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Jia J, Wang Y, Li M, Wang F, Peng Y, Hu J, Li Z, Bian Z, Yang S. Neutrophils in the premetastatic niche: key functions and therapeutic directions. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:200. [PMID: 39277750 PMCID: PMC11401288 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis has been one of the primary reasons for the high mortality rates associated with tumours in recent years, rendering the treatment of current malignancies challenging and representing a significant cause of recurrence in patients who have undergone surgical tumour resection. Halting tumour metastasis has become an essential goal for achieving favourable prognoses following cancer treatment. In recent years, increasing clarity in understanding the mechanisms underlying metastasis has been achieved. The concept of premetastatic niches has gained widespread acceptance, which posits that tumour cells establish a unique microenvironment at distant sites prior to their migration, facilitating their settlement and growth at those locations. Neutrophils serve as crucial constituents of the premetastatic niche, actively shaping its microenvironmental characteristics, which include immunosuppression, inflammation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodelling. These characteristics are intimately associated with the successful engraftment and subsequent progression of tumour cells. As our understanding of the role and significance of neutrophils in the premetastatic niche deepens, leveraging the presence of neutrophils within the premetastatic niche has gradually attracted the interest of researchers as a potential therapeutic target. The focal point of this review revolves around elucidating the involvement of neutrophils in the formation and shaping of the premetastatic niche (PMN), alongside the introduction of emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at impeding cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachi Jia
- Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Mengjia Li
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Fuqi Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yingnan Peng
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Junhong Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Zhilei Bian
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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Diamantopoulou S, Yapijakis C, Papakosta V, Ebeling M, Lazaris AC, Derka S, Vylliotis A, Diamantopoulos P, Vairaktari G, Vassiliou S. EGFR and HER-2 oncogenes expression in an experimental model of two-stage chemically induced carcinogenesis in mouse skin. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2024; 52:413-419. [PMID: 38443188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of EGFR and HER-2 oncogenes using an experimental two stage chemically induced carcinogenesis protocol on the dorsal skin in FVB/N mice. Forty female FVB/N mice 4 weeks old, were grouped into one control (n = 8) and two experimental groups (Group A: n = 16, Group B: n = 16) following a randomization process. Two-stage carcinogenesis protocol, was implicated, including an initial treatment with 97.4 nmol DMBA on their shaved dorsal skin and subsequent treatments of 32.4 nmol TPA applications after 13 weeks for Group A and after 20 weeks for Group B. The control group C, received no treatment. Skin was examined weekly for tumor development. Post-experiment, animals were euthanized for tissue analysis. The histological status of the skin lesions in the experimental groups corresponded well with tumour advancement (from dysplasia to poorly-differentiated carcinoma). Tumour sections were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. EGFR expression was found significantly higher in precancerous and malignant tumours (p = 042 and p = 008 respectively), while tended to be higher in benign tumours (p = 079), compared to normal histology. Moreover, mean percentage of EGFR positive expression in malignant tumours was significantly higher than in benign tumours (p < 001). HER-2 expression was found significantly higher in precancerous and malignant tumours (p = 042 and p = 015 respectively), while tended to be higher in benign tumours (p = 085), compared to normal histology. Furthermore, mean percentage of HER-2 positive expression in malignant tumours was significantly higher than in benign tumours (p = 005). The study demonstrated that in FVB/N mice subjected to a two-stage chemically induced carcinogenesis protocol, there was a significant increase in the expression of EGFR and HER-2 oncogenes in precancerous and malignant skin lesions compared to normal tissue. This suggests a potentially early role of these oncogenes in the progression of skin tumours in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Diamantopoulou
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Evaggelismos General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Yapijakis
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Veronica Papakosta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University General Hospital Attikon, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marcel Ebeling
- Department of Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Military Hospital Ulm, Academic Hospital of the University of Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas C Lazaris
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Derka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University General Hospital Attikon, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Vylliotis
- Unit of Orofacial Genetics, University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic and Malignant Disorders in Childhood, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Diagnostic and Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, BiocLab, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Diamantopoulos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Savvas Anticancer- Oncologic Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vairaktari
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University General Hospital Attikon, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Vassiliou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University General Hospital Attikon, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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EGFR-TNFR1 pathway in endothelial cell facilitates acute lung injury by NF-κB/MAPK-mediated inflammation and RIP3-dependent necroptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109902. [PMID: 36827922 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) has emerged as a pivotal effector critically correlated with disease severity in acute lung injury (ALI). Because both the excessive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) in sepsis-induced vasculitis are markedly diminished through EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a specific mechanism must exist to modulate TNFR1 cellular fates regulated by EGFR. Here, we demonstrated that EGFR, a specific binding partner of TNFR1, exhibited an increased NF-κB/MAPK-mediated inflammation that was governed by enhanced recruitment of TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) to TNFR1 complex I in endothelial cell (EC). Moreover, EGFR activation triggered a remarkable increase in the phosphorylation of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and its binding with receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) which led to enhanced frequency of necroptosis in complex IIb. Inhibiting the kinase of EGFR disrupted the formation of complex I and complex IIb and prevents EC from NF-κB/MAPK-mediated inflammation and RIP3-dependent necroptosis. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR can limit the destructive effects of neutrophils activation and the hyperpermeability of lung vascular in hyperinflammation period. Collectively, we have identified EC-EGFR as a modulator of TNFR1-mediated inflammation and RIP3-dependent necroptosis, providing a possible explanation for the immunological basis of anti-EGFR therapy in sepsis-induced ALI.
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4
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Orso F, Virga F, Dettori D, Dalmasso A, Paradzik M, Savino A, Pomatto MAC, Quirico L, Cucinelli S, Coco M, Mareschi K, Fagioli F, Salmena L, Camussi G, Provero P, Poli V, Mazzone M, Pandolfi PP, Taverna D. Stroma-derived miR-214 coordinates tumor dissemination. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:20. [PMID: 36639824 PMCID: PMC9837925 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor progression is based on a close interaction between cancer cells and Tumor MicroEnvironment (TME). Here, we focus on the role that Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and microRNAs (miRs) play in breast cancer and melanoma malignancy. METHODS We used public databases to investigate miR-214 expression in the stroma compartment of primary human samples and evaluated tumor formation and dissemination following tumor cell injections in miR-214 overexpressing (miR-214over) and knock out (miR-214ko) mice. In addition, we dissected the impact of Conditioned Medium (CM) or Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) derived from miR-214-rich or depleted stroma cells on cell metastatic traits. RESULTS We evidence that the expression of miR-214 in human cancer or metastasis samples mostly correlates with stroma components and, in particular, with CAFs and MSCs. We present data revealing that the injection of tumor cells in miR-214over mice leads to increased extravasation and metastasis formation. In line, treatment of cancer cells with CM or EVs derived from miR-214-enriched stroma cells potentiate cancer cell migration/invasion in vitro. Conversely, dissemination from tumors grown in miR-214ko mice is impaired and metastatic traits significantly decreased when CM or EVs from miR-214-depleted stroma cells are used to treat cells in culture. Instead, extravasation and metastasis formation are fully re-established when miR-214ko mice are pretreated with miR-214-rich EVs of stroma origin. Mechanistically, we also show that tumor cells are able to induce miR-214 production in stroma cells, following the activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling, which is then released via EVs subsequently up-taken by cancer cells. Here, a miR-214-dependent pro-metastatic program becomes activated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the relevance of stroma-derived miR-214 and its release in EVs for tumor dissemination, which paves the way for miR-214-based therapeutic interventions targeting not only tumor cells but also the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Orso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. of Translational Medicine (DIMET), Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Virga
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Louvain, Belgium
- Present Address: Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniela Dettori
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Dalmasso
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Mladen Paradzik
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Aurora Savino
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Lorena Quirico
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Cucinelli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Coco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Mareschi
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, City of Health and Science of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salmena
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- William N. Pennington Cancer Institute, Renown Health, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89502, USA.
| | - Daniela Taverna
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC) "Guido Tarone", Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
- Dept. Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza, 52, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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5
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Tang Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao Z, Cai H, Xie M, Jiang X, Zhang L, Cheng J, Yang L, Wang L, Zhao C, Huang X. Acetylshikonin exerts anti-tumor effects on non-small cell lung cancer through dual inhibition of STAT3 and EGFR. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154109. [PMID: 35526322 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumor. It has one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, and approximately 85% of cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinically, several EGFR inhibitors have been used to treat NSCLC, but resistance can develop. Studies have shown that cross talk between signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can mediate drug resistance. Acetylshikonin has obvious antitumor effects, but the mechanism of action is still unclear. PURPOSE To analyze the antitumor activity of acetylshikonin in lung cancer and clarify its molecular mechanism. METHODS Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), colony formation and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) assays were performed to examine the effects of acetylshikonin in inhibiting the proliferation of NSCLC cells (PC-9, H1975 and A549). Scratch wound and transwell assays were used to evaluate the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Flow cytometry was employed to determine whether acetylshikonin could induce apoptosis. Proteome sequencing was used to identify the targets of acetylshikonin. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were utilized to verify the inhibition of STAT3 and EGFR phosphorylation. A xenotransplantation model was established to evaluate the efficacy of acetylshikonin in nude mice. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that acetylshikonin significantly decreased the survival rate of human NSCLC cells, increased the apoptotic rate and inhibited cell migration dose-dependently. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting analyses revealed that acetylshikonin inhibited EGFR and STAT3 pathways. Acetylshikonin also inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft model better than inhibitors of EGFR and STAT3. CONCLUSION Acetylshikonin has anti-cancer effects on NSCLC cells by inhibiting EGFR and STAT3, indicating that acetylshikonin may be a new antitumor drug to treat NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yanmao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhucheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Haijian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Mengyao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xintong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jiayun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Lehe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Chengguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Building 11, Chashan Street, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Malacrida B, Nichols S, Maniati E, Jones R, Delanie-Smith R, Roozitalab R, Tyler EJ, Thomas M, Boot G, Mackerodt J, Lockley M, Knight MM, Balkwill FR, Pearce OM. A human multi-cellular model shows how platelets drive production of diseased extracellular matrix and tissue invasion. iScience 2021; 24:102676. [PMID: 34189439 PMCID: PMC8215303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guided by a multi-level "deconstruction" of omental metastases, we developed a tetra (four cell)-culture model of primary human mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cell lines. This multi-cellular model replicated key elements of human metastases and allowed malignant cell invasion into the artificial omental structure. Prompted by findings in patient biopsies, we used the model to investigate the role of platelets in malignant cell invasion and extracellular matrix, ECM, production. RNA (sequencing and quantitative polymerase-chain reaction), protein (proteomics and immunohistochemistry) and image analysis revealed that platelets stimulated malignant cell invasion and production of ECM molecules associated with poor prognosis. Moreover, we found that platelet activation of mesothelial cells was critical in stimulating malignant cell invasion. Whilst platelets likely activate both malignant cells and mesothelial cells, the tetra-culture model allowed us to dissect the role of both cell types and model the early stages of HGSOC metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Malacrida
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sam Nichols
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Roanne Jones
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Robin Delanie-Smith
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Reza Roozitalab
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor J. Tyler
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Morgan Thomas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gina Boot
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonas Mackerodt
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michelle Lockley
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Martin M. Knight
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Frances R. Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Oliver M.T. Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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7
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Delaine-Smith RM, Maniati E, Malacrida B, Nichols S, Roozitalab R, Jones RR, Lecker LS, Pearce OM, Knight MM, Balkwill FR. Modelling TGFβR and Hh pathway regulation of prognostic matrisome molecules in ovarian cancer. iScience 2021; 24:102674. [PMID: 34189438 PMCID: PMC8215304 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a multi-level "deconstruction" of omental metastases, we previously identified a prognostic matrisome gene expression signature in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and twelve other malignancies. Here, our aim was to understand how six of these extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, COL11A1, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, FN1, versican, cathepsin B, and COL1A1, are upregulated in cancer. Using biopsies, we identified significant associations between TGFβR activity, Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and these ECM molecules and studied the associations in mono-, co-, and tri-culture. Activated omental fibroblasts (OFs) produced more matrix than malignant cells, directed by TGFβR and Hh signaling cross talk. We "reconstructed" omental metastases in tri-cultures of HGSOC cells, OFs, and adipocytes. This combination was sufficient to generate all six ECM proteins and the matrisome expression signature. TGFβR and Hh inhibitor combinations attenuated fibroblast activation and gel and ECM remodeling in these models. The tri-culture model reproduces key features of omental metastases and allows study of diseased-associated ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Delaine-Smith
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road E1, London, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Sam Nichols
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Reza Roozitalab
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Roanne R. Jones
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Laura S.M. Lecker
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Oliver M.T. Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
| | - Martin M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road E1, London, UK
| | - Frances R. Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square EC1M 6BQ, London, UK
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Abstract
There has been a drastic increase in the incidence of nonmelanoma (NMSC), including squamous, basal cell, and melanoma skin cancers worldwide. Most cases of skin cancer can be treated effectively with surgery; fewer than 10% of cases are advanced and may require additional therapies. A better understanding of the biology of skin cancer will help contribute to better prognostic information and identification of possible new therapeutic targets. Herein, the authors review the biology and pathogenesis of both NMSC and melanoma, focusing on critical cell signaling pathways mediating the disease and current therapeutic strategies targeted to underlying genetic pathways.
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9
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Fishbein A, Hammock BD, Serhan CN, Panigrahy D. Carcinogenesis: Failure of resolution of inflammation? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 218:107670. [PMID: 32891711 PMCID: PMC7470770 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is a hallmark of cancer and is recognized as a key characteristic of carcinogens. However, the failure of resolution of inflammation in cancer is only recently being understood. Products of arachidonic acid and related fatty acid metabolism called eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosanoids, critically regulate inflammation, as well as its resolution. The resolution of inflammation is now appreciated to be an active biochemical process regulated by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid autacoid mediators which combat infections and stimulate tissue repair/regeneration. Environmental and chemical human carcinogens, including aflatoxins, asbestos, nitrosamines, alcohol, and tobacco, induce tumor-promoting inflammation and can disrupt the resolution of inflammation contributing to a devastating global cancer burden. While mechanisms of carcinogenesis have focused on genotoxic activity to induce mutations, nongenotoxic mechanisms such as inflammation and oxidative stress promote genotoxicity, proliferation, and mutations. Moreover, carcinogens initiate oxidative stress to synergize with inflammation and DNA damage to fuel a vicious feedback loop of cell death, tissue damage, and carcinogenesis. In contrast, stimulation of resolution of inflammation may prevent carcinogenesis by clearance of cellular debris via macrophage phagocytosis and inhibition of an eicosanoid/cytokine storm of pro-inflammatory mediators. Controlling the host inflammatory response and its resolution in carcinogen-induced cancers will be critical to reducing carcinogen-induced morbidity and mortality. Here we review the recent evidence that stimulation of resolution of inflammation, including pro-resolution lipid mediators and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors, may be a new chemopreventive approach to prevent carcinogen-induced cancer that should be evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fishbein
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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10
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Wang H, Pan J, Barsky L, Jacob JC, Zheng Y, Gao C, Wang S, Zhu W, Sun H, Lu L, Jia H, Zhao Y, Bruns C, Vago R, Dong Q, Qin L. Characteristics of pre-metastatic niche: the landscape of molecular and cellular pathways. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:3. [PMID: 35006432 PMCID: PMC8607426 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major contributor to cancer-associated deaths. It involves complex interactions between primary tumorigenic sites and future metastatic sites. Accumulation studies have revealed that tumour metastasis is not a disorderly spontaneous incident but the climax of a series of sequential and dynamic events including the development of a pre-metastatic niche (PMN) suitable for a subpopulation of tumour cells to colonize and develop into metastases. A deep understanding of the formation, characteristics and function of the PMN is required for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat tumour patients. It is rapidly becoming evident that therapies targeting PMN may be successful in averting tumour metastasis at an early stage. This review highlights the key components and main characteristics of the PMN and describes potential therapeutic strategies, providing a promising foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Junjie Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Livnat Barsky
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Yan Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Haoting Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Huliang Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Razi Vago
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road (M), Shanghai, 200040, China.
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11
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Sreenivasan L, Wang H, Yap SQ, Leclair P, Tam A, Lim CJ. Autocrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling aids development of acquired drug resistance in Group 3 medulloblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1035. [PMID: 33279931 PMCID: PMC7719195 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a high-grade pediatric brain malignancy that originates from neuronal precursors located in the posterior cranial fossa. In this study, we evaluated the role of STAT3 and IL-6 in a tumor microenvironment mediated drug resistance in human MBs. We established that the Group 3 MB cell line, Med8A, is chemosensitive (hence Med8A-S), and this is correlated with a basal low phosphorylated state of STAT3, while treatment with IL-6 induced robust increases in pY705-STAT3. Via incremental selection with vincristine, we derived the stably chemoresistant variant, Med8A-R, that exhibited multi-drug resistance, enhanced IL-6 induced pY705-STAT3 levels, and increased IL6R expression. Consequently, abrogation of STAT3 or IL6R expression in Med8A-R led to restored chemosensitivity to vincristine, highlighting a prominent role for canonical IL-6/STAT3 signaling in acquired drug resistance. Furthermore, Med8A-S subjected to conditioning exposure with IL-6, termed Med8A-IL6+ cells, exhibited enhanced vincristine resistance, increased expression of pY705-STAT3 and IL6R, and increased secretion of IL-6. When cocultured with Med8A-IL6+ cells, Med8A-S cells exhibited increased pY705-STAT3 and increased IL-6 secretion, suggesting a cytokine feedback loop responsible for amplifying STAT3 activity. Similar IL-6 induced phenomena were also observed in the Group 3 MB cell lines, D283 and D341, including increased pY705-STAT3, drug resistance, IL-6 secretion and IL6R expression. Our study unveiled autocrine IL-6 as a promoter of STAT3 signaling in development of drug resistance, and suggests therapeutic benefits for targeting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis in Group 3 MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshana Sreenivasan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shyong Quin Yap
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pascal Leclair
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony Tam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chinten James Lim
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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12
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Tamura N, Shaikh N, Muliaditan D, Soliman TN, McGuinness JR, Maniati E, Moralli D, Durin MA, Green CM, Balkwill FR, Wang J, Curtius K, McClelland SE. Specific Mechanisms of Chromosomal Instability Indicate Therapeutic Sensitivities in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4946-4959. [PMID: 32998996 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) comprises continual gain and loss of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes and occurs in the majority of cancers, often conferring poor prognosis. Because of a scarcity of functional studies and poor understanding of how genetic or gene expression landscapes connect to specific CIN mechanisms, causes of CIN in most cancer types remain unknown. High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC), the most common subtype of ovarian cancer, is the major cause of death due to gynecologic malignancy in the Western world, with chemotherapy resistance developing in almost all patients. HGSC exhibits high rates of chromosomal aberrations and knowledge of causative mechanisms would represent an important step toward combating this disease. Here we perform the first in-depth functional characterization of mechanisms driving CIN in HGSC in seven cell lines that accurately recapitulate HGSC genetics. Multiple mechanisms coexisted to drive CIN in HGSC, including elevated microtubule dynamics and DNA replication stress that can be partially rescued to reduce CIN by low doses of paclitaxel and nucleoside supplementation, respectively. Distinct CIN mechanisms indicated relationships with HGSC-relevant therapy including PARP inhibition and microtubule-targeting agents. Comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic profiling revealed deregulation of various genes involved in genome stability but were not directly predictive of specific CIN mechanisms, underscoring the importance of functional characterization to identify causes of CIN. Overall, we show that HGSC CIN is complex and suggest that specific CIN mechanisms could be used as functional biomarkers to indicate appropriate therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings characterize multiple deregulated mechanisms of genome stability that lead to CIN in ovarian cancer and demonstrate the benefit of integrating analysis of said mechanisms into predictions of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoka Tamura
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeem Shaikh
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Muliaditan
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya N Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Chromosome Dynamics, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Anne Durin
- Chromosome Dynamics, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Green
- Chromosome Dynamics, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kit Curtius
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sarah E McClelland
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Azar WJ, Christie EL, Mitchell C, Liu DS, Au-Yeung G, Bowtell DDL. Noncanonical IL6 Signaling-Mediated Activation of YAP Regulates Cell Migration and Invasion in Ovarian Clear Cell Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4960-4971. [PMID: 32917727 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) is characterized by a particularly poor response to conventional chemotherapy and a short overall survival time in women with established disease. The development of targeted treatments for OCCA relies on a better understanding of its molecular characteristics. IL6 is strongly expressed in OCCA and may therefore provide a novel therapeutic target. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 and conditional short hairpin interfering RNA to perform loss-of-function studies in human OCCA cell lines to explore the requirement for IL6 in vitro and in vivo. While reduction of IL6 expression exerted limited effects in vitro, its attenuation significantly impaired tumor growth and neovascularization in vivo. In contrast to typical signaling via STAT3, IL6 in OCCA signaled via a noncanonical pathway involving gp130, Src, and the Hippo pathway protein YAP. A high-throughput combination drug screen identified agents that enhanced cell killing following reduction of IL6 signaling. Intersection of screen hits obtained from two cell lines and orthogonal approaches to attenuation of IL6 yielded AKT and EGFR inhibitors as enhancers of the inhibitory monoclonal IL6 receptor antibody tocilizumab. This study defines for the first time the requirements for, and mechanisms of, signaling by IL6 in human OCCA cell lines and identifies potential combinatory therapeutic approaches. Given the molecular diversity of OCCA, further in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to determine whether such approaches will overcome the limited efficacy of tocilizumab observed in ovarian cancer to date. SIGNIFICANCE: This study defines the requirements for and mechanisms of noncanonical signaling by IL6 in human ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma cell lines and identifies combinatory therapeutic approaches to be explored clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid J Azar
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Christie
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Mitchell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Liu
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Au-Yeung
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David D L Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Resolution of eicosanoid/cytokine storm prevents carcinogen and inflammation-initiated hepatocellular cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21576-21587. [PMID: 32801214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007412117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic environmental carcinogens promote cancer via genotoxic and nongenotoxic pathways, but nongenetic mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Carcinogen-induced apoptosis may trigger escape from dormancy of microtumors by interfering with inflammation resolution and triggering an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. While eicosanoid and cytokine storms are well-characterized in infection and inflammation, they are poorly characterized in cancer. Here, we demonstrate that carcinogens, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), induce apoptotic cell death and the resulting cell debris stimulates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor growth via an "eicosanoid and cytokine storm." AFB1-generated debris up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), ER stress-response genes including BiP, CHOP, and PDI in macrophages. Thus, selective cytokine or eicosanoid blockade is unlikely to prevent carcinogen-induced cancer progression. Pharmacological abrogation of both the COX-2 and sEH pathways by PTUPB prevented the debris-stimulated eicosanoid and cytokine storm, down-regulated ER stress genes, and promoted macrophage phagocytosis of debris, resulting in suppression of HCC tumor growth. Thus, inflammation resolution via dual COX-2/sEH inhibition is an approach to prevent carcinogen-induced cancer.
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15
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Zhao C, Yang L, Zhou F, Yu Y, Du X, Xiang Y, Li C, Huang X, Xie C, Liu Z, Lin J, Wang L, Liang G, Cui R. Feedback activation of EGFR is the main cause for STAT3 inhibition-irresponsiveness in pancreatic cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:3997-4013. [PMID: 32242147 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the world's leading causes of cancer-related death. Activation of STAT3 has been reported as a major contributor in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. However, treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer patients with STAT3 inhibitors often meets drug resistance and heterogeneous response. We found that EGFR activation is a main cause for resistance to STAT3 inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cells, regardless of KRAS mutation status. Mechanistically, inhibition of STAT3 promotes STAT1- and STAT4-mediated TGF-α expression, leading to activation of the EGFR pathway. Combined treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with EGFR and STAT3 inhibitors persistently blocks EGFR and STAT3 signaling, and exerts synergistic antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, with or without KRAS mutation. Our results indicate that reciprocal cross-talk between STAT3 and EGFR pathways is a key molecular mechanism leading to resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, the study shows that combined inhibition of both EGFR and STAT3 might overcome drug resistance encountered during treatment with single agent alone. This study suggests an improved therapeutic strategy, through combined treatment with STAT3 and EGFR inhibitors, for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengguang Zhao
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.,Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lehe Yang
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Feng Zhou
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Yu
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youqun Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Congying Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Liangxing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ri Cui
- Cancer and Anticancer Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China. .,The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China. .,Wenzhou University-Wenzhou Medical University Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Jing B, Wang T, Sun B, Xu J, Xu D, Liao Y, Song H, Guo W, Li K, Hu M, Zhang S, Ling J, Kuang Y, Zhang T, Zhou BP, Yao F, Deng J. IL6/STAT3 Signaling Orchestrates Premetastatic Niche Formation and Immunosuppressive Traits in Lung. Cancer Res 2019; 80:784-797. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Suppression of chemotherapy-induced cytokine/lipid mediator surge and ovarian cancer by a dual COX-2/sEH inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1698-1703. [PMID: 30647111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803999116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chemotherapy is a conventional cancer treatment, it may induce a protumorigenic microenvironment by triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators. In this study, we demonstrate that ovarian tumor cell debris generated by first-line platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy accelerates tumor progression by stimulating a macrophage-derived "surge" of proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. Thus, targeting a single inflammatory mediator or pathway is unlikely to prevent therapy-induced tumor progression. Here, we show that combined pharmacological abrogation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathways prevented the debris-induced surge of both cytokines and lipid mediators by macrophages. In animal models, the dual COX-2/sEH inhibitor PTUPB delayed the onset of debris-stimulated ovarian tumor growth and ascites leading to sustained survival over 120 days postinjection. Therefore, dual inhibition of COX-2/sEH may be an approach to suppress debris-stimulated ovarian tumor growth by preventing the therapy-induced surge of cytokines and lipid mediators.
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18
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Quagliariello V, Masarone M, Armenia E, Giudice A, Barbarisi M, Caraglia M, Barbarisi A, Persico M. Chitosan-coated liposomes loaded with butyric acid demonstrate anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:1476-1486. [PMID: 30569138 PMCID: PMC6365699 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyric acid (BA) has been reported to induce anticancer effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, its delivery and release in cancer tissues must be optimized. On the basis of these requirements, we prepared liposomes coated with chitosan and uncoated liposomes and both types were loaded with BA through a thin-film hydration method. The liposomes coated or uncoated with chitosan had a mean hydrodynamic size of 83.5 and 110.3 nm, respectively, with a homogeneous size distribution of the particles. For evaluation of the biological effects of the nanoformulations, the hepatoblastoma (HB) HepG2 cell line was utilized. BA-loaded liposomes coated with chitosan showed a considerable higher cytotoxicity than both uncoated liposomes and free BA, with IC50 values, after 72 h of incubation, of 7.5, 2.5 and 1.6 mM, respectively. Treatment of HepG2 cells for 5 h with the BA-loaded liposomes coated with chitosan at 5 mM lowered the extent of the increase in IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β expression of approximately 64, 58, 85 and 73.8%, respectively, when compared to the untreated cells. The BA-loaded liposomes coated with chitosan had marked capacity to be internalized in human HB cells showing an increased cytotoxic activity when compared with free BA and important anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting production of cytokines with a central role in liver cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Masarone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine of Salerno, Salerno, I-80123 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Armenia
- Department of Thoracic and Cardio-Respiratory Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Giudice
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Manlio Barbarisi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Barbarisi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardio-Respiratory Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine of Salerno, Salerno, I-80123 Naples, Italy
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19
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Wang Y, Zong X, Mitra S, Mitra AK, Matei D, Nephew KP. IL-6 mediates platinum-induced enrichment of ovarian cancer stem cells. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122360. [PMID: 30518684 PMCID: PMC6328027 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In high-grade serous ovarian cancer (OC), chemotherapy eliminates the majority of tumor cells, leaving behind residual tumors enriched in OC stem cells (OCSC). OCSC, defined as aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive (ALDH+), persist and contribute to tumor relapse. Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is elevated in residual tumors after platinum treatment, and we hypothesized that IL-6 plays a critical role in platinum-induced OCSC enrichment. We demonstrate that IL-6 regulates stemness features of OCSC driven by ALDH1A1 expression and activity. We show that platinum induces IL-6 secretion by cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, promoting OCSC enrichment in residual tumors after chemotherapy. By activating STAT3 and upregulating ALDH1A1 expression, IL-6 treatment converted non-OCSC to OCSC. Having previously shown altered DNA methylation in OCSC, we show here that IL-6 induces DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression and the hypomethylating agent (HMA) guadecitabine induced differentiation of OCSC and reduced - but did not completely eradicate - OCSC. IL-6 neutralizing antibody (IL-6-Nab) combined with HMA fully eradicated OCSC, and the combination blocked IL-6/IL6-R/pSTAT3-mediated ALDH1A1 expression and eliminated OCSC in residual tumors that persisted in vivo after chemotherapy. We conclude that IL-6 signaling blockade combined with an HMA can eliminate OCSC after platinum treatment, supporting this strategy to prevent tumor recurrence after standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinu Wang
- Medical Sciences, Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington (IUB), Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xingyue Zong
- Medical Sciences, Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington (IUB), Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Sumegha Mitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Anirban Kumar Mitra
- Medical Sciences, Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington (IUB), Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth P. Nephew
- Medical Sciences, Cell, Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington (IUB), Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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20
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Sokolova EA, Vodeneev VA, Deyev SM, Balalaeva IV. 3D in vitro models of tumors expressing EGFR family receptors: a potent tool for studying receptor biology and targeted drug development. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:99-111. [PMID: 30205170 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas overexpressing EGFR family receptors are of high clinical importance, because the receptors have prognostic value and are used as molecular targets for anticancer therapy. Insufficient drug efficacy necessitates further in-depth research of the receptor biology and improvement in preclinical stages of drug evaluation. Here, we review the currently used advanced 3D in vitro models of tumors, including tumor spheroids, models in natural and synthetic matrices, tumor organoids and microfluidic-based models, as a potent tool for studying EGFR biology and targeted drug development. We are especially focused on factors that affect the biology of tumor cells, causing modification in the expression and basic phosphorylation of the receptors, crosstalk with other signaling pathways and switch between downstream cascades, resulting ultimately in the resistance to antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Sokolova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vodeneev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Sergey M Deyev
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky University, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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21
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Huang RL, Chen HJ, Chen LY, Chao TK, Lin WY, Liew PL, Su PH, Weng YC, Wang YC, Liao CC, Hsu YW, Wang HC, Lai HC. Epigenetic loss of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfation sensitizes ovarian carcinoma to oncogenic signals and predicts prognosis. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1943-1953. [PMID: 29732534 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine requires markers for therapeutic guidance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) epigenetics can lead to the identification of biomarkers for precision medicine. Through integrative methylomics, we discovered and validated the epigenetic signature of NEFH and HS3ST2 as an independent prognostic factor for type II EOC in our dataset (n = 84), and two independent methylomics datasets (total n = 467). Integrated transcriptomics dataset (n = 1147) and tissue microarrays (n = 54) of HS3ST2 also related to high-methylation statuses and the EOC prognosis. Mechanistic explorations of HS3ST2 have assessed responses to oncogenic stimulations such as IL-6, EGF, and FGF2 in cancer cells. The combination of HS3ST2 and various oncogenic ligands also confers the worse outcome. 3-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate by HS3ST2 makes ovarian cancer cells intrinsically sensitive to oncogenic signals, which sheds new light on the application of HS3ST2 as a companion diagnostic for targeted therapy using kinase inhibitors or therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Translational epigenetic center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ju Chen
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Kuang Chao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Phui-Ly Liew
- Department of Pathology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsuan Su
- Translational epigenetic center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Weng
- Translational epigenetic center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Wen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Translational epigenetic center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ray K, Ujvari B, Ramana V, Donald J. Cross-talk between EGFR and IL-6 drives oncogenic signaling and offers therapeutic opportunities in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Song Z, Ren D, Xu X, Wang Y. Molecular cross-talk of IL-6 in tumors and new progress in combined therapy. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:669-675. [PMID: 29603884 PMCID: PMC5983184 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6, a cytokine activated by type I interferons (IFNs), is encoded by the IL-6 gene, and secreted by T cells and macrophages. It serves many purposes in the human body and is significant to pathological and physiological activities, such as acute inflammatory responses, autoimmune diseases, and tumor formation. The wide range of IL-6 actions on tumors rely on more than one specific pathway. Advances in modern research have determined that to fulfill its complex physiological functions, IL-6 must be involved in cross-talk with a number of other molecular pathways. Therefore, it is important to clarify the comprehensive pathway network associated with IL-6 activity and to explore the mechanisms to inhibit its pathological activity in order to develop corresponding treatment plans. This study is a simple review of the pathological and physiological actions of IL-6 on the human body. It explains in detail the molecular pathways involved in cross-talk between IL-6 and tumors, summarizing and discussing the latest progress made in IL-6-related internal medicine treatments in recent years, including chemotherapies, targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. Our results provide new insight into the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqing Song
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dian Ren
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
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24
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Zhang X, Wu L, Xiao T, Tang L, Jia X, Guo Y, Zhang J, Li J, He Y, Su J, Zhao S, Tao J, Zhou J, Chen X, Peng C. TRAF6 regulates EGF-induced cell transformation and cSCC malignant phenotype through CD147/EGFR. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:17. [PMID: 29463844 PMCID: PMC5833715 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF6, a well-known adapter molecule, plays pivotal role in TLR/IL-1R associated signaling pathway. Although TRAF6 has been shown to have oncogenic activity in various malignant tumors, the details remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that TRAF6 facilitates Ras (G12V) and EGF-induced cellular transformation through EGFR. Silencing of TRAF6 expression significantly downregulated AP-1 activity, as well as MMP-2,9 expression after EGF stimulation. Furthermore, we found that TRAF6 plays an essential role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) malignant phenotypes, affecting cell growth and migration. CD147/Basigin, a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, is over-expressed in tumors and induces tumorigenesis. Our results showed that CD147 formed complex with EGFR and TRAF6. Knockdown of TRAF6 disrupted the CD147-EGFR complex, thereby inducing EGFR endocytosis. Therefore, TRAF6 might be a novel molecular target for cSCC prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lisha Wu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ta Xiao
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuekun Jia
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yeye Guo
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - JiangLin Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Li
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yijing He
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery of Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Cong Peng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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25
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CCL2/CCL5 secreted by the stroma induce IL-6/PYK2 dependent chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:47. [PMID: 29455640 PMCID: PMC5817856 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimal residual disease is the main issue of advanced ovarian cancer treatment. According to the literature and previous results, we hypothesized that Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) could support this minimal residual disease by protecting ovarian cancer cells (OCC) from chemotherapy. In vitro study confirmed that MSC could induce OCC chemoresistance without contact using transwell setting. Further experiments showed that this induced chemoresistance was dependent on IL-6 OCC stimulation. METHODS We combined meticulous in vitro profiling and tumor xenograft models to study the role of IL-6 in MSC/OCC intereactions. RESULTS We demonstrated that Tocilizumab® (anti-IL-6R therapy) in association with chemotherapy significantly reduced the peritoneal carcinosis index (PCI) than chemotherapy alone in mice xenografted with OCCs+MSCs. Further experiments showed that CCL2 and CCL5 are released by MSC in transwell co-culture and induce OCCs IL-6 secretion and chemoresistance. Finally, we found that IL-6 induced chemoresistance was dependent on PYK2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the potential key role of the stroma in protecting minimal residual disease from chemotherapy, thus favoring recurrences. Future clinical trials targeting stroma could use anti-IL-6 therapy in association with chemotherapy.
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26
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Diernaes JEF, Heje M, Pfeiffer-Jensen M, Lorentzen HF. Non-melanoma skin cancer as a possible adverse event due to anti-interleukin-6 treatment. Scand J Rheumatol 2018; 48:82-84. [DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2017.1397739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JEF Diernaes
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Heje
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Pfeiffer-Jensen
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - HF Lorentzen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Yang B, Qian F, Li W, Li Y, Han Y. Effects of general anesthesia with or without epidural block on tumor metastasis and mechanisms. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541238 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess whether different anesthesia methods (general anesthesia and general anesthesia combined with epidural block) were associated with tumor metastasis during the perioperative period and the possible molecular mechanisms of tumor metastasis. A rat hepatoma tumor xenograft model was constructed via the subcutaneous injection of Morris hepatoma 3924A cells into the upper axillary fossa. General anesthesia and general anesthesia combined with epidural block prior to hepatectomy were conducted on tumor-bearing rats. The average numbers of metastatic nodules on the lung surface were calculated in the different groups and the presence of abdominal lymph node metastases, rate of malignant ascites and abdominal wall-implanted nodules were recorded. Blood samples were collected from the orbits of rats immediately prior to surgery and at 2, 7 and 30 days following surgery. Plasma levels of interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured. Finally, the expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and phosphorylated VEGF were measured by western blot analysis. The results of this analysis demonstrated that tumor metastasis was greatly suppressed when the rats underwent general anesthesia combined with epidural block prior to hepatectomy, compared with general anesthesia alone. The results of cytokine quantification and western blot analysis revealed that the anti-metastatic effect of general anesthesia combined with epidural block may have been mediated by inhibition of STAT3 and the relevant cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Yangdong Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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28
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Steinbichler TB, Alshaimaa A, Maria MV, Daniel D, Herbert R, Jozsef D, Ira-Ida S. Epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk induces radioresistance in HNSCC cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3641-3652. [PMID: 29423072 PMCID: PMC5790489 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk (EMC) contributes to tumor progression, chemoresistance and acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype (EMT) of cancer cells. This study aims to investigate the effects of EMC on radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Methods In tumor cell lines, the response of HNSCC cells, stimulated with EMC conditioned medium (CM), to irradiation was evaluated with viability and clonogenic assays. Dose modifying factors (DMF) were calculated from the results of clonogenic assays. Potential pathways involved in radioresistance were analyzed with quantitative Real-Time PCR and western blot. Results CM significantly reduced the doubling time of SCC-25 cells (from 32.8 hours to 16.8 hours, p=0.0001) and Detroit 562 cells (from 88.5 hours to 29.6 hours, p=0.014). Further it increased clonogenic survival after irradiation. The DMF of CM was 2.04 ± 0.43 (mean ± standard deviation) for SCC-25 cells (p=0.015) and 2.14 ± 0.34 for Detroit 562 cells (p=0.008). Treatment with CM more than tripled the ERCC1 and survivin gene expression in SCC-25 cells. Conclusion EMC induced pathways involved in cell survival and DNA repair and led to increased radioresistance in HNSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdelmoez Alshaimaa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Dejaco Daniel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Riechelmann Herbert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dudas Jozsef
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Skvortsova Ira-Ida
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Luo F, Zou Z, Liu X, Ling M, Wang Q, Wang Q, Lu L, Shi L, Liu Y, Liu Q, Zhang A. Enhanced glycolysis, regulated by HIF-1α via MCT-4, promotes inflammation in arsenite-induced carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:615-626. [PMID: 28419250 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite is well established as a human carcinogen, but the molecular mechanisms leading to arsenite-induced carcinogenesis are complex and elusive. Accelerated glycolysis, a common process in tumor cells called the Warburg effect, is associated with various biological phenomena. However, the role of glycolysis induced by arsenite is unknown. We have found that, with chronic exposure to arsenite, L-02 cells undergo a metabolic shift to glycolysis. In liver cells exposed to arsenite, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT-4) are over-expressed. MCT-4, directly mediated by HIF-1α, maintains a high level of glycolysis, and the enhanced glycolysis promotes pro-inflammatory properties, which are involved in arsenite carcinogenesis. In addition, serum lactate and cytokines are higher in arsenite-exposed human populations, and there is a positive correlation between them. Moreover, there is a positive relationship between lactate and cytokines with arsenic in hair. In sum, these findings indicate that MCT-4, mediated by HIF-1α, enhances the glycolysis induced by arsenite. Lactate, the end product of glycolysis, is released into the extracellular environment. The acidic microenvironment promotes production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to arsenite-induced liver carcinogenesis. These results provide a link between the induction of glycolysis and inflammation in liver cells exposed to arsenite, and thus establish a previously unknown mechanism for arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglan Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China and
| | - Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ling
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China and
| | - Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China and
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China and
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology.,The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, People's Republic of China and
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30
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Lau TS, Chan LKY, Wong ECH, Hui CWC, Sneddon K, Cheung TH, Yim SF, Lee JHS, Yeung CSY, Chung TKH, Kwong J. A loop of cancer-stroma-cancer interaction promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer via TNFα-TGFα-EGFR. Oncogene 2017; 36:3576-3587. [PMID: 28166193 PMCID: PMC5485181 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneum is the most common site for ovarian cancer metastasis. Here we investigate how cancer epigenetics regulates reciprocal tumor-stromal interactions in peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer. Firstly, we find that omental stromal fibroblasts enhance colony formation of metastatic ovarian cancer cells, and de novo expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) is induced in stromal fibroblasts co-cultured with ovarian cancer cells. We also observed an over-expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in ovarian cancer cells, which is regulated by promoter DNA hypomethylation as well as chromatin remodeling. Interestingly, this ovarian cancer-derived TNF-α induces TGF-α transcription in stromal fibroblasts through nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). We further show that TGF-α secreted by stromal fibroblasts in turn promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. Finally, we identify a TNFα-TGFα-EGFR interacting loop between tumor and stromal compartments of human omental metastases. Our results therefore demonstrate cancer epigenetics induces a loop of cancer-stroma-cancer interaction in omental microenvironment that promotes peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer cells via TNFα-TGFα-EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-S Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - L K-Y Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - E C-H Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C W-C Hui
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - K Sneddon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - T-H Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - S-F Yim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J H-S Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C S-Y Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - T K-H Chung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Kwong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Mitra A, Yan J, Xia X, Zhou S, Chen J, Mishra L, Li S. IL6-mediated inflammatory loop reprograms normal to epithelial-mesenchymal transition + metastatic cancer stem cells in preneoplastic liver of transforming growth factor beta-deficient β2-spectrin +/- mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:1222-1236. [PMID: 27863449 PMCID: PMC5360560 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with a poor survival rate. As many as 40% of HCCs are clonal, with alteration of key tumor-suppressor pathways in stem cells as the primary cause of HCC initiation. However, mechanisms that generate metastatic stem cells in preneoplastic liver tissue are not well understood. We hypothesized that chronic inflammation is a major driver of the transformation of genetically defective liver stem cells (LSCs) into highly metastatic liver cancer cells in premalignant liver tissue. We developed models of chronic inflammation in wild-type (WT) and β2-spectrin (β2SP)+/- (SPTBN1) mice. CD133+ LSCs derived from preneoplastic livers of β2SP+/- mice treated with interleukin-6 (pIL6; IL6 β2SP+/- LSCs) were highly tumorigenic and metastatic, whereas those derived from WT mice treated with pIL6 (IL6 WT LSCs) had significantly less proliferation and no tumorigenic properties. IL6 β2SP+/- LSCs not only exhibited nuclear localization of Twist and Slug, markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB; RELA). Knockdown of NFκB decreased the EMT phenotypes and metastatic capacity of these cells. NFκB in IL6 β2SP+/- LSCs was activated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-activated kinase 1 (TAK1; MAP3K7), which is associated with poor survival in HCC and interleukin-6 (IL6) expression. The amount of constitutively activated NFκB increased dramatically from normal to cirrhotic to HCC tissues from human patients. CONCLUSION IL6-mediated inflammation programs constitutive activation of the TAK1-NFκB signaling cascade in CD133+ LSCs, and this program interacts with deficient TGFβ signaling, thereby accelerating the transformation of normal LSCs to metastatic cancer stem cells (mCSCs). Indeed, this study delineates the development of EMT-positive mCSCs in HCC-free liver tissue upon chronic inflammation. (Hepatology 2017;65:1222-1236).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Mitra
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Surgery and Katzen Research Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA,Co-corresponding author: Lopa Mishra, M.D., Director, The Center for Translational Research, Department of Surgery and Katzen Research Cancer CenterGeorge Washington University and VA Medical Center2150 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 1-200, Washington, D.C. USA, , Phone: 202-745-8000, Fax: 202-462-2006
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Corresponding author: Shulin Li, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Unit 0853, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA, , Phone: 713-563-9608, Fax: 713-563-9607
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32
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Adams R, Burnley RJ, Valenzano CR, Qureshi O, Doyle C, Lumb S, Del Carmen Lopez M, Griffin R, McMillan D, Taylor RD, Meier C, Mori P, Griffin LM, Wernery U, Kinne J, Rapecki S, Baker TS, Lawson ADG, Wright M, Ettorre A. Discovery of a junctional epitope antibody that stabilizes IL-6 and gp80 protein:protein interaction and modulates its downstream signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:37716. [PMID: 28134246 PMCID: PMC5278397 DOI: 10.1038/srep37716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein:protein interactions are fundamental in living organism homeostasis. Here we introduce VHH6, a junctional epitope antibody capable of specifically recognizing a neo-epitope when two proteins interact, albeit transiently, to form a complex. Orthogonal biophysical techniques have been used to prove the "junctional epitope" nature of VHH6, a camelid single domain antibody recognizing the IL-6-gp80 complex but not the individual components alone. X-ray crystallography, HDX-MS and SPR analysis confirmed that the CDR regions of VHH6 interact simultaneously with IL-6 and gp80, locking the two proteins together. At the cellular level, VHH6 was able to alter the response of endothelial cells to exogenous IL-6, promoting a sustained STAT3 phosphorylation signal, an accumulation of IL-6 in vesicles and an overall pro-inflammatory phenotype supported further by transcriptomic analysis. Junctional epitope antibodies, like VHH6, not only offer new opportunities in screening and structure-aided drug discovery, but could also be exploited as therapeutics to modulate complex protein:protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Adams
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | | | | | - Omar Qureshi
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Carl Doyle
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Simon Lumb
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | | | - Robert Griffin
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - David McMillan
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | | | - Chris Meier
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Prashant Mori
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Laura M Griffin
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jörg Kinne
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stephen Rapecki
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Terry S Baker
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | | | - Michael Wright
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
| | - Anna Ettorre
- New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, 208 Bath Road, SL1 3WE, Slough UK
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33
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Korneev KV, Atretkhany KSN, Drutskaya MS, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA. TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis. Cytokine 2017; 89:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Montfort A, Pearce O, Maniati E, Vincent BG, Bixby L, Böhm S, Dowe T, Wilkes EH, Chakravarty P, Thompson R, Topping J, Cutillas PR, Lockley M, Serody JS, Capasso M, Balkwill FR. A Strong B-cell Response Is Part of the Immune Landscape in Human High-Grade Serous Ovarian Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:250-262. [PMID: 27354470 PMCID: PMC5928522 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), higher densities of both B cells and the CD8+ T-cell infiltrate were associated with a better prognosis. However, the precise role of B cells in the antitumor response remains unknown. As peritoneal metastases are often responsible for relapse, our aim was to characterize the role of B cells in the antitumor immune response in HGSOC metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Unmatched pre and post-chemotherapy HGSOC metastases were studied. B-cell localization was assessed by immunostaining. Their cytokines and chemokines were measured by a multiplex assay, and their phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry. Further in vitro and in vivo assays highlighted the role of B cells and plasma cell IgGs in the development of cytotoxic responses and dendritic cell activation. RESULTS B cells mainly infiltrated lymphoid structures in the stroma of HGSOC metastases. There was a strong B-cell memory response directed at a restricted repertoire of antigens and production of tumor-specific IgGs by plasma cells. These responses were enhanced by chemotherapy. Interestingly, transcript levels of CD20 correlated with markers of immune cytolytic responses and immune complexes with tumor-derived IgGs stimulated the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on antigen-presenting cells. A positive role for B cells in the antitumor response was also supported by B-cell depletion in a syngeneic mouse model of peritoneal metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that B cells infiltrating HGSOC omental metastases support the development of an antitumor response. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 250-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Montfort
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Bixby
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steffen Böhm
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Dowe
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Edmund H Wilkes
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Thompson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Topping
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Lockley
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melania Capasso
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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35
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Montfort A, Pearce O, Maniati E, Vincent BG, Bixby L, Böhm S, Dowe T, Wilkes EH, Chakravarty P, Thompson R, Topping J, Cutillas PR, Lockley M, Serody JS, Capasso M, Balkwill FR. A Strong B-cell Response Is Part of the Immune Landscape in Human High-Grade Serous Ovarian Metastases. Clin Cancer Res 2017. [PMID: 27354470 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0081/116046/am/a-strong-b-cell-response-is-part-of-the-immune] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), higher densities of both B cells and the CD8+ T-cell infiltrate were associated with a better prognosis. However, the precise role of B cells in the antitumor response remains unknown. As peritoneal metastases are often responsible for relapse, our aim was to characterize the role of B cells in the antitumor immune response in HGSOC metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Unmatched pre and post-chemotherapy HGSOC metastases were studied. B-cell localization was assessed by immunostaining. Their cytokines and chemokines were measured by a multiplex assay, and their phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry. Further in vitro and in vivo assays highlighted the role of B cells and plasma cell IgGs in the development of cytotoxic responses and dendritic cell activation. RESULTS B cells mainly infiltrated lymphoid structures in the stroma of HGSOC metastases. There was a strong B-cell memory response directed at a restricted repertoire of antigens and production of tumor-specific IgGs by plasma cells. These responses were enhanced by chemotherapy. Interestingly, transcript levels of CD20 correlated with markers of immune cytolytic responses and immune complexes with tumor-derived IgGs stimulated the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on antigen-presenting cells. A positive role for B cells in the antitumor response was also supported by B-cell depletion in a syngeneic mouse model of peritoneal metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that B cells infiltrating HGSOC omental metastases support the development of an antitumor response. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 250-62. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Montfort
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Bixby
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steffen Böhm
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Dowe
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Edmund H Wilkes
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Thompson
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Topping
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Lockley
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Medical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Inflammatory Diseases Institute, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melania Capasso
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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36
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Zhong H, Davis A, Ouzounova M, Carrasco RA, Chen C, Breen S, Chang YS, Huang J, Liu Z, Yao Y, Hurt E, Moisan J, Fung M, Tice DA, Clouthier SG, Xiao Z, Wicha MS, Korkaya H, Hollingsworth RE. A Novel IL6 Antibody Sensitizes Multiple Tumor Types to Chemotherapy Including Trastuzumab-Resistant Tumors. Cancer Res 2016; 76:480-90. [PMID: 26744529 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL6 are associated with poor survival outcomes in many cancers. Antibodies targeting IL6 and its receptor have been developed for chronic inflammatory disease, but they have not yet been shown to clearly benefit cancer patients, possibly due to antibody potency or the settings in which they have been tested. In this study, we describe the development of a novel high-affinity anti-IL6 antibody, MEDI5117, which features an extended half-life and potent inhibitory effects on IL6 biologic activity. MEDI5117 inhibited IL6-mediated activation of STAT3, suppressing the growth of several tumor types driven by IL6 autocrine signaling. In the same models, MEDI5117 displayed superior preclinical activity relative to a previously developed anti-IL6 antibody. Consistent with roles for IL6 in promoting tumor angiogenesis, we found that MEDI5117 inhibited the growth of endothelial cells, which can produce IL6 and support tumorigenesis. Notably, in tumor xenograft assays in mice, we documented the ability of MEDI5117 to enhance the antitumor activities of chemotherapy or gefitinib in combination treatment regimens. MEDI5117 also displayed robust activity on its own against trastuzumab-resistant HER2(+) tumor cells by targeting the CD44(+)CD24(-) cancer stem cell population. Collectively, our findings extend the evidence of important pleiotropic roles of IL6 in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, and offer a preclinical proof of concept for the use of IL6 antibodies in combination regimens to heighten therapeutic responses and overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Zhong
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - April Davis
- Translational Science, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | - Cui Chen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Shannon Breen
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Yong S Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yihong Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Elaine Hurt
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Michael Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David A Tice
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Zhan Xiao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Max S Wicha
- Translational Science, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Aileron Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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37
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Abstract
Tumour-promoting inflammation is considered one of the enabling characteristics of cancer development. Chronic inflammatory disease increases the risk of some cancers, and strong epidemiological evidence exists that NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, are powerful chemopreventive agents. Tumour microenvironments contain many different inflammatory cells and mediators; targeting these factors in genetic, transplantable and inducible murine models of cancer substantially reduces the development, growth and spread of disease. Thus, this complex network of inflammation offers targets for prevention and treatment of malignant disease. Much potential exists in this area for novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies, although clinical research to support targeting of cancer-related inflammation and innate immunity in patients with advanced-stage cancer remains in its infancy. Following the initial successes of immunotherapies that modulate the adaptive immune system, we assert that inflammation and innate immunity are important targets in patients with cancer on the basis of extensive preclinical and epidemiological data. The adaptive immune response is heavily dependent on innate immunity, therefore, inhibiting some of the tumour-promoting immunosuppressive actions of the innate immune system might enhance the potential of immunotherapies that activate a nascent antitumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthini M Crusz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Coates AS, Winer EP, Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD, Gnant M, Piccart-Gebhart M, Thürlimann B, Senn HJ. Tailoring therapies--improving the management of early breast cancer: St Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2015. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1533-46. [PMID: 25939896 PMCID: PMC4511219 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1238] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14th St Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference (2015) reviewed substantial new evidence on locoregional and systemic therapies for early breast cancer. Further experience has supported the adequacy of tumor margins defined as 'no ink on invasive tumor or DCIS' and the safety of omitting axillary dissection in specific cohorts. Radiotherapy trials support irradiation of regional nodes in node-positive disease. Considering subdivisions within luminal disease, the Panel was more concerned with indications for the use of specific therapies, rather than surrogate identification of intrinsic subtypes as measured by multiparameter molecular tests. For the treatment of HER2-positive disease in patients with node-negative cancers up to 1 cm, the Panel endorsed a simplified regimen comprising paclitaxel and trastuzumab without anthracycline as adjuvant therapy. For premenopausal patients with endocrine responsive disease, the Panel endorsed the role of ovarian function suppression with either tamoxifen or exemestane for patients at higher risk. The Panel noted the value of an LHRH agonist given during chemotherapy for premenopausal women with ER-negative disease in protecting against premature ovarian failure and preserving fertility. The Panel noted increasing evidence for the prognostic value of commonly used multiparameter molecular markers, some of which also carried prognostic information for late relapse. The Panel noted that the results of such tests, where available, were frequently used to assist decisions about the inclusion of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with luminal disease, but noted that threshold values had not been established for this purpose for any of these tests. Multiparameter molecular assays are expensive and therefore unavailable in much of the world. The majority of new breast cancer cases and breast cancer deaths now occur in less developed regions of the world. In these areas, less expensive pathology tests may provide valuable information. The Panel recommendations on treatment are not intended to apply to all patients, but rather to establish norms appropriate for the majority. Again, economic considerations may require that less expensive and only marginally less effective therapies may be necessary in less resourced areas. Panel recommendations do not imply unanimous agreement among Panel members. Indeed, very few of the 200 questions received 100% agreement from the Panel. In the text below, wording is intended to convey the strength of Panel support for each recommendation, while details of Panel voting on each question are available in supplementary Appendix S2, available at Annals of Oncology online.
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MESH Headings
- Anthracyclines/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Axilla
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/therapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/therapy
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Lymph Node Excision/methods
- Mastectomy/methods
- Mastectomy, Segmental/methods
- Neoplasm Staging
- Platinum Compounds/administration & dosage
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Tamoxifen/administration & dosage
- Taxoids/administration & dosage
- Trastuzumab/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Coates
- International Breast Cancer Study Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - E P Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - A Goldhirsch
- International Breast Cancer Study Group, Program of Breast Health (Senology), European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - R D Gelber
- International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - M Gnant
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Piccart-Gebhart
- Internal Medicine/Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Thürlimann
- Breast Center, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen
| | - H-J Senn
- Tumor and Breast Center ZeTuP, St Gallen, Switzerland
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39
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Abstract
The clinical benefit of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been established. Whereas regression of lesions was shown for premalignant lesions caused by HPV, clinical benefit in cancer patients was mostly noted as prolonged survival. Suboptimal vaccine design and an immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment are the root causes of the lack of cancer eradication. Effective cancer vaccines deliver concentrated antigen to both HLA class I and II molecules of DCs, promoting both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Optimal vaccine platforms include DNA and RNA vaccines and synthetic long peptides. Antigens of choice include mutant sequences, selected cancer testis antigens, and viral antigens. Drugs or physical treatments can mitigate the immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment and include chemotherapeutics, radiation, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, inhibitors of T cell checkpoints, agonists of selected TNF receptor family members, and inhibitors of undesirable cytokines. The specificity of therapeutic vaccination combined with such immunomodulation offers an attractive avenue for the development of future cancer therapies.
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