1
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Hao JL, Li XY, Liu YT, Lang JX, Liu DJ, Zhang CD. Antibody-drug conjugates in gastric cancer: from molecular landscape to clinical strategies. Gastric Cancer 2024; 27:887-906. [PMID: 38963593 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-024-01529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a crucial component of targeted therapies in gastric cancer, potentially altering traditional treatment paradigms. Many ADCs have entered rigorous clinical trials based on biological theories and preclinical experiments. Modality trials have also been conducted in combination with monoclonal antibody therapies, chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and other treatments to enhance the efficacy of drug coordination effects. However, ADCs exhibit limitations in treating gastric cancer, including resistance triggered by their structure or other factors. Ongoing intensive researches and preclinical experiments are yielding improvements, while enhancements in drug development processes and concomitant diagnostics during the therapeutic period actively boost ADC efficacy. The optimal treatment strategy for gastric cancer patients is continually evolving. This review summarizes the clinical progress of ADCs in treating gastric cancer, analyzes the mechanisms of ADC combination therapies, discusses resistance patterns, and offers a promising outlook for future applications in ADC drug development and companion diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Hao
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xin-Yun Li
- Clinical Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Ji-Xuan Lang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Di-Jie Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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2
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Tonon G, Rizzolio F, Visentin F, Scattolin T. Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: From Metallodrugs to Nature-Inspired Payloads. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8651. [PMID: 39201338 PMCID: PMC11355040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlights significant advancements in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) equipped with metal-based and nature-inspired payloads, focusing on synthetic strategies for antibody conjugation. Traditional methods such us maleimide and succinimide conjugation and classical condensation reactions are prevalent for metallodrugs and natural compounds. However, emerging non-conventional strategies such as photoconjugation are gaining traction due to their milder conditions and, in an aspect which minimizes side reactions, selective formation of ADC. The review also summarizes the therapeutic and diagnostic properties of these ADCs, highlighting their enhanced selectivity and reduced side effects in cancer treatment compared to non-conjugated payloads. ADCs combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs, offering a targeted approach to the elimination of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. This targeted mechanism has demonstrated impressive clinical efficacy in various malignancies. Key future advancements include improved linker technology for enhanced stability and controlled release of cytotoxic agents, incorporation of novel, more potent, cytotoxic agents, and the identification of new cancer-specific antigens through genomic and proteomic technologies. ADCs are also expected to play a crucial role in combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and small molecule inhibitors, leading to more durable and potentially curative outcomes. Ongoing research and clinical trials are expanding their capabilities, paving the way for more effective, safer, and personalized treatments, positioning ADCs as a cornerstone of modern medicine and offering new hope to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tonon
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; (G.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; (G.T.); (F.R.)
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Fabiano Visentin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca’ Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; (G.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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3
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Badier L, Quelven I. Zirconium 89 and Copper 64 for ImmunoPET: From Antibody Bioconjugation and Radiolabeling to Molecular Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:882. [PMID: 39065579 PMCID: PMC11279968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment. Nevertheless, given the heterogeneity of clinical efficacy, the multiplicity of treatment options available and the possibility of serious adverse effects, selecting the most effective treatment has become the greatest challenge. Molecular imaging offers an attractive way for this purpose. ImmunoPET provides specific imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or its fragments as vector. By combining the high targeting specificity of mAb and the sensitivity of PET technique, immunoPET could noninvasively and dynamically reveal tumor antigens expression and provide theranostic tools of several types of malignancies. Because of their slow kinetics, mAbs require radioelements defined by a consistent half-life. Zirconium 89 (89Zr) and Copper 64 (64Cu) are radiometals with half-lives suitable for mAb labeling. Radiolabeling with a radiometal requires the prior use of a bifunctional chelate agent (BFCA) to functionalize mAb for radiometal chelation, in a second step. There are a number of BFCA available and much research is focused on antibody functionalization techniques or on developing the optimum chelating agent depending the selected radiometal. In this manuscript, we present a critical account of radiochemical techniques with radionuclides 89Zr and 64Cu and their applications in preclinical and clinical immuno-PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Quelven
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM/UPS UMR 1214, University Hospital of Toulouse-Purpan, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France;
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4
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Yin L, Xu A, Zhao Y, Gu J. Bioanalytical Assays for Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Study of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1324-1331. [PMID: 37290939 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are produced by the chemical linkage of cytotoxic agents and monoclonal antibodies. The complexity and heterogeneity of ADCs and the low concentration of cytotoxic agent released in vivo poses big challenges to their bioanalysis. Understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior, exposure-safety, and exposure-efficacy relationships of ADCs is needed for their successful development. Accurate analytical methods are required to evaluate intact ADCs, total antibody, released small molecule cytotoxins, and related metabolites. The selection of appropriate bioanalysis methods for comprehensive analysis of ADCs is mainly dependent on the properties of cytotoxic agents, the chemical linker, and the attachment sites. The quality of the information about the whole pharmacokinetic profile of ADCs has been improved due to the development and improvement of analytical strategies for detection of ADCs, such as ligand-binding assays and mass spectrometry-related techniques. In this article, we will focus on the bioanalytical assays that have been used in the pharmacokinetic study of ADCs and discuss their advantages, current limitations, and potential challenges. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This article describes bioanalysis methods which have been used in pharmacokinetic study of ADCs and discusses the advantages, disadvantages and potential challenges of these assays. This review is useful and helpful and will provide insights and reference for bioanalysis and development of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Aiyun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China (L.Y., A.X., Y.Z., J.G.) and School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, PR China (L.Y.)
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5
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Teicher BA, Morris J. Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targets, Drugs and Linkers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:463-529. [PMID: 35209819 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220224110538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates offer the possibility of directing powerful cytotoxic agents to a malignant tumor while sparing normal tissue. The challenge is to select an antibody target expressed exclusively or at highly elevated levels on the surface of tumor cells and either not all or at low levels on normal cells. The current review explores 78 targets that have been explored as antibody-drug conjugate targets. Some of these targets have been abandoned, 9 or more are the targets of FDA-approved drugs, and most remain active clinical interest. Antibody-drug conjugates require potent cytotoxic drug payloads, several of these small molecules are discussed, as are the linkers between the protein component and small molecule components of the conjugates. Finally, conclusions regarding the elements for the successful antibody-drug conjugate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
| | - Joel Morris
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892,United States
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6
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Tsuboi S, Jin T. In Vitro and In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of Antibody-Drug Conjugate-Induced Tumor Apoptosis Using Annexin V-EGFP Conjugated Quantum Dots. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:2105-2113. [PMID: 35071899 PMCID: PMC8772308 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are conjugates of a monoclonal antibody and a cytotoxic drug that induce tumor apoptosis. The evaluation of ADC-induced tumor apoptosis is crucial for the development of ADCs for cancer therapy. To evaluate the efficacy of ADCs, we present in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging techniques for ADC-induced tumor apoptosis using annexin V-EGFP (EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein) conjugated quantum dots (annexin V-EGFP-QDs). This probe emits visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) dual fluorescence at 515 nm (EGFP emission) and 850 nm (QD emission), which can be used for the detection of tumor apoptosis at the cellular and whole-body levels. By using annexin V-EGFP-QDs, we achieved VIS and NIR fluorescence imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast tumor apoptosis induced by an ADC, Kadcyla (trastuzumab emtansine). The results show that the in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging of ADC-induced tumor apoptosis using annexin V-EGFP-QDs is a useful tool to evaluate the efficacy of ADCs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Tsuboi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics
Research, RIKEN, Furuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Takashi Jin
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics
Research, RIKEN, Furuedai 6-2-3, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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7
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Su Z, Xiao D, Xie F, Liu L, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3889-3907. [PMID: 35024314 PMCID: PMC8727783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are gradually revolutionizing clinical cancer therapy. The antibody–drug conjugate linker molecule determines both the efficacy and the adverse effects, and so has a major influence on the fate of ADCs. An ideal linker should be stable in the circulatory system and release the cytotoxic payload specifically in the tumor. However, existing linkers often release payloads nonspecifically and inevitably lead to off-target toxicity. This defect is becoming an increasingly important factor that restricts the development of ADCs. The pursuit of ADCs with optimal therapeutic windows has resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel linkers. The present review summarizes the advance of the chemical trigger, linker‒antibody attachment and linker‒payload attachment over the last 5 years, and describes the ADMET properties of ADCs. This work also helps clarify future developmental directions for the linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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8
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The Race for Hydroxamate-Based Zirconium-89 Chelators. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174466. [PMID: 34503276 PMCID: PMC8431476 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chelators are small molecules that can form a complex with a metal ion by coordinating electron rich atoms from the chelator to the electron-poor cation. Bifunctionalization of the chelator allows for the coupling of the chelator to a vector, such as a biomolecule. Using this approach, radiolabeling of biomolecules with metallic radionuclides can be performed, enabling nuclear imaging studies for diagnosis and radiotherapy of diseases. In the case of positron emission tomography (PET) of radiolabeled antibodies, this approach is called immunoPET. In this review we focus on chelators using hydroxamate groups to coordinate the radionuclide zirconium-89 ([89Zr]Zr4+, denoted as 89Zr in the following). The most common chelator used in this context is desferrioxamine (DFO). However, preclinical studies indicate that the 89Zr-DFO complex is not stable enough in vivo, in particular when combined with biomolecules with slow pharmacokinetics (e.g., antibodies). Subsequently, new chelators with improved properties have been developed, of which some show promising potential. The progress is summarized in this review. Abstract Metallic radionuclides conjugated to biological vectors via an appropriate chelator are employed in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis (imaging) and radiotherapy of diseases. For the application of radiolabeled antibodies using positron emission tomography (immunoPET), zirconium-89 has gained increasing interest over the last decades as its physical properties (t1/2 = 78.4 h, 22.6% β+ decay) match well with the slow pharmacokinetics of antibodies (tbiol. = days to weeks) allowing for late time point imaging. The most commonly used chelator for 89Zr in this context is desferrioxamine (DFO). However, it has been shown in preclinical studies that the hexadentate DFO ligand does not provide 89Zr-complexes of sufficient stability in vivo and unspecific uptake of the osteophilic radiometal in bones is observed. For clinical applications, this might be of concern not only because of an unnecessary dose to the patient but also an increased background signal. As a consequence, next generation chelators based on hydroxamate scaffolds for more stable coordination of 89Zr have been developed by different research groups. In this review, we describe the progress in this research field until end of 2020, including promising examples of new candidates of chelators currently in advanced stages for clinical translation that outrun the performance of the current gold standard DFO.
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9
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Chomet M, van Dongen GAMS, Vugts DJ. State of the Art in Radiolabeling of Antibodies with Common and Uncommon Radiometals for Preclinical and Clinical Immuno-PET. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1315-1330. [PMID: 33974403 PMCID: PMC8299458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Inert
and stable radiolabeling of monoclonal antibodies (mAb),
antibody fragments, or antibody mimetics with radiometals is a prerequisite
for immuno-PET. While radiolabeling is preferably fast, mild, efficient,
and reproducible, especially when applied for human use in a current
Good Manufacturing Practice compliant way, it is crucial that the
obtained radioimmunoconjugate is stable and shows preserved immunoreactivity
and in vivo behavior. Radiometals and chelators have
extensively been evaluated to come to the most ideal radiometal–chelator
pair for each type of antibody derivative. Although PET imaging of
antibodies is a relatively recent tool, applications with 89Zr, 64Cu, and 68Ga have greatly increased in
recent years, especially in the clinical setting, while other less
common radionuclides such as 52Mn, 86Y, 66Ga, and 44Sc, but also 18F as in [18F]AlF are emerging promising candidates for the radiolabeling
of antibodies. This review presents a state of the art overview of
the practical aspects of radiolabeling of antibodies, ranging from
fast kinetic affibodies and nanobodies to slow kinetic intact mAbs.
Herein, we focus on the most common approach which consists of first
modification of the antibody with a chelator, and after eventual storage
of the premodified molecule, radiolabeling as a second step. Other
approaches are possible but have been excluded from this review. The
review includes recent and representative examples from the literature
highlighting which radiometal–chelator–antibody combinations
are the most successful for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chomet
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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10
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Fang H, Cavaliere A, Li Z, Huang Y, Marquez-Nostra B. Preclinical Advances in Theranostics for the Different Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627693. [PMID: 33986665 PMCID: PMC8111013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. The heterogeneity of breast cancer and drug resistance to therapies make the diagnosis and treatment difficult. Molecular imaging methods with positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) provide useful tools to diagnose, predict, and monitor the response of therapy, contributing to precision medicine for breast cancer patients. Recently, many efforts have been made to find new targets for breast cancer therapy to overcome resistance to standard of care treatments, giving rise to new therapeutic agents to offer more options for patients with breast cancer. The combination of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies forms the foundation of theranostics. Some of these theranostic agents exhibit high potential to be translated to clinic. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in theranostics of the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Fang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Alessandra Cavaliere
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ziqi Li
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bernadette Marquez-Nostra
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Xenaki KT, Dorresteijn B, Muns JA, Adamzek K, Doulkeridou S, Houthoff H, Oliveira S, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP. Homogeneous tumor targeting with a single dose of HER2-targeted albumin-binding domain-fused nanobody-drug conjugates results in long-lasting tumor remission in mice. Theranostics 2021; 11:5525-5538. [PMID: 33859761 PMCID: PMC8039960 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The non-homogenous distribution of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) within solid tumors is a major limiting factor for their wide clinical application. Nanobodies have been shown to rapidly penetrate into xenografts, achieving more homogeneous tumor targeting. However, their rapid renal clearance can hamper their application as nanobody drug conjugates (NDCs). Here, we evaluate whether half-life extension via non-covalent interaction with albumin can benefit the efficacy of a HER2-targeted NDC. Methods: HER2-targeted nanobody 11A4 and the irrelevant nanobody R2 were genetically fused to an albumin-binding domain (ABD) at their C-terminus. Binding to both albumin and tumor cells was determined by ELISA-based assays. The internalization potential as well as the in vitro efficacy of NDCs were tested on HER2 expressing cells. Serum half-life of iodinated R2 and R2-ABD was studied in tumor-free mice. The distribution of fluorescently labelled 11A4 and 11A4-ABD was assessed in vitro in 3D spheroids. Subsequently, the in vivo distribution was evaluated by optical molecular imaging and ex vivo by tissue biodistribution and tumor immunohistochemical analysis after intravenous injection of IRDye800-conjugated nanobodies in mice bearing HER2-positive subcutaneous xenografts. Finally, efficacy studies were performed in HER2-positive NCI-N87 xenograft-bearing mice intravenously injected with a single dose (250 nmol/kg) of nanobodies conjugated to auristatin F (AF) either via a maleimide or the organic Pt(II)‑based linker, coined Lx®. Results: 11A4-ABD was able to bind albumin and HER2 and was internalized by HER2 expressing cells, irrespective of albumin presence. Interaction with albumin did not alter its distribution through 3D spheroids. Fusion to ABD resulted in a 14.8-fold increase in the serum half-life, as illustrated with the irrelevant nanobody. Furthermore, ABD fusion prolonged the accumulation of 11A4-ABD in HER2-expressing xenografts without affecting the expected homogenous intratumoral distribution. Next to that, reduced kidney retention of ABD-fused nanobodies was observed. Finally, a single dose administration of either 11A4-ABD-maleimide-AF or 11A4-ABD-Lx-AF led to long-lasting tumor remission in HER2-positive NCI-N87 xenograft-bearing mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that genetic fusion of a nanobody to ABD can significantly extend serum half-life, resulting in prolonged and homogenous tumor accumulation. Most importantly, as supported by the impressive anti-tumor efficacy observed after a single dose administration of 11A4-ABD-AF, our data reveal that monovalent internalizing ABD-fused nanobodies have potential for the development of highly effective NDCs.
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12
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Merkul E, Muns JA, Sijbrandi NJ, Houthoff H, Nijmeijer B, Rheenen G, Reedijk J, Dongen GAMS. An Efficient Conjugation Approach for Coupling Drugs to Native Antibodies via the Pt
II
Linker
Lx
for Improved Manufacturability of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Merkul
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Joey A. Muns
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Sijbrandi
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik‐Jan Houthoff
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Bart Nijmeijer
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Gerro Rheenen
- Chemistry Department LinXis BV De Boelelaan 1085c Amsterdam 1081 HV The Netherlands
| | - Jan Reedijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University PO Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Guus A. M. S. Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Amsterdam UMC, location VU medical center Amsterdam The Netherlands
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13
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Merkul E, Muns JA, Sijbrandi NJ, Houthoff H, Nijmeijer B, van Rheenen G, Reedijk J, van Dongen GAMS. An Efficient Conjugation Approach for Coupling Drugs to Native Antibodies via the Pt II Linker Lx for Improved Manufacturability of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3008-3015. [PMID: 33185916 PMCID: PMC7986738 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The PtII linker [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+ , coined Lx, has emerged as a novel non-conventional approach to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and has shown its potential in preclinical in vitro and in vivo benchmark studies. A crucial improvement of the Lx conjugation reaction from initially <15 % to ca. 75-90 % conjugation efficiency is described, resulting from a systematic screening of all relevant reaction parameters. NaI, a strikingly simple inorganic salt additive, greatly improves the conjugation efficiency as well as the conjugation selectivity simply by exchanging the leaving chloride ligand on Cl-Lx-drug complexes (which are direct precursors for Lx-ADCs) for iodide, thus generating I-Lx-drug complexes as more reactive species. Using this iodide effect, we developed a general and highly practical conjugation procedure that is scalable: our lead Lx-ADC was produced on a 5 g scale with an outstanding conjugation efficiency of 89 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Merkul
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Joey A. Muns
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Sijbrandi
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Nijmeijer
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Gerro van Rheenen
- Chemistry DepartmentLinXis BVDe Boelelaan 1085cAmsterdam1081HVThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Reedijk
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95022300RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Guus A. M. S. van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam UMC, location VU medical centerAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Cahuzac H, Devel L. Analytical Methods for the Detection and Quantification of ADCs in Biological Matrices. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120462. [PMID: 33327644 PMCID: PMC7765153 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) is a one of the critical steps enabling their successful development and optimization. Their complex structure combining large and small molecule characteristics brought out multiple bioanalytical methods to decipher the behavior and fate of both components in vivo. In this respect, these methods must provide insights into different key elements including half-life and blood stability of the construct, premature release of the drug, whole-body biodistribution, and amount of the drug accumulated within the targeted pathological tissues, all of them being directly related to efficacy and safety of the ADC. In this review, we will focus on the main strategies enabling to quantify and characterize ADCs in biological matrices and discuss their associated technical challenges and current limitations.
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van Dongen GAMS, Beaino W, Windhorst AD, Zwezerijnen GJC, Oprea-Lager DE, Hendrikse NH, van Kuijk C, Boellaard R, Huisman MC, Vugts DJ. The Role of 89Zr-Immuno-PET in Navigating and Derisking the Development of Biopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:438-445. [PMID: 33277395 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.239558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of molecular drivers of disease and the compelling rise of biotherapeutics have impacted clinical care but have also come with challenges. Such therapeutics include peptides, monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments and nontraditional binding scaffolds, activatable antibodies, bispecific antibodies, immunocytokines, antibody-drug conjugates, enzymes, polynucleotides, and therapeutic cells, as well as alternative drug carriers such as nanoparticles. Drug development is expensive, attrition rates are high, and efficacy rates are lower than desired. Almost all these drugs, which in general have a long residence time in the body, can stably be labeled with 89Zr for whole-body PET imaging and quantification. Although not restricted to monoclonal antibodies, this approach is called 89Zr-immuno-PET. This review summarizes the state of the art of the technical aspects of 89Zr-immuno-PET and illustrates why it has potential for steering the design, development, and application of biologic drugs. Appealing showcases are discussed to illustrate what can be learned with this emerging technology during preclinical and especially clinical studies about biologic drug formats and disease targets. In addition, an overview of ongoing and completed clinical trials is provided. Although 89Zr-immuno-PET is a young tool in drug development, its application is rapidly expanding, with first clinical experiences giving insight on why certain drug-target combinations might have better perspectives than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben J C Zwezerijnen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela E Oprea-Lager
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van Kuijk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Shi H, van Steenbergen MJ, Lou B, Liu Y, Hennink WE, Kok RJ. Folate decorated polymeric micelles for targeted delivery of the kinase inhibitor dactolisib to cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119305. [PMID: 32278056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in clinical translation of polymeric micelles is retention of the drug in the nanocarrier system upon its systemic administration. Core crosslinking and coupling of the drug to the micellar backbone are common strategies to overcome these issues. In the present study, polymeric micelles were prepared for tumor cell targeting of the kinase inhibitor dactolisib which inhibits both the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). We employed platinum(II)-based linker chemistry to couple dactolisib to the core of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-b-PAA) polymeric micelles. The formed dactolisib-PEG-PAA unimers are amphiphilic and self-assemble in an aqueous milieu into core-shell polymeric micelles. Folate was conjugated onto the surface of the micelles to yield folate-decorated polymeric micelles which can target folate receptor over-expressing tumor cells. Fluorescently labeled polymeric micelles were prepared using a lissamine-platinum complex linked in a similar manner as dactolisib. Dactolisib polymeric micelles showed good colloidal stability in water and released the coupled drug in buffers containing chloride or glutathione. Folate decorated micelles were avidly internalized by folate-receptor-positive KB cells and displayed targeted cellular cytotoxicity at 50-75 nM IC50. In conclusion, we have prepared a novel type of folate-receptor targeted polymeric micelles in which platinum(II) linker chemistry modulates drug retention and sustained release of the coupled inhibitor dactolisib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Mies J van Steenbergen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Bo Lou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
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Meier-Menches SM, Casini A. Design Strategies and Medicinal Applications of Metal-Peptidic Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1279-1288. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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19
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Del Solar V, Contel M. Metal-based antibody drug conjugates. Potential and challenges in their application as targeted therapies in cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 199:110780. [PMID: 31434020 PMCID: PMC6745269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates have emerged as a very attractive type of targeted therapy in cancer. They combine the antigen-targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the cytotoxic potency of chemotherapeutics. This review focuses on antibody drug conjugates based on metal-containing cytotoxic payloads. We will also describe antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in which a metal-based component (mostly metallic nanoparticles) exerts a relevant function in the ADC (for photodynamic or photothermal therapy, as air-plasma-enhancer or chemo-sensitizer, as carrier of other cytotoxic payloads or as an integral part of the linker structure). Challenges and opportunities to increase the translational potential of these ADCs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Chemistry PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA.
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20
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Merkul E, Sijbrandi NJ, Muns JA, Aydin I, Adamzek K, Houthoff HJ, Nijmeijer B, Van Dongen GAMS. First platinum(II)-based metal-organic linker technology (Lx®) for a plug-and-play development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:783-793. [PMID: 31327255 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1645118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Compared to the antibody and drug components of an ADC, the linker part has been somewhat neglected. However, its importance for the reduction of failures in ADC approvals is increasingly recognized. Next of being a stable glue between drug and antibody, an ideal linker should improve the manufacturability and widen the therapeutic window of ADCs. Areas covered: The biopharmaceutical company LinXis started an ADC development program in which platinum(II) is the key element of the first metal-organic linker. The cationic complex [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+, herein called 'Lx®', is used successfully for conjugation of drugs to antibodies. Expert opinion: Based on lessons learned from ADC development, Lx linker technology fulfills most of the desirable linker characteristics. Lx allows large-scale cost-effective manufacturing of ADCs via a straightforward two-step 'plug-and-play' process. First clinical candidate trastuzumab-Lx-auristatin F shows favorable preclinical safety as well as outstanding in vivo tumor targeting performance and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Merkul
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Sijbrandi
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Joey A Muns
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ibrahim Aydin
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Adamzek
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Nijmeijer
- a Research and Development Department, LinXis BV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Guus A M S Van Dongen
- b Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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21
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Martineau P, Watier H, Pèlegrin A, Turtoi A. Targets for MAbs: innovative approaches for their discovery & validation, LabEx MAbImprove 6 th antibody industrial symposium, June 25-26, 2018, Montpellier, France. MAbs 2019; 11:812-825. [PMID: 31043141 PMCID: PMC6601567 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1612691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment landscape in many disciplines of human medicine. To continue this exciting trend, sustained identification of new, validated and preferably functional targets are needed. However, this is the precise bottleneck in today's development of the next generation of therapeutic mAbs. Failures in translating a target into a successful therapeutic mAb are much more frequent than successes. Labex MAbImprove is a French-led consortium of academic laboratories jointly working on several aspects of the development of next-generation mAbs. The network organizes annual international meetings gathering academia and industry to discuss the different challenges faced in the therapeutic mAbs field. The 2018 symposium (also called AIS2018 and co-organized with MabDesign, the immunotherapy French industrial sector) focused on the discovery and validation of new targets for therapeutic mAbs. Key players from industry and academia outlined a number of exciting contributions, notably dealing with new innovations in the target discovery area, but also lessons learned from failures in the past. This report summarizes the talks presented at the AIS2018. We aim at broad dissemination of the most relevant, unpublished findings presented during the meeting, and hope to inspire all the contributors in this field to take new directions and bring about improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Martineau
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194 , Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Hervé Watier
- b EA7501 GICC, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Andre Pèlegrin
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194 , Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- a IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194 , Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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22
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Abstract
Targeted therapies hold great promise for cancer treatment and may exhibit even greater efficacy when combined with patient selection tools. The clinical impact of identifying likely responders includes reducing the number of unnecessary and ineffective therapies as well as more accurately determining drug effects. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using zirconium-89 radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), also referred to as zirconium-89 (89Zr)-immuno-PET, provides a potential biomarker to measure target expression and verify optimal delivery of targeted agents to tumors. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine the high affinity and specificity of mAbs with the potency of cytotoxic drugs to target tumor-expressing antigen and destroy cancer cells. Thus, 89Zr-immuno-PET of whole-body biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and tumor targeting of antibodies and ADCs to predict toxicity and efficacy could help guide individualized treatment. Here, we review how 89Zr-immuno-PET is being used as a companion diagnostic with the development of ADCs. Furthermore, we discuss how 89Zr-immuno-PET may be utilized in future clinical trials as an adjunct tool with novel ADCs to select cancer patients who have the greatest potential to benefit from treatment and improve ADC dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra S Carmon
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Azhdarinia
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Shi H, Leonhard WN, Sijbrandi NJ, van Steenbergen MJ, Fens MHAM, van de Dikkenberg JB, Toraño JS, Peters DJM, Hennink WE, Kok RJ. Folate-dactolisib conjugates for targeting tubular cells in polycystic kidneys. J Control Release 2018; 293:113-125. [PMID: 30472374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop folic acid (FA) conjugates which can deliver the kinase inhibitor dactolisib to the kidneys via folate receptor-mediated uptake in tubular epithelial cells. Dactolisib is a dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and is considered an attractive agent for treatment of polycystic kidney disease. The ethylenediamine platinum(II) linker, herein called Lx, was employed to couple dactolisib via coordination chemistry to thiol-containing FA-spacer adducts to yield FA-Lx-dactolisib conjugates. The dye lissamine was coupled via similar linker chemistry to folate to yield fluorescent FA-Lx-lissamine conjugates. Three different spacers (PEG5-Cys, PEG27-Cys or an Asp-Arg-Asp-Asp-Cys peptide spacer) were used to compare the influence of hydrophilicity and charged groups in the spacer on interaction with target cells and in vivo organ distribution of the final conjugates. The purity and identity of the final products were confirmed by UPLC and LC-MS analysis, respectively. FA-Lx-dactolisib conjugates were stable in serum and culture medium, while dactolisib was released from the conjugates in the presence of glutathione. All three type of conjugates were internalized efficiently by HK-2 cells and uptake could be blocked by an excess of folic acid in the medium, demonstrating FR mediated uptake. FA-Lx-dactolisib conjugates showed nanomolar inhibition of the PI3K pathway (Akt phosphorylation) and mTOR pathway (S6 phosphorylation) in cultured kidney epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). After intraperitoneal administration, all three types conjugates accumulated extensively in kidneys of iKsp-Pkd1del mice with polycystic kidney disease. In conclusion, folate conjugates were successfully prepared by platinum(II) coordination chemistry and accumulated in a target-specific manner in kidney cells and polycystic kidneys. The folate conjugate of dactolisib thus may have potential for targeted therapy of polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter N Leonhard
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mies J van Steenbergen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A M Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep B van de Dikkenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Jan Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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24
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Buwalda S, Nottelet B, Bethry A, Kok RJ, Sijbrandi N, Coudane J. Reversibly core-crosslinked PEG-P(HPMA) micelles: Platinum coordination chemistry for competitive-ligand-regulated drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 535:505-515. [PMID: 30340170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The presence of pendant thioether groups on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(N(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PEG-P(HPMA)) block copolymers allows for platinum-mediated coordinative micellar core-crosslinking, resulting in enhanced micellar stability and stimulus-responsive drug delivery. EXPERIMENTS A new PEG-P(HPMA) based block copolymer with pendant 4-(methylthio)benzoyl (MTB) groups along the P(HPMA) block was synthesized by free radical polymerization of a novel HPMA-MTB monomer using a PEG based macro-initiator. As crosslinker the metal-organic linker [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+ was used, herein called Lx, which is a coordinative linker molecule that has been used for the conjugation of drug molecules to a number of synthetic or natural carrier systems such as hyperbranched polymers and antibodies. FINDINGS The introduction of Lx in the micellar core results in a smaller size, a lower critical micelle concentration and a better retention of the hydrophobic drug curcumin thanks to coordination bonds between the central platinum atom of Lx and thioether groups on different polymer chains. The drug release from Lx crosslinked micelles is significantly accelerated under conditions mimicking the intracellular environment due to competitive coordination and subsequent micellar de-crosslinking. Because of their straightforward preparation and favorable drug release characteristics, core-crosslinked Lx PEG-P(HPMA) micelles hold promise as a versatile nanomedicine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytze Buwalda
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Audrey Bethry
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Robbert Jan Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Niels Sijbrandi
- LinXis B.V., Boelelaan 1085c, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Coudane
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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25
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De Vijlder T, Fissers J, Van Broeck B, Wyffels L, Mercken M, Pemberton DJ. Mass spectrometric characterization of intact desferal-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for immuno-PET imaging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1643-1650. [PMID: 29943865 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Immuno-PET imaging may prove to be a diagnostic and progression/intervention biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with improved sensitivity and specificity. Immuno-PET imaging is based on the coupling of an antibody with a chelator that captures a radioisotope thus serving as an in-vivo PET ligand. A robust and quality controlled process for linking the chelator to the-antibody is fundamental for the success of this approach. METHODS The structural integrities of two monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab and JRF/AβN/25) and the quantity of desferal-based chelator attached following modification of the antibodies were assessed by online desalting and intact mass analysis. Enzymatic steps for the deglycosylation and removal of C-terminal lysine was performed sequentially and in a single tube to improve intact mass data. RESULTS Intact mass analysis demonstrated that inclusion of enzymatic processing was critical to correctly derive the quantity of chelator linked to the monoclonal antibodies. For trastuzumab, enzymatic cleaving of the glycans was sufficient, whilst additional removal of the C-terminal lysine was necessary for JRF/AβN/25 to ensure reproducible assessment of the relatively low amount of attached chelator. CONCLUSIONS An efficient intact mass analysis-based process was developed to reproducibly determine the integrity of monoclonal antibodies and the quantity of attached chelator. This technique could serve as an essential quality control approach for the development and production of immuno-PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Vijlder
- Pharmaceutical Development & Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jens Fissers
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bianca Van Broeck
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Leonie Wyffels
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Darrel J Pemberton
- Neuroscience Experimental Medicine, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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Muns JA, Montserrat V, Houthoff HJ, Codée-van der Schilden K, Zwaagstra O, Sijbrandi NJ, Merkul E, van Dongen GAMS. In Vivo Characterization of Platinum(II)-Based Linker Technology for the Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Taking Advantage of Dual Labeling with 195mPt and 89Zr. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1146-1151. [PMID: 29496986 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.206672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Linker instability and impaired tumor targeting can affect the tolerability and efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). To improve these ADC characteristics, we recently described the use of a metal-organic linker, [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+, herein called Lx Initial therapy studies in xenograft-bearing mice revealed that trastuzumab-Lx-auristatin F (AF) outperformed its maleimide benchmark trastuzumab-mal-AF and the Food and Drug Administration-approved ado-trastuzumab emtansine, both containing conventional linkers. In this study, we aimed to characterize Lx-based ADCs for in vivo stability and tumor targeting using 195mPt and 89Zr. Methods: The γ-emitter 195mPt was used to produce the radiolabeled Lx [195mPt]Lx89Zr-Desferrioxamine (89Zr-DFO) was conjugated to trastuzumab either via [195mPt]Lx (to histidine residues) or conventionally (to lysine residues) in order to monitor the biodistribution of antibody, payload, and linker separately. Linker stability was determined by evaluating the following ADCs for biodistribution in NCI-N87 xenograft-bearing nude mice 72 h after injection: trastuzumab-[195mPt]Lx-DFO-89Zr, trastuzumab-[195mPt]Lx-AF, and 89Zr-DFO-(Lys)trastuzumab (control), all having drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) of 2.2-2.5. To assess the influence of DAR on biodistribution, 89Zr-DFO-(Lys)trastuzumab-Lx-AF with an AF-to-antibody ratio of 0, 2.6, or 5.2 was evaluated 96 h after injection. Results: Similar biodistributions were observed for trastuzumab-[195mPt]Lx-DFO-89Zr, trastuzumab-[195mPt]Lx-AF, and 89Zr-DFO-(Lys)trastuzumab irrespective of the isotope used for biodistribution assessment. The fact that Lx follows the antibody biodistribution indicates that the payload-Lx bond is stable in vivo. Uptake of the 3 conjugates, as percentage injected dose (%ID) per gram of tissue, was about 30 %ID/g in tumor tissue but less than 10 %ID/g in most healthy tissues. Trastuzumab-[195mPt]Lx-AF (DAR 2.2) showed a tendency toward faster blood clearance and an elevated liver uptake, which increased significantly to 28.1 ± 4.2 %ID/g at a higher DAR of 5.2, as revealed from the biodistribution and PET imaging studies. Conclusion: As shown by 195mPt/89Zr labeling, ADCs containing the Lx linker are stable in vivo. In the case of trastuzumab-Lx-AF (DARs 2.2 and 2.6), an unimpaired biodistribution was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oene Zwaagstra
- Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group (NRG), Petten, The Netherlands; and
| | | | | | - Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Villela-Ma LM, Velez-Ayal AK, Lopez-Sanc RDC, Martinez-C JA, Hernandez- JA. Advantages of Drug Selective Distribution in Cancer Treatment: Brentuximab Vedotin. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.785.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Heskamp S, Raavé R, Boerman O, Rijpkema M, Goncalves V, Denat F. 89Zr-Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography in Oncology: State-of-the-Art 89Zr Radiochemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2211-2223. [PMID: 28767228 PMCID: PMC5609224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Immuno-positron
emission tomography (immunoPET) with 89Zr-labeled antibodies
has shown great potential in cancer imaging.
It can provide important information about the pharmacokinetics and
tumor-targeting properties of monoclonal antibodies and may help in
anticipating on toxicity. Furthermore, it allows accurate dose planning
for individualized radioimmunotherapy and may aid in patient selection
and early-response monitoring for targeted therapies. The most commonly
used chelator for 89Zr is desferrioxamine (DFO). Preclinical
studies have shown that DFO is not an ideal chelator because the 89Zr–DFO complex is partly unstable in vivo, which results
in the release of 89Zr from the chelator and the subsequent
accumulation of 89Zr in bone. This bone accumulation interferes
with accurate interpretation and quantification of bone uptake on
PET images. Therefore, there is a need for novel chelators that allow
more stable complexation of 89Zr. In this Review, we will
describe the most recent developments in 89Zr radiochemistry,
including novel chelators and site-specific conjugation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Raavé
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Goncalves
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté , F-21000 Dijon, France
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