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Siegrist KJ, Romo D, Upham BL, Armstrong M, Quinn K, Vanderlinden L, Osgood RS, Velmurugan K, Elie M, Manke J, Reinhold D, Reisdorph N, Saba L, Bauer AK. Early Mechanistic Events Induced by Low Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells: A Role for Eicosanoid Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:180-193. [PMID: 30690640 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LMW PAHs; < 206.3 g/mol) are under regulated environmental contaminants (eg, secondhand smoke) that lead to gap junction dysregulation, p38 MAPK activation, and increased mRNA production of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and cyclooxygenase (COX2), in lung epithelial cells. However, the early mechanisms involving lipid signaling through the arachidonic acid pathway and subsequent eicosanoid production leading to these downstream events are not known. Common human exposures are to mixtures of LMW PAHs, thus C10 cells (a mouse lung epithelial cell line) were exposed to a representative binary PAH mixture, 1-methylanthracene (1-MeA) and fluoranthene (Flthn), for 30 min-24 h with and without p38 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitors. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibition reversed PAH-induced phospho-p38 MAPK activation and gap junction dysregulation at 30 min. A significant biphasic increase in cPLA2 protein was observed at 30 min, 2, and 4 h, as well as COX2 protein at 2 and 8 h. Untargeted metabolomics demonstrated a similar trend with significantly changing metabolites at 30 min and 4 h of exposure relative to 1 h; a "cPLA2-like" subset of metabolites within the biphasic response were predominately phospholipids. Targeted metabolomics showed several eicosanoids (eg, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), PGE2α) were significantly increased at 4, 8, and 12 h following exposure to the binary PAH mixture and this effect was p38-dependent. Finally, PAH metabolism was not observed until after 8 h. These results indicate an early lipid signaling mechanism of LMW PAH toxicity in lung epithelial cells due to parent PAH compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Siegrist
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - DeeDee Romo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brad L Upham
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ross S Osgood
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marc Elie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Manke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Rodriguez GC, Kauderer J, Hunn J, Thaete LG, Watkin WG, Russell S, Yozwiak M, Basil J, Hurteau J, Lele S, Modesitt SC, Zivanovic O, Zhang HH, Bartels PH, Alberts DS. Phase II Trial of Chemopreventive Effects of Levonorgestrel on Ovarian and Fallopian Tube Epithelium in Women at High Risk for Ovarian Cancer: An NRG Oncology Group/GOG Study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:401-412. [PMID: 31015198 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of epidemiologic evidence has shown that use of progestin-containing preparations lowers ovarian cancer risk. The purpose of the current study was to gather further preclinical evidence supporting progestins as cancer chemopreventives by demonstrating progestin-activation of surrogate endpoint biomarkers pertinent to cancer prevention in the genital tract of women at increased risk of ovarian cancer. There were 64 women enrolled in a multi-institutional randomized trial who chose to undergo risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) and to receive the progestin levonorgestrel or placebo for 4 to 6 weeks prior to undergoing BSO. The ovarian and fallopian tube epithelia (FTE) were compared immunohistochemically for effects of levonorgestrel on apoptosis (primary endpoint). Secondary endpoints included TGFβ isoform expression, proliferation, and karyometric features of nuclear abnormality. In both the ovary and fallopian tube, levonorgestrel did not confer significant changes in apoptosis or expression of the TGFβ1, 2, or 3 isoforms. In the ovarian epithelium, treatment with levonorgestrel significantly decreased the proliferation index. The mean ovarian Ki-67 value in the placebo arm was 2.027 per 100 cells versus 0.775 per 100 cells in the levonorgestrel arm (two-sided P value via Mann-Whitney U test = 0.0114). The karyometric signature of nuclei in both the ovarian and FTE deviated significantly from normal controls (women at average risk of ovarian cancer), but was significantly less abnormal in women treated with levonorgestrel. These karyometric data further support the idea that progestins may clear genetically abnormal cells and act as chemopreventive agents against ovarian and fallopian tube cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C Rodriguez
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James Kauderer
- NRG Oncology, Clinical trial Development Division, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, New York
| | - Jessica Hunn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Larry G Thaete
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William G Watkin
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Samantha Russell
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Michael Yozwiak
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Jean Hurteau
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shashikant Lele
- Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Susan C Modesitt
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Oliver Zivanovic
- Gynecologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hao Helen Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Department of Mathematics, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Peter H Bartels
- Department of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Optical Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David S Alberts
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Phoenix, Arizona
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Baucom R, Wells K. Cancer prevention in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: Chemoprevention and lifestyle changes. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Benelli R, Venè R, Ferrari N. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclooxygenase-2), a complex target for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy. Transl Res 2018; 196:42-61. [PMID: 29421522 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A plentiful literature has linked colorectal cancer (CRC) to inflammation and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS)2 expression. Accordingly, several nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been tested often successfully in CRC chemoprevention despite their different ability to specifically target PTGS2 and the low or null expression of PTGS2 in early colon adenomas. Some observational studies showed an increased survival for patients with CRC assuming NSAIDs after diagnosis, but no clinical trial has yet demonstrated the efficacy of NSAIDs against established CRC, where PTGS2 is expressed at high levels. The major limits for the application of NSAIDs, or specific PTGS2 inhibitors, as adjuvant drugs in CRC are (1) a frequent confusion about the physiological role of PTGS1 and PTGS2, reflecting in CRC pathology and therapy; (2) the presence of unavoidable side effects linked to the intrinsic function of these enzymes; (3) the need of established criteria and markers for patient selection; and (4) the evaluation of the immunomodulatory potential of PTGS2 inhibitors as possible adjuvants for immunotherapy. This review has been written to rediscover the multifaceted potential of PTGS2 targeting, hoping it could act as a starting point for a new and more aware application of NSAIDs against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Benelli
- OU Immunology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy.
| | - Roberta Venè
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico per l'oncologia), Genoa, Italy
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Tougeron D, Sha D, Manthravadi S, Sinicrope FA. Aspirin and colorectal cancer: back to the future. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:1087-94. [PMID: 24327271 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abundant epidemiologic evidence indicates that regular and long-term use of aspirin is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of colorectal cancer. The long duration of aspirin needed to prevent colorectal cancer is believed to be due to inhibition of precursor lesions known as adenomas, the recurrence of which is inhibited by aspirin in randomized trials. Aspirin intake has also been associated with a statistically significant improvement in patient survival after curative resection of colorectal cancer in large observational studies. In these cohorts, the survival benefit of aspirin was shown to depend upon the level of COX-2 expression in the primary colorectal cancer. More recent analysis of patient tumors from these observational cohorts suggests that the benefit of aspirin may be limited to specific molecular subtypes. Aspirin intake following colorectal cancer resection was associated with a significant improvement of survival in patients whose tumors carried mutant, but not wild-type, copies of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3KCA) gene, especially tumors that overexpressed COX-2. A mechanistic explanation is suggested by the finding that inhibition of COX-mediated prostaglandin E2 synthesis by aspirin attenuates PI3K signaling activity that is known to regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Aspirin has also been shown to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancers bearing wild-type, but not mutant alleles of the BRAF(V600E) oncogene. Although provocative, the potential utility of these molecular markers for predicting aspirin efficacy awaits prospective evaluation in clinical trials. If validated, these findings may support a personalized approach to using aspirin for the therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tougeron
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine and Oncology, and Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoekstra
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Suite 1507, Walgreen Building, Evanston Hospital, 2650 Ridge Ave., Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Schroeder CP, Kadara H, Lotan D, Woo JK, Lee HY, Hong WK, Lotan R. Involvement of mitochondrial and Akt signaling pathways in augmented apoptosis induced by a combination of low doses of celecoxib and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide in premalignant human bronchial epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2007; 66:9762-70. [PMID: 17018636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib is being evaluated as a chemopreventive agent. However, its mechanism of action is not clear because high doses were used for in vitro studies to obtain antitumor effects. We found that celecoxib inhibited the growth of premalignant and malignant human bronchial epithelial cells with IC(50) values between 8.9 and 32.7 micromol/L, irrespective of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were less sensitive to celecoxib. Because these concentrations were higher than those attainable in vivo (<or=5.6 micromol/L), we surmised that combining celecoxib with the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) might improve its efficacy. Treatment of premalignant lung cell lines with combinations of clinically relevant concentrations of celecoxib (<or=5 micromol/L) and 4HPR (<or=0.25 micromol/L) resulted in greater growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, and suppression of colony formation than did either agent alone. This combination also decreased the levels of Bcl-2, induced the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and induced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase at concentrations at which each agent alone showed no or minimal effects. Furthermore, combinations of celecoxib and 4HPR suppressed the phosphorylation levels of serine/threonine kinase Akt and its substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3beta more effectively than the single agents did. Accordingly, overexpression of constitutively active Akt protected bronchial epithelial cells from undergoing apoptosis after incubation with both celecoxib and 4HPR. These findings indicate that activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and suppression of the Akt survival pathway mediate the augmented apoptosis and suggest that this combination may be useful for lung cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Schroeder
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mao JT, Fishbein MC, Adams B, Roth MD, Goodglick L, Hong L, Burdick M, Strieter ERM, Holmes C, Tashkin DP, Dubinett SM. Celecoxib decreases Ki-67 proliferative index in active smokers. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:314-20. [PMID: 16397057 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the feasibility of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition for lung cancer chemoprevention. We hypothesized that treatment with oral Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, would favorably alter the biomarkers of lung cancer risk as measured by the Ki-67 proliferative labeling index (Ki-67 LI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty active heavy smokers were enrolled into a pilot study and treated with Celecoxib for 6 months. Bronchoscopies with bronchial biopsies were done before and after 6 months of Celecoxib treatment. H&E stain for histologic grading and immunohistochemical examination for Ki-67 LI, COX-2, and survivin were carried out on serially matched biopsy samples to determine responses to treatment. RESULTS Treatment with Celecoxib significantly reduced Ki-67 LI in smokers by 35% (P = 0.016), and increased the expression of nuclear survivin by 23% (P = 0.036) without significantly changing that of cytoplasmic survivin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that oral Celecoxib may be capable of modulating the proliferation indices and apoptotic balance in bronchial tissue of active smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny T Mao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA.
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