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Lohmeier J, Radbruch H, Brenner W, Hamm B, Tietze A, Makowski MR. Predictive IDH Genotyping Based on the Evaluation of Spatial Metabolic Heterogeneity by Compartmental Uptake Characteristics in Preoperative Glioma Using 18F-FET PET. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:1683-1689. [PMID: 37652542 PMCID: PMC10626372 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.265642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers are of increasing importance for classifying, treating, and determining the prognosis for central nervous system tumors. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a critical regulator of glucose and amino acid metabolism. Our objective was to investigate metabolic reprogramming of glioma using compartmental uptake (CU) characteristics in O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine (FET) PET and to evaluate its diagnostic potential for IDH genotyping. Methods: Between 2017 and 2022, patients with confirmed glioma were preoperatively investigated using static 18F-FET PET. Metabolic tumor volume (MTV), MTV for 60%-100% uptake (MTV60), and T2-weighted and contrast-enhancing lesion volumes were automatically segmented using U-Net neural architecture and isocontouring. Volume intersections were determined using the Dice coefficient. Uptake characteristics were determined for metabolically defined compartments (central [80%-100%] and peripheral [60%-75%] areas of 18F-FET uptake). CU ratio was defined as the fraction between the peripheral and central compartments. Mean target-to-background ratio was calculated. Comparisons were performed using parametric and nonparametric tests. Receiver-operating-characteristic curves, regression, and correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: In total, 52 participants (male, 27, female, 25; mean age ± SD, 51 ± 16 y) were evaluated. MTV60 was greater and distinct from contrast-enhancing lesion volume (P = 0.046). IDH-mutated tumors presented a greater volumetric CU ratio and SUV CU ratio than IDH wild-type tumors (P < 0.05). Volumetric CU ratio determined IDH genotype with excellent diagnostic performance (area under the curve [AUC], 0.88; P < 0.001) at more than 5.49 (sensitivity, 86%, specificity, 90%), because IDH-mutated tumors presented a greater peripheral metabolic compartment than IDH wild-type tumors (P = 0.045). MTV60 and MTV were not suitable for IDH classification (P > 0.05). SUV CU ratio (AUC, 0.72; P = 0.005) and target-to-background ratio (AUC, 0.68; P = 0.016) achieved modest diagnostic performance-inferior to the volumetric CU ratio. Furthermore, the classification of loss of heterozygosity of chromosomes 1p and 19q (AUC, 0.75; P = 0.019), MGMT promoter methylation (AUC, 0.70; P = 0.011), and ATRX loss (AUC, 0.73; P = 0.004) by amino acid PET was evaluated. Conclusion: We proposed parametric 18F-FET PET as a noninvasive metabolic biomarker for the evaluation of CU characteristics, which differentiated IDH genotype with excellent diagnostic performance, establishing a critical association between spatial metabolic heterogeneity, mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, and genomic features with critical implications for clinical management and the diagnostic workup of patients with central nervous system cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lohmeier
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Winfried Brenner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Tietze
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Radiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Chung BT, Kim Y, Gordon JW, Chen HY, Autry AW, Lee PM, Hu JY, Tan CT, Suszczynski C, Chang SM, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Bok RA, Larson PEZ, Xu D, Li Y, Vigneron DB. Hyperpolarized [2- 13C]pyruvate MR molecular imaging with whole brain coverage. Neuroimage 2023; 280:120350. [PMID: 37634883 PMCID: PMC10530049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was applied for the first time to image and quantify the uptake and metabolism of [2-13C]pyruvate in the human brain to provide new metabolic information on cerebral energy metabolism. HP [2-13C]pyruvate was injected intravenously and imaged in 5 healthy human volunteer exams with whole brain coverage in a 1-minute acquisition using a specialized spectral-spatial multi-slice echoplanar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence to acquire 13C-labeled volumetric and dynamic images of [2-13C]pyruvate and downstream metabolites [5-13C]glutamate and [2-13C]lactate. Metabolic ratios and apparent conversion rates of pyruvate-to-lactate (kPL) and pyruvate-to-glutamate (kPG) were quantified to investigate simultaneously glycolytic and oxidative metabolism in a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Chung
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam W Autry
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Philip M Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Jasmine Y Hu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Chou T Tan
- ISOTEC Stable Isotope Division, MilliporeSigma, Merck KGaA, Miamisburg, OH 45342, USA
| | - Chris Suszczynski
- ISOTEC Stable Isotope Division, MilliporeSigma, Merck KGaA, Miamisburg, OH 45342, USA
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Javier E Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 Fourth Street, Byers Hall Suite 102, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; UCSF - UC Berkeley Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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3
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Dos Santos K, Bertho G, Caradeuc C, Baud V, Montagne A, Abergel D, Giraud N, Baudin M. A Toolbox for Glutamine Use in Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization: from Enzymatic Reaction Monitoring to the Study of Cellular Metabolic Pathways and Imaging. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300151. [PMID: 36973178 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is under scrutiny regarding its metabolic deregulation linked to energetic reprogramming in cancer cells. Many analytical techniques have been used to better understand the impact of the metabolism of amino acids on biological processes, however only a few are suited to work with complex samples. Here, we report the use of a general dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) formulation using an unexpensive radical as a multipurpose tool to study glutamine, with insights from enzymatic modelling to complex metabolic networks and fast imaging. First, hyperpolarized [5-13 C] glutamine is used as molecular probe to study the kinetic action of two enzymes: L-asparaginase that has been used as an anti-metabolic treatment for cancer, and glutaminase. These results are also compared with those acquired with another hyperpolarized amino acid, [1,4-13 C] asparagine. Second, we explored the use of hyperpolarized (HP) substrates to probe metabolic pathways by monitoring metabolic profiles arising from hyperpolarized glutamine in E. coli extracts. Finally, a highly concentrated sample formulation is proposed for the purpose of fast imaging applications. We think that this approach can be extended to formulate other amino acids as well as other metabolites and provide complementary insights into the analysis of metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dos Santos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Gildas Bertho
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Caradeuc
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baud
- Laboratoire NF-κB, Différenciation et Cancer, Université Paris Cité, 24, Rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Montagne
- Laboratoire NF-κB, Différenciation et Cancer, Université Paris Cité, 24, Rue du faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Abergel
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, 45 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Giraud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Baudin
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Université, Sorbonne Université, 45 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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Hong D, Kim Y, Mushti C, Minami N, Wu J, Cherukuri MK, Swenson RE, Vigneron DB, Ronen SM. Monitoring response to a clinically relevant IDH inhibitor in glioma-Hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy approaches. Neurooncol Adv 2023; 5:vdad143. [PMID: 38024238 PMCID: PMC10681661 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDHmut) catalyzes 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production and is considered a therapeutic target for IDHmut tumors. However, response is mostly associated with inhibition of tumor growth. Response assessment via anatomic imaging is therefore challenging. Our goal was to directly detect IDHmut inhibition using a new hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based approach to noninvasively assess α-ketoglutarate (αKG) metabolism to 2HG and glutamate. Methods We studied IDHmut-expressing normal human astrocyte (NHAIDH1mut) cells and rats with BT257 tumors, and assessed response to the IDHmut inhibitor BAY-1436032 (n ≥ 4). We developed a new 13C Echo Planar Spectroscopic Imaging sequence with an optimized RF pulse to monitor the fate of HP [1-13C]αKG and [5-12C,1-13C]αKG with a 2.5 × 2.5 × 8 mm3 spatial resolution. Results Cell studies confirmed that BAY-1436032-treatment leads to a drop in HP 2HG and an increase in HP glutamate detectable with both HP substrates. Data using HP [5-12C,1-13C]αKG also demonstrated that its conversion to 2HG is detectable without the proximal 1.1% natural abundance [5-13C]αKG signal. In vivo studies showed that glutamate is produced in normal brains but no 2HG is detectable. In tumor-bearing rats, we detected the production of both 2HG and glutamate, and BAY-1436032-treatment led to a drop in 2HG and an increase in glutamate. Using HP [5-12C,1-13C]αKG we detected metabolism with an signal-to-noise ratio of 23 for 2HG and 17 for glutamate. Conclusions Our findings point to the clinical potential of HP αKG, which recently received FDA investigational new drug approval for research, for noninvasive localized imaging of IDHmut status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Hong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Noriaki Minami
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rolf E Swenson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain Tumor Research Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Theillet FX, Luchinat E. In-cell NMR: Why and how? PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 132-133:1-112. [PMID: 36496255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been applied to cells and tissues analysis since its beginnings, as early as 1950. We have attempted to gather here in a didactic fashion the broad diversity of data and ideas that emerged from NMR investigations on living cells. Covering a large proportion of the periodic table, NMR spectroscopy permits scrutiny of a great variety of atomic nuclei in all living organisms non-invasively. It has thus provided quantitative information on cellular atoms and their chemical environment, dynamics, or interactions. We will show that NMR studies have generated valuable knowledge on a vast array of cellular molecules and events, from water, salts, metabolites, cell walls, proteins, nucleic acids, drugs and drug targets, to pH, redox equilibria and chemical reactions. The characterization of such a multitude of objects at the atomic scale has thus shaped our mental representation of cellular life at multiple levels, together with major techniques like mass-spectrometry or microscopies. NMR studies on cells has accompanied the developments of MRI and metabolomics, and various subfields have flourished, coined with appealing names: fluxomics, foodomics, MRI and MRS (i.e. imaging and localized spectroscopy of living tissues, respectively), whole-cell NMR, on-cell ligand-based NMR, systems NMR, cellular structural biology, in-cell NMR… All these have not grown separately, but rather by reinforcing each other like a braided trunk. Hence, we try here to provide an analytical account of a large ensemble of intricately linked approaches, whose integration has been and will be key to their success. We present extensive overviews, firstly on the various types of information provided by NMR in a cellular environment (the "why", oriented towards a broad readership), and secondly on the employed NMR techniques and setups (the "how", where we discuss the past, current and future methods). Each subsection is constructed as a historical anthology, showing how the intrinsic properties of NMR spectroscopy and its developments structured the accessible knowledge on cellular phenomena. Using this systematic approach, we sought i) to make this review accessible to the broadest audience and ii) to highlight some early techniques that may find renewed interest. Finally, we present a brief discussion on what may be potential and desirable developments in the context of integrative studies in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Xavier Theillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy; CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, and Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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6
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Nong X, Zhang C, Wang J, Ding P, Ji G, Wu T. The mechanism of branched-chain amino acid transferases in different diseases: Research progress and future prospects. Front Oncol 2022; 12:988290. [PMID: 36119495 PMCID: PMC9478667 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.988290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the enzyme catalyzes the first step of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is branched-chain amino transferase (BCAT), which is involved in the synthesis and degradation of leucine, isoleucine and valine. There are two main subtypes of human branched chain amino transferase (hBCAT), including cytoplasmic BCAT (BCAT1) and mitochondrial BCAT (BCAT2). In recent years, the role of BCAT in tumors has attracted the attention of scientists, and there have been continuous research reports that BCAT plays a role in the tumor, Alzheimer’s disease, myeloid leukaemia and other diseases. It plays a significant role in the growth and development of diseases, and new discoveries about this gene in some diseases are made every year. BCAT usually promotes cancer proliferation and invasion by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and activating Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction. This article reviews the role and mechanism of BCAT in different diseases, as well as the recent biomedical research progress. This review aims to make a comprehensive summary of the role and mechanism of BCAT in different diseases and to provide new research ideas for the treatment, prognosis and prevention of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiazhen Nong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilun Ding
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Ji, ; ; Tao Wu, ;
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guang Ji, ; ; Tao Wu, ;
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Yuan Q, Zuo FX, Cai HQ, Qian HP, Wan JH. Identifying Differential Expression Genes and Prognostic Signature Based on Subventricular Zone Involved Glioblastoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:912227. [PMID: 35873494 PMCID: PMC9305325 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.912227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have suggested that glioblastoma (GBM) cells originate from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and that GBM contact with the SVZ correlated with worse prognosis and higher recurrence. However, research on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GBM and the SVZ is lacking.Methods: We performed deep RNA sequencing on seven SVZ-involved GBMs and paired tumor-free SVZ tissues. DEGs and enrichment were assessed. We obtained GBM patient expression profiles and clinical data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression model was utilized to construct a multigene signature in the CGGA cohort. GBM patient data from TCGA cohort were used for validation.Results: We identified 137 (97 up- and 40 down-regulated) DEGs between GBM and healthy SVZ samples. Enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly enriched in immune-related terms, including humoral immune response regulation, T cell differentiation, and response to tumor necrosis factor, and the MAPK, cAMP, PPAR, PI3K-Akt, and NF-κb signaling pathways. An eight-gene (BCAT1, HPX, NNMT, TBX5, RAB42, TNFRSF19, C16orf86, and TRPC5) signature was constructed. GBM patients were stratified into two risk groups. High-risk patients showed significantly reduced overall survival compared with low-risk patients. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses indicated that the risk score level represented an independent prognostic factor. High risk score of GBM patients negatively correlated with 1p19q codeletion and IDH1 mutation. Immune infiltration analysis further showed that the high risk score was negatively correlated with activated NK cell and monocyte counts, but positively correlated with macrophage and activated dendritic cell counts and higher PD-L1 mRNA expression.Conclusion: Here, a novel gene signature based on DEGs between GBM and healthy SVZ was developed for determining GBM patient prognosis. Targeting these genes may be a therapeutic strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fu-Xing Zuo
- *Correspondence: Fu-Xing Zuo, ; Jing-Hai Wan,
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Mandal PK, Guha Roy R, Samkaria A, Maroon JC, Arora Y. In Vivo 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Assessing Brain Biochemistry in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1183-1201. [PMID: 35089504 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique that contributes to the elucidation of brain biochemistry. 13C MRS enables the detection of specific neurochemicals and their neuroenergetic correlation with neuronal function. The synergistic outcome of 13C MRS and the infusion of 13C-labeled substrates provide an understanding of neurometabolism and the role of glutamate/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Moreover, 13C MRS provides a window into the altered flux rate of different pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the glutamate/glutamine/GABA cycle, in health and in various diseases. Notably, the metabolic flux rate of the TCA cycle often decreases in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, 13C MRS can be used to investigate several psychiatric and neurological disorders as it directly reflects the real-time production and alterations of key brain metabolites. This review aims to highlight the chronology, the technological advancements, and the applications of 13C MRS in various brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rimil Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India
| | - Avantika Samkaria
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India
| | - Joseph C Maroon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yashika Arora
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Gurgaon, India
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AbuSalim JE, Yamamoto K, Miura N, Blackman B, Brender JR, Mushti C, Seki T, Camphausen KA, Swenson RE, Krishna MC, Kesarwala AH. Simple Esterification of [1- 13C]-Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhances Membrane Permeability and Allows for Noninvasive Tracing of Glutamate and Glutamine Production. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2144-2150. [PMID: 34554724 PMCID: PMC9107957 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is a key metabolite and signaling molecule in cancer cells, but the low permeability of α-KG limits the study of α-KG mediated effects in vivo. Recently, cell-permeable monoester and diester α-KG derivatives have been synthesized for use in vivo, but many of these derivatives are not compatible for use in hyperpolarized carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-13C-MRS). HP-13C-MRS is a powerful technique that has been used to noninvasively trace labeled metabolites in real time. Here, we show that using diethyl-[1-13C]-α-KG as a probe in HP-13C-MRS allows for noninvasive tracing of α-KG metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. AbuSalim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Natsuko Miura
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kevin A. Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Hong D, Batsios G, Viswanath P, Gillespie AM, Vaidya M, Larson PEZ, Ronen SM. Acquisition and quantification pipeline for in vivo hyperpolarized 13 C MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1673-1687. [PMID: 34775639 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to combine a specialized acquisition method with a new quantification pipeline to accurately and efficiently probe the metabolism of hyperpolarized 13 C-labeled compounds in vivo. In this study, we tested our approach on [2-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]α-ketoglutarate data in rat orthotopic brain tumor models at 3T. METHODS We used a multiband metabolite-specific radiofrequency (RF) excitation in combination with a variable flip angle scheme to minimize substrate polarization loss and measure fast metabolic processes. We then applied spectral-temporal denoising using singular value decomposition to enhance spectral quality. This was combined with LCModel-based automatic 13 C spectral fitting and flip angle correction to separate overlapping signals and rapidly quantify the different metabolites. RESULTS Denoising improved the metabolite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by approximately 5. It also improved the accuracy of metabolite quantification as evidenced by a significant reduction of the Cramer Rao lower bounds. Furthermore, the use of the automated and user-independent LCModel-based quantification approach could be performed rapidly, with the kinetic quantification of eight metabolite peaks in a 12-spectrum array achieved in less than 1 minute. CONCLUSION The specialized acquisition method combined with denoising and a new quantification pipeline using LCModel for the first time for hyperpolarized 13 C data enhanced our ability to monitor the metabolism of [2-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]α-ketoglutarate in rat orthotopic brain tumor models in vivo. This approach could be broadly applicable to other hyperpolarized agents both preclinically and in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Hong
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Georgios Batsios
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne Marie Gillespie
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manushka Vaidya
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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11
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Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression profiles to identify biomarkers of glioblastoma. Cancer Genet 2021; 258-259:135-150. [PMID: 34773808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, most invasive, and malignant type of primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and poor survival rate. Using GSE22891 the expression and methylation status of same GBM patients was evaluated to identify key epigenetic genes in GBM. Using |log2FC| > 1 and FDR 〈 0.05 as the threshold, DEGs including 4910 downregulated and 2478 upregulated were screened and by |log2FC| 〉 0.2 and p-value < 0.05, 3223 DMCs were detected. By merging the results of DEGs and DMCs, 643 genes were selected for network analysis by WGCNA, and based on expression values three modules and by methylation values, one module was selected. Using STRING and Cytoscape databases, PPI network of genes of all modules were constructed separately. According to the PPI network, core genes were picked out. The expression status of core genes was evaluated using GSE77043, GSE42656, GSE30563, GSE22891, GSE15824, and GSE122498, and 50 genes were validated. The methylation status of 50 genes was explored using GSE50923, GSE22891, and GSE36245, and finally, 12 hub genes including ARHGEF7, RAB11FIP4, PPP1R16B, OLFM1, CLDN10, BCAT1, C1QB, C1QC, IFI16, NUP37, PARP9, and PCLAF were selected. Using GEPIA database, the expression and by cBioportal the survival plot and also scatterplot of methylation versus expression of 12 hub genes were extracted based on TCGA. To determine the diagnostic values of the hub genes, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were extracted based on GSE22891 and GSE122498. Finally, we evaluated the expression level of the genes in tissue of 83 GBM patients and also non-tumoral adjacent (as control) tissues.
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12
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Miura N, Mushti C, Sail D, AbuSalim JE, Yamamoto K, Brender JR, Seki T, AbuSalim DI, Matsumoto S, Camphausen KA, Krishna MC, Swenson RE, Kesarwala AH. Synthesis of [1- 13 C-5- 12 C]-alpha-ketoglutarate enables noninvasive detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4588. [PMID: 34263489 PMCID: PMC8492538 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations that generate the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) from α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) have been identified in many types of tumors and are an important prognostic factor in gliomas. 2-HG production can be determined by hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP-13 C-MRS) using [1-13 C]-α-KG as a probe, but peak contamination from naturally occurring [5-13 C]-α-KG overlaps with the [1-13 C]-2-HG peak. Via a newly developed oxidative-Stetter reaction, [1-13 C-5-12 C]-α-KG was synthesized. α-KG metabolism was measured via HP-13 C-MRS using [1-13 C-5-12 C]-α-KG as a probe. [1-13 C-5-12 C]-α-KG was synthesized in high yields, and successfully eliminated the signal from C5 of α-KG in the HP-13 C-MRS spectra. In HCT116 IDH1 R132H cells, [1-13 C-5-12 C]-α-KG allowed for unimpeded detection of [1-13 C]-2-HG. 12 C-enrichment represents a novel method to circumvent spectral overlap, and [1-13 C-5-12 C]-α-KG shows promise as a probe to study IDH1 mutant tumors and α-KG metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Miura
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deepak Sail
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenna E. AbuSalim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin A. Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Radial Flow Perfusion Enables Real-Time Profiling of Cellular Metabolism at Low Oxygen Levels with Hyperpolarized 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090576. [PMID: 34564392 PMCID: PMC8465580 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe new methods for studying cancer cell metabolism with hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP 13C MRS) that will enable quantitative studies at low oxygen concentrations. Cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells were grown on the surfaces of non-porous microcarriers inside an NMR spectrometer. They were perfused radially from a central distributer in a modified NMR tube (bioreactor). The oxygen level of the perfusate was continuously monitored and controlled externally. Hyperpolarized substrates were injected continuously into the perfusate stream with a newly designed system that prevented oxygen and temperature perturbations in the bioreactor. Computational and experimental results demonstrated that cell mass oxygen profiles with radial flow were much more uniform than with conventional axial flow. Further, the metabolism of HP [1-13C]pyruvate was markedly different between the two flow configurations, demonstrating the importance of avoiding large oxygen gradients in cell perfusion experiments.
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14
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Bhattacharjee D, Balabhaskararao K, Jain N. Mutant IDH1 inhibitors activate pSTAT3-Y705 leading to an increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in mutant IDH1-expressing cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119114. [PMID: 34329662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IDH1 mutations are frequent and early events in gliomas. Mutant IDH1 produces D-2HG that causes epigenetic changes by increasing histone and DNA methylations, thereby contributing to tumor growth. Mutant IDH1 rewires metabolism and endows a few therapeutic vulnerabilities in cells. But, mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) treatments reverse these therapeutic vulnerabilities by increasing cell growth. Nevertheless, it is unclear how mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) increases cell growth. As mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) increase cell growth, therefore we asked whether mutant IDH1 inhibitor(s) activate oncogenes in mutant IDH1-expressing cells. To answer this question, we used allosteric mutant IDH1 inhibitors to treat mutant IDH1-expressing HT1080 cells, and examined for activation of oncogenes by assessing the levels of our read-outs: BCAT1 and YKL-40. We found that mutant IDH1 inhibitors' treatments increased BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in HT1080 cells. Next, we observed that mutant IDH1 inhibitors activated STAT3 by phosphorylation at Tyr-705 position (pSTAT3-Y705) and its nuclear translocation. Upon examining the molecular mechanism of pSTAT3-Y705 activation in mutant IDH1 inhibitor-treated cells, we found that mutant IDH1 strongly bound STAT3, but mutant IDH1 inhibitor treatment decreased mutant IDH1-STAT3 binding. Furthermore, we observed that STAT3-knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 attenuated the mutant IDH1 inhibitor-mediated increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels, whereas STAT3 overexpression and Interleukin-6 (STAT3 activator) treatments increased BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels. We conclude that mutant IDH1 inhibitors activate the oncogenic transcription factor-STAT3 leading to an increase in BCAT1 and YKL-40 levels in mutant IDH1-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kancharana Balabhaskararao
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nishant Jain
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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15
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Stewart NJ, Matsumoto S. Biomedical Applications of the Dynamic Nuclear Polarization and Parahydrogen Induced Polarization Techniques for Hyperpolarized 13C MR Imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2021; 20:1-17. [PMID: 31902907 PMCID: PMC7952198 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2019-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first pioneering report of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the Warburg effect in prostate cancer patients, clinical dissemination of the technique has been rapid; close to 10 sites worldwide now possess a polarizer fit for the clinic, and more than 30 clinical trials, predominantly for oncological applications, are already registered on the US and European clinical trials databases. Hyperpolarized 13C probes to study pathophysiological processes beyond the Warburg effect, including tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, intra-cellular pH and cellular necrosis have also been demonstrated in the preclinical arena and are pending clinical translation, and the simultaneous injection of multiple co-polarized agents is opening the door to high-sensitivity, multi-functional molecular MRI with a single dose. Here, we review the biomedical applications to date of the two polarization methods that have been used for in vivo hyperpolarized 13C molecular MRI; namely, dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization and parahydrogen-induced polarization. The basic concept of hyperpolarization and the fundamental theory underpinning these two key 13C hyperpolarization methods, along with recent technological advances that have facilitated biomedical realization, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Stewart
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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16
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Ruiz-Rodado V, Brender JR, Cherukuri MK, Gilbert MR, Larion M. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the study of cns malignancies. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 122:23-41. [PMID: 33632416 PMCID: PMC7910526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive research, brain tumors are amongst the malignancies with the worst prognosis; therefore, a prompt diagnosis and thoughtful assessment of the disease is required. The resistance of brain tumors to most forms of conventional therapy has led researchers to explore the underlying biology in search of new vulnerabilities and biomarkers. The unique metabolism of brain tumors represents one potential vulnerability and the basis for a system of classification. Profiling this aberrant metabolism requires a method to accurately measure and report differences in metabolite concentrations. Magnetic resonance-based techniques provide a framework for examining tumor tissue and the evolution of disease. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis of biofluids collected from patients suffering from brain cancer can provide biological information about disease status. In particular, urine and plasma can serve to monitor the evolution of disease through the changes observed in the metabolic profiles. Moreover, cerebrospinal fluid can be utilized as a direct reporter of cerebral activity since it carries the chemicals exchanged with the brain tissue and the tumor mass. Metabolic reprogramming has recently been included as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Accordingly, the metabolic rewiring experienced by these tumors to sustain rapid growth and proliferation can also serve as a potential therapeutic target. The combination of 13C tracing approaches with the utilization of different NMR spectral modalities has allowed investigations of the upregulation of glycolysis in the aggressive forms of brain tumors, including glioblastomas, and the discovery of the utilization of acetate as an alternative cellular fuel in brain metastasis and gliomas. One of the major contributions of magnetic resonance to the assessment of brain tumors has been the non-invasive determination of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in tumors harboring a mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1). The mutational status of this enzyme already serves as a key feature in the clinical classification of brain neoplasia in routine clinical practice and pilot studies have established the use of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for monitoring disease progression and treatment response in IDH mutant gliomas. However, the development of bespoke methods for 2HG detection by MRS has been required, and this has prevented the wider implementation of MRS methodology into the clinic. One of the main challenges for improving the management of the disease is to obtain an accurate insight into the response to treatment, so that the patient can be promptly diverted into a new therapy if resistant or maintained on the original therapy if responsive. The implementation of 13C hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) has allowed detection of changes in tumor metabolism associated with a treatment, and as such has been revealed as a remarkable tool for monitoring response to therapeutic strategies. In summary, the application of magnetic resonance-based methodologies to the diagnosis and management of brain tumor patients, in addition to its utilization in the investigation of its tumor-associated metabolic rewiring, is helping to unravel the biological basis of malignancies of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ruiz-Rodado
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, United States.
| | - Jeffery R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Murali K Cherukuri
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Mioara Larion
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, United States.
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17
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Subramani E, Radoul M, Najac C, Batsios G, Molloy AR, Hong D, Gillespie AM, Santos RD, Viswanath P, Costello JF, Pieper RO, Ronen SM. Glutamate Is a Noninvasive Metabolic Biomarker of IDH1-Mutant Glioma Response to Temozolomide Treatment. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5098-5108. [PMID: 32958546 PMCID: PMC7669718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although lower grade gliomas are driven by mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene and are less aggressive than primary glioblastoma, they nonetheless generally recur. IDH1-mutant patients are increasingly being treated with temozolomide, but early detection of response remains a challenge and there is a need for complementary imaging methods to assess response to therapy prior to tumor shrinkage. The goal of this study was to determine the value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-based metabolic changes for detection of response to temozolomide in both genetically engineered and patient-derived mutant IDH1 models. Using 1H MRS in combination with chemometrics identified several metabolic alterations in temozolomide-treated cells, including a significant increase in steady-state glutamate levels. This was confirmed in vivo, where the observed 1H MRS increase in glutamate/glutamine occurred prior to tumor shrinkage. Cells labeled with [1-13C]glucose and [3-13C]glutamine, the principal sources of cellular glutamate, showed that flux to glutamate both from glucose via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and from glutamine were increased following temozolomide treatment. In line with these results, hyperpolarized [5-13C]glutamate produced from [2-13C]pyruvate and hyperpolarized [1-13C]glutamate produced from [1-13C]α-ketoglutarate were significantly higher in temozolomide-treated cells compared with controls. Collectively, our findings identify 1H MRS-detectable elevation of glutamate and hyperpolarized 13C MRS-detectable glutamate production from either pyruvate or α-ketoglutarate as potential translatable metabolic biomarkers of response to temozolomide treatment in mutant IDH1 glioma. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that glutamate can be used as a noninvasive, imageable metabolic marker for early assessment of tumor response to temozolomide, with the potential to improve treatment strategies for mutant IDH1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chloe Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Georgios Batsios
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Abigail R Molloy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Donghyun Hong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anne Marie Gillespie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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18
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Take Advantage of Glutamine Anaplerosis, the Kernel of the Metabolic Rewiring in Malignant Gliomas. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101370. [PMID: 32993063 PMCID: PMC7599606 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in the metabolism of proliferating cells including neoplastic cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), glutamine metabolism is particularly relevant, because the glutamine-glutamate cycle is a way of controlling the production of glutamate-derived neurotransmitters by tightly regulating the bioavailability of the amino acids in a neuron-astrocyte metabolic symbiosis-dependent manner. Glutamine-related metabolic adjustments have been reported in several CNS malignancies including malignant gliomas that are considered ‘glutamine addicted’. In these tumors, glutamine becomes an essential amino acid preferentially used in energy and biomass production including glutathione (GSH) generation, which is crucial in oxidative stress control. Therefore, in this review, we will highlight the metabolic remodeling that gliomas undergo, focusing on glutamine metabolism. We will address some therapeutic regimens including novel research attempts to target glutamine metabolism and a brief update of diagnosis strategies that take advantage of this altered profile. A better understanding of malignant glioma cell metabolism will help in the identification of new molecular targets and the design of new therapies.
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19
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Molloy AR, Najac C, Viswanath P, Lakhani A, Subramani E, Batsios G, Radoul M, Gillespie AM, Pieper RO, Ronen SM. MR-detectable metabolic biomarkers of response to mutant IDH inhibition in low-grade glioma. Theranostics 2020; 10:8757-8770. [PMID: 32754276 PMCID: PMC7392019 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1mut) are reported in 70-90% of low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas. IDH1mut catalyzes the reduction of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite which drives tumorigenesis. Inhibition of IDH1mut is therefore an emerging therapeutic approach, and inhibitors such as AG-120 and AG-881 have shown promising results in phase 1 and 2 clinical studies. However, detection of response to these therapies prior to changes in tumor growth can be challenging. The goal of this study was to identify non-invasive clinically translatable metabolic imaging biomarkers of IDH1mut inhibition that can serve to assess response. Methods: IDH1mut inhibition was confirmed using an enzyme assay and 1H- and 13C- magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were used to investigate the metabolic effects of AG-120 and AG-881 on two genetically engineered IDH1mut-expressing cell lines, NHAIDH1mut and U87IDH1mut. Results:1H-MRS indicated a significant decrease in steady-state 2-HG following treatment, as expected. This was accompanied by a significant 1H-MRS-detectable increase in glutamate. However, other metabolites previously linked to 2-HG were not altered. 13C-MRS also showed that the steady-state changes in glutamate were associated with a modulation in the flux of glutamine to both glutamate and 2-HG. Finally, hyperpolarized 13C-MRS was used to show that the flux of α-KG to both glutamate and 2-HG was modulated by treatment. Conclusion: In this study, we identified potential 1H- and 13C-MRS-detectable biomarkers of response to IDH1mut inhibition in gliomas. Although further studies are needed to evaluate the utility of these biomarkers in vivo, we expect that in addition to a 1H-MRS-detectable drop in 2-HG, a 1H-MRS-detectable increase in glutamate, as well as a hyperpolarized 13C-MRS-detectable change in [1-13C] α-KG flux, could serve as metabolic imaging biomarkers of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Molloy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aliya Lakhani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Georgios Batsios
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marina Radoul
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne Marie Gillespie
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Grist JT, Miller JJ, Zaccagna F, McLean MA, Riemer F, Matys T, Tyler DJ, Laustsen C, Coles AJ, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: A novel approach for probing cerebral metabolism in health and neurological disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1137-1147. [PMID: 32153235 PMCID: PMC7238376 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20909045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral metabolism is tightly regulated and fundamental for healthy neurological function. There is increasing evidence that alterations in this metabolism may be a precursor and early biomarker of later stage disease processes. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a powerful tool to non-invasively assess tissue metabolites and has many applications for studying the normal and diseased brain. However, the technique has limitations including low spatial and temporal resolution, difficulties in discriminating overlapping peaks, and challenges in assessing metabolic flux rather than steady-state concentrations. Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging clinical technique that may overcome some of these spatial and temporal limitations, providing novel insights into neurometabolism in both health and in pathological processes such as glioma, stroke and multiple sclerosis. This review will explore the growing body of pre-clinical data that demonstrates a potential role for the technique in assessing metabolism in the central nervous system. There are now a number of clinical studies being undertaken in this area and this review will present the emerging clinical data as well as the potential future applications of hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance imaging in the brain, in both clinical and pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Grist
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Fulvio Zaccagna
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Riemer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Tomasz Matys
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John
Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, UK
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21
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Ntziachristos V, Pleitez MA, Aime S, Brindle KM. Emerging Technologies to Image Tissue Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 29:518-538. [PMID: 30269982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the implication of altered metabolism in a large spectrum of tissue function and disease, assessment of metabolic processes becomes essential in managing health. In this regard, imaging can play a critical role in allowing observation of biochemical and physiological processes. Nuclear imaging methods, in particular positron emission tomography, have been widely employed for imaging metabolism but are mainly limited by the use of ionizing radiation and the sensing of only one parameter at each scanning session. Observations in healthy individuals or longitudinal studies of disease could markedly benefit from non-ionizing, multi-parameter imaging methods. We therefore focus this review on progress with the non-ionizing radiation methods of MRI, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and emerging optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging. We also briefly discuss the role of nuclear and optical imaging methods for research and clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Miguel A Pleitez
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Chair of Biological Imaging, TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Old Addenbrooke's Site, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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22
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Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Bankson JA, Brindle K, Cunningham CH, Gallagher FA, Keshari KR, Kjaer A, Laustsen C, Mankoff DA, Merritt ME, Nelson SJ, Pauly JM, Lee P, Ronen S, Tyler DJ, Rajan SS, Spielman DM, Wald L, Zhang X, Malloy CR, Rizi R. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: Path to Clinical Translation in Oncology. Neoplasia 2019; 21:1-16. [PMID: 30472500 PMCID: PMC6260457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This white paper discusses prospects for advancing hyperpolarization technology to better understand cancer metabolism, identify current obstacles to HP (hyperpolarized) 13C magnetic resonance imaging's (MRI's) widespread clinical use, and provide recommendations for overcoming them. Since the publication of the first NIH white paper on hyperpolarized 13C MRI in 2011, preclinical studies involving [1-13C]pyruvate as well a number of other 13C labeled metabolic substrates have demonstrated this technology's capacity to provide unique metabolic information. A dose-ranging study of HP [1-13C]pyruvate in patients with prostate cancer established safety and feasibility of this technique. Additional studies are ongoing in prostate, brain, breast, liver, cervical, and ovarian cancer. Technology for generating and delivering hyperpolarized agents has evolved, and new MR data acquisition sequences and improved MRI hardware have been developed. It will be important to continue investigation and development of existing and new probes in animal models. Improved polarization technology, efficient radiofrequency coils, and reliable pulse sequences are all important objectives to enable exploration of the technology in healthy control subjects and patient populations. It will be critical to determine how HP 13C MRI might fill existing needs in current clinical research and practice, and complement existing metabolic imaging modalities. Financial sponsorship and integration of academia, industry, and government efforts will be important factors in translating the technology for clinical research in oncology. This white paper is intended to provide recommendations with this goal in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - James A Bankson
- Department of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Brindle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, New York, USA
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah J Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John M Pauly
- Department of Electric Engineering, Stanford University, USA
| | - Philips Lee
- Functional Metabolism Group, Singapore Biomedical Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sabrina Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunder S Rajan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), FDA, White Oak, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Spielman
- Departments of Radiology and Electric Engineering, Stanford University, USA
| | - Lawrence Wald
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Craig R Malloy
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rahim Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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23
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Wenger KJ, Hattingen E, Harter PN, Richter C, Franz K, Steinbach JP, Bähr O, Pilatus U. Fitting algorithms and baseline correction influence the results of non-invasive in vivo quantitation of 2-hydroxyglutarate with 1 H-MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4027. [PMID: 30457203 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1 H-MRS enables non-invasive detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), an oncometabolite accumulating in gliomas carrying mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes. Reliable 2-HG quantitation requires reproducible post-processing, deployment of fitting algorithms and quantitation methods. We prospectively enrolled 38 patients with suspected or recently diagnosed gliomas (IDH mutated n = 26). The MRI protocol included a 1 H single voxel PRESS sequence with volumes of usually 8 mL or more (20 × 20 × 20 mm3 ) at TE = 97 ms and 180° pulse spacing. Our aim was to evaluate the reliability of 2-HG quantitation comparing two frequently used software tools and their respective options of baseline correction (jMRUI with the time domain methods AQSES and QUEST, and LCModel, which analyzes the frequency domain data). For AQSES, degrees of freedom for baseline correction constrains were varied. For LCModel, baseline correction was obtained with and without correction of the unknown background term (predefined macromolecules, lipids). Tissue concentrations were calculated based on the phantom replacement method. Quantitation of 2-HG levels showed similar mean 2-HG tissue concentrations for IDH mutated tumors (2.65mM, range 3.06-2.20) for all methods. Bland-Altman plots (difference plots) did not reveal a systematic bias (fixed bias) for any of the algorithms tested, and we were able to show a significant correlation regarding 2-HG concentration at the same echo time with few statistical outliers (parametric correlation). However, evaluation of outliers suggested that in vivo quantitation of 2-HG is affected not only by the fitting domain (time or frequency), but also by the baseline correction, which is a major contributing factor to the result of 2-HG fitting. Clinical application of 2-HG quantitation as a prognostic or predictive biomarker, particularly in multicenter trials, requires standardized use of fitting methods and baseline correction procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Wenger
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Universitatsklinikum Bonn, Institute of Neuroradiology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Edinger Institute, Neuropathology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Organic Chemistry, Schwalbe Group, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kea Franz
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Institute of Neurosurgery, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Bähr
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt, Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pilatus
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Institute of Neuroradiology, Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Karsy M, Guan J, Huang LE. Prognostic role of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier in isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant glioma. J Neurosurg 2019; 130:56-66. [PMID: 29547090 DOI: 10.3171/2017.9.jns172036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gliomas are one of the most common types of primary brain tumors. Recent studies have supported the importance of key genetic alterations, including isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations and 1p19q codeletion, in glioma prognosis. Mutant IDH produces 2-hydroxyglutarate from α-ketoglutarate, a key metabolite of the Krebs cycle. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) is composed of MPC1 and MPC2 subunits and is functionally essential for the Krebs cycle. The authors sought to explore the impact of MPC1 and MPC2 expression on patient prognosis. METHODS Genomic and clinical data in patients with lower-grade glioma (WHO grades II and III) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and hazards modeling. Validation was conducted with additional data sets, including glioblastoma. RESULTS A total of 286 patients with lower-grade glioma (mean age 42.7 ± 13.5 years, 55.6% males) included 54 cases of IDH-wild type (18.9%); 140 cases of IDH-mutant, 1p19q-intact (49.0%); and 85 cases of IDH-mutant, 1p19q-codeleted (29.7%) tumors. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that an MPC1 z-score > 0 distinguished better survival, particularly in IDH-mutant (p < 0.01) but not IDH-wild type tumors. Conversely, an MPC2 z-score > 0 identified worsened survival, particularly in IDH-mutant (p < 0.01) but not IDH-wild type tumors. Consistently, neither MPC1 nor MPC2 was predictive in a glioblastoma data set containing 5% IDH-mutant cases. Within the IDH-stratified lower-grade glioma data set, MPC1 status distinguished improved survival in 1p19q-codeleted tumors (p < 0.05), whereas MPC2 expression delineated worsened survival in 1p19q-intact tumors (p < 0.01). A hazards model identified IDH and 1p19q status, age (p = 0.01, HR = 1.03), Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score (p = 0.03, HR = 0.97), and MPC1 (p = 0.003, HR = 0.52) but not MPC2 (p = 0.38) as key variables affecting overall survival. Further validation confirmed MPC1 as an independent predictor of lower-grade glioma. A clinical risk score using IDH and 1p19q status, age, KPS score, and MPC1 and MPC2 z-scores defined 4 risk categories for lower-grade glioma; this score was validated using a secondary glioma data set. CONCLUSIONS These results support the importance of MPC, especially MPC1, in improving prognostication of IDH-mutant tumors. The generation of a risk score system directly translates this finding to clinical application; however, further research to improve the molecular understanding of the role of MPC in the metabologenomic regulation of gliomas is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L Eric Huang
- Departments of1Neurosurgery and
- 2Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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25
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Miller JJ, Grist JT, Serres S, Larkin JR, Lau AZ, Ray K, Fisher KR, Hansen E, Tougaard RS, Nielsen PM, Lindhardt J, Laustsen C, Gallagher FA, Tyler DJ, Sibson N. 13C Pyruvate Transport Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Preclinical Hyperpolarised MRI. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15082. [PMID: 30305655 PMCID: PMC6180068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarised MRI with Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation overcomes the fundamental thermodynamic limitations of conventional magnetic resonance, and is translating to human studies with several early-phase clinical trials in progress including early reports that demonstrate the utility of the technique to observe lactate production in human brain cancer patients. Owing to the fundamental coupling of metabolism and tissue function, metabolic neuroimaging with hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate has the potential to be revolutionary in numerous neurological disorders (e.g. brain tumour, ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis). Through the use of [1-13C]pyruvate and ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate in naïve brain, a rodent model of metastasis to the brain, or porcine brain subjected to mannitol osmotic shock, we show that pyruvate transport across the blood-brain barrier of anaesthetised animals is rate-limiting. We show through use of a well-characterised rat model of brain metastasis that the appearance of hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate production corresponds to the point of blood-brain barrier breakdown in the disease. With the more lipophilic ethyl-[1-13C]pyruvate, we observe pyruvate production endogenously throughout the entire brain and lactate production only in the region of disease. In the in vivo porcine brain we show that mannitol shock permeabilises the blood-brain barrier sufficiently for a dramatic 90-fold increase in pyruvate transport and conversion to lactate in the brain, which is otherwise not resolvable. This suggests that earlier reports of whole-brain metabolism in anaesthetised animals may be confounded by partial volume effects and not informative enough for translational studies. Issues relating to pyruvate transport and partial volume effects must therefore be considered in pre-clinical studies investigating neuro-metabolism in anaesthetised animals, and we additionally note that these same techniques may provide a distinct biomarker of blood-brain barrier permeability in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus Z Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin Ray
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Esben Hansen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Stilling Tougaard
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindhardt
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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26
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McBrayer SK, Mayers JR, DiNatale GJ, Shi DD, Khanal J, Chakraborty AA, Sarosiek KA, Briggs KJ, Robbins AK, Sewastianik T, Shareef SJ, Olenchock BA, Parker SJ, Tateishi K, Spinelli JB, Islam M, Haigis MC, Looper RE, Ligon KL, Bernstein BE, Carrasco RD, Cahill DP, Asara JM, Metallo CM, Yennawar NH, Vander Heiden MG, Kaelin WG. Transaminase Inhibition by 2-Hydroxyglutarate Impairs Glutamate Biosynthesis and Redox Homeostasis in Glioma. Cell 2018; 175:101-116.e25. [PMID: 30220459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IDH1 mutations are common in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas and cause overproduction of (R)-2HG. (R)-2HG modulates the activity of many enzymes, including some that are linked to transformation and some that are probably bystanders. Although prior work on (R)-2HG targets focused on 2OG-dependent dioxygenases, we found that (R)-2HG potently inhibits the 2OG-dependent transaminases BCAT1 and BCAT2, likely as a bystander effect, thereby decreasing glutamate levels and increasing dependence on glutaminase for the biosynthesis of glutamate and one of its products, glutathione. Inhibiting glutaminase specifically sensitized IDH mutant glioma cells to oxidative stress in vitro and to radiation in vitro and in vivo. These findings highlight the complementary roles for BCATs and glutaminase in glutamate biosynthesis, explain the sensitivity of IDH mutant cells to glutaminase inhibitors, and suggest a strategy for maximizing the effectiveness of such inhibitors against IDH mutant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K McBrayer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jared R Mayers
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabriel J DiNatale
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Januka Khanal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abhishek A Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kimberly J Briggs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alissa K Robbins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tomasz Sewastianik
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sarah J Shareef
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin A Olenchock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seth J Parker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kensuke Tateishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360004, Japan
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mirazul Islam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan E Looper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ruben D Carrasco
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Neela H Yennawar
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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27
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Chen YY, Ho HL, Lin SC, Hsu CY, Ho DMT. Loss of BCAT1 Expression is a Sensitive Marker for IDH-Mutant Diffuse Glioma. Neurosurgery 2018; 85:335-342. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
IDH mutation is an important prognostic factor of diffuse astrocytomas. Although the majority of IDH mutations could be identified by immunohistochemical (IHC) stain for R132H-mutant IDH1, DNA sequencing would be required for IHC negative cases to determine their IDH mutation status. This approach is not cost-effective for tumors with low IDH mutation rates.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether BCAT1 could be used as a surrogate marker for IDH mutations, because BCAT1 is an enzyme related to IDH genes.
METHODS
A group of 120 anaplastic astrocytomas were immunostained for BCAT1, ATRX, and R132H-mutant IDH1. Staining results correlated with the results of DNA sequencing of IDH1/IDH2.
RESULTS
DNA sequencing showed IDH1/2 mutations in 50.8% of cases of which 73.8% had IDH1 R132H mutation. Several IDH1 noncodon 132 mutations, ie, G97D, S122N, G123E, I130K, and G131S, which had uncertain prognostic significance, were identified. IHC stain for R132H-mutant IDH1 identified 93.3% of IDH1 R132H mutations and 70.5% of all IDH mutations. BCAT1 loss was seen in 65.8% of cases, its sensitivity to identify IDH mutations was 96.7%. The sensitivity reached 100% for IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 mutations.
CONCLUSION
Positive BCAT1 stain could be used to exclude diffuse gliomas with IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 mutations. Selecting cases with negative BCAT1 and R132H-mutant IDH1 staining for DNA sequencing of IDH1/2 genes could improve the cost-effectiveness of detecting IDH mutations particularly in tumors with low IDH mutation rates, and confine the need of 1p/19q assay in IDH-mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ying Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Donald Ming-Tak Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Relationship between post-surgery detection of methylated circulating tumor DNA with risk of residual disease and recurrence-free survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1741-1750. [PMID: 29992492 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methylation in IKZF1 and BCAT1 are common events in colorectal cancer (CRC). They are often detected in blood as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) at diagnosis and disappear after surgery in most CRC patients. A prospective study was conducted to determine the relationship between detection of these markers following surgery and risk for residual disease and for recurrence. METHODS ctDNA status with methylated BCAT1 and IKZF1 was determined within 12 months of surgical resection of CRC, and was related to presence of or risk for residual disease (margins involved, metastases present or nature of node involvement), and to recurrence-free survival. RESULTS Blood was collected from 172 CRC patients after surgery and 28 (16%) were ctDNA positive. Recurrence was diagnosed in 23 of the 138 with clinical follow-up after surgery (median follow-up 23.3 months, IQR 14.3-29.5). Multivariate modeling indicated that features suggestive of residual disease were an independent predictor of post-surgery ctDNA status: cases with any of three features (close resection margins, apical node involved, or distant metastases) were 5.3 times (95% CI 1.5-18.4, p = 0.008) more likely to be ctDNA positive. Multivariate analysis showed that post-surgery ctDNA positivity was independently associated with an increased risk of recurrence (HR 3.8, 1.5-9.5, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS CRC cases positive for methylated ctDNA after surgery are at increased risk of residual disease and subsequently recurrence. This could have implications for guiding recommendations for adjuvant therapy and surveillance strategies. Randomized studies are now indicated to determine if monitoring cases with these biomarkers leads to survival benefit.
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Khurshed M, Molenaar RJ, Lenting K, Leenders WP, van Noorden CJF. In silico gene expression analysis reveals glycolysis and acetate anaplerosis in IDH1 wild-type glioma and lactate and glutamate anaplerosis in IDH1-mutated glioma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49165-49177. [PMID: 28467784 PMCID: PMC5564758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) initiate low-grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma and induce a neomorphic activity that converts α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). It causes metabolic rewiring that is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of IDH1 mutations (IDH1MUT) on expression of genes that encode for metabolic enzymes by data mining The Cancer Genome Atlas. We analyzed 112 IDH1 wild-type (IDH1WT) versus 399 IDH1MUT low-grade glioma and 157 IDH1WT versus 9 IDH1MUT glioblastoma samples. In both glioma types, IDH1WT was associated with high expression levels of genes encoding enzymes that are involved in glycolysis and acetate anaplerosis, whereas IDH1MUT glioma overexpress genes encoding enzymes that are involved in the oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In vitro, we observed that IDH1MUT cancer cells have a higher basal respiration compared to IDH1WT cancer cells and inhibition of the IDH1MUT shifts the metabolism by decreasing oxygen consumption and increasing glycolysis. Our findings indicate that IDH1WT glioma have a typical Warburg phenotype whereas in IDH1MUT glioma the TCA cycle, rather than glycolytic lactate production, is the predominant metabolic pathway. Our data further suggest that the TCA in IDH1MUT glioma is driven by lactate and glutamate anaplerosis to facilitate production of α-KG, and ultimately D-2-HG. This metabolic rewiring may be a basis for novel therapies for IDH1MUT and IDH1WT glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khurshed
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J Molenaar
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krissie Lenting
- Department of Pathology, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Garrett M, Sperry J, Braas D, Yan W, Le TM, Mottahedeh J, Ludwig K, Eskin A, Qin Y, Levy R, Breunig JJ, Pajonk F, Graeber TG, Radu CG, Christofk H, Prins RM, Lai A, Liau LM, Coppola G, Kornblum HI. Metabolic characterization of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and IDH wildtype gliomaspheres uncovers cell type-specific vulnerabilities. Cancer Metab 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29692895 PMCID: PMC5905129 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-018-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is considerable interest in defining the metabolic abnormalities of IDH mutant tumors to exploit for therapy. While most studies have attempted to discern function by using cell lines transduced with exogenous IDH mutant enzyme, in this study, we perform unbiased metabolomics to discover metabolic differences between a cohort of patient-derived IDH1 mutant and IDH wildtype gliomaspheres. Methods Using both our own microarray and the TCGA datasets, we performed KEGG analysis to define pathways differentially enriched in IDH1 mutant and IDH wildtype cells and tumors. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis with labeled glucose and deoxycytidine tracers was used to determine differences in overall cellular metabolism and nucleotide synthesis. Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair capacity was assessed using a comet assay. Differences between endogenous IDH1 mutant metabolism and that of IDH wildtype cells transduced with the IDH1 (R132H) mutation were also investigated. Results Our KEGG analysis revealed that IDH wildtype cells were enriched for pathways involved in de novo nucleotide synthesis, while IDH1 mutant cells were enriched for pathways involved in DNA repair. LC-MS analysis with fully labeled 13C-glucose revealed distinct labeling patterns between IDH1 mutant and wildtype cells. Additional LC-MS tracing experiments confirmed increased de novo nucleotide synthesis in IDH wildtype cells relative to IDH1 mutant cells. Endogenous IDH1 mutant cultures incurred less DNA damage than IDH wildtype cultures and sustained better overall growth following X-ray radiation. Overexpression of mutant IDH1 in a wildtype line did not reproduce the range of metabolic differences observed in lines expressing endogenous mutations, but resulted in depletion of glutamine and TCA cycle intermediates, an increase in DNA damage following radiation, and a rise in intracellular ROS. Conclusions These results demonstrate that IDH1 mutant and IDH wildtype cells are easily distinguishable metabolically by analyzing expression profiles and glucose consumption. Our results also highlight important differences in nucleotide synthesis utilization and DNA repair capacity that could be exploited for therapy. Altogether, this study demonstrates that IDH1 mutant gliomas are a distinct subclass of glioma with a less malignant, but also therapy-resistant, metabolic profile that will likely require distinct modes of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Garrett
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, and the Interdepartmental Program in the Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jantzen Sperry
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,3UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Weihong Yan
- 4Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Thuc M Le
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,5Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jack Mottahedeh
- 6Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kirsten Ludwig
- 6Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ascia Eskin
- 7Department of Human Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yue Qin
- 6Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rachelle Levy
- 8Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Joshua J Breunig
- 8Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA.,9Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA.,10Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Frank Pajonk
- 11Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,3UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Caius G Radu
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,5Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Heather Christofk
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,3UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,14Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Robert M Prins
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, and the Interdepartmental Program in the Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Albert Lai
- 12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,13Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, and the Interdepartmental Program in the Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- 6Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,13Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Harley I Kornblum
- 2Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,6Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,12Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.,14Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Room 379 Neuroscience Research Building, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Assessment of bevacizumab resistance increased by expression of BCAT1 in IDH1 wild-type glioblastoma: application of DSC perfusion MR imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69606-69615. [PMID: 27626306 PMCID: PMC5342501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BCAT1 (branched-chain amino acid trasaminase1) expression is necessary for the progression of IDH1 wild-type (WT) glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is known to be associated with aggressive tumors. The purpose of our study is to investigate the bevacizumab resistance increased by the expression of BCAT1 in IDH1 WT GBM in a rat model, which was evaluated using DSC perfusion MRI. BCAT1 sh#1 inhibits cell proliferation and limits cell migration potential in vitro. In vivo MRI showed that the increase in both tumor volume and nCBV after bevacizumab treatment in IDH1 WT tumors was significantly higher compared with BCAT1 sh#1tumors. In a histological analysis, more micro-vessel reformation by bevacizumab resistance was observed in IDH1 WT tumors than BCAT1 sh#1 tumors. These findings indicate that BCAT1 expression in IDH1 WT GBM increases resistance to bevacizumab treatment, which could be assessed by DSC perfusion MRI, and that nCBV can be a surrogate imaging biomarker for the prediction of antiangiogenic treatment in GBM.
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Badur MG, Metallo CM. Reverse engineering the cancer metabolic network using flux analysis to understand drivers of human disease. Metab Eng 2018; 45:95-108. [PMID: 29199104 PMCID: PMC5927620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction has reemerged as an essential hallmark of tumorigenesis, and metabolic phenotypes are increasingly being integrated into pre-clinical models of disease. The complexity of these metabolic networks requires systems-level interrogation, and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) with stable isotope tracing present a suitable conceptual framework for such systems. Here we review efforts to elucidate mechanisms through which metabolism influences tumor growth and survival, with an emphasis on applications using stable isotope tracing and MFA. Through these approaches researchers can now quantify pathway fluxes in various in vitro and in vivo contexts to provide mechanistic insights at molecular and physiological scales respectively. Knowledge and discoveries in cancer models are paving the way toward applications in other biological contexts and disease models. In turn, MFA approaches will increasingly help to uncover new therapeutic opportunities that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet G Badur
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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BCAT1 is a New MR Imaging-related Biomarker for Prognosis Prediction in IDH1-wildtype Glioblastoma Patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17740. [PMID: 29255149 PMCID: PMC5735129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) has found to be accompanied with increased expression of branched-chain amino acid trasaminase1 (BCAT1), which is associated with tumor growth and disease progression. In this retrospective study, quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot were performed with GBM patient tissues to evaluate the BCAT1 level. Quantitative MR imaging parameters were evaluated from DSC perfusion imaging, DWI, contrast-enhanced T1WI and FLAIR imaging using a 3T MR scanner. The level of BCAT1 was significantly higher in IDH1-wildtype patients than in IDH1-mutant patients obtained in immunohistochemistry and western blot. The BCAT1 level was significantly correlated with the mean and 95th percentile-normalized CBV as well as the mean ADC based on FLAIR images. In addition, the 95th percentile-normalized CBV from CE T1WI also had a significant correlation with the BCAT1 level. Moreover, the median PFS in patients with BCAT1 expression <100 was longer than in those with BCAT1 expression ≥100. Taken together, we found that a high BCAT1 level is correlated with high CBV and a low ADC value as well as the poor prognosis of BCAT1 expression is related to the aggressive nature of GBM.
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Reliable diagnosis of IDH-mutant glioblastoma by 2-hydroxyglutarate detection: a study by 3-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neurosurg Rev 2017; 41:641-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-017-0908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Interrogating IDH Mutation in Brain Tumor: Magnetic Resonance and Hyperpolarization. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 26:27-32. [PMID: 28079713 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers the possibility to noninvasively quantify 2HG concentration in the brain in the clinic, thereby serving as a valuable tool for patient-stratification as well as targeted treatment monitoring. Recently, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance techniques have opened up new opportunities for metabolic imaging not possible with conventional MRS in the brain. With over 10,000-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), dynamic metabolic processes can be interrogated in vivo with very high specificity by hyperpolarized MRI. In the following article, we will review relevant clinical studies and practical considerations of MRS and hyperpolarized MRS, as well as discuss some promising preclinical hyperpolarization studies to interrogate real-time metabolism in IDH mutations in vivo.
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Abstract
Primary brain tumors, most commonly gliomas, are histopathologically typed and graded as World Health Organization (WHO) grades I-IV according to increasing degrees of malignancy. These grades provide prognostic information and guidance on treatment such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy after surgery. Despite the confirmed value of the WHO grading system, results of a multitude of studies and prospective interventional trials now indicate that tumors with identical morphologic criteria can have highly different outcomes. Molecular markers can allow subtypes of tumors of the same morphologic type and WHO grade to be distinguished and are, therefore, of great interest in personalization of brain tumor treatment. Recent genomic-wide studies have resulted in a far more comprehensive understanding of the genomic alterations in gliomas and provide suggestions for a new molecularly based classification. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging phenotypes can serve as noninvasive surrogates for tumor genotypes and can provide important information for diagnosis, prognosis, and, eventually, personalized treatment. The newly emerged field of radiogenomics allows specific MR imaging phenotypes to be linked with gene expression profiles. In this article, the authors review the conventional and advanced imaging features of three tumoral genotypes with prognostic and therapeutic consequences: (a) isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation; (b) the combined loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 and the long arm of chromosome 19, or 1p19q codeletion; and (c) methylguanine methyltransferase promoter methylation. © RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Smits
- From the Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.); and Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- From the Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.); and Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.v.d.B.)
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37
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Hyperpolarized 13C MR metabolic imaging can detect neuroinflammation in vivo in a multiple sclerosis murine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6982-E6991. [PMID: 28760957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613345114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) play a crucial role in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Despite advances in neuroimaging, there are currently limited available methods enabling noninvasive detection of MPs in vivo. Interestingly, upon activation and subsequent differentiation toward a proinflammatory phenotype MPs undergo metabolic reprogramming that results in increased glycolysis and production of lactate. Hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a clinically translatable imaging method that allows noninvasive monitoring of metabolic pathways in real time. This method has proven highly useful to monitor the Warburg effect in cancer, through MR detection of increased HP [1-13C]pyruvate-to-lactate conversion. However, to date, this method has never been applied to the study of neuroinflammation. Here, we questioned the potential of 13C MRSI of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to monitor the presence of neuroinflammatory lesions in vivo in the cuprizone mouse model of MS. First, we demonstrated that 13C MRSI could detect a significant increase in HP [1-13C]pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, which was associated with a high density of proinflammatory MPs. We further demonstrated that the increase in HP [1-13C]lactate was likely mediated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 up-regulation in activated MPs, resulting in regional pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition. Altogether, our results demonstrate a potential for 13C MRSI of HP [1-13C]pyruvate as a neuroimaging method for assessment of inflammatory lesions. This approach could prove useful not only in MS but also in other neurological diseases presenting inflammatory components.
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Abstract
Modern imaging techniques, particularly functional imaging techniques that interrogate some specific aspect of underlying tumor biology, have enormous potential in neuro-oncology for disease detection, grading, and tumor delineation to guide biopsy and resection; monitoring treatment response; and targeting radiotherapy. This brief review considers the role of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and positron emission tomography in these areas and discusses the factors that limit translation of new techniques to the clinic, in particular, the cost and difficulties associated with validation in multicenter clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Brindle
- Kevin M. Brindle, Richard J. Mair, and Alan J. Wright, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge; David Y. Lewis, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; José L. Izquierdo-García, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Izquierdo-García
- Kevin M. Brindle, Richard J. Mair, and Alan J. Wright, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge; David Y. Lewis, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; José L. Izquierdo-García, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Y Lewis
- Kevin M. Brindle, Richard J. Mair, and Alan J. Wright, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge; David Y. Lewis, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; José L. Izquierdo-García, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J Mair
- Kevin M. Brindle, Richard J. Mair, and Alan J. Wright, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge; David Y. Lewis, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; José L. Izquierdo-García, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan J Wright
- Kevin M. Brindle, Richard J. Mair, and Alan J. Wright, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge; David Y. Lewis, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; José L. Izquierdo-García, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
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Levin VA, Abrey LE, Heffron TP, Tonge PJ, Dar AC, Weiss WA, Gallo JM. CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development: 2016 conference insights. CNS Oncol 2017; 6:167-177. [PMID: 28718326 PMCID: PMC6009211 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development, 16-17 November 2016, Scottsdale, AZ, USA The 2016 second CNS Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development Conference addressed diverse viewpoints about why new drug discovery/development focused on CNS cancers has been sorely lacking. Despite more than 70,000 individuals in the USA being diagnosed with a primary brain malignancy and 151,669-286,486 suffering from metastatic CNS cancer, in 1999, temozolomide was the last drug approved by the US FDA as an anticancer agent for high-grade gliomas. Among the topics discussed were economic factors and pharmaceutical risk assessments, regulatory constraints and perceptions and the need for improved imaging surrogates of drug activity. Included were modeling tumor growth and drug effects in a medical environment in which direct tumor sampling for biological effects can be problematic, potential new drugs under investigation and targets for drug discovery and development. The long trajectory and diverse impediments to novel drug discovery, and expectation that more than one drug will be needed to adequately inhibit critical intracellular tumor pathways were viewed as major disincentives for most pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies. While there were a few unanimities, one consensus is the need for continued and focused discussion among academic and industry scientists and clinicians to address tumor targets, new drug chemistry, and more time- and cost-efficient clinical trials based on surrogate end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Levin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Peter J Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Arvin C Dar
- Oncological & Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 949143, USA (W.A.W.), CA, USA
| | - James M Gallo
- Albany College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA (J.M.G.)
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Salzillo TC, Hu J, Nguyen L, Whiting N, Lee J, Weygand J, Dutta P, Pudakalakatti S, Millward NZ, Gammon ST, Lang FF, Heimberger AB, Bhattacharya PK. Interrogating Metabolism in Brain Cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2017; 24:687-703. [PMID: 27742110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews existing and emerging techniques of interrogating metabolism in brain cancer from well-established proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the promising hyperpolarized metabolic imaging and chemical exchange saturation transfer and emerging techniques of imaging inflammation. Some of these techniques are at an early stage of development and clinical trials are in progress in patients to establish the clinical efficacy. It is likely that in vivo metabolomics and metabolic imaging is the next frontier in brain cancer diagnosis and assessing therapeutic efficacy; with the combined knowledge of genomics and proteomics a complete understanding of tumorigenesis in brain might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis C Salzillo
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jingzhe Hu
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Whiting
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaehyuk Lee
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Weygand
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prasanta Dutta
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Pudakalakatti
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Niki Zacharias Millward
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seth T Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pratip K Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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41
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Contribution of the Microenvironmental Niche to Glioblastoma Heterogeneity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28630875 PMCID: PMC5467280 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9634172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive cancer of the brain. The dismal prognosis is largely attributed to the heterogeneous nature of the tumor, which in addition to intrinsic molecular and genetic changes is also influenced by the microenvironmental niche in which the glioma cells reside. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) hypothesis suggests that all cancers arise from CSCs that possess the ability to self-renew and initiate tumor formation. CSCs reside in specialized niches where interaction with the microenvironment regulates their stem cell behavior. The reciprocal interaction between glioma stem cells (GSCs) and cells from the microenvironment, such as endothelial cells, immune cells, and other parenchymal cells, may also promote angiogenesis, invasion, proliferation, and stemness of the GSCs and be likely to have an underappreciated role in their responsiveness to therapy. This crosstalk may also promote molecular transition of GSCs. Hence the inherent plasticity of GSCs can be seen as an adaptive response, changing according to the signaling cue from the niche. Given the association of GSCs with tumor recurrence and treatment sensitivity, understanding this bidirectional crosstalk between GSCs and its niche may provide a framework to identify more effective therapeutic targets and improve treatment outcome.
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42
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MR Molecular Imaging of Brain Cancer Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 25:187-196. [PMID: 27748711 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of cancer. Alterations in many metabolic pathways support the requirement for cellular building blocks that are essential for cancer cell proliferation. This metabolic reprogramming can be imaged using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). H MRS can inform on alterations in the steady-state levels of cellular metabolites, but the emergence of hyperpolarized C MRS has now also enabled imaging of metabolic fluxes in real-time, providing a new method for tumor detection and monitoring of therapeutic response. In the case of glioma, preclinical cell and animal studies have shown that the hyperpolarized C MRS metabolic imaging signature is specific to tumor type and can distinguish between mutant IDH1 glioma and primary glioblastoma. Here, we review these findings, first describing the main metabolic pathways that are altered in the different glioma subtypes, and then reporting on the use of hyperpolarized C MRS and MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to probe these pathways. We show that the future translation of this hyperpolarized C MRS molecular metabolic imaging method to the clinic promises to improve the noninvasive detection, characterization, and response-monitoring of brain tumors resulting in improved patient diagnosis and clinical management.
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43
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Metabolic Profiling of IDH Mutation and Malignant Progression in Infiltrating Glioma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44792. [PMID: 28327577 PMCID: PMC5361089 DOI: 10.1038/srep44792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating low grade gliomas (LGGs) are heterogeneous in their behavior and the strategies used for clinical management are highly variable. A key factor in clinical decision-making is that patients with mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) oncogenes are more likely to have a favorable outcome and be sensitive to treatment. Because of their relatively long overall median survival, more aggressive treatments are typically reserved for patients that have undergone malignant progression (MP) to an anaplastic glioma or secondary glioblastoma (GBM). In the current study, ex vivo metabolic profiles of image-guided tissue samples obtained from patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent LGG were investigated using proton high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy (1H HR-MAS). Distinct spectral profiles were observed for lesions with IDH-mutated genotypes, between astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma histologies, as well as for tumors that had undergone MP. Levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) were correlated with increased mitotic activity, axonal disruption, vascular neoplasia, and with several brain metabolites including the choline species, glutamate, glutathione, and GABA. The information obtained in this study may be used to develop strategies for in vivo characterization of infiltrative glioma, in order to improve disease stratification and to assist in monitoring response to therapy.
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44
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Thewes V, Simon R, Hlevnjak M, Schlotter M, Schroeter P, Schmidt K, Wu Y, Anzeneder T, Wang W, Windisch P, Kirchgäßner M, Melling N, Kneisel N, Büttner R, Deuschle U, Sinn HP, Schneeweiss A, Heck S, Kaulfuss S, Hess-Stumpp H, Okun JG, Sauter G, Lykkesfeldt AE, Zapatka M, Radlwimmer B, Lichter P, Tönjes M. The branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 sustains growth of antiestrogen-resistant and ERα-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:4124-4134. [PMID: 28319069 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antiestrogen-resistant and triple-negative breast tumors pose a serious clinical challenge because of limited treatment options. We assessed global gene expression changes in antiestrogen-sensitive compared with antiestrogen-resistant (two tamoxifen resistant and two fulvestrant resistant) MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. The branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1), which catalyzes the first step in the breakdown of branched-chain amino acids, was among the most upregulated transcripts in antiestrogen-resistant cells. Elevated BCAT1 expression was confirmed in relapsed tamoxifen-resistant breast tumor specimens. High intratumoral BCAT1 levels were associated with a reduced relapse-free survival in adjuvant tamoxifen-treated patients and overall survival in unselected patients. On a tissue microarray (n=1421), BCAT1 expression was detectable in 58% of unselected primary breast carcinomas and linked to a higher Ki-67 proliferation index, as well as histological grade. Interestingly, BCAT1 was predominantly expressed in estrogen receptor-α-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive (ERα-negative/HER-2-positive) and triple-negative breast cancers in independent patient cohorts. The inverse relationship between BCAT1 and ERα was corroborated in various breast cancer cell lines and pharmacological long-term depletion of ERα induced BCAT1 expression in vitro. Mechanistically, BCAT1 indirectly controlled expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 thereby affecting pRB. Correspondingly, phenotypic analyses using a lentiviral-mediated BCAT1 short hairpin RNA knockdown revealed that BCAT1 sustains proliferation in addition to migration and invasion and that its overexpression enhanced the capacity of antiestrogen-sensitive cells to grow in the presence of antiestrogens. Importantly, silencing of BCAT1 in an orthotopic triple-negative xenograft model resulted in a massive reduction of tumor volume in vivo, supporting our findings that BCAT1 is necessary for the growth of hormone-independent breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thewes
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Hlevnjak
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schlotter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Schroeter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Schmidt
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Wu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Anzeneder
- PATH Foundation Biobank-Patients' Tumor Bank of Hope, Munich, Germany
| | - W Wang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Windisch
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Kirchgäßner
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Melling
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Kneisel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - U Deuschle
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H P Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Schneeweiss
- Gynecologic Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Heck
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - J G Okun
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A E Lykkesfeldt
- Breast Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Tönjes
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Kubala E, Muñoz-Álvarez KA, Topping G, Hundshammer C, Feuerecker B, Gómez PA, Pariani G, Schilling F, Glaser SJ, Schulte RF, Menzel MI, Schwaiger M. Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging. J Vis Exp 2016:54751. [PMID: 28060330 PMCID: PMC5226623 DOI: 10.3791/54751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, new methods for tumor staging, restaging, treatment response monitoring, and recurrence detection of a variety of cancers have emerged in conjunction with the state-of-the-art positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG PET). 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (13CMRSI) is a minimally invasive imaging method that enables the monitoring of metabolism in vivo and in real time. As with any other method based on 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it faces the challenge of low thermal polarization and a subsequent low signal-to-noise ratio due to the relatively low gyromagnetic ratio of 13C and its low natural abundance in biological samples. By overcoming these limitations, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with subsequent sample dissolution has recently enabled commonly used NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems to measure, study, and image key metabolic pathways in various biological systems. A particularly interesting and promising molecule used in 13CMRSI is [1-13C]pyruvate, which, in the last ten years, has been widely used for in vitro, preclinical, and, more recently, clinical studies to investigate the cellular energy metabolism in cancer and other diseases. In this article, we outline the technique of dissolution DNP using a 3.35 T preclinical DNP hyperpolarizer and demonstrate its usage in in vitro studies. A similar protocol for hyperpolarization may be applied for the most part in in vivo studies as well. To do so, we used lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalyzed the metabolic reaction of [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate in a prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3, in vitro using 13CMRSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Kubala
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München; GE Global Research;
| | - Kim A Muñoz-Álvarez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Geoffrey Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Pedro A Gómez
- GE Global Research; Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik der Technischen Universität München (IMETUM), Technische Universität München
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München; IDG Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | | | | | | | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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46
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Venneti S, Thompson CB. Metabolic Reprogramming in Brain Tumors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:515-545. [PMID: 28068482 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has substantially enhanced our understanding of the genetics of primary brain tumors by uncovering several novel driver genetic alterations. How many of these genetic modifications contribute to the pathogenesis of brain tumors is not well understood. An exciting paradigm emerging in cancer biology is that oncogenes actively reprogram cellular metabolism to enable tumors to survive and proliferate. We discuss how some of these genetic alterations in brain tumors rewire metabolism. Furthermore, metabolic alterations directly impact epigenetics well beyond classical mechanisms of tumor pathogenesis. Metabolic reprogramming in brain tumors is also influenced by the tumor microenvironment contributing to drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Altered cancer metabolism can be leveraged to noninvasively image brain tumors, which facilitates improved diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Many of these aspects of altered metabolism provide novel therapeutic opportunities to effectively treat primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109;
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065;
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47
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Mazuel L, Schulte RF, Cladière A, Spéziale C, Lagrée M, Leremboure M, Jean B, Durif F, Chassain C. Intracerebral synthesis of glutamine from hyperpolarized glutamate. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:1296-1305. [PMID: 27851869 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Changes in glutamate (Glu) levels occur in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We proposed the use of 13 C spectroscopy and the highly amplified signal generated by hyperpolarization to achieve spatial and temporal resolutions adequate for in vivo studies of Glu metabolism in the healthy rat brain. Thus, we investigated uptake of hyperpolarized [1-13C ]Glu after a temporary blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption protocol and its conversion to glutamine (Gln) in the brain. METHODS [1-13 C]Glu was hyperpolarized using the dynamic nuclear polarization process. A temporary BBB disruption using mannitol allowed hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu to reach the brain. Then, hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu brain metabolism was observed in vivo by MR spectroscopy experiments at 3T. Products synthesized from [1-13 C]Glu were assigned via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu reached 20% ± 2.3% polarization after 90 min. After validation of the BBB disruption protocol, hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu (175.4 ppm) was detected inside the rat brain, and the formation of [1-13 C]Gln at 174.9 ppm was also observed. CONCLUSION The Gln synthesis from hyperpolarized [1-13 C]Glu can be monitored in vivo in the healthy rat brain after opening the BBB. Magn Reson Med 78:1296-1305, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Mazuel
- Auvergne University, UFR Medicine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Victor Segalen University, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Marie Lagrée
- Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière, France
| | - Martin Leremboure
- Mass Spectrometry Department, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Aubière, France
| | - Betty Jean
- CHU Gabriel Montpied, MRI Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Auvergne University, UFR Medicine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Gabriel Montpied, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carine Chassain
- CHU Gabriel Montpied, MRI Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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48
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Hyperpolarization MRI: Preclinical Models and Potential Applications in Neuroradiology. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25:31-7. [PMID: 26848559 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is a novel technology that can dramatically increase signal to noise in magnetic resonance. The method is being applied to small injectable endogenous molecules, which can be used to monitor transient in vivo metabolic events, in real time. The emergence of hyperpolarized C-labeled probes, specifically C pyruvate, has enabled monitoring of core cellular metabolic events. Neuro-oncological applications have been demonstrated in preclinical models. Many more applications of this technology are envisioned, with transformative potential in magnetic resonance imaging.
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49
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Hyperpolarized MRS: New tool to study real-time brain function and metabolism. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:270-277. [PMID: 27665679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) led to the emergence of a new kind of magnetic resonance (MR) measurements providing the opportunity to probe metabolism in vivo in real time. It has been shown that, following the injection of hyperpolarized substrates prepared using dissolution DNP, specific metabolic bioprobes that can be used to differentiate between healthy and pathological tissue in preclinical and clinical studies can be readily detected by MR thanks to the tremendous signal enhancement. The present article aims at reviewing the studies of cerebral function and metabolism based on the use of hyperpolarized MR. The constraints and future opportunities that this technology could offer are discussed.
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50
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Kim H, Kim S, Lee HH, Heo H. In-Vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of 2-Hydroxyglutarate in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Mutated Gliomas: A Technical Review for Neuroradiologists. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17:620-32. [PMID: 27587950 PMCID: PMC5007388 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.5.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic and prognostic potential of an onco-metabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) as a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) detectable biomarker of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutated (IDH-MT) gliomas has drawn attention of neuroradiologists recently. However, due to severe spectral overlap with background signals, quantification of 2HG can be very challenging. In this technical review for neuroradiologists, first, the biochemistry of 2HG and its significance in the diagnosis of IDH-MT gliomas are summarized. Secondly, various 1H-MRS methods used in the previous studies are outlined. Finally, wereview previous in vivo studies, and discuss the current status of 1H-MRS in the diagnosis of IDH-MT gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 03087, Korea.; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyeong Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 03087, Korea
| | - Hwon Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 03087, Korea
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