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Bamba H, Singh G, John J, Inban P, Prajjwal P, Alhussain H, Marsool MDM. Precision Medicine Approaches in Cardiology and Personalized Therapies for Improved Patient Outcomes: A systematic review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102470. [PMID: 38369209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is a novel and rapidly evolving approach to clinical practice that involves making decisions about disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment by utilizing modern technologies. The concepts of precision medicine have grown as a result of ongoing developments in genomic analysis, molecular diagnostics, and technology. These advancements have enabled a deeper understanding and interpretation of the human genome, allowing for a personalized approach to clinical care. The primary objective of this research is to assess personalized medicine in terms of its indications, advantages, practical clinical uses, potential future directions, problems, and effects on healthcare. An extensive analysis of the scientific literature regarding this topic demonstrated the new medical approach's relevance and usefulness, as well as the fact that personalized medicine is becoming increasingly prevalent in various sectors. The online, internationally indexed databases PubMed and Cochrane Reviews were used to conduct searches for and critically evaluate the most relevant published research including original papers and reviews in the scientific literature. The findings suggest that precision medicine has a lot of potential and its implementation lowers the incidence of stroke as well as coronary heart disease and improves patient health in cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyma Bamba
- Cardiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurmehar Singh
- Cardiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jobby John
- Cardiology, Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and Hospital Karakonam, Trivandrum, India
| | | | | | - Haitham Alhussain
- Public Health and Infection Control dept, King Fahad Hospital, Alhofuf, Saudi Arabia
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Prajjwal P, Marsool MDM, Yadav V, Kanagala RSD, Reddy YB, John J, Lam JR, Karra N, Amiri B, Islam MU, Nithya V, Marsool ADM, Gadam S, Vora N, Hussin OA. Neurological, cardiac, musculoskeletal, and renal manifestations of scleroderma along with insights into its genetics, pathophysiology, diagnostic, and therapeutic updates. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2072. [PMID: 38660003 PMCID: PMC11040569 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Scleroderma, also referred to as systemic sclerosis, is a multifaceted autoimmune condition characterized by abnormal fibrosis and impaired vascular function. Pathologically, it encompasses the persistent presence of inflammation, abnormal collagen buildup, and restructuring of blood vessels in various organs, resulting in a wide range of clinical symptoms. This review incorporates the most recent scientific literature on scleroderma, with a particular emphasis on its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. Methodology A comprehensive investigation was carried out on numerous databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to collect pertinent studies covering diverse facets of scleroderma research. Results Scleroderma presents with a range of systemic manifestations, such as interstitial lung disease, gastrointestinal dysmotility, Raynaud's phenomenon, pulmonary arterial hypertension, renal complications, neurological symptoms, and cardiac abnormalities. Serological markers, such as antinuclear antibodies, anti-centromere antibodies, and anti-topoisomerase antibodies, are important for classifying diseases and predicting their outcomes. Discussion The precise identification of scleroderma is crucial for promptly and correctly implementing effective treatment plans. Treatment approaches aim to improve symptoms, reduce complications, and slow down the progression of the disease. An integrated approach that combines pharmacological agents, including immunosuppressants, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostanoids, with nonpharmacological interventions such as physical and occupational therapy is essential for maximizing patient care. Conclusion Through the clarification of existing gaps in knowledge and identification of emerging trends, our goal is to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and ultimately enhance the overall quality of life for individuals suffering from scleroderma. Ongoing cooperation and creative research are necessary to advance the field and achieve improved patient outcomes and new therapeutic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Internal MedicinePt. B. D. S. Postgraduate Institute of Medical SciencesRohtakIndia
| | | | | | - Jobby John
- Department of Internal MedicineDr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and HospitalNeyyāttinkaraIndia
| | - Justin Riley Lam
- Department of Internal MedicineCebu Institute of MedicineCebuPhilippines
| | - Nanditha Karra
- Department of Internal MedicineOsmania Medical CollegeHyderabadTelanganaIndia
| | - Bita Amiri
- Cardiovascular Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Moiz Ul Islam
- Department of Internal MedicinePunjab Medical CollegeFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Venkatesh Nithya
- Department of Internal MedicineS. D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical UniversityAlmatyKazakhstan
| | | | | | | | - Omniat Amir Hussin
- Department of MedicineAlmanhal University Academy of ScienceKhartoumSudan
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Prajjwal P, Kolanu ND, Reddy YB, Ahmed A, Marsool MDM, Santoshi K, Pattani HH, John J, Chandrasekar KK, Hussin OA. Association of Parkinson's disease to Parkinson's plus syndromes, Lewy body dementia, and Alzheimer's dementia. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2019. [PMID: 38562616 PMCID: PMC10982460 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a condition that affects movement and is usually seen in those over the age of 50. It is caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra. PD has shifted from being perceived as an uncommon condition to a significant neurological illness, mostly due to the increasing number of elderly individuals and the impact of environmental factors. Parkinson's plus syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and vascular Parkinsonism (VaP), provide difficulties in distinguishing them clinically from PD since they have similar characteristics. Methodology A thorough examination was performed utilizing the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search utilized specific keywords like "Parkinson's disease," "Parkinson's plus syndrome," "Lewy body dementia," "Alzheimer's dementia," "progressive supranuclear palsy," and "multiple system atrophy." The selection criteria were aimed at English-language literature, with a particular focus on examining the connection between PD and associated disorders or dementias. Results and Discussion Parkinson's plus syndromes, such as PSP, MSA, CBD, and VaP, exhibit unique clinical characteristics, imaging results, and diverse reactions to levodopa. This makes it difficult to distinguish them from PD. LBD is characterized by Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein, which leads to both motor and cognitive deficits. PD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit a complex interaction, including common pathogenic processes, genetic predispositions, and clinical characteristics of dementia. Conclusion The interrelatedness of PD, Parkinson's plus syndromes, LBD, and AD highlights the significance of comprehending shared disease-causing processes. Aberrant protein clumping, impaired functioning of mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, and inflammation in the brain are common factors which can be addressed for specific treatments. More research is essential for understanding complicated connections and developing effective therapies for these sophisticated neurological illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aneeqa Ahmed
- Department of Internal MedicineShadan Hospital and Institute of Medical SciencesHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | | | - Jobby John
- Department of NeurologyDr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and HospitalNeyyāttinkaraKarakonamIndia
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Bharadwaj HR, Tan JK, Ali SH, Aderinto N, Shah MH, Marsool MDM, Jain J, Dalal P. Examining the provision of renal denervation therapy in low- and middle-income nations: Current landscape, challenges, future prospects-A mini perspective review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102357. [PMID: 38141794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper delves into Renal Denervation Therapy as a promising intervention for resistant hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. With rates of hypertension increasing in LMICs due to lifestyle factors, RDN presents a potentially transformative approach. The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review, focusing on studies in LMICs that unveil proactive developments in standardized guidelines and precision targeting in clinical trials. LMICs actively contribute to research, emphasizing the safety and efficacy of RDN. However, despite these strides, the current landscape reveals challenges, encompassing initial costs, economic disparities, and limitations in healthcare infrastructure. Despite these hurdles, the paper envisions promising future prospects, emphasizing innovative strategies for cost-effective RDN implementation. It advocates for global collaboration and partnerships with international organizations, proposing the expansion of the Global SYMPLICITY Registry to include more LMICs; a testament to a commitment to research advancement. The paper concludes by highlighting comprehensive strategies to overcome challenges, making RDN financially viable in resource-limited settings. It underscores the potential for RDN to enhance global healthcare outcomes, particularly in regions grappling with diverse economic and healthcare challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joecelyn Kirani Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Hasham Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nicholas Aderinto
- Internal Medicine Department, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Oyo, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Jyoti Jain
- Intern, Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Priyal Dalal
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Al-Ezzi SMS, Bista I, Al-Ezzi MM, Prajjwal P, Al-Ezzi SMS, Pattani HH, Amiri B, Marsool MDM. Updates in the management of atrial fibrillation: Emerging therapies and treatment. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101633. [PMID: 37716839 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most common and clinically important cardiac arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation (AF), which has a large negative impact on public health due to higher fatalities, morbidity, and healthcare expenditure rates. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and outcomes of various treatment approaches and interventions for AF. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHOD The most pertinent published research (original papers and reviews) in the scientific literature were searched for and critically assessed using the online, internationally indexed databases PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Reviews. These studies are summarised in this review. Keywords like "Atrial Fibrillation", "emerging therapies", "treatment", "catheter ablation", and "atrial appendage" were used to search the papers. The papers were researched and examined to be relevant to the topic. CONCLUSION A lot of work has gone into enhancing AF management to deal with this expanding public health concern. Significant developments and advances in the treatment of AF during the past few years have aided clinicians in giving AF patients better care. The most recent treatments for AF include medication, catheter ablation, cryo-balloon ablation, and left atrial appendage closure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bita Amiri
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz, Iran
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Marsool Marsool MD, Bharadwaj HR, Ali SH, Aderinto N, Shah MH, Shing N, Dalal P, Huang H, Wellington J, Chaudri T, Awuah WA, Pacheco-Barrios N, Macha-Quillama L, Fernandez-Guzman D, Hussien Mohamed Ahmed KA. Exploring the Landscape of Intracranial Aneurysms in South America: A Comprehensive Narrative Review Intracranial Aneurysms in South America. World Neurosurg 2024; 185:3-25. [PMID: 38286319 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the landscape of intracranial aneurysms in South America unravels a complex interplay of epidemiological factors, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic challenges. The study methodically conducts a comprehensive literature review spanning the years 2003 to 2023, focusing on English-language articles obtained from diverse databases to elucidate the multifaceted nature of intracranial aneurysms in the region. Results and discussions categorize outcomes into positive domains, emphasizing successful treatments, favorable recoveries, and high survival rates, while also shedding light on negative aspects such as residual aneurysms and complications. The research illuminates significant gaps in pathological typing of intracranial aneurysms and exposes challenges in healthcare accessibility, notably the disparities in neurosurgical resources. Management challenges, including constrained infrastructure access, a neurosurgeon shortage, and gender disparities, are underscored. Transitioning to future prospects, the study advocates for strategic interventions, proposing expanded neurosurgical training, multidisciplinary approaches, improved funding, enhanced access to care, and fostering international collaborations. The study concludes by emphasizing the pivotal role of collaborative efforts, intensified training programs, and global partnerships in propelling intracranial aneurysm management forward in South America, ultimately contributing to enhanced patient outcomes across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Syed Hasham Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nicholas Aderinto
- Internal Medicine Department, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Oyo, Nigeria
| | | | - Nathanael Shing
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Priyal Dalal
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Huang
- University of Medicine and Health Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jack Wellington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bradford Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Luis Macha-Quillama
- Alberto Hurtado Medical School, Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, Lima, Peru
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Jain H, Marsool MDM, Goyal A, Sulaiman SA, Fatima L, Idrees M, Sharma B, Borra V, Gupta P, Nadeem A, Jain J, Ali H, Sohail AH. Unveiling the relationship between gut microbiota and heart failure: Recent understandings and insights. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102179. [PMID: 37923029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota, which comprises a broad range of bacteria inhabiting the human intestines, plays a crucial role in establishing a mutually beneficial relationship with the host body. Dysbiosis refers to the perturbations in the composition or functioning of the microbial community, which can result in a shift from a balanced microbiota to an impaired state. This alteration has the potential to contribute to the development of chronic systemic inflammation. Heart failure (HF) is a largely prevalent clinical condition that has been demonstrated to have variations in the gut microbiome, indicating a potential active involvement in the pathogenesis and advancement of the disease. The exploration of the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and HF presents a potential avenue for the discovery of innovative biomarkers, preventive measures, and therapeutic targets. This review aims to investigate the impact of gut bacteria on HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hritvik Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, India.
| | | | - Aman Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | - Bhavya Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baroda Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, India
| | - Vamsikalyan Borra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, United States
| | - Prakash Gupta
- Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation College of Medicine, San Carlos City, Philippines
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jyoti Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur, India
| | - Hassam Ali
- Department of Gastroenterology, East Carolina University, North Carolina, United States
| | - Amir H Sohail
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Oduoye MO, Haider MU, Marsool MDM, Kareem MO, Adedayo AE, Abdulkarim AS, Adegoke AA, Kaushik I, Irfan H, Yusuf HA, Shah HH, Karim KA. Unlocking the potential of novel RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccines in African nations. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1797. [PMID: 38186933 PMCID: PMC10766872 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mass malaria vaccination, rather than vaccinating only children below age 5, has been proven to have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality among those vaccinated, both young and old. Addressing vaccine scepticism and misinformation is crucial in African nations to build public trust in malaria prevention. Therefore, including a wider range of demographics in vaccine trials is necessary for equitable representation and achieving herd immunity against malaria. Aim This present article aims to identify some of the obstacles that impede malaria vaccination usage and acceptability in African Nations in combating malaria in the region as it continues to pose a significant global public health problem. Methodology A literature search was done on the Malaria vaccine between 2000 and 2023. Past and present articles/studies on this topic were consulted on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science using the following keywords; "Malaria," "Vaccines," "African Nations," "Obstacles, Strategies," and "Public Health." Results The recently approved RTS, S/AS01, and R21/Matrix-M™ Malaria vaccines have the potential to prevent numerous deaths and cases of Malaria in Africa. These vaccines Malaria vaccines are cost-effective in African areas with moderate to high plasmodium falciparum and can be delivered through routine immunization. Conclusion To combat malaria effectively in African Nations, African leaders need to set up a comprehensive approach that involves; prevention, healthcare access, implementation research strategies towards adoption and acceptance of malaria vaccines in Africa as well as community engagement with the religious leaders, the market women, community heads, schools, as well as students' union towards the willingness and acceptability of the malaria vaccines among the African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Usman Haider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Hospital LahoreKing Edward Medical University LahoreLahorePakistan
| | | | - Mayowa Odunayo Kareem
- Department of Internal MedicineBabcock University Teaching HospitalIlishan‐RemoOgun StateNigeria
| | | | | | | | - Ikshwaki Kaushik
- Department of MedicineDavid Tvildiani Medical UniversityTbilisiGeorgia
| | - Hamza Irfan
- Department of MedicineShaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Medical and Dental College LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Hassan Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Health SciencesBayero UniversityKanoKano StateNigeria
| | | | - Karim Arif Karim
- Department of Research and EthicsKamuzu University of Health SciencesBlantyreMalawi
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Oduoye MO, Marsool MDM, Haider MU, Mukherjee D, Khan AW, Faloye TO, Jehan M, Adegoke AA, Karim KA, Dave T. Unmasking diphtheria in Nigeria: A multifaceted approach to tackle outbreaks and improve immunization rates among the Nigerian population-An updated correspondence. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1804. [PMID: 38196568 PMCID: PMC10775626 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The World Health Organization has recently declared the frequent outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria as a public health concern. Although vaccination efforts have been successful in Nigeria, unfortunately, the recent 2023 outbreak in Nigeria has been nothing short of distressing. Of course, cases of diphtheria incidence are under-reported in Nigeria. This present article aims to proffer a possible multifaceted approach to tackle outbreaks of diphtheria in Nigeria and improve immunization rates against the disease among the Nigerian population. Methods In writing this study, literature search was done about diphtheria in Nigeria using the following keywords: "diphtheria, prevalence, vaccination, efforts, challenges, and Nigeria" on PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate within 10 years. Result This study found that an estimated seven million people remain unvaccinated and are at risk for infection in the country, especially people living in the Northern part of the country. Between the June 30 and August 31, 2023, Nigeria recorded an unusual increase in the number of confirmed cases of diphtheria, where a total of 5898 suspected cases were reported from 59 local government areas in 11 states across Nigeria. The majority (99.4%) of suspected cases of the disease were reported from six states: Kano (1816), Katsina (234), Yobe (158), Bauchi (79), Kaduna (45), and Borno (33). Conclusion If Nigeria is to emerge beyond these frequent epidemics of diphtheria, the Nigerian government must work on tackling this issue on multiple fronts simultaneously, that is, at the national and international levels, as we believe that these levels would give a holistic way to unmask diphtheria in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik O. Oduoye
- Department of ResearchMedical Research Circle (MedReC)BukavuDR Congo
| | | | | | - Dattatreya Mukherjee
- Department of Community MedicineRaiganj Government Medical College and HospitalRaiganjIndia
| | - Aimen Waqar Khan
- Department of MedicineJinnah Sindh Medical UniversityKarachiPakistan
| | | | - Minal Jehan
- Karachi Medical and Dental CollegeKarachiPakistan
| | | | | | - Tirth Dave
- Bukovinian State Medical UniversityChernivtsiUkraine
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Prajjwal P, Inban P, Sai VP, Shiny KS, Lam JR, John J, Sulaimanov M, Tekuru Y, Wasi ul Haq M, Marsool MDM, Sivarajan VV, Amir Hussin O. The effects of the interplay between vitamins, antibiotics, and gut microbiota on the pathogenesis and progression of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1808. [PMID: 38196569 PMCID: PMC10774544 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Given that there is already evidence of a neural network that connects the brain and gut and that the gut microbiota actively modulates gut health, it is crucial to know which foods, supplements, and medications to use or avoid when treating any disease that causes dementia or cognitive impairment. Previous research has examined the relationships between vitamins, antibiotics, and gut microbiota and the correlations between these factors and dementia. The question arises of how these three factors interact together and if evidence suggests one element is more important than the others in the pathogenesis and development of dementia. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) standards were followed when conducting this review. The papers' publication dates varied from (2012-2022). Cochrane/EMBASE, PEDro, and PubMed/Medline databases were searched. The precise terms "gut microbiota," vitamins," antibiotics," and "dementia" were included in the search method, along with the conjunctions "OR" and "AND." Results Gut dysbiosis has a significant impact on cognition, brain function, and the development and progression of dementia. The two most popular probiotics used in studies linked to cognition benefits were Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Numerous scales were used to evaluate cognition, but the mini-mental state examination was the most popular, and the most prevalent impairment was Alzheimer's disease. The supplements with the most significant impact on gut microbiota were vitamin B-12 and folic acid. Conclusion This systematic review concluded that vitamins, gut microbiota and antibiotics have a close association with the development of dementia. More research is required to establish causality and elucidate the underlying mechanisms because there is still little evidence connecting the interactions of vitamins, medications, and microbiota with dementia. The complexity of interactions between genetics, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities, as well as the heterogeneity of dementia, may make it more challenging to interpret the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pugazhendi Inban
- Internal MedicineGovernment Medical College OmandurarChennaiTamil NaduIndia
| | | | | | | | - Jobby John
- Internal MedicineDr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and HospitalTrivandrumIndia
| | | | - Yogesh Tekuru
- RVM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreSiddipetIndia
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Marsool MDM, Prajjwal P, John J, Keluskar HS, Sivarajan VV, Kundiri KA, Lam JR, Chavda S, Atew HG, Marsool ADM, Hameed AAZ, Hussin OA. Association of multiple sclerosis with stroke: A comprehensive review. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1837. [PMID: 38264155 PMCID: PMC10804671 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by the degradation of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Research indicates that individuals with MS exhibit a higher susceptibility to stroke compared to the general population. This association is rooted in shared underlying mechanisms, specifically involving neuroinflammatory processes. Methodology We performed an extensive search on PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific terms. The search terms included variations of "multiple sclerosis," "stroke," "cerebrovascular disease," "vascular risk factors," "disease-modifying therapies," and "neuroinflammation." The search was limited to articles published from January 1, 2000, up to 31 May, 2023. Results and Discussion Stroke, a global health burden characterized by significant mortality and adult disability, underscores the critical importance of understanding the link between MS and stroke. Despite a growing body of research establishing an elevated risk of stroke in MS patients, notable information gaps persist. Limited prospective multicenter studies on stroke incidence in MS patients contribute to an incomplete understanding of the precise relationship between these two conditions. Conclusion In conclusion, this review underscores the critical need for a thorough understanding of the complex relationship between MS and stroke. The identified risk factors and the influence of MS DMTs on stroke risk necessitate further investigation to inform evidence-based preventive and therapeutic strategies. Bridging the existing information gaps through prospective multicenter studies is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of this association. The development of targeted diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for acute stroke risk in MS patients is paramount to mitigate the impact of these debilitating conditions. Ultimately, this review serves as a foundation for future efforts to enhance preventative measures and therapeutic interventions, thereby improving the overall quality of life for individuals with MS susceptible to strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jobby John
- Internal MedicineDr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and HospitalNeyyāttinkaraIndia
| | | | | | | | - Justin R. Lam
- Internal MedicineCebu Institute of MedicineCebuPhilippines
| | - Sachi Chavda
- Internal MedicineGMERS Medical College SolaAhmedabadIndia
| | - Hundaol G. Atew
- Internal MedicineSt Paul's Millennium Medical CollegeAddis AbabaEthiopia
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Gostomczyk K, Marsool MDM, Tayyab H, Pandey A, Borowczak J, Macome F, Chacon J, Dave T, Maniewski M, Szylberg Ł. Targeting circulating tumor cells to prevent metastases. Hum Cell 2024; 37:101-120. [PMID: 37874534 PMCID: PMC10764589 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that detach from the primary tumor, enter the bloodstream or body fluids, and spread to other body parts, leading to metastasis. Their presence and characteristics have been linked to cancer progression and poor prognosis in different types of cancer. Analyzing CTCs can offer valuable information about tumors' genetic and molecular diversity, which is crucial for personalized therapy. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), play a significant role in generating and disseminating CTCs. Certain proteins, such as EpCAM, vimentin, CD44, and TGM2, are vital in regulating EMT and MET and could be potential targets for therapies to prevent metastasis and serve as detection markers. Several devices, methods, and protocols have been developed for detecting CTCs with various applications. CTCs interact with different components of the tumor microenvironment. The interactions between CTCs and tumor-associated macrophages promote local inflammation and allow the cancer cells to evade the immune system, facilitating their attachment and invasion of distant metastatic sites. Consequently, targeting and eliminating CTCs hold promise in preventing metastasis and improving patient outcomes. Various approaches are being explored to reduce the volume of CTCs. By investigating and discussing targeted therapies, new insights can be gained into their potential effectiveness in inhibiting the spread of CTCs and thereby reducing metastasis. The development of such treatments offers great potential for enhancing patient outcomes and halting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Gostomczyk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
- University Hospital No. 2 Im. Dr Jan Biziel, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Facundo Macome
- Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino, San Miquel de Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Jose Chacon
- American University of Integrative Sciences, Cole Bay, Saint Martin, Barbados
| | - Tirth Dave
- Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Mateusz Maniewski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Chair of Pathomorphology and Clinical Placentology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre, Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Chair of Pathology, Dr Jan Biziel Memorial University Hospital No. 2, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Hadi DD, Marsool MDM, Marsool ADM, Vora N, Al‐Badri SG, Al‐Fatlawi NHK, Abbas Al Wssawi AF, Al‐Ibraheem AMT, Hamza KA, Prajjwal P, Mateen MA, Amir O. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Addressing the current and future therapeutic advances along with the role of Sotatercept in the management of pulmonary hypertension. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1079. [PMID: 38018591 PMCID: PMC10632947 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and debilitating lung disease characterized by irreversible scarring of the lungs. The cause of IPF is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for IPF, and treatment is focused on slowing disease progression and relieving symptoms. AIMS We aimed in this review to investigate and provide the latest insights into IPF management modalities, including the potential of Saracatinibas a substitute for current IPF drugs. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of Sotatercept in addressing pulmonary hypertension associated with IPF. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review of relevant studies on IPF management. We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of science. RESULTS The two Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for IPF, Pirfenidone, and Nintedanib, have been pivotal in slowing disease progression, yet experimental evidence suggests that Saracatinib surpasses their efficacy. Preclinical trials investigating the potential of Saracatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have shown to be more effective than current IPF drugs in slowing disease progression in preclinical studies. Also, Sotatercept,a fusion protein, has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and improve exercise tolerance in patients with PH associated with IPF in clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS The advancements discussed in this review hold the promise of improving the quality of life for IPF patients and enhancing our understanding of this condition. There remains a need for further research to confirm the efficacy and safety of new IPF treatments and to develop more effective strategies for managing exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia D. Hadi
- Department of Internal MedicineAl‐Kindy College of Medicine, University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | - Neel Vora
- Department Internal MedicineB.J. Medical CollegeAhmedabadIndia
| | - Sajjad G. Al‐Badri
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Baghdad, College of MedicineBaghdadIraq
| | | | | | | | - Khadija A. Hamza
- Department of Internal MedicineAl‐Kindy College of Medicine, University of BaghdadBaghdadIraq
| | - Priyadarshi Prajjwal
- Department of Internal MedicineBharati Vidyapeeth University Medical CollegePuneIndia
| | - Mohammed A. Mateen
- Department of Internal MedicineShadan Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital and Research CenterHyderabadIndia
| | - Omniat Amir
- Department of Internal MedicineAl Manhal AcademyKhartoumSudan
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Marsool MDM, Vora N, Marsool ADM, Pati S, Narreddy M, Patel P, Gadam S, Prajjwal P. Ulcerative colitis: Addressing the manifestations, the role of fecal microbiota transplantation as a novel treatment option and other therapeutic updates. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101606. [PMID: 37357103 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of Ulcerative Colitis (UC), a recurrent and remitting inflammatory condition, are rising. Any part of the colon may be affected, beginning with inflammation of the mucosa in the rectum and continuing proximally continuously. Bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, fecal urgency, and stomach pain are typical presenting symptoms. Many patients present with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) including musculoskeletal, ocular, renal, hepatobiliary, and dermatological presentation, among others. Most cases are treated with pharmacological therapy including mesalazine and glucocorticoids. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel procedure that is increasingly being used to treat UC, however, its use yet remains controversial because of uncertain efficacy. FMT can lower gut permeability and consequently disease severity by boosting short-chain fatty acids production, helping in epithelial barrier integrity preservation. Upadacitinib (JAK Kinase inhibitor) is another newer treatment option, which is an FDA-approved drug that is being used to treat UC. This review article provides a comprehensive review of the EIMs of UC, the role of FMT along with various recent clinical trials pertaining to FMT as well as other diagnostic and therapeutic updates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neel Vora
- B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Shefali Pati
- St George's University, School of Medicine, Grenada
| | | | - Parth Patel
- Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, India
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Prajjwal P, Shree A, Das S, Inban P, Ghosh S, Senthil A, Gurav J, Kundu M, Marsool Marsool MD, Gadam S, Marsool Marsoo AD, Vora N, Amir Hussin O. Vascular multiple sclerosis: addressing the pathogenesis, genetics, pro-angiogenic factors, and vascular abnormalities, along with the role of vascular intervention. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4928-4938. [PMID: 37811110 PMCID: PMC10553029 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the epithelium, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and consequent leukocyte and T-cell infiltration into the central nervous system define Vascular Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects around 2.5 million individuals worldwide, is the leading cause of neurological impairment in young adults, and can have a variety of progressions and consequences. Despite significant discoveries in immunology and molecular biology, the root cause of MS is still not fully understood, as do the immunological triggers and causative pathways. Recent research into vascular anomalies associated with MS suggests that a vascular component may be pivotal to the etiology of MS, and there can be actually a completely new entity in the already available classification of MS, which can be called 'vascular multiple sclerosis'. Unlike the usual other causes of MS, vascular MS is not dependent on autoimmune pathophysiologic mechanisms, instead, it is caused due to the blood vessels pathology. This review aims to thoroughly analyze existing information and updates about the scattered available findings of genetics, pro-angiogenetic factors, and vascular abnormalities in this important spectrum, the vascular facets of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anagha Shree
- SGT Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Gurgaon
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar
| | - Pugazhendi Inban
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Omandurar, Chennai
| | | | | | | | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar
| | | | - Srikanth Gadam
- Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Neel Vora
- Internal Medicine, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
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Prajjwal P, Flores Sanga HS, Acharya K, Tango T, John J, Rodriguez RS, Dheyaa Marsool Marsool M, Sulaimanov M, Ahmed A, Hussin OA. Parkinson's disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4887-4902. [PMID: 37811009 PMCID: PMC10553032 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After only Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The incidence of this disease increases with age, especially for those above 70 years old. There are many risk factors that are well-established in the contribution to the development of PD, such as age, gender, ethnicity, rapid eye movement sleep disorder, high consumption of dairy products, traumatic brain injury, genetics, and pesticides/herbicides. Interestingly, smoking, consumption of caffeine, and physical activities are the protective factors of PD. A deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the brainstem is the main pathology. This, subsequently, alters the neurotransmitter, causing an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals. In addition, genetics is also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. As a result, patients exhibit characteristic motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, bradykinesia, and postural instability, along with non-motor symptoms, including dementia, urinary incontinence, sleeping disturbances, and orthostatic hypotension. PD may resemble other diseases; therefore, it is important to pay attention to the diagnosis criteria. Parkinson's disease dementia can share common features with AD; this can include behavioral as well as psychiatric symptoms, in addition to the pathology being protein aggregate accumulation in the brain. For PD management, the administration of pharmacological treatment depends on the motor symptoms experienced by the patients. Non-pharmacological treatment plays a role as adjuvant therapy, while surgical management is indicated in chronic cases. This paper aims to review the etiology, risk factors, protective factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, associated conditions, and management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herson S Flores Sanga
- Department of Telemedicine, Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Kirtish Acharya
- Maharaja Krishna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur, Odisha
| | - Tamara Tango
- Faculty of Medicine Universitas, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jobby John
- Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and Hospital, Neyyāttinkara, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | - Aneeqa Ahmed
- Shadan Hospital and Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana
| | - Omniat A. Hussin
- Department of Medicine, Sudan Academy of Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
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Prajjwal P, Marsool MDM, Asharaf S, Inban P, Gadam S, Yadav R, Vora N, Nandwana V, Marsool ADM, Amir O. Comparison of recent updates in genetics, immunology, biomarkers, and neuroimaging of primary-progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and the role of ocrelizumab in the management of their refractory cases. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1422. [PMID: 37448727 PMCID: PMC10337274 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are two frequent multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes that involve 10%-15% of patients. PPMS progresses slowly and is diagnosed later in life. Both subtypes are influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, and vitamin D insufficiency. Although there is no cure, ocrelizumab can reduce symptoms and delay disease development. RRMS is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, demyelination, and disability. Early detection, therapy, and lifestyle changes are critical. This study delves into genetics, immunology, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and the usefulness of ocrelizumab in the treatment of refractory patients of PPMS. Method In search of published literature providing up-to-date information on PPMS and RRMS, this review conducted numerous searches in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Scopus. We looked into genetics, immunology, biomarkers, current breakthroughs in neuroimaging, and the role of ocrelizumab in refractory cases. Results Our comprehensive analysis found considerable advances in genetics, immunology, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and the efficacy of ocrelizumab in the treatment of refractory patients. Conclusion Early detection, timely intervention, and the adoption of lifestyle modifications play pivotal roles in enhancing treatment outcomes. Notably, ocrelizumab has demonstrated potential in symptom control and mitigating the rate of disease advancement, further underscoring its clinical significance in the management of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Prajjwal
- Department of NeurologyBharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College PunePuneIndia
| | | | | | | | | | - Rukesh Yadav
- Internal Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical CampusTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
| | - Neel Vora
- Internal Medicine, B.J. Medical CollegeAhmedabadIndia
| | - Varsha Nandwana
- Department of NeurologyVirginia Tech Carilion School of MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Omniat Amir
- Internal Medicine, Al Manhal AcademyKhartoumSudan
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Prajjwal P, Marsool MDM, Inban P, Sharma B, Asharaf S, Aleti S, Gadam S, Al Sakini AS, Hadi DD. Vascular dementia subtypes, pathophysiology, genetics, neuroimaging, biomarkers, and treatment updates along with its association with Alzheimer's dementia and diabetes mellitus. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101557. [PMID: 37031059 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a chronic progressive cognitive decline illness that results in functional impairment. Vascular dementia (VaD), second only to Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the most prevalent forms of dementia in the elderly (aged over 65 years), with a varied presentation and unpredictable disease development caused by cerebrovascular or cardiovascular illness. To get a better understanding of the changes occurring in the brain and to drive therapy efforts, new biomarkers for early and precise diagnosis of AD and VaD are required. In this review, Firstly, we describe the subtypes of vascular dementia, their clinical features, pathogenesis, genetics implemented, and their associated neuroimaging and biomarkers, while describing extensively the recent biomarkers discovered in the literature. Secondly, we describe some of the well-documented and other less-defined risk factors and their association and pathophysiology in relation to vascular dementia. Finally, we follow recent updates in the management of vascular dementia along with its association and differentiation from Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this review is to gather the scattered updates and the most recent changes in blood, CSF, and neuroimaging biomarkers related to the multiple subtypes of vascular dementia along with its association with Alzheimer's dementia and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pugazhendi Inban
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Omandurar, Chennai, India
| | | | - Shahnaz Asharaf
- Internal Medicine, Travancore Medical College, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Soumya Aleti
- PGY-2, Internal Medicine, Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield, MA, USA
| | - Srikanth Gadam
- Internal Medicine, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | | | - Dalia Dhia Hadi
- University of Baghdad, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
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Marsool MDM, Prajjwal P, Reddy YB, Marsool ADM, Lam JR, Nandwana V. Newer modalities in the management of Alzheimer's dementia along with the role of aducanumab and lecanemab in the treatment of its refractory cases. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101547. [PMID: 36931947 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurological condition characterized by a gradual and progressive decline in memory, language, emotion, and cognition. It mainly affects elderly people. Due to the effects of AD, pharmaceutical medications and anticholinesterases have been vigorously promoted and approved by the FDA as a form of AD therapy. However, it was progressively found that these drugs did not address the underlying causes of AD pathogenesis; rather, they focused on the symptoms in order to enhance patients' cognitive outcomes. Consequently, a hunt for superior disease-modifying options is launched. Designing new therapeutic agents requires a thorough understanding of the neuroprotective processes and varied functions carried out by certain genes, and antibodies. In this comprehensive review article, we give an overview of the history of Alzheimer's disease, the significance of the blood-brain barrier in determining the scope of treatment options, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the current therapeutic treatment options for stem cell therapy, immunotherapy, regenerative therapy, and improved Alzheimer's disease care and diagnosis. We have also included a discussion on the potential role of aducanumab and Lecanemab as a cutting-edge therapy in refractory Alzheimer's disease patients. Lecanemab has been recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Justin Riley Lam
- Internal Medicine, Cebu Institute of Medicine, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Varsha Nandwana
- Neurology, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia, USA
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Prajjwal P, Shashank S, Al-Ezzi SMS, Sharma B, Aubourg O, Kaushish A, Marsool MDM, Nagre A, Asharaf S. Frontotemporal dementia: Addressing the scattered harbingers of genetics and its relationship with glucose metabolism, bipolar disorder, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dis Mon 2023; 69:101545. [PMID: 36925418 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal Dementia, also known by the name Pick's disease, is a rare form of dementia that can run for several generations. The two key characteristics are argyrophilic, spherical intraneuronal inclusions, which most frequently impact the frontal and temporal poles, and localized cortical atrophy (Pick bodies). Although personality decline and memory loss are frequently more severe than the visuospatial and apraxia disorders that are common in Alzheimer's disease, clinical overlap with other non-Alzheimer degenerative disorders is being increasingly recognized. The limbic system, which includes the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala, typically experiences the greatest levels of neuronal loss and degeneration. In the hippocampus's dentate fascia, several Pick bodies are frequently seen. Leukoencephalopathy and inflated cortical neurons are less specific symptoms (Pick cells). In this paper, we review the factors leading to Picks disease along with its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, imaging, treatment, prognosis, and a comprehensive discussion on the same. We have also discussed the relationship of frontotemporal dementia with glucose metabolism, bipolar disorder, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of which are emerging fields of interest and need more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Prajjwal
- Department of Neurology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Singam Shashank
- Department of Neurology, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Bhavya Sharma
- Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Medical College, Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Obed Aubourg
- Doctor of Medicine, University of Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Akshita Kaushish
- MSc Biochemistry, Dolphin Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Abhijit Nagre
- Medical Student, Department of Medicine, Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Shahnaz Asharaf
- Department of Neurology, Travancore Medical College, Kollam, Kerala, India
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