advances in cancer research. Genetically engineered animal models, mainly in mice, have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in cancer. However, mice are not ideal for translating basic research into studies closer to the clinic. There is a need for complementary information provided by non-rodent species. Pigs are well suited for translational biomedical research as they share many similarities with humans such as body and organ size, aspects of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology and can provide valuable means of developing and testing novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Porcine oncology is a new field, but it is clear that replication of key oncogenic mutation in pigs can usefully mimic several human cancers. This review briefly outlines the technology used to generate genetically modified pigs, provides an overview of existing cancer models, their applications and how the field may develop in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.K.); (A.K.)
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7
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Li L, Li X, Zhong W, Yang M, Xu M, Sun Y, Ma J, Liu T, Song X, Dong W, Liu X, Chen Y, Liu Y, Abla Z, Liu W, Wang B, Jiang K, Cao H. Gut microbiota from colorectal cancer patients enhances the progression of intestinal adenoma in Apc min/+ mice. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:301-315. [PMID: 31594750 PMCID: PMC6838415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence points to a close relationship between gut dysbiosis and colorectal cancer (CRC). As >90% of CRC develop from adenoma, we aimed to investigate the crucial role of imbalanced gut microbiota on the progression of intestinal adenoma. Methods The Apcmin/+ mice gavage with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), feces from healthy controls or CRC patients after antibiotic cocktails. The intestinal tissues were isolated for histopathology, western blotting, and RNA-seq. The microbiota of feces and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analysed by 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing and gas chromatography. Findings The Apcmin/+mice gavaged by feces from CRC patients had more intestinal tumours compared with those fed with feces from healthy controls or PBS. Administration of feces from CRC patients increased tumour proliferation and decreased apoptosis in tumour cells, accompanied by impairment of gut barrier function and up-regulation the pro-inflammatory cytokines profile. The up-regulated the expression of β-catenin and cyclinD1 further indicating the activation of Wnt signalling pathway. The abundance of pathogenic bacteria was increased after FMT, while producing SCFAs bacteria and SCFAs production were decreased. Interpretation Gut microbiota of CRC patients disrupted intestinal barrier, induced low-grade inflammation and dysbiosis. The altered gut microbiota enhanced the progression of intestinal adenomas in Apcmin/+mice, suggesting that a new strategy to target gut microbiota against CRC could be noted. Fund The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Tianjin Research Programme of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology of China, and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengque Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaheng Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxiao Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yange Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zaripa Abla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wentian Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hotan District People's Hospital, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, China.
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Schatoff EM, Goswami S, Zafra MP, Foronda M, Shusterman M, Leach BI, Katti A, Diaz BJ, Dow LE. Distinct Colorectal Cancer-Associated APC Mutations Dictate Response to Tankyrase Inhibition. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1358-1371. [PMID: 31337618 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of colorectal cancers show hyperactivated WNT signaling due to inactivating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. Genetically restoring APC suppresses WNT and induces rapid and sustained tumor regression, implying that reengaging this endogenous tumor-suppressive mechanism may be an effective therapeutic strategy. Here, using new animal models, human cell lines, and ex vivo organoid cultures, we show that tankyrase (TNKS) inhibition can control WNT hyperactivation and provide long-term tumor control in vivo, but that effective responses are critically dependent on how APC is disrupted. Mutant APC proteins truncated within the mutation cluster region physically engage the destruction complex and suppress the WNT transcriptional program, while APC variants with early truncations (e.g., Apc Min) show limited interaction with AXIN1 and β-catenin, and do not respond to TNKS blockade. Together, this work shows that TNKS inhibition, like APC restoration, can reestablish endogenous control of WNT/β-catenin signaling, but that APC genotype is a crucial determinant of this response. SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals how subtle changes to the mutations in a critical colorectal tumor suppressor, APC, influence the cellular response to a targeted therapy. It underscores how investigating the specific genetic alterations that occur in human cancer can identify important biological mechanisms of drug response and resistance.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Schatoff
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-I MD-PhD program, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sukanya Goswami
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Miguel Foronda
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Michael Shusterman
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Alyna Katti
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bianca J Diaz
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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9
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Bong YS, Assefnia S, Tuohy T, Neklason DW, Burt RW, Ahn J, Bueno De Mesquita PJ, Byers SW. A role for the vitamin D pathway in non-intestinal lesions in genetic and carcinogen models of colorectal cancer and in familial adenomatous polyposis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80508-80520. [PMID: 27768599 PMCID: PMC5348337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is implicated in the etiology of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, usually characterized by alteration in the APC/β-catenin/TCF tumor suppressor pathway. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is also implicated in cardiovascular and skin diseases as well as in immunity. Activated VDR can indirectly alter β-catenin nuclear localization and directly suppress β-catenin/TCF mediated transcriptional activity. We treated VDR null mice with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) and generated mice bearing a mutated APC (hypomorph) on a VDR null background (Apc1638N/+Vdr−/−). VDR null mice do not develop GI or extra-colonic tumors but loss of VDR decreased intestinal tumor latency and increased progression to adenocarcinoma in both models. AOM treatment of VDR null mice also caused squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Although levels and distribution of total or activated β-catenin in the epithelial component of tumors were unaffected by loss of VDR, β-catenin dependent cyclin D1 expression was affected suggesting a direct VDR effect on β-catenin co-activator activity. Extra-colonic mucosa manifestations in Apc1638N/+Vdr−/− animals included increased nuclear β-catenin in submucosal stromal cells, spleno- and cardiomegaly and large epidermoid cysts characteristic of the FAP variant, Gardner's syndrome. Consistent with this, SNPs in the VDR, vitamin D binding protein and CYP24 as well as mutations in APC distal to codon 850 were strongly associated with Gardners syndrome in a cohort of 457 FAP patients, This work suggests that alterations in the vitamin D/VDR axis are important in Gardner's syndrome, as well as in the etiology of anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sik Bong
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Shahin Assefnia
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Therese Tuohy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Deborah W Neklason
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Randall W Burt
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul J Bueno De Mesquita
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen W Byers
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
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10
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Li Y, Cui SX, Sun SY, Shi WN, Song ZY, Wang SQ, Yu XF, Gao ZH, Qu XJ. Chemoprevention of intestinal tumorigenesis by the natural dietary flavonoid myricetin in APCMin/+ mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:60446-60460. [PMID: 27507058 PMCID: PMC5312395 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myricetin is a natural dietary flavonoid compound. We evaluated the efficacy of myricetin against intestinal tumorigenesis in adenomatous polyposis coli multiple intestinal neoplasia (APCMin/+) mice. Myricetin was given orally once a day for 12 consecutive weeks. APCMin/+ mice fed with myricetin developed fewer and smaller polyps without any adverse effects. Histopathological analysis showed a decreased number of dysplastic cells and degree of dysplasia in each polyp. Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis revealed that myricetin selectively inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in adenomatous polyps. The effects of myricetin were associated with a modulation the GSK-3β and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. ELISA analysis showed a reduced concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and PGE2 in blood, which were elevated in APCMin/+ mice. The effect of myricetin treatment was more prominent in the adenomatous polyps originating in the colon. Further studies showed that myricetin downregulates the phosphorylated p38 MAPK/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways, which may be the mechanisms for the inhibition of adenomatous polyps by myricetin. Taken together, our data show that myricetin inhibits intestinal tumorigenesis through a collection of biological activities. Given these results, we suggest that myricetin could be used preventatively to reduce the risk of developing colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chemical Biology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Xiang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yue Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Na Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Feng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xian-Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Zhang L, Theodoropoulos PC, Eskiocak U, Wang W, Moon YA, Posner B, Williams NS, Wright WE, Kim SB, Nijhawan D, De Brabander JK, Shay JW. Selective targeting of mutant adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in colorectal cancer. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:361ra140. [PMID: 27798265 PMCID: PMC7262871 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are common in colorectal cancer (CRC), and more than 90% of those mutations generate stable truncated gene products. We describe a chemical screen using normal human colonic epithelial cells (HCECs) and a series of oncogenically progressed HCECs containing a truncated APC protein. With this screen, we identified a small molecule, TASIN-1 (truncated APC selective inhibitor-1), that specifically kills cells with APC truncations but spares normal and cancer cells with wild-type APC. TASIN-1 exerts its cytotoxic effects through inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. In vivo administration of TASIN-1 inhibits tumor growth of CRC cells with truncated APC but not APC wild-type CRC cells in xenograft models and in a genetically engineered CRC mouse model with minimal toxicity. TASIN-1 represents a potential therapeutic strategy for prevention and intervention in CRC with mutant APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Ugur Eskiocak
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wentian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Young-Ah Moon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Deepak Nijhawan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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12
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Meinicke H, Bremser A, Brack M, Akeus P, Pearson C, Bullers S, Hoffmeyer K, Stemmler MP, Quiding-Järbrink M, Izcue A. Tumour-associated changes in intestinal epithelial cells cause local accumulation of KLRG1 + GATA3 + regulatory T cells in mice. Immunology 2017; 152:74-88. [PMID: 28437001 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells include differentiated populations of effector Treg cells characterized by the expression of specific transcription factors. Tumours, including intestinal malignancies, often present with local accumulation of Treg cells that can prevent tumour clearance, but how tumour progression leads to Treg cell accumulation is incompletely understood. Here using genetically modified mouse models we show that ablation of E-cadherin, a process associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition and tumour progression, promotes the accumulation of intestinal Treg cells by the specific accumulation of the KLRG1+ GATA3+ Treg subset. Epithelial E-cadherin ablation activates the β-catenin pathway, and we find that increasing β-catenin signals in intestinal epithelial cells also boosts Treg cell frequencies through local accumulation of KLRG1+ GATA3+ Treg cells. Both E-cadherin ablation and increased β-catenin signals resulted in epithelial cells with higher levels of interleukin-33, a cytokine that preferentially expands KLRG1+ GATA3+ Treg cells. Tumours often present reduced E-cadherin expression and increased β-catenin signalling and interleukin-33 production. Accordingly, Treg cell accumulation in intestinal tumours from APCmin/+ mice was exclusively due to the increase in KLRG1+ GATA3+ Treg cells. Our data identify a novel axis through which epithelial cells control local Treg cell subsets, which may be activated during intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Meinicke
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bremser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Brack
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Akeus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Claire Pearson
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel Bullers
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Katrin Hoffmeyer
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc P Stemmler
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marianne Quiding-Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ana Izcue
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Zhang L, Shay JW. Multiple Roles of APC and its Therapeutic Implications in Colorectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3113843. [PMID: 28423402 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is widely accepted as a tumor suppressor gene highly mutated in colorectal cancers (CRC). Mutation and inactivation of this gene is a key and early event almost uniquely observed in colorectal tumorigenesis. Alterations in the APC gene generate truncated gene products, leading to activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and deregulation of multiple other cellular processes. It has been a mystery why most patients with CRC retain a truncated APC protein, but accumulating evidence suggest that these C terminally truncated APC proteins may have gain of function properties beyond the well-established loss of tumor suppressive function. Here, we will review the evidence for both the loss of function and the gain of function of APC truncations and how together they contribute to CRC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Wolfe AR, Ernlund A, McGuinness W, Lehmann C, Carl K, Balmaceda N, Neufeld KL. Suppression of intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc mutant mice upon Musashi-1 deletion. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:805-813. [PMID: 28082422 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies based on a specific oncogenic target are better justified when elimination of that particular oncogene reduces tumorigenesis in a model organism. One such oncogene, Musashi-1 (Msi-1), regulates translation of target mRNAs and is implicated in promoting tumorigenesis in the colon and other tissues. Msi-1 targets include the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc), a Wnt pathway antagonist lost in ∼80% of all colorectal cancers. Cell culture experiments have established that Msi-1 is a Wnt target, thus positioning Msi-1 and Apc as mutual antagonists in a mutually repressive feedback loop. Here, we report that intestines from mice lacking Msi-1 display aberrant Apc and Msi-1 mutually repressive feedback, reduced Wnt and Notch signaling, decreased proliferation, and changes in stem cell populations, features predicted to suppress tumorigenesis. Indeed, mice with germline Apc mutations (ApcMin ) or with the Apc1322T truncation mutation have a dramatic reduction in intestinal polyp number when Msi-1 is deleted. Taken together, these results provide genetic evidence that Msi-1 contributes to intestinal tumorigenesis driven by Apc loss, and validate the pursuit of Msi-1 inhibitors as chemo-prevention agents to reduce tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy R Wolfe
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Amanda Ernlund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - William McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Carl Lehmann
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Carl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Nicole Balmaceda
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7049 Haworth Hall, 1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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15
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Peng Y, Miao H, Wu S, Yang W, Zhang Y, Xie G, Xie X, Li J, Shi C, Ye L, Sun W, Wang L, Liang H, Ou J. ABHD5 interacts with BECN1 to regulate autophagy and tumorigenesis of colon cancer independent of PNPLA2. Autophagy 2016; 12:2167-2182. [PMID: 27559856 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1217380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy critically contributes to metabolic reprogramming and chromosomal stability. It has been reported that monoallelic loss of the essential autophagy gene BECN1 (encoding BECN1/Beclin 1) promotes cancer development and progression. However, the mechanism by which BECN1 is inactivated in malignancy remains largely elusive. We have previously reported a tumor suppressor role of ABHD5 (abhydrolase domain containing 5), a co-activator of PNPLA2 (patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Here we report a noncanonical role of ABHD5 in regulating autophagy and CRC tumorigenesis. ABHD5 directly competes with CASP3 for binding to the cleavage sites of BECN1, and consequently prevents BECN1 from being cleaved by CASP3. ABHD5 deficiency provides CASP3 an advantage to cleave and inactivate BECN1, thus impairing BECN1-induced autophagic flux and augmenting genomic instability, which subsequently promotes tumorigenesis. Notably, clinical data also confirm that ABHD5 proficiency is significantly correlated with the expression levels of BECN1, LC3-II and CASP3 in human CRC tissues. Our findings suggest that ABHD5 possesses a PNPLA2-independent function in regulating autophagy and tumorigenesis, further establishing the tumor suppressor role of ABHD5, and offering an opportunity to develop new approaches aimed at preventing CRC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Hongming Miao
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Shuang Wu
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Weiwen Yang
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yue Zhang
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ganfeng Xie
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiong Xie
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jianjun Li
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- b Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Labortory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Lilin Ye
- c Institute of Immunology, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wei Sun
- d Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Liting Wang
- d Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Houjie Liang
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Juanjuan Ou
- a Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center , Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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16
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Mouse model of proximal colon-specific tumorigenesis driven by microsatellite instability-induced Cre-mediated inactivation of Apc and activation of Kras. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:447-57. [PMID: 26361962 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS gene mutations are found in 40-50% of colorectal cancer cases, but their functional contribution is not fully understood. To address this issue, we generated genetically engineered mice with colon tumors expressing an oncogenic Kras(G12D) allele in the context of the Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) deficiency to compare them to tumors harboring Apc deficiency alone. METHODS CDX2P9.5-G22Cre (referred to as G22Cre) mice showing inducible Cre recombinase transgene expression in the proximal colon controlled under the CDX2 gene promoter were intercrossed with Apc (flox/flox) mice and LSL-Kras (G12D) mice carrying loxP-flanked Apc and Lox-Stop-Lox oncogenic Kras(G12D) alleles, respectively, to generate G22Cre; Apc(flox/flox); Kras(G12D) and G22Cre; Apc(flox/flox); KrasWT mice. Gene expression profiles of the tumors were analyzed using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. RESULTS Morphologically, minimal difference in proximal colon tumor was observed between the two mouse models. Consistent with previous findings in vitro, Glut1 transcript and protein expression was up-regulated in the tumors of G22Cre;Apc (flox/flox) ; Kras(G12D) mice. Immunohistochemical staining analysis revealed that GLUT1 protein expression correlated with KRAS mutations in human colorectal cancer. Microarray analysis identified 11 candidate genes upregulated more than fivefold and quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that Aqp8, Ttr, Qpct, and Slc26a3 genes were upregulated 3.7- to 30.2-fold in tumors with mutant Kras. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the validity of the G22Cre; Apc(flox/flox) ;Kras (G12D) mice as a new mouse model with oncogenic Kras activation. We believe that this model can facilitate efforts to define novel factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of human colorectal cancer with KRAS mutations.
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17
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Liu Q, Li X, Li S, Qu S, Wang Y, Tang Q, Ma H, Luo Y. Three novel mutations of APC gene in Chinese patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11421-7. [PMID: 27000756 PMCID: PMC4999466 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of colonic adenomas and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), encoding a large multidomain protein involved in antagonizing the Wnt signaling pathway, has been identified as the main causative gene responsible for FAP. In this study, we identified three novel mutations as well as two recurrent mutations in the APC in five Chinese FAP families by sequencing. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that among these mutations, a nonsense mutation (c.2510C>G) and two small deletions (c.2016_2047del, c.3180_3184del) led to the truncation of the APC protein and the cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in the colorectal samples from affected individuals, respectively. Our study expands the database on mutations of APC and provides evidence to understand the function of APC in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Sen Li
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shengqiang Qu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Qingzhu Tang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Developing Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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18
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Lemos C, Hardt MS, Juneja M, Voss C, Förster S, Jerchow B, Haider W, Bläker H, Stein U. MACC1 Induces Tumor Progression in Transgenic Mice and Colorectal Cancer Patients via Increased Pluripotency Markers Nanog and Oct4. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2812-24. [PMID: 26758557 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously identified the gene MACC1 as a strong prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer metastasis and patient survival. Here, we report for the first time the generation of transgenic mouse models for MACC1. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated mice with transgenic overexpression of MACC1 in the intestine driven by the villin promoter (vil-MACC1) and crossed them with Apc(Min) mice (vil-MACC1/Apc(Min)). RESULTS vil-MACC1/Apc(Min) mice significantly increased the total number of tumors (P = 0.0056). This was particularly apparent in large tumors (≥3-mm diameter; P = 0.0024). A detailed histopathologic analysis of these lesions demonstrated that the tumors from the vil-MACC1/Apc(Min) mice had a more invasive phenotype and, consequently, showed a significantly reduced survival time than Apc(Min) mice (P = 0.03). Molecular analysis revealed an increased Wnt and pluripotency signaling in the tumors of vil-MACC1/Apc(Min) mice. Specifically, we observed a prominent upregulation of the pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog in these tumors compared with Apc(Min) controls. Finally, we could also validate that Oct4 and Nanog are regulated by MACC1 in vitro and strongly correlate with MACC1 levels in a cohort of 60 tumors of colorectal cancer patients (r = 0.7005 and r = 0.6808, respectively; P > 0.0001 and P > 0.0002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We provide proof of principle that MACC1-induced tumor progression in colorectal cancer acts, at least in part, via the newly discovered MACC1/Nanog/Oct4 axis. These findings might have important implications for the design of novel therapeutic intervention strategies to restrict tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2812-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lemos
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Markus S Hardt
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manisha Juneja
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Voss
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Förster
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Jerchow
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Stein
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Dow LE, O'Rourke KP, Simon J, Tschaharganeh DF, van Es JH, Clevers H, Lowe SW. Apc Restoration Promotes Cellular Differentiation and Reestablishes Crypt Homeostasis in Colorectal Cancer. Cell 2015; 161:1539-1552. [PMID: 26091037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor is mutated in the vast majority of human colorectal cancers (CRC) and leads to deregulated Wnt signaling. To determine whether Apc disruption is required for tumor maintenance, we developed a mouse model of CRC whereby Apc can be conditionally suppressed using a doxycycline-regulated shRNA. Apc suppression produces adenomas in both the small intestine and colon that, in the presence of Kras and p53 mutations, can progress to invasive carcinoma. In established tumors, Apc restoration drives rapid and widespread tumor-cell differentiation and sustained regression without relapse. Tumor regression is accompanied by the re-establishment of normal crypt-villus homeostasis, such that once aberrantly proliferating cells reacquire self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation capability. Our study reveals that CRC cells can revert to functioning normal cells given appropriate signals and provide compelling in vivo validation of the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas E Dow
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kevin P O'Rourke
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill-Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD program
| | - Janelle Simon
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Johan H van Es
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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20
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Huisman SA, Bijman-Lagcher W, IJzermans JNM, Smits R, de Bruin RWF. Fasting protects against the side effects of irinotecan but preserves its anti-tumor effect in Apc15lox mutant mice. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2333-9. [PMID: 25955194 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1044170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan is a widely used topoisomerase-I-inhibitor with a very narrow therapeutic window because of its severe toxicity. In the current study we have examined the effects of fasting prior to irinotecan treatment on toxicity and anti-tumor activity. FabplCre;Apc(15lox/+) mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal tumors, of 27 weeks of age were randomized into 3-day fasted and ad libitum fed groups, followed by treatment with a flat-fixed high dose of irinotecan or vehicle. Side-effects were recorded until 11 days after the start of the experiment. Tumor size, and markers for cell-cycle activity, proliferation, angiogenesis, and senescence were measured. Fasted mice were protected against the side-effects of irinotecan treatment. Ad libitum fed mice developed visible signs of discomfort including weight loss, lower activity, ruffled coat, hunched-back posture, diarrhea, and leukopenia. Irinotecan reduced tumor size in fasted and ad libitum fed groups similarly compared to untreated controls (2.4 ± 0.67 mm and 2.4 ± 0.82 mm versus 3.0 ± 1.05 mm and 2.8 ± 1.08 mm respectively, P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed reduced proliferation, a reduced number of vascular endothelial cells, and increased levels of senescence in tumors of both irinotecan treated groups. In conclusion, 3 days of fasting protects against the toxic side-effects of irinotecan in a clinically relevant mouse model of spontaneously developing colorectal cancer without affecting its anti-tumor activity. These results support fasting as a powerful way to improve treatment of colorectal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A Huisman
- a Department of Surgery ; Erasmus University Medical Center ; Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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21
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Inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene yields a mouse model of malignant colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2015; 34:5890-9. [PMID: 25745996 PMCID: PMC4668801 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene (Rb) is mutated at significant frequency in various human epithelial tumors, including colorectal cancer, and is strongly associated with metastatic disease. However, sole inactivation of Rb in the mouse has so far failed to yield epithelial cancers. Here, we specifically inactivate Rb and/or p53 in the urogenital epithelium and the intestine. We find that loss of both tumor suppressors is unable to yield tumors in the transitional epithelium lining the bladder, kidneys and ureters. Instead, these mice develop highly metastatic tumors of neuroendocrine, not epithelial, origin within the urogenital tract to give prostate cancer in the males and vaginal tumors in the females. Additionally, we discovered that the sole inactivation of Rb in the intestine was sufficient to induce formation of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas. These tumors closely mirror the human disease in regard to age of onset, histological appearance, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Like most human colorectal carcinomas, our murine Rb-deficient tumors demonstrate genomic instability and they show activation of β-catenin. Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is specific to the intestinal tumors, as genomic instability but not activation of β-catenin was observed in the neuroendocrine tumors. To date, attempts to generate genetically engineered mouse models of colorectal cancer tumors have yielded mostly cancer of the small intestine, which rarely occurs in humans. Our system provides the opportunity to accurately model and study colorectal cancer in the mouse via a single gene mutation.
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22
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Irving AA, Yoshimi K, Hart ML, Parker T, Clipson L, Ford MR, Kuramoto T, Dove WF, Amos-Landgraf JM. The utility of Apc-mutant rats in modeling human colon cancer. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:1215-25. [PMID: 25288683 PMCID: PMC4213726 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the advent of genetic engineering in the mouse, the rat was the model of choice for investigating the etiology of cancer. Now, recent advances in the manipulation of the rat genome, combined with a growing recognition of the physiological differences between mice and rats, have reignited interest in the rat as a model of human cancer. Two recently developed rat models, the polyposis in the rat colon (Pirc) and Kyoto Apc Delta (KAD) strains, each carry mutations in the intestinal-cancer-associated adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) gene. In contrast to mouse models carrying Apc mutations, in which cancers develop mainly in the small intestine rather than in the colon and there is no gender bias, these rat models exhibit colonic predisposition and gender-specific susceptibility, as seen in human colon cancer. The rat also provides other experimental resources as a model organism that are not provided by the mouse: the structure of its chromosomes facilitates the analysis of genomic events, the size of its colon permits longitudinal analysis of tumor growth, and the size of biological samples from the animal facilitates multiplexed molecular analyses of the tumor and its host. Thus, the underlying biology and experimental resources of these rat models provide important avenues for investigation. We anticipate that advances in disease modeling in the rat will synergize with resources that are being developed in the mouse to provide a deeper understanding of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Irving
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kazuto Yoshimi
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marcia L Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Taybor Parker
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Linda Clipson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Madeline R Ford
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - William F Dove
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - James M Amos-Landgraf
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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23
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Sears CL, Geis AL, Housseau F. Bacteroides fragilis subverts mucosal biology: from symbiont to colon carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4166-72. [PMID: 25105360 DOI: 10.1172/jci72334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body comprises fewer host cells than bacterial cells, most of which are obligate anaerobes residing in the gut. The symbiont Bacteroides fragilis constitutes a relatively small proportion (up to 1%-2%) of cultured fecal bacteria, but colonizes most humans. There are 2 classes of B. fragilis distinguished by their ability to secrete a zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin, B. fragilis toxin (BFT). Strains that do not secrete BFT are nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF), and those that do are called enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF). ETBF can induce clinical pathology, including inflammatory diarrhea, although asymptomatic colonization may be common. Intestinal inflammation is mediated by BFT, as yet the only known virulence factor of ETBF. Recent experimental evidence demonstrating that ETBF-driven colitis promotes colon tumorigenesis has generated interest in the potential contribution of ETBF to human colon carcinogenesis. Critical questions about the epidemiology of chronic, subclinical human colonization with ETBF and its impact on the biology of the colon need to be addressed.
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24
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Fleet JC. Animal models of gastrointestinal and liver diseases. New mouse models for studying dietary prevention of colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G249-59. [PMID: 24875098 PMCID: PMC4121636 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00019.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is one of the major causes of cancer death in the U.S. There is evidence that lifestyle factors like diet can modulate the course of this disease. Demonstrating the benefit and mechanism of action of dietary interventions against colon cancer will require studies in preclinical models. Many mouse models have been developed to study colon cancer but no single model can reflect all types of colon cancer in terms of molecular etiology. In addition, many models develop only low-grade cancers and are confounded by development of the disease outside of the colon. This review will discuss how mice can be used to model human colon cancer and it will describe a variety of new mouse models that develop colon-restricted cancer as well as more advanced phenotypes for studies of late-state disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Fleet
- 1Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; and ,2Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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25
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Powell AE, Vlacich G, Zhao ZY, McKinley ET, Washington MK, Manning HC, Coffey RJ. Inducible loss of one Apc allele in Lrig1-expressing progenitor cells results in multiple distal colonic tumors with features of familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G16-23. [PMID: 24833705 PMCID: PMC4080164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00358.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) harbor a germline mutation in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). The major clinical manifestation is development of multiple colonic tumors at a young age due to stochastic loss of the remaining APC allele. Extracolonic features, including periampullary tumors, gastric abnormalities, and congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, may occur. The objective of this study was to develop a mouse model that simulates these features of FAP. We combined our Lrig1-CreERT2/+ mice with Apcfl/+ mice, eliminated one copy of Apc in leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (Lrig1)-positive (Lrig1(+)) progenitor cells with tamoxifen injection, and monitored tumor formation in the colon by colonoscopy and PET. Initial loss of one Apc allele in Lrig1(+) cells results in a predictable pattern of preneoplastic changes, culminating in multiple distal colonic tumors within 50 days of induction, as well as the extracolonic manifestations of FAP mentioned above. We show that tumor formation can be monitored by noninvasive PET imaging. This inducible stem cell-driven model recapitulates features of FAP and offers a tractable platform on which therapeutic interventions can be monitored over time by colonoscopy and noninvasive imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Powell
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Gregory Vlacich
- 2Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Zhen-Yang Zhao
- 3Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Eliot T. McKinley
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - M. Kay Washington
- 4Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - H. Charles Manning
- 5Vanderbilt Institute for Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- 1Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; ,6Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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26
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Human cancer xenografts in outbred nude mice can be confounded by polymorphisms in a modifier of tumorigenesis. Genetics 2014; 197:1365-76. [PMID: 24913681 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.166587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenicity studies often employ outbred nude mice, in the absence of direct evidence that this mixed genetic background will negatively affect experimental outcome. Here we show that outbred nude mice carry two different alleles of Pla2g2a, a genetic modifier of intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. Here, we identify previous unreported linked polymorphisms in the promoter, noncoding and coding sequences of Pla2g2a and show that outbred nude mice from different commercial providers are heterogeneous for this polymorphic Pla2g2a allele. This heterogeneity even extends to mice obtained from a single commercial provider, which display mixed Pla2g2a genotypes. Notably, we demonstrated that the polymorphic Pla2g2a allele affects orthotopic xenograft establishment of human colon cancer cells in outbred nude mice. This finding establishes a non-cell-autonomous role for Pla2g2a in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis. Using in vitro reporter assays and pharmacological inhibitors, we show promoter polymorphisms and nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) as underlying mechanisms that lead to low Pla2g2a mRNA levels in tumor-sensitive mice. Together, this study provides mechanistic insight regarding Pla2g2a polymorphisms and demonstrates a non-cell-autonomous role for Pla2g2a in suppressing tumors. Moreover, our direct demonstration that mixed genetic backgrounds of outbred nude mice can significantly affect baseline tumorigenicity cautions against future use of outbred mice for tumor xenograft studies.
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27
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Zeineldin M, Miller MA, Sullivan R, Neufeld KL. Nuclear adenomatous polyposis coli suppresses colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1881-90. [PMID: 24894865 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) initiates most colorectal cancers and chronic colitis increases risk. APC is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, best known for antagonizing Wnt signaling by forming a cytoplasmic complex that marks β-catenin for degradation. Using our unique mouse model with compromised nuclear Apc import (Apc(mNLS)), we show that Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice have increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The AOM-DSS-induced colon adenoma histopathology, proliferation, apoptosis, stem cell number and β-catenin and Kras mutation spectra were similar in Apc(mNLS/mNLS) and Apc(+/+) mice. However, AOM-DSS-treated Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice showed more weight loss, more lymphoid follicles and edema, and increased colon shortening than treated Apc(+/+) mice, indicating a colitis predisposition. To test this directly, we induced acute colitis with a 7 day DSS treatment followed by 5 days of recovery. Compared with Apc(+/+) mice, DSS-treated Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice developed more severe colitis based on clinical grade and histopathology. Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice also had higher lymphocytic infiltration and reduced expression of stem cell markers, suggesting an increased propensity for chronic inflammation. Moreover, colons from DSS-treated Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice showed fewer goblet cells and reduced Muc2 expression. Even in untreated Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice, there were significantly fewer goblet cells in jejuna, and a modest decrease in colonocyte Muc2 expression compared with Apc(+/+) mice. Colonocytes from untreated Apc(mNLS/mNLS) mice also showed increased expression of inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). These findings reveal novel functions for nuclear Apc in goblet cell differentiation and protection against inflammation-induced colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA, Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt and
| | - Matthew A Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Ruth Sullivan
- Carbone Cancer Center and Research Animal Resources Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kristi L Neufeld
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,
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28
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Kidane D, Chae WJ, Czochor J, Eckert KA, Glazer PM, Bothwell ALM, Sweasy JB. Interplay between DNA repair and inflammation, and the link to cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:116-39. [PMID: 24410153 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.875514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and repair are linked to cancer. DNA damage that is induced endogenously or from exogenous sources has the potential to result in mutations and genomic instability if not properly repaired, eventually leading to cancer. Inflammation is also linked to cancer. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONs) produced by inflammatory cells at sites of infection can induce DNA damage. RONs can also amplify inflammatory responses, leading to increased DNA damage. Here, we focus on the links between DNA damage, repair, and inflammation, as they relate to cancer. We examine the interplay between chronic inflammation, DNA damage and repair and review recent findings in this rapidly emerging field, including the links between DNA damage and the innate immune system, and the roles of inflammation in altering the microbiome, which subsequently leads to the induction of DNA damage in the colon. Mouse models of defective DNA repair and inflammatory control are extensively reviewed, including treatment of mouse models with pathogens, which leads to DNA damage. The roles of microRNAs in regulating inflammation and DNA repair are discussed. Importantly, DNA repair and inflammation are linked in many important ways, and in some cases balance each other to maintain homeostasis. The failure to repair DNA damage or to control inflammatory responses has the potential to lead to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Kidane
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics
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29
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Wnt signaling in adult intestinal stem cells and cancer. Cell Signal 2013; 26:570-9. [PMID: 24308963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling initiated by secreted glycoproteins of the Wnt family regulates many aspects of embryonic development and it is involved in homeostasis of adult tissues. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract the Wnt pathway maintains the self-renewal capacity of epithelial stem cells. The stem cell attributes are conferred by mutual interactions of the stem cell with its local microenvironment, the stem cell niche. The niche ensures that the threshold of Wnt signaling in the stem cell is kept in physiological range. In addition, the Wnt pathway involves various feedback loops that balance the opposing processes of cell proliferation and differentiation. Today, we have compelling evidence that mutations causing aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway promote expansion of undifferentiated progenitors and lead to cancer. The review summarizes recent advances in characterization of adult epithelial stem cells in the gut. We mainly focus on discoveries related to molecular mechanisms regulating the output of the Wnt pathway. Moreover, we present novel experimental approaches utilized to investigate the epithelial cell signaling circuitry in vivo and in vitro. Pivotal aspects of tissue homeostasis are often deduced from studies of tumor cells; therefore, we also discuss some latest results gleaned from the deep genome sequencing studies of human carcinomas of the colon and rectum.
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