1
|
Schnoor B, Morris K, Kottana RK, Muldoon R, Barron J, Papa AL. Fibrinolytic Platelet Decoys Reduce Cancer Metastasis by Dissociating Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2304374. [PMID: 39075814 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
During metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can travel in the bloodstream as individual cells or clusters, associated with fibrin and platelets. Clusters have a higher metastatic potential due to their increased ability to withstand shear stress and arrest in small vessels. Moreover, CTC-platelet interaction protects CTCs from shear stress and immune detection. The objective of this project is to develop a fibrinolytic platelet system to leverage platelet-CTC interactions and dissociate CTC clusters. For this approach, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is loaded onto two modified platelet systems: platelet Decoys and lyophilized platelets. The activities of the systems are characterized using a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based assay and an angiogenic assay. Furthermore, the ability of the system to dissociate cancer cell clusters in vitro is assessed using light transmission aggregometry. The data demonstrates that the fibrinolytic platelets can maintain tPA activity, interact with CTCs, and dissociate cancer cell clusters. Finally, fibrinolytic platelets are assessed in vivo, demonstrating a decreased tumor load and increased survival with tPA-Decoy treatment, which is selected as the optimal treatment based on favorable in vitro results and in vivo trials. Therefore, this fibrinolytic platelet approach is a promising method for leveraging platelet-CTC interactions to disperse CTC clusters and reduce metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Schnoor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kenise Morris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Regina K Kottana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Rebekah Muldoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Jaeden Barron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Papa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou J, Chen Q, He Y, Pan Y, Zhao H, Shi J, Wei Z, Yu S, Zhao Y, Han X, Lu Y, Chen W. Systematic optimization and evaluation of culture conditions for the construction of circulating tumor cell clusters using breast cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:507. [PMID: 38654231 PMCID: PMC11036701 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters play a critical role in carcinoma metastasis. However, the rarity of CTC clusters and the limitations of capture techniques have retarded the research progress. In vitro CTC clusters model can help to further understand the biological properties of CTC clusters and their clinical significance. Therefore, it is necessary to establish reliable in vitro methodological models to form CTC clusters whose biological characteristics are very similar to clinical CTC clusters. METHODS The assays of immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, EdU incorporation, cell adhension and microfluidic chips were used. The experimental metastasis model in mice was used. RESULTS We systematically optimized the culture methods to form in vitro CTC clusters model, and more importantly, evaluated it with reference to the biological capabilities of reported clinical CTC clusters. In vitro CTC clusters exhibited a high degree of similarity to the reported pathological characteristics of CTC clusters isolated from patients at different stages of tumor metastasis, including the appearance morphology, size, adhesive and tight junctions-associated proteins, and other indicators of CTC clusters. Furthermore, in vivo experiments also demonstrated that the CTC clusters had an enhanced ability to grow and metastasize compared to single CTC. CONCLUSIONS The study provides a reliable model to help to obtain comparatively stable and qualified CTC clusters in vitro, propelling the studies on tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jueyao Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yong He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sayed ZS, Khattap MG, Madkour MA, Yasen NS, Elbary HA, Elsayed RA, Abdelkawy DA, Wadan AHS, Omar I, Nafady MH. Circulating tumor cells clusters and their role in Breast cancer metastasis; a review of literature. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:94. [PMID: 38557916 PMCID: PMC10984915 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a significant and deadly threat to women globally. Moreover, Breast cancer metastasis is a complicated process involving multiple biological stages, which is considered a substantial cause of death, where cancer cells spread from the original tumor to other organs in the body-representing the primary mortality factor. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells detached from the primary or metastatic tumor and enter the bloodstream, allowing them to establish new metastatic sites. CTCs can travel alone or in groups called CTC clusters. Studies have shown that CTC clusters have more potential for metastasis and a poorer prognosis than individual CTCs in breast cancer patients. However, our understanding of CTC clusters' formation, structure, function, and detection is still limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CTC clusters' biological properties, isolation, and prognostic significance in breast cancer. It also highlights the challenges and future directions for research and clinical application of CTC clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab S Sayed
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Misr University for Science and Technology, 26Th of July Corridor, 6Th of October, Giza Governorate, Postal Code: 77, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Khattap
- Technology of Radiology and Medical Imaging Program, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Galala University, Suez, 435611, Egypt
| | | | - Noha S Yasen
- Radiology and Imaging Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Al Mansurah, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Elbary
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Misr University for Science and Technology, 26Th of July Corridor, 6Th of October, Giza Governorate, Postal Code: 77, Egypt
| | - Reem A Elsayed
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Misr University for Science and Technology, 26Th of July Corridor, 6Th of October, Giza Governorate, Postal Code: 77, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Abdelkawy
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Misr University for Science and Technology, 26Th of July Corridor, 6Th of October, Giza Governorate, Postal Code: 77, Egypt
| | | | - Islam Omar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of october, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie Q, Liu S, Zhang S, Liao L, Xiao Z, Wang S, Zhang P. Research progress on the multi-omics and survival status of circulating tumor cells. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:49. [PMID: 38427120 PMCID: PMC10907490 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In the dynamic process of metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) emanate from the primary solid tumor and subsequently acquire the capacity to disengage from the basement membrane, facilitating their infiltration into the vascular system via the interstitial tissue. Given the pivotal role of CTCs in the intricate hematogenous metastasis, they have emerged as an essential resource for a deeper comprehension of cancer metastasis while also serving as a cornerstone for the development of new indicators for early cancer screening and new therapeutic targets. In the epoch of precision medicine, as CTC enrichment and separation technologies continually advance and reach full fruition, the domain of CTC research has transcended the mere straightforward detection and quantification. The rapid advancement of CTC analysis platforms has presented a compelling opportunity for in-depth exploration of CTCs within the bloodstream. Here, we provide an overview of the current status and research significance of multi-omics studies on CTCs, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. These studies have contributed to uncovering the unique heterogeneity of CTCs and identifying potential metastatic targets as well as specific recognition sites. We also review the impact of various states of CTCs in the bloodstream on their metastatic potential, such as clustered CTCs, interactions with other blood components, and the phenotypic states of CTCs after undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Within this context, we also discuss the therapeutic implications and potential of CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiu Liao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouman Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hunan Clinical Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gostomczyk K, Marsool MDM, Tayyab H, Pandey A, Borowczak J, Macome F, Chacon J, Dave T, Maniewski M, Szylberg Ł. Targeting circulating tumor cells to prevent metastases. Hum Cell 2024; 37:101-120. [PMID: 37874534 PMCID: PMC10764589 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that detach from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or body fluids, and spread to other body parts, leading to metastasis. Their presence and characteristics have been linked to cancer progression and poor prognosis in different types of cancer. Analyzing CTCs can offer valuable information about tumors' genetic and molecular diversity, which is crucial for personalized therapy. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), play a significant role in generating and disseminating CTCs. Certain proteins, such as EpCAM, vimentin, CD44, and TGM2, are vital in regulating EMT and MET and could be potential targets for therapies to prevent metastasis and serve as detection markers. Several devices, methods, and protocols have been developed for detecting CTCs with various applications. CTCs interact with different components of the tumor microenvironment. The interactions between CTCs and tumor-associated macrophages promote local inflammation and allow the cancer cells to evade the immune system, facilitating their attachment and invasion of distant metastatic sites. Consequently, targeting and eliminating CTCs hold promise in preventing metastasis and improving patient outcomes. Various approaches are being explored to reduce the volume of CTCs. By investigating and discussing targeted therapies, new insights can be gained into their potential effectiveness in inhibiting the spread of CTCs and thereby reducing metastasis. The development of such treatments offers great potential for enhancing patient outcomes and halting disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Gostomczyk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
- University Hospital No. 2 Im. Dr Jan Biziel, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Facundo Macome
- Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, San Miquel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Jose Chacon
- American University of Integrative Sciences, Cole Bay, Saint Martin, Barbados
| | - Tirth Dave
- Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre, Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Chair of Pathology, Dr Jan Biziel Memorial University Hospital No. 2, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu W, Chang F, Zhang J, Tang S, Lv Z, Chen F. A novel coagulation-related lncRNA predicts the prognosis and immune of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16302. [PMID: 37770494 PMCID: PMC10539335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell cancer is associated with the coagulation system. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression is closely associated with the development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The aim of this study was to build a novel lncRNA model to predict the prognosis and immunological state of ccRCC. The transcriptomic data and clinical data of ccRCC were retrieved from TCGA database, subsequently, the lasso regression and lambda spectra were used to filter prognostic lncRNAs. ROC curves and the C-index were used to confirm the predictive effectiveness of this model. We also explored the difference in immune infiltration, immune checkpoints, tumor mutation burden (TMB) and drug sensitivity between the high- and low-risk groups. We created an 8 lncRNA model for predicting the outcome of ccRCC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, tumor grade, and risk score are independent prognostic factors for ccRCC patients. ROC curve and C-index revealed the model had a good performance in predicting prognosis of ccRCC. GO and KEGG analysis showed that coagulation related genes were related to immune response. In addition, high risk group had greater TMB level and higher immune checkpoints expression. Sorafenib, Imatinib, Pazopanib, and etoposide had higher half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the high risk group whereas Sunitinib and Bosutinib had lower IC50. This novel coagulation-related long noncoding RNAs model could predict the prognosis of patients with ccRCC, and coagulation-related lncRNA may be connected to the tumor microenvironment and gene mutation of ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wensong Wu
- Department of Urology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China, 300170
| | - Fan Chang
- Department of Urology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, China, 300170
- Department of Urology, Nankai University Afnity the Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300170
| | - Jianghui Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, China, 300170
- Department of Urology, Nankai University Afnity the Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300170
| | - Shuai Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, China, 300170
- Department of Urology, Nankai University Afnity the Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300170
| | - Zhen Lv
- Department of Urology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, China, 300170
- Department of Urology, Nankai University Afnity the Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300170
| | - Fangmin Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, China, 300170.
- Department of Urology, Nankai University Afnity the Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China, 300170.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Li C, Zhou Y, Yao Y, Liu J, Wu M, Su J. Liquid biopsies for cancer: From bench to clinic. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e329. [PMID: 37492785 PMCID: PMC10363811 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, liquid biopsy has been increasingly used as a supplement, or even, a replacement to the traditional biopsy in clinical oncological practice, due to its noninvasive and early detectable properties. The detections can be based on a variety of features extracted from tumor‑derived entities, such as quantitative alterations, genetic changes, and epigenetic aberrations, and so on. So far, the clinical applications of cancer liquid biopsy mainly aimed at two aspects, prediction (early diagnosis, prognosis and recurrent evaluation, therapeutic response monitoring, etc.) and intervention. In spite of the rapid development and great contributions achieved, cancer liquid biopsy is still a field under investigation and deserves more clinical practice. To better open up future work, here we systematically reviewed and compared the latest progress of the most widely recognized circulating components, including circulating tumor cells, cell-free circulating DNA, noncoding RNA, and nucleosomes, from their discovery histories to clinical values. According to the features applied, we particularly divided the contents into two parts, beyond epigenetics and epigenetic-based. The latter was considered as the highlight along with a brief overview of the advances in both experimental and bioinformatic approaches, due to its unique advantages and relatively lack of documentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Chen
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chenghao Li
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yue Zhou
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yinghao Yao
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Min Wu
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jianzhong Su
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative MedicineVision and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Wenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiangChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ring A, Nguyen-Sträuli BD, Wicki A, Aceto N. Biology, vulnerabilities and clinical applications of circulating tumour cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:95-111. [PMID: 36494603 PMCID: PMC9734934 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, exceptional technological advances have enabled the identification and interrogation of rare circulating tumour cells (CTCs) from blood samples of patients, leading to new fields of research and fostering the promise for paradigm-changing, liquid biopsy-based clinical applications. Analysis of CTCs has revealed distinct biological phenotypes, including the presence of CTC clusters and the interaction between CTCs and immune or stromal cells, impacting metastasis formation and providing new insights into cancer vulnerabilities. Here we review the progress made in understanding biological features of CTCs and provide insight into exploiting these developments to design future clinical tools for improving the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ring
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bich Doan Nguyen-Sträuli
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Wicki
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Q, Zou J, He Y, Pan Y, Yang G, Zhao H, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Wang A, Chen W, Lu Y. A narrative review of circulating tumor cells clusters: A key morphology of cancer cells in circulation promote hematogenous metastasis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:944487. [PMID: 36059616 PMCID: PMC9434215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.944487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that survive in the blood are playing an important role in the metastasis process of tumor. In addition, they have become a tool for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and recurrence monitoring. CTCs can exist in the blood as individual cells or as clumps of aggregated cells. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that clustered CTCs have stronger metastasis ability compared to single CTCs. With the deepening of studies, scholars have found that cancer cells can combine not only with each other, but also with non-tumor cells present in the blood, such as neutrophils, platelets, etc. At the same time, it was confirmed that non-tumor cells bound to CTCs maintain the survival and proliferation of cancer cells through a variety of ways, thus promoting the occurrence and development of tumor. In this review, we collected information on tumorigenesis induced by CTC clusters to make a summary and a discussion about them. Although CTC clusters have recently been considered as a key role in the transition process, many characteristics of them remain to be deeply explored. A detailed understanding of their vulnerability can prospectively pave the way for new inhibitors for metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jueyao Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gejun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxing Chen, ; Yin Lu,
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxing Chen, ; Yin Lu,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang T, Wang B, Su F, Gu B, Xiang L, Gao L, Zheng P, Li XM, Chen H. TCF7L2 promotes anoikis resistance and metastasis of gastric cancer by transcriptionally activating PLAUR. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4560-4577. [PMID: 35864968 PMCID: PMC9295057 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.69933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common gastrointestinal malignant tumor, and distant metastasis is a critical factor in the prognosis of patients with GC. Understanding the mechanism of GC metastasis will help improve patient prognosis. Studies have confirmed that urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR) promotes GC metastasis; however, its relationship with anoikis resistance and associated mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that PLAUR promotes the anoikis resistance and metastasis of GC cells and identified transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) as an important transcriptional regulator of PLAUR. We also revealed that TCF7L2 is highly expressed in GC and promotes the anoikis resistance and metastasis of GC cells. Moreover, we found that TCF7L2 transcription activates PLAUR. Finally, we confirmed that TCF7L2 is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of patients with GC. Our results show that TCF7L2 and PLAUR are candidate targets for developing therapeutic strategies for GC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bofang Wang
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fei Su
- Department of oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baohong Gu
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Gao
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The second clinical medical college of Lanzhou university, Lanzhou , Gansu, China.,Key laboratory of digestive system tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Cancer center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tao J, Zhu L, Yakoub M, Reißfelder C, Loges S, Schölch S. Cell-Cell Interactions Drive Metastasis of Circulating Tumor Microemboli. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2661-2671. [PMID: 35856896 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells are the cellular mediators of distant metastasis in solid malignancies. Their metastatic potential can be augmented by clustering with other tumor cells or nonmalignant cells, forming circulating tumor microemboli (CTM). Cell-cell interactions are key regulators within CTM that convey enhanced metastatic properties, including improved cell survival, immune evasion, and effective extravasation into distant organs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanism of CTM formation, as well as the biology of interactions between tumor cells and immune cells, platelets, and stromal cells in the circulation, remains to be determined. Here, we review the current literature on cell-cell interactions in homotypic and heterotypic CTM and provide perspectives on therapeutic strategies to attenuate CTM-mediated metastasis by targeting cell-cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Tao
- JCCU Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lei Zhu
- JCCU Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mina Yakoub
- JCCU Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Reißfelder
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- JCCU Translational Surgical Oncology (A430), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
During cancer progression, metastatic dissemination accounts for ∼90% of death in patients. Metastasis occurs upon dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTC) through body fluids, in particular the bloodstream, and several key steps remain elusive. Although the majority of CTCs travel as single cells, they can form clusters either with themselves (homoclusters) or with other circulating cells (heteroclusters) and thereby increase their metastatic potential. In addition, cancer cell mechanics and mechanical cues from the microenvironment are important factors during metastatic progression. Recent progress in intravital imaging technologies, biophysical methods, and microfluidic-based isolation of CTCs allow now to probe mechanics at single cell resolution while shedding light on key steps of the hematogenous metastatic cascade. In this review, we discuss the importance of CTC mechanics and their correlation with metastatic success and how such development could lead to the identification of therapeutically relevant targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Peralta
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Naël Osmani
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li K, Wu R, Zhou M, Tong H, Luo KQ. Desmosomal proteins of DSC2 and PKP1 promote cancer cells survival and metastasis by increasing cluster formation in circulatory system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7265. [PMID: 34586853 PMCID: PMC8480931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To study how cancer cells can withstand fluid shear stress (SS), we isolated SS-resistant breast and lung cancer cells using a microfluidic circulatory system. These SS-resistant cells showed higher abilities to form clusters, survive in circulation, and metastasize in mice. These SS-resistant cells expressed 4.2- to 5.3-fold more desmocollin-2 (DSC2) and plakophilin-1 (PKP1) proteins. The high expression of DSC2 and PKP1 facilitated cancer cells to form clusters in circulation, and also activated PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2–mediated pathway to increase cell survival. The high levels of DSC2 and PKP1 are also important for maintaining high expression of vimentin, which stimulates fibronectin/integrin β1/FAK/Src/MEK/ERK/ZEB1–mediated metastasis. Moreover, higher levels of DSC2 and PKP1 were detected in tumor samples from patients with breast and lung cancer, and their high expression was correlated with lower overall survival and worse disease progression. DSC2 and PKP1 may serve as new biomarkers for detecting and targeting metastatic circulating tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koukou Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Renfei Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Muya Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Haibo Tong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Kathy Q. Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martínez-Pena I, Hurtado P, Carmona-Ule N, Abuín C, Dávila-Ibáñez AB, Sánchez L, Abal M, Chaachou A, Hernández-Losa J, Cajal SRY, López-López R, Piñeiro R. Dissecting Breast Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells Competence via Modelling Metastasis in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179279. [PMID: 34502201 PMCID: PMC8431683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer metastasis is a deathly process, and a better understanding of the different steps is needed. The shedding of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and CTC-cluster from the primary tumor, its survival in circulation, and homing are key events of the metastasis cascade. In vitro models of CTCs and in vivo models of metastasis represent an excellent opportunity to delve into the behavior of metastatic cells, to gain understanding on how secondary tumors appear. METHODS Using the zebrafish embryo, in combination with the mouse and in vitro assays, as an in vivo model of the spatiotemporal development of metastases, we study the metastatic competency of breast cancer CTCs and CTC-clusters and the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS CTC-clusters disseminated at a lower frequency than single CTCs in the zebrafish and showed a reduced capacity to invade. A temporal follow-up of the behavior of disseminated CTCs showed a higher survival and proliferation capacity of CTC-clusters, supported by their increased resistance to fluid shear stress. These data were corroborated in mouse studies. In addition, a differential gene signature was observed, with CTC-clusters upregulating cell cycle and stemness related genes. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish embryo is a valuable model system to understand the biology of breast cancer CTCs and CTC-clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Martínez-Pena
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
| | - Pablo Hurtado
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
| | - Nuria Carmona-Ule
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
| | - Carmen Abuín
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
| | - Ana Belén Dávila-Ibáñez
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Miguel Abal
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
- Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, CIBERONC, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anas Chaachou
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Javier Hernández-Losa
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rafael López-López
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
- Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, CIBERONC, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Piñeiro
- Roche-Chus Joint Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group, Oncomet, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (I.M.-P.); (P.H.); (N.C.-U.); (C.A.); (A.B.D.-I.); (R.L.-L.)
- CIBERONC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-981-955-602
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wrenn E, Huang Y, Cheung K. Collective metastasis: coordinating the multicellular voyage. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:373-399. [PMID: 34254215 PMCID: PMC8346286 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metastatic process is arduous. Cancer cells must escape the confines of the primary tumor, make their way into and travel through the circulation, then survive and proliferate in unfavorable microenvironments. A key question is how cancer cells overcome these multiple barriers to orchestrate distant organ colonization. Accumulating evidence in human patients and animal models supports the hypothesis that clusters of tumor cells can complete the entire metastatic journey in a process referred to as collective metastasis. Here we highlight recent studies unraveling how multicellular coordination, via both physical and biochemical coupling of cells, induces cooperative properties advantageous for the completion of metastasis. We discuss conceptual challenges and unique mechanisms arising from collective dissemination that are distinct from single cell-based metastasis. Finally, we consider how the dissection of molecular transitions regulating collective metastasis could offer potential insight into cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wrenn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kevin Cheung
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nathanson SD, Detmar M, Padera TP, Yates LR, Welch DR, Beadnell TC, Scheid AD, Wrenn ED, Cheung K. Mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 39:117-137. [PMID: 33950409 PMCID: PMC8568733 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Invasive breast cancer tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and systemic sites. The management of metastasis has evolved by focusing on controlling the growth of the disease in the breast/chest wall, and at metastatic sites, initially by surgery alone, then by a combination of surgery with radiation, and later by adding systemic treatments in the form of chemotherapy, hormone manipulation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and other treatments aimed at inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. It would be valuable for us to know how breast cancer metastasizes; such knowledge would likely encourage the development of therapies that focus on mechanisms of metastasis and might even allow us to avoid toxic therapies that are currently used for this disease. For example, if we had a drug that targeted a gene that is critical for metastasis, we might even be able to cure a vast majority of patients with breast cancer. By bringing together scientists with expertise in molecular aspects of breast cancer metastasis, and those with expertise in the mechanical aspects of metastasis, this paper probes interesting aspects of the metastasis cascade, further enlightening us in our efforts to improve the outcome from breast cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S David Nathanson
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, 2799 W Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Thomas C Beadnell
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Adam D Scheid
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Emma D Wrenn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Cheung
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wrenn ED, Yamamoto A, Moore BM, Huang Y, McBirney M, Thomas AJ, Greenwood E, Rabena YF, Rahbar H, Partridge SC, Cheung KJ. Regulation of Collective Metastasis by Nanolumenal Signaling. Cell 2020; 183:395-410.e19. [PMID: 33007268 PMCID: PMC7772852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collective metastasis is defined as the cohesive migration and metastasis of multicellular tumor cell clusters. Disrupting various cell adhesion genes markedly reduces cluster formation and colonization efficiency, yet the downstream signals transmitted by clustering remain largely unknown. Here, we use mouse and human breast cancer models to identify a collective signal generated by tumor cell clusters supporting metastatic colonization. We show that tumor cell clusters produce the growth factor epigen and concentrate it within nanolumina-intercellular compartments sealed by cell-cell junctions and lined with microvilli-like protrusions. Epigen knockdown profoundly reduces metastatic outgrowth and switches clusters from a proliferative to a collective migratory state. Tumor cell clusters from basal-like 2, but not mesenchymal-like, triple-negative breast cancer cell lines have increased epigen expression, sealed nanolumina, and impaired outgrowth upon nanolumenal junction disruption. We propose that nanolumenal signaling could offer a therapeutic target for aggressive metastatic breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Wrenn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ami Yamamoto
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Breanna M Moore
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Margaux McBirney
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron J Thomas
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erin Greenwood
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuri F Rabena
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Breast Specimen Repository, Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Habib Rahbar
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Savannah C Partridge
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kevin J Cheung
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campenni M, May AN, Boddy A, Harris V, Nedelcu AM. Agent-based modelling reveals strategies to reduce the fitness and metastatic potential of circulating tumour cell clusters. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1635-1650. [PMID: 32821275 PMCID: PMC7428819 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-the ability of cancer cells to disperse throughout the body and establish new tumours at distant locations-is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. Although both single and clusters of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have been isolated from cancer patients, CTC clusters are generally associated with higher metastatic potential and worse prognosis. From an evolutionary perspective, being part of a cluster can provide cells with several benefits both in terms of survival (e.g. protection) and reproduction (group dispersal). Thus, strategies aimed at inducing cluster dissociation could decrease the metastatic potential of CTCs. However, finding agents or conditions that induce the dissociation of CTC clusters is hampered by the fact that their detection, isolation and propagation remain challenging. Here, we used a mechanistic agent-based model to (a) investigate the response of CTC clusters of various sizes and densities to different challenges-in terms of cell survival and cluster stability, and (b) make predictions as to the combination of factors and parameter values that could decrease the fitness and metastatic potential of CTC clusters. Our model shows that the resilience and stability of CTC clusters are dependent on both their size and density. Also, CTC clusters of distinct sizes and densities respond differently to changes in resource availability, with high-density clusters being least affected. In terms of responses to microenvironmental threats (such as drugs), increasing their intensity is, generally, least effective on high-density clusters. Lastly, we found that combining various levels of resource availability and threat intensity can be more effective at decreasing the survival of CTC clusters than each factor alone. We suggest that the complex effects that cluster density and size showed on both the resilience and stability of the CTC clusters are likely to have significant consequences for their metastatic potential and responses to therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campenni
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Alexander N. May
- Research Casting InternationalQuinte WestONCanada
- Biodesign InstituteArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Amy Boddy
- Biodesign InstituteArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu K, Li P, Mo Y, Wang J, Jiang X, Ge J, Huang W, Liu Y, Tang Y, Gong Z, Liao Q, Li X, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Yu J. Neutrophils: Accomplices in metastasis. Cancer Lett 2020; 492:11-20. [PMID: 32745581 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a critical cause of treatment failure and death in patients with advanced malignancies. Tumor cells can leave the primary site and enter the bloodstream; these circulating tumor cells then colonize target organs by overcoming blood shear stress, evading immune surveillance, and silencing the offensive capabilities of immune cells, eventually forming metastatic foci. From leaving the primary focus to the completion of distant metastasis, malignant tumor cells are supported and/or antagonized by certain immune cells. In particular, it has been found that myeloid granulocytes play an important role in this process. This review therefore aims to comprehensively describe the significance of neutrophils in solid tumor metastasis in terms of their supporting role in initiating the invasion and migration of tumor cells and assisting the colonization of circulating tumor cells in distant target organs, with the hope of providing insight into and ideas for anti-tumor metastasis treatment of tumor patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunjie Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Panchun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junshang Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weilun Huang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ivanova E, Ward A, Wiegmans AP, Richard DJ. Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer: From Genome Instability to Metastasis. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:134. [PMID: 32766277 PMCID: PMC7378584 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of clinical resistance in repeatedly treated cancers extends from the primary tumor's capability to exploit genome instability to adapt, escape, and progress. Triple negative breast cancer serves as a good example of such a response demonstrating poor clinical outcome due to a high rate of cellular heterogeneity resulting in metastatic relapse. The capability to effectively track the emergence of therapeutic resistance in real-time and adapt the clinical response is the holy grail for precision medicine and has yet to be realized. In this review we present liquid biopsy using CTCs and ctDNA as a potential replacement and/or addition to the current diagnostic tests to deliver personalized therapies to patients with advanced breast cancer. We outline current uses of liquid biopsy in the metastatic breast cancer setting and discuss their limitations. In addition, we provide a detailed overview of common genome instability events in patients with metastatic breast cancer and how these can be tracked using liquid biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Ivanova
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolongabba, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Tumour and Immune Biology (ZTI), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ambber Ward
- Tumor Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian P Wiegmans
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek John Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolongabba, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Whole-body tracking of single cells via positron emission tomography. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:835-844. [PMID: 32541917 PMCID: PMC7423763 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging can measure the average kinetics and movement routes of injected cells through the body. Yet owing to the non-specific accumulation of the contrast agent and its efflux from the cells, most such imaging methods suffer from inaccurate estimations of the distribution of the cells. Here, we show that single human breast cancer cells loaded with mesoporous silica nanoparticles concentrating the 68Ga radioisotope and injected in immunodeficient mice can be tracked in real time from the pattern of annihilation photons detected by positron emission tomography, with respect to anatomical landmarks derived from X-ray computed tomography. We show that the cells travelled at an average velocity of 50 mm/s and arrested in the lungs two-to-three seconds after tail-vein injection in the mice, which is consistent with the blood-flow rate. Single-cell tracking could be used to determine the kinetics of cell trafficking and arrest during the earliest phase of the metastatic cascade, the trafficking of immune cells during cancer immunotherapy, and the distribution of cells after transplantation. One-sentence editorial summary: The travelling kinetics of single cells loaded with mesoporous silica nanoparticles concentrating the 68Ga radioisotope and injected in mice can be tracked in real time from the pattern of coincident gamma-rays detected by positron emission tomography.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the leading cause of death in patients with solid cancers. The progression to metastasis is a multistep process that involves detachment of tumor cells from their constraining basement membrane at the primary site, migration and intravasation into the circulation, survival in the circulation, extravasation into the secondary organ, and survival and growth at the secondary site. During these steps, tumor and immune cells interact and influence each other both within the tumor microenvironment and systemically. In particular, myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (myeloid regulatory cells) have been shown to play important roles in the metastatic process. These interactions open new avenues for targeting cancer metastasis, especially given the increasing interest in development of cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we describe the currently reported pathways and mechanisms involved in myeloid cell enhancement of the metastatic cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Swierczak
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Relevance of CTC Clusters in Breast Cancer Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1220:93-115. [PMID: 32304082 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35805-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in patients with breast cancer; however, the mechanisms of tumor cell dissemination and metastasis formation are not well established yet. The study of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), the metastatic precursors of distant disease, may help in this search. CTCs can be found in the blood of cancer patients as single cells or as tumor cell aggregates, known as CTC clusters. CTC clusters have differential biological features such as an enhanced survival and metastatic potential, and they hold great promises for the evaluation of prognosis, diagnosis and therapy of the metastatic cancer. The analysis of CTC clusters offers new insights into the mechanism of metastasis and can guide towards the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to suppress cancer metastasis. This has become possible thanks to the development of improved technologies for detection of CTCs and CTC clusters. However, more efficient methods are needed in order to address important questions regarding the metastatic potential of CTC and future clinical applications. In this chapter, we explore the current knowledge on the role of CTC clusters in breast cancer metastasis, their origin, metastatic advantages and clinical importance.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu L, Saxena S, Singh RK. Neutrophils in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:1-20. [PMID: 32036601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to inflammation, infection, and injury. As one of the most abundant leukocytes in the immune system, neutrophils play an essential role in cancer progression, through multiple mechanisms, including promoting angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and cancer metastasis. Recent studies demonstrating elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios suggest neutrophil as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for disease status in cancer. This chapter will discuss the phenotypic and functional changes in the neutrophil in the tumor microenvironment, the underlying mechanism(s) of neutrophil facilitated cancer metastasis, and clinical potential of neutrophils as a prognostic/diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sugandha Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
He Y, Shi J, Schmidt B, Liu Q, Shi G, Xu X, Liu C, Gao Z, Guo T, Shan B. Circulating Tumor Cells as a Biomarker to Assist Molecular Diagnosis for Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:841-854. [PMID: 32104066 PMCID: PMC7008188 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s240773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Compared with tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy is the most preferable non-invasive promising method in personalized medicine, although it has many limitations in isolating circulating tumor cells (CTC). Lung cancer associated mortality is drastically increased due to a shortfall of early-stage detection, which remains a challenge. Herein, we aimed to detect lung cancer at an early-stage using CellCollector device. Methods 39,627 volunteers underwent low-dose computed tomography; 2508 cases with pulmonary nodules and 7080 with no pulmonary nodules were chosen. After follow-up, 24 patients were diagnosed with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and subjected to CTC detection using CellCollector, along with 72 healthy volunteers. Immunofluorescence staining for EpCAM/CKs and CD45 were performed for CTC validation. Results Fifteen out of twenty-four (stage I, n = 18; stage II, n = 6) early-stage lung cancer patients were found to be CTC-positive, whereas no CTC was found in the control group. Genetic mutation of TP53, ERBB2, PDGFRA, CFS1R and FGFR1 in the CTC revealed 71.6% of the mutation sites similar to the tumor tissues of 13 patients. Molecular characterization revealed higher expression of protein PD-LI in CTC (40%) as compared to tumor tissue (26.7%). Moreover, CTC clusters were detected in 40% of patients. Conclusion CTC detection using the CellCollector in early-stage NSCLC had a relative high capture rate. Moreover, CTC analysis is a prospective setting for molecular diagnostic in cases when tumor tissue biopsy is not desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong He
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Shi
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bernd Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine - Pneumology and Sleep Medicine, Central Emergency Room, Palliative Medicine, DRK Kliniken Berlin, Berlin 13359, Germany
| | - Qingyi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Follow-Up Centre, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Congmin Liu
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Gao
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Cancer Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University/The Tumor Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tuguzbaeva G, Yue E, Chen X, He L, Li X, Ju J, Qin Y, Pavlov V, Lu Y, Jia W, Bai Y, Niu Y, Yang B. PEP06 polypeptide 30 is a novel cluster-dissociating agent inhibiting α v integrin/FAK/Src signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1163-1173. [PMID: 31867162 PMCID: PMC6900557 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Collectively migrating tumor cells have been recently implicated in enhanced metastasis of epithelial malignancies. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), αv integrin is a crucial mediator of multicellular clustering and collective movement in vitro; however, its contribution to metastatic spread remains to be addressed. According to the emerging therapeutic concept, dissociation of tumor clusters into single cells could significantly suppress metastasis-seeding ability of carcinomas. This study aimed to investigate the anti-OSCC potential of novel endostatin-derived polypeptide PEP06 as a cluster-dissociating therapeutic agent in vitro. Firstly, we found marked enrichment of αv integrin in collectively invading multicellular clusters in human OSCCs. Our study revealed that metastatic progression of OSCC was associated with augmented immunostaining of αv integrin in cancerous lesions. Following PEP06 treatment, cell clustering on fibronectin, migration, multicellular aggregation, anchorage-independent survival and colony formation of OSCC were significantly inhibited. Moreover, PEP06 suppressed αv integrin/FAK/Src signaling in OSCC cells. PEP06-induced loss of active Src and E-cadherin from cell–cell contacts contributed to diminished collective migration of OSCC in vitro. Overall, these results suggest that PEP06 polypeptide 30 inhibiting αv integrin/FAK/Src signaling and disrupting E-cadherin-based intercellular junctions possesses anti-metastatic potential in OSCC by acting as a cluster-dissociating therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
27
|
Advances in liquid biopsy using circulating tumor cells and circulating cell-free tumor DNA for detection and monitoring of breast cancer. Clin Exp Med 2019; 19:271-279. [PMID: 31190187 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overview the progress of liquid biopsy using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating cell-free tumor DNA (cfDNA) to detect and monitor breast cancer. Based on numerous research efforts, the potential value of CTCs and cfDNA in the clinical aspects of cancer has become clear. With the development of next-generation sequencing analysis and newly developed technologies, many technical issues have been resolved, making liquid biopsy widely used in clinical practice. They can be powerful tools for dynamic monitoring of tumor progression and therapeutic efficacy. In the field of breast cancer, liquid biopsy is a research hot spot in recent years, playing a key role in monitoring breast cancer metastasis, predicting disease recurrence and assessing clinical drug resistance. Liquid biopsy has the advantages of noninvasive, high sensitivity, high specificity and real-time dynamic monitoring. Still application is far from reality, but the research and application prospects of CTCs and cfDNA in breast cancer are still worth exploring and discovering. This article reviews the main techniques and applications of CTCs and cfDNA in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
28
|
Leach J, Morton JP, Sansom OJ. Neutrophils: Homing in on the myeloid mechanisms of metastasis. Mol Immunol 2019; 110:69-76. [PMID: 29269005 PMCID: PMC6544568 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metastasis cascade is complex and comprises several stages including local invasion into surrounding tissue, intravasation and survival of tumour cells in the circulation, and extravasation and colonisation of a distant site. It is increasingly clear that these processes are driven not only by signals within the tumour cells, but are also profoundly influenced by stromal cells and signals in the tumour microenvironment. Amongst the many cell types within the tumour microenvironment, immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils play a prominent role in tumour development and progression. Neutrophils, however, have only recently emerged as important players, particularly in metastasis. Here we review the current evidence suggesting a multi-faceted role for neutrophils in the metastatic cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Leach
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dhandapani R, Sethuraman S, Subramanian A. Nanohybrids – cancer theranostics for tiny tumor clusters. J Control Release 2019; 299:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
30
|
Kulasinghe A, Zhou J, Kenny L, Papautsky I, Punyadeera C. Capture of Circulating Tumour Cell Clusters Using Straight Microfluidic Chips. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E89. [PMID: 30646614 PMCID: PMC6356955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are the metastatic precursors to distant disease in head and neck cancers (HNCs). Whilst the prognostic and predictive value of single CTCs have been well documented, the role of CTC clusters, which potentially have a higher metastatic capacity are limited. In this study, the authors used a novel straight microfluidic chip to focus and capture CTCs. The chip offers high cell recoveries with clinically relevant numbers (10⁻500 cells/mL) without the need for further purification. Single CTCs were identified in 10/21 patient samples (range 2⁻24 CTCs/mL), CTC clusters in 9/21 patient samples (range 1⁻6 CTC clusters/mL) and circulating tumour microemboli (CTM) in 2/21 samples. This study demonstrated that CTC clusters contain EGFR amplified single CTCs within the cluster volume. This novel microfluidic chip demonstrates the efficient sorting and preservation of single CTCs, CTC clusters and CTMs. The authors intend to expand this study to a larger cohort to determine the clinical implication of the CTC subsets in HNC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arutha Kulasinghe
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Liz Kenny
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD 4029, Australia.
- Central Integrated Regional Cancer Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland Health, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wei RR, Sun DN, Yang H, Yan J, Zhang X, Zheng XL, Fu XH, Geng MY, Huang X, Ding J. CTC clusters induced by heparanase enhance breast cancer metastasis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1326-1337. [PMID: 29417941 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregated metastatic cancer cells, referred to as circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters, are present in the blood of cancer patients and contribute to cancer metastasis. However, the origin of CTC clusters, especially intravascular aggregates, remains unknown. Here, we employ suspension culture methods to mimic CTC cluster formation in the circulation of breast cancer patients. CTC clusters generated using these methods exhibited an increased metastatic potential that was defined by the overexpression of heparanase (HPSE). Heparanase induced FAK- and ICAM-1-dependent cell adhesion, which promoted intravascular cell aggregation. Moreover, knockdown of heparanase or inhibition of its activity with JG6, a heparanase inhibitor, was sufficient to block the formation of cell clusters and suppress breast cancer metastasis. Our data reveal that heparanase-mediated cell adhesion is critical for metastasis mediated by intravascular CTC clusters. We also suggest that targeting the function of heparanase in cancer cell dissemination might limit metastatic progression.
Collapse
|
32
|
Circulating tumor microemboli: Progress in molecular understanding and enrichment technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1367-1389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
33
|
Yadav DK, Bai X, Yadav RK, Singh A, Li G, Ma T, Chen W, Liang T. Liquid biopsy in pancreatic cancer: the beginning of a new era. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26900-26933. [PMID: 29928492 PMCID: PMC6003564 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With dismal survival rate pancreatic cancer remains one of the most aggressive and devastating malignancy. Predominantly, due to the absence of a dependable methodology for early identification and limited therapeutic options for advanced disease. However, it takes over 17 years to develop pancreatic cancer from initiation of mutation to metastatic cancer; therefore, if diagnosed early; it may increase overall survival dramatically, thus, providing a window of opportunity for early detection. Recently, genomic expression analysis defined 4 subtypes of pancreatic cancer based on mutated genes. Hence, we need simple and standard, minimally invasive test that can monitor those altered genes or their associated pathways in time for the success of precision medicine, and liquid biopsy seems to be one answer to all these questions. Again, liquid biopsy has an ability to pair with genomic tests. Additionally, liquid biopsy based development of circulating tumor cells derived xenografts, 3D organoids system, real-time monitoring of genetic mutations by circulating tumor DNA and exosome as the targeted drug delivery vehicle holds lots of potential for the treatment and cure of pancreatic cancer. At present, diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is frantically done on the premise of CA19-9 and radiological features only, which doesn't give a picture of genetic mutations and epigenetic alteration involved. In this manner, the current diagnostic paradigm for pancreatic cancer diagnosis experiences low diagnostic accuracy. This review article discusses the current state of liquid biopsy in pancreatic cancer as diagnostic and therapeutic tools and future perspectives of research in the light of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Rajesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Gandaki Medical College, Tribhuwan University, Institute of Medicine, Pokhara 33700, Nepal
| | - Alina Singh
- Department of Surgery, Bir Hospital, National Academy of Medical Science, Kanti Path, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Guogang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Burbury K, MacManus MP. The coagulome and the oncomir: impact of cancer-associated haemostatic dysregulation on the risk of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:237-246. [PMID: 29492795 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at high risk of both thromboembolic and haemorrhagic events during the course of their disease. The pathogenesis of haemostatic dysfunction in cancer is complex and involves the interplay of multiple factors. There is growing evidence that interactions between malignancies and the coagulation system are not random but can represent coordinated and clinically-significant adaptations that enhance tumour cell survival, proliferation and metastatic potential. A detailed understanding of the interactions between the haemostatic systems and the pathophysiology of metastasis may not only provide insight into strategies that could potentially reduce the incidence of thrombohaemorrhagic events and complications, but could also help design strategies that are capable of modifying tumour biology, progression and metastatic potential in ways that could enhance anticancer therapies and thereby improve overall survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Burbury
- Departments of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, A'Beckett Street, Locked Bag 1, Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Giuliano M, Shaikh A, Lo HC, Arpino G, De Placido S, Zhang XH, Cristofanilli M, Schiff R, Trivedi MV. Perspective on Circulating Tumor Cell Clusters: Why It Takes a Village to Metastasize. Cancer Res 2018; 78:845-852. [PMID: 29437766 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters may represent one of the key mechanisms initiating the metastasis process. However, the series of pathophysiologic events by which CTC clusters originate, enter the circulation, and reach the distant sites remain to be identified. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that provide survival advantage for CTC clusters during the transit in the blood stream are also still largely unknown. Understanding the biology of CTC clusters is critical to assess this unified scheme employed by cancer and to device strategies to overcome key pathways responsible for their improved metastatic potential. CTC clusters remain an underdeveloped area of research begging the attention of multidisciplinary cancer research teams. Here, we provide insight on existing preclinical evidence on the potential mechanisms leading to CTC cluster formation and dissemination and on processes that may offer survival advantage. We also offer our perspective on future directions to delineate the role of CTC clusters in metastatic cascade and discuss their clinical significance. Cancer Res; 78(4); 845-52. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Giuliano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anum Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas
| | - Hin Ching Lo
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Grazia Arpino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabino De Placido
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Xiang H Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meghana V Trivedi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang G, Benasutti H, Jones JF, Shi G, Benchimol M, Pingle S, Kesari S, Yeh Y, Hsieh LE, Liu YT, Elias A, Simberg D. Isolation of Breast cancer CTCs with multitargeted buoyant immunomicrobubbles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161:200-209. [PMID: 29080504 PMCID: PMC5726926 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are extremely rare cells found in blood of metastatic cancer patients. There is a need for inexpensive technologies for fast enrichment of CTCs from large blood volumes. Previous data showed that antibody-conjugated lipid shell immuno-microbubbles (MBs) bind and isolate cells from biological fluids by flotation. Here, blood-stable MBs targeted to several surface markers for isolation of breast tumor cells were developed. MBs coated with anti-human EpCAM antibodies showed efficient binding of EpCAM+ breast cancer cell lines SKBR-3, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-453, whereas anti-human EGFR MBs showed binding of EpCAMLOW/NEGATIVE cell lines MDA-MB-231 and BT-549. Multitargeted anti-human EpCAM/EGFR MBs bound all cell lines with over 95% efficiency. Highly concentrated MB-bound tumor cells were collected in a microliter volume via an inverted vacuum-assisted harvesting setup. Using anti-EpCAM and/or anti-EpCAM/EGFR MBs, an efficient (70-90%) recovery and fast (30min) isolation of the above-mentioned cells and cell clusters was achieved from 7.5mL of spiked human blood. Using anti-EpCAM MBs and anti-EpCAM/EGFR MBs, cytokeratin-positive, CD45-negative CTCs were detected in 62.5% (10/16) of patients with metastatic breast cancer and CTC clusters were detected in 41.7% (5/12) of CTC-positive samples. Moreover, in some samples MBs isolated cytokeratin positive, CD45 negative tumor-derived microparticles. None of these structures were detected in blood from non-epithelial malignancies. The fast and inexpensive multitargeted platform for batch isolation of CTCs can promote research and clinical applications involving primary tumors and metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guankui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Halli Benasutti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica F Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Guixin Shi
- Diagnologix, LLC, 5820 Oberlin Drive, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael Benchimol
- Diagnologix, LLC, 5820 Oberlin Drive, Suite 104, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sandeep Pingle
- Department of Translational Neuro-Oncology and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neuro-Oncology and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | - Yasan Yeh
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego,3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Li-En Hsieh
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego,3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yu-Tsueng Liu
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego,3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Anthony Elias
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Breast & Sarcoma Programs, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Au SH, Edd J, Haber DA, Maheswaran S, Stott SL, Toner M. Clusters of Circulating Tumor Cells: a Biophysical and Technological Perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 3:13-19. [PMID: 29226271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer associated deaths result from metastasis, yet the behaviors of its most potent cellular driver, circulating tumor cell clusters, are only beginning to be revealed. This review highlights recent advances to our understanding of tumor cell clusters with emphasis on enabling technologies. The importance of intercellular adhesions among cells in clusters have begun to be unraveled with the aid of promising microfluidic strategies for isolating clusters from patient blood. Due to their metastatic potency, the utility of circulating tumor cell clusters for cancer diagnosis, drug screening, precision oncology and as targets of antimetastatic therapeutics are being explored. The continued development of tools for exploring circulating tumor cell clusters will enhance our fundamental understanding of the metastatic process and may be instrumental in devising new strategies to suppress and eliminate metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam H Au
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2AZ
| | - Jon Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20815
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
John A, Gorzelanny C, Bauer AT, Schneider SW, Bolenz C. Role of the Coagulation System in Genitourinary Cancers: Review. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 16:S1558-7673(17)30210-0. [PMID: 28822718 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression is associated with aberrant hemostasis, and patients with malignant diseases have an elevated risk of developing thrombosis. A crosstalk among the vascular endothelium, components of the coagulation cascade, and cancer cells transforms the intravascular milieu to a prothrombotic, proinflammatory, and cell-adhesive state. We review the existing evidence on activation of the coagulation system and its implication in genitourinary malignancies and discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of antithrombotic agents. A literature review was performed searching the Medline database and the Cochrane Library for original articles and reviews. A second search identified studies reporting on oncological benefit of anticoagulants in genitourinary cancer. An elevated expression of procoagulatory tissue factor on tumor cells and tumor-derived microparticles seems to stimulate cancer development and progression. Several components of the hemostatic system, including D-dimers, von Willebrand Factor, thrombin, fibrin-/ogen, soluble P-selectin, and prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 were either overexpressed or overactive in genitourinary cancers. Hypercoagulation was in general associated with a poorer prognosis. Experimental models and small trials in humans showed reduced cancer progression after treatment with anticoagulants. Main limitations of these studies were heterogeneous experimental methodology, small patient numbers, and a lack of prospective validation. In conclusion, experimental and clinical evidence suggests procoagulatory activity of genitourinary neoplasms, particularly in prostate, bladder and kidney cancer. This may promote the risk of vascular thrombosis but also metastatic progression. Clinical studies linked elevated biomarkers of hemostasis with poor prognosis in patients with genitourinary cancers. Thus, anticoagulation may have a therapeutic role beyond prevention of thromboembolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel John
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany; Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander T Bauer
- Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bolenz
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu W, Wu B, Fu L, Chen J, Wang Z, Huang F, Chen J, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Lin J, Lan R, Chen R, Chen W, Chen L, Hong J, Zhang W, Ding Y, Okunieff P, Lin J, Zhang L. Comparison of three different methods for the detection of circulating tumor cells in mice with lung metastasis. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3219-3226. [PMID: 28498481 PMCID: PMC5442393 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) represent the key step of cancer cell dissemination. The alteration of CTCs correlates with the treatment outcome and prognosis. To enrich and identify CTCs from billions of blood cells renders a very challenging task, which triggers development of several methods, including lysis of RBC plus negative or positive enrichment using antibodies, and filter membrane or spiral microfluidics to capture CTCs. To compare the advantages of different enrichment methods for CTCs, we utilized the 4T1 breast cancer cells transfected with both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase to trace CTCs in the experimental lung metastasis model. Three methods were used to detect CTCs at the same time: bioluminescence assay, smearing method, and membrane filter method. The in vivo alive mouse imaging was used to dynamically monitor the growth of lung metastases. The sensitivity and accuracy of three detection methods were compared side-by-side. Our results showed that 1) the sensitivity of bioluminescence assay was the highest, but there was no information of CTC morphology; 2) the smearing method and membrane filter method could observe the detail of CTC morphology, such as in single or in cluster, while their sensitivity was lower than bioluminescence assay; 3) A dynamic observation at a 7-day intervals, the lung metastatic cancer grew at a log speed, while CTCs were increased at a low speed. This might be due to the activated immune cells eliminating the CTCs at a speed much faster than CTCs were generated. This comparison of three CTC detection methods in mouse model suggests that bioluminescence assay could be used in quantitative study of the effect of certain agent on the suppression of CTCs, while GFP-based morphological assays could be used to study the dissemination mechanism of CTCs. The combination of both bioluminescence assay and GFP-based assay would generate more information for quantity and quality of CTCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Lengxi Fu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Junying Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Zeng Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Jinrong Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jingan Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Ruilong Lan
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqing Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Long Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiong Ding
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianhua Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hong Y, Fang F, Zhang Q. Circulating tumor cell clusters: What we know and what we expect (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2206-2216. [PMID: 27779656 PMCID: PMC5117994 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major cause of cancer-associated mortality is tumor metastasis, a disease that is far from understood. Many studies have observed circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in patients' circulation systems, and a few latest investigations showed that CTC clusters have a potentially high capacity of metastasis. The capture and analysis of CTC clusters offer new insights into tumor metastasis and can facilitate the development of cancer treatments. We reviewed the research history of the CTC clusters, as well as the technologies used for detecting and isolating CTC clusters. In addition, we discuss the characteristics of CTC clusters and their roles in tumor dissemination. Clinical relevance of CTC clusters was also implicated in currently limited data. Moving forward, the next frontier in this field is to develop more efficient capture methods and decipher conundrums of characterization of CTC clusters. This will ultimately identify the clinical value of CTC clusters as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Hong
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Francia Fang
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Choi JW, Yoon KH, Yun SH. Antimetastatic Effect by Targeting CTC Cluster-Response. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4910. [PMID: 27528582 PMCID: PMC4991551 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Choi
- Wonkwang Institute of Integrative Biomedical Science and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
| | - Kwon-Ha Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Garona J, Alonso DF. Urokinase Exerts Antimetastatic Effects by Dissociating Clusters of Circulating Tumor Cells-Letter. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4908. [PMID: 27528580 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Garona
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel F Alonso
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National University of Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina. National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mirshahi S, Pujade-Lauraine E, Soria C, Pocard M, Mirshahi M, Soria J. Urokinase Antimetastatic Effects—Letter. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4909. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|