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Shen N, Ba Q, Lu Y. Causal Relationships between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Colon Polyps: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:2033. [PMID: 38999781 PMCID: PMC11243184 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown that fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), influence colorectal carcinogenesis. Colon polyps, particularly those identified as precancerous, are a frequently encountered phenomenon associated with PUFAs. However, the results are inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PUFAs on colon polyps in individuals of European ancestry. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms correlating with PUFAs and colon polyps were derived from extensive genome-wide association studies, encompassing a discovery cohort of 135,006 samples and a corresponding validation set with 114,999 samples. Causality was assessed by employing a range of techniques, such as inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger, and simple and weighted modes. The analysis was complemented with sensitivity checks using leave-one-out and heterogeneity evaluation through MR-IVW and Cochran's Q. RESULTS A thorough analysis was performed to examine the causal effects of PUFAs on the development of colon polyps. The findings indicated that levels of Omega-3 fatty acids (OR = 1.0014, 95% CI 1.0004-1.0024, p = 0.004), the ratio of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/total fatty acids (FAs) (DHA/totalFA; OR = 1.0015, 95% CI 1.0002-1.0028, p = 0.023), and the ratio of Omega-3/totalFA (Omega-3/totalFA; OR = 1.0013, 95% CI 1.0003-1.0022, p = 0.010) were identified as biomarkers associated with an increased risk of colon polyps. Conversely, the ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 (OR = 0.9986, 95% CI 0.9976-0.9995, p = 0.003) and the ratio of Linoleic acid (LA)/totalFA (LA/totalFA; OR = 0.9981, 95% CI 0.9962-0.9999, p = 0.044) were negatively associated with susceptibility to colon polyps. The MR-Egger and MR-IVW analysis revealed that pleiotropy and heterogeneity did not significantly impact the outcomes. CONCLUSION This study has uncovered a possible adverse effect of PUFAs, notably Omega-3, on the formation of colon polyps. Elevated Omega-3 levels were correlated with a heightened risk of colon polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanjun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (N.S.); (Q.B.)
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Shekari S, Fathi S, Roumi Z, Akbari ME, Tajadod S, Afsharfar M, Hasanpour Ardekanizadeh N, Bourbour F, Keshavarz SA, Sotoudeh M, Gholamalizadeh M, Nemat Gorgani S, Shafaei Kachaei H, Alizadeh A, Doaei S. Association between dietary intake of fatty acids and colorectal cancer, a case-control study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:856408. [PMID: 36263307 PMCID: PMC9576465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.856408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association of dietary fat and colorectal cancer (CRC) was frequently reported. However, few studies assessed the effects of different types of dietary fats on CRC. This study aimed to investigate the association between intakes of different types of dietary fatty acids with colorectal cancer risk. Methods This case-control study was conducted on 480 participants including 160 CRC cases and 320 healthy controls in Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The intake of dietary fatty acids of the participants was assessed using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results The mean intake of cholesterol (273.07 ± 53.63 vs. 254.17 ± 61.12, P = 0.001), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (16.54 ± 4.20 vs. 15.41 ± 4.44, P = 0.012), and calorie (2,568.76 ± 404.48 vs. 2,493.38 ± 176.03, P = 0.006) was higher and the mean intake of oleic acid (5.59 ± 3.17 vs. 8.21 ± 5.46) and linoleic acid (6.03 ± 3.44 vs. 7.02 ± 4.08, P = 0.01) was lower in the case group compared to the control group. An inverse association was found between colorectal cancer (CRC) and dietary intake of oleic acid (OR: 0.85, CI 95% 0.80–0.90, P = 0.001), linoleic acid (OR: 0.85, CI 95% 0.78–0.93, P = 0.001), and α-linolenic acid (OR: 0.75, CI 95% 0.57–0.98, P = 0.04). The association remained significant after adjusting for age and sex, sleep, smoking, and alcohol consumption, and BMI. Conclusions The results of this study support a protective effect of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid against CRC. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Shekari
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroor Fathi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Roumi
- Department of Nutrition, Electronic Health and Statistics Surveillance Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Tajadod
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Afsharfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Naeemeh Hasanpour Ardekanizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bourbour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sotoudeh
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Nemat Gorgani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atiyeh Alizadeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Saeid Doaei
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3
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Wang L, Hang D, He X, Lo CH, Wu K, Chan AT, Ogino S, Giovannucci EL, Song M. A prospective study of erythrocyte polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal serrated polyps and conventional adenomas. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:57-66. [PMID: 32638350 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on risk of colorectal cancer precursors remains largely unknown. We examined the associations of erythrocyte PUFAs, including n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, with risk of colorectal conventional adenomas and serrated polyps in 4517 participants from three US prospective cohorts who had provided a blood sample and undergone at least one endoscopic examination. We calculated the multivariable odds ratios (ORs) per 1 SD increment in individual PUFAs and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs. We considered P < .005 statistically significant to account for multiple testing. During a median of 20 years of follow-up, we documented 493 conventional adenomas and 316 serrated polyps. After adjusting for various CRC risk factors, no associations for PUFAs achieved the stringent statistical significance for either conventional adenomas or serrated polyps (ORs per 1 SD ranged from 0.90 to 1.14). Some associations achieved nominal significance (P < .05), including the association of dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) (20:3, n-6) with lower risk of conventional adenomas (OR = 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-1.00), total n-6 PUFAs with higher risk of proximal serrated polyps (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.01-1.74) and eicosadienoic acid (20:2, n-6) and DGLA with lower risk of advanced adenomas (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.71-0.97 and OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.72-0.98, respectively). Our findings indicate that erythrocyte PUFAs in a typical American diet are unlikely to have a substantial influence on risk of colorectal cancer precursors. The subgroup associations require further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Center of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong Hang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng He
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Six Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Han Lo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Song M, Lee IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Dushkes R, Gordon D, Walter J, Wu K, Chan AT, Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL. Effect of Supplementation With Marine ω-3 Fatty Acid on Risk of Colorectal Adenomas and Serrated Polyps in the US General Population: A Prespecified Ancillary Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2020; 6:108-115. [PMID: 31750855 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Importance Marine ω-3 fatty acid has been suggested to protect against colorectal cancer. Objective To assess the effect of daily marine ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on the risk of colorectal cancer precursors, including conventional adenomas and serrated polyps. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a prespecified ancillary study of the placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial VITAL (Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial). An intention-to-treat analysis was used to examine the effect of daily marine ω-3 supplements among 25 871 adults in the US general population (including 5106 African American persons) free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at enrollment. Randomization was from November 2011 to March 2014, and intervention ended as planned on December 31, 2017. Interventions Marine ω-3 fatty acid, 1 g daily (which included eicosapentaenoic acid, 460 mg, and docosahexaenoic acid, 380 mg) and vitamin D3 (2000 IU daily) supplements. Main Outcomes and Measures Risk of conventional adenomas (including tubular adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma, villous adenoma, and adenoma with high-grade dysplasia) or serrated polyps (including hyperplastic polyp, traditional serrated adenoma, and sessile serrated polyp). In a subset of participants who reported receiving a diagnosis of polyp on follow-up questionnaires, endoscopic and pathologic records were obtained to confirm the diagnosis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated using logistic regression, after adjusting for age, sex, vitamin D treatment assignment, and use of endoscopy. Secondary analyses were performed according to polyp features and participants' characteristics. Results The demographic characteristics of participants at randomization were well balanced between the treatment and placebo groups; for example, 50.6% vs 50.5% were women, and 19.7% vs 19.8% were African American persons were included in each group. The mean (SD) age was 67.1 (7.1) years in the placebo group and 67.2 (7.1) in the ω-3 treatment group. During a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range, 3.8-6.1 years), 294 cases of conventional adenomas were documented in the ω-3 group and 301 in the control group (multivariable OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.83-1.15) (1:1 ratio between number of cases and number of participants). In addition, 174 cases of serrated polyps were documented in the ω-3 group and 167 in the control group (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.84-1.29). Null associations were found for polyp subgroups according to size, location, multiplicity, or histology. In secondary analyses, marine ω-3 treatment appeared to be associated with lower risk of conventional adenomas among individuals with low plasma levels of ω-3 index at baseline (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57-1.02; P = .03 for interaction by ω-3 index). A beneficial association of supplementation was also noted in the African American population (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.35-1.00) but not in other racial/ethnic groups (P = .11 for interaction). Conclusions and Relevance Supplementation with marine ω-3 fatty acids, 1 g per day, was not associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer precursors. A potential benefit of this supplementation for individuals with low baseline ω-3 levels or for African American persons requires further confirmation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01169259.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rimma Dushkes
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Gordon
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Walter
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge.,Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Song M, Higuchi L, Lochhead P, Richter JM, Chan AT. Genetic Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Metabolism Modify the Association Between Dietary n3: n6 Intake and Risk of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1898-1904. [PMID: 28991856 PMCID: PMC5675119 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High intake of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, results have been heterogeneous suggesting that genetic variations in PUFA metabolism may modify this risk. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within 2 prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. Among women providing blood (n = 62,437) or buccal cells (n = 59,543) for genotyping, we confirmed new diagnoses of CD or UC. Dietary intake was assessed 4 years before diagnosis. Confirmed cases were matched 1:2 to controls. Subjects were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms at CYP4F3, FADS1, and FADS2 loci. Conditional logistic regression models examined the interaction between genotype, n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of CD and UC. RESULTS Our study included 101 CD and 139 UC patients matched to 495 controls. On multivariable analysis, high intake of n3:n6 PUFA (above median) demonstrated a trend toward reduced risk of UC (Odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.09, P = 0.11). High n3:n6 PUFA intake was associated with a reduced risk of UC in individuals with the GG/AG genotype at a single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP4F3 (OR 0.57, 95% CI, 0.32-0.99) but not those with the AA genotype (OR 0.95, 95% CI, 0.47-1.93) (P-interaction = 0.049). No gene-diet interactions were noted for CD. CONCLUSIONS The association between dietary n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of UC may be modified variants at CYP4F3. Further gene-environment studies of the association between diet and IBD risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hamed Khalili
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James M Richter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Rifkin SB, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Ness RM, Swift LL, Zheng W, Murff HJ. PUFA levels in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids are differentially associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1615-1622. [PMID: 28660850 PMCID: PMC5891121 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of PUFA has been associated with colorectal neoplasm risk; however, results from observational studies have been inconsistent. Most prior studies have utilised self-reported dietary measures to assess fatty acid exposure which might be more susceptible to measurement error and biases compared with biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA percentages are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. We included data from 904 adenoma cases and 835 polyp-free controls who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using GC. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted OR for risk of colorectal adenomas with erythrocyte membrane PUFA. Higher erythrocyte membrane percentages of arachidonic acid was associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas (adjusted OR 1·66; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·62, P trend=0·02) comparing the highest tertile to the lowest tertile. The effect size for arachidonic acid was more pronounced when restricting the analysis to advanced adenomas only. Higher erythrocyte membrane EPA percentages were associated with a trend towards a reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenomas (P trend=0·05). Erythrocyte membrane arachidonic acid percentages are associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara B Rifkin
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,1800 Orleans Street,Baltimore, MD 21287,USA
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Walter E Smalley
- 4Department of Health Policy,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 1200, Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Reid M Ness
- 5Division of Gastroenterology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Drive,Nashville, TN 37232,USA
| | - Larry L Swift
- 6Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,1211 Medical Center Drive,Nashville, TN 37232,USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- 2Division of Epidemiology,Vanderbilt University Medical Center,2525 West End Avenue,Suite 800,Nashville, TN 37203,USA
| | - Harvey J Murff
- 3Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC),Department of Veterans Affairs,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System,1310 24th Avenue S,Nashville, TN 37212,USA
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Djuric Z, Aslam MN, Simon BR, Sen A, Jiang Y, Ren J, Chan R, Soni T, Rajendiran TM, Smith WL, Brenner DE. Effects of fish oil supplementation on prostaglandins in normal and tumor colon tissue: modulation by the lipogenic phenotype of colon tumors. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:90-99. [PMID: 28486173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fish oils have potential for prevention of colon cancer, and yet the mechanisms of action in normal and tumor colon tissues are not well defined. Here we evaluated the impact of the colonic fatty acid milieu on the formation of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Distal tumors in rats were chemically induced to model inflammatory colonic carcinogenesis. After 21 weeks of feeding with either a fish oil diet containing an eicosapentaenoic acid/ω-6 fatty acid ratio of 0.4 or a Western fat diet, the relationships between colon fatty acids and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were evaluated. PGE2 is a key proinflammatory mediator in the colon tightly linked with the initiation and progression of colon cancer. The fish oil vs. the Western fat diet resulted in reduced total fatty acid concentrations in serum but not in colon. In the colon, the effects of the fish oil on fatty acids differed in normal and tumor tissue. There were distinct lipodomic patterns consistent with a lipogenic phenotype in tumors. In tumor tissue, the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the mole percent of saturated fatty acids were significant predictors of inter-animal variability in colon PGE2 after accounting for diet. In normal tissues from either control rats or carcinogen-treated rats, only diet was a significant predictor of colon PGE2. These results show that the fatty acid milieu can modulate the efficacy of dietary fish oils for colon cancer prevention, and this could extend to other preventive agents that function by reducing inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Becky R Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rena Chan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tanu Soni
- Department of Michigan Metabolomics Resource Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T M Rajendiran
- Department of Michigan Metabolomics Resource Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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9
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Hodge AM, Williamson EJ, Bassett JK, MacInnis RJ, Giles GG, English DR. Dietary and biomarker estimates of fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1224-34. [PMID: 25683336 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The associations between intake of or circulating fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) are unclear. We examined prospectively the associations between dietary or biomarker fatty acids and CRC. For 41,514 men and women, aged 40-69 years, baseline (1990-94) dietary intakes of fatty acids were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire and plasma phospholipid (PPL) fatty acids were measured for 4,205 participants including 395 CRC cases, according to a case-cohort design. Hazard ratios were computed using Cox regression adjusting for education, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity and total energy intake; and stratified for gender, ethnicity and family history of cancer, with age as the time scale. We assessed the heterogeneity of associations with colon and rectal cancers. PPL saturated fatty acids (SFAs) were positively associated with CRC risk, while total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and long chain marine n-3 PUFAs showed inverse associations, significant only for 22:5 n-3. No significant associations were observed for dietary fatty acid intakes but positive associations with CRC of borderline significance were seen for both dietary and PPL linoleic acid. Positive associations with dietary palmitic acid (16:0), MUFAs and n-6 PUFAs were seen for rectal but not colon cancers. PPL 22:6 n-3 was inversely associated with rectal cancer. Limiting intakes of SFAs and MUFAs could be assisted by following existing guidelines to limit red and processed meats which are important sources in the Australian diet. Our observations regarding linoleic acid should be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Hodge
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Williamson
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, London, NW1 2DA, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Julie K Bassett
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 26:133-41. [PMID: 25416450 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing body of laboratory evidence supports the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC, however, have been inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relation by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed database and by carefully reviewing bibliographies of retrieved publications. Summary relative risks (RRs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were computed with a random-effects model. Subgroup, meta-regression, and dose-response analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 14 prospective studies involving 8,775 cancer cases were included in the final analysis. Overall, total n-3 or marine PUFAs intake was not associated with risk of CRC (RR 0.99 and 1.00). However, there was a trend toward reduced risk of proximal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.66-1.05; marine PUFAs: RR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.59-1.10) and a significant increased risk of distal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.06-1.50; marine PUFAs: RR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.11-1.71). Furthermore, marine PUFAs intake accessed longer before diagnosis was associated 21 % reduced risk of CRC (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.63-1.00). CONCLUSION Overall, this meta-analysis finds no relation between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC. The observed subsite heterogeneity within colon cancer and the possible effect modification by latency time merit further studies.
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Song M, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Hu FB, Mozaffarian D, Ma J, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL, Wu K. Dietary intake of fish, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: A prospective study in U.S. men and women. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2413-23. [PMID: 24706410 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The association between fish, ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains inconclusive. Recent prospective studies suggest that the relationship may vary by gender, subsite and duration of follow-up. We followed 123,529 US adults (76,386 women and 47,143 men) without a history of cancer at baseline for 24 to 26 years. Fish and PUFA intake was assessed at baseline and updated every 4 years by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We found no overall association between fish, ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA intake and CRC risk with hazard ratio (HR) of 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89-1.20] comparing marine ω-3 intake of ≥ 0.30 g/d versus <0.15 g/d among women and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.85-1.30) comparing intake of ≥ 0.41 g/d versus <0.16 g/d among men. However, fish and marine ω-3 PUFA intake appeared to be positively associated with risk of distal colon cancer in both men and women and inversely with risk of rectal cancer in men. In an analysis based on a limited number of cases, marine ω-3 PUFA intake assessed 12-16 years before diagnosis tended to be inversely associated with CRC risk in men (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.52-1.10). In conclusion, although no overall association between fish, ω-3 or ω-6 PUFA intake was observed with CRC risk, marine ω-3 PUFA may be differentially associated with risk of distal colon and rectal cancers and a long latency may be needed for its protection against CRC in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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12
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Biotechnological applications of halophilic lipases and thioesterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1011-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pericleous M, Mandair D, Caplin ME. Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 4:409-23. [PMID: 24294513 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among men and women. It has been proposed that dietary factors are responsible for 70-90% of colorectal cancer and diet optimization may prevent most cases. AIM To evaluate the role of dietary components and supplements in colorectal cancer. METHODS Bibliographical searches were performed in Pubmed for the terms "diet and colorectal cancer", "diet and colon cancer", "diet and rectal cancer", "nutrition and colorectal cancer", "probiotics and colorectal cancer", "prebiotics and colorectal cancer", "alcohol and cancer" and "colorectal cancer epidemiology". RESULTS Consumption of processed or red meat, especially when cooked at high temperatures may be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. The evidence for dietary fibre is unclear but foods that contain high amounts of fibre are usually rich in polyphenols which have been shown to alter molecular processes that can encourage colorectal carcinogenesis. Meta-analyses provide evidence on the benefits of circulating, diet-derived and supplemented, vitamin D and Calcium. We also found that diets rich in Folate may prevent colorectal carcinoma. The evidence on dietary micronutrients such as Zinc and Selenium in association with colorectal cancer is not conclusive. It has been suggested that there may be a direct association between alcohol intake and colorectal cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted a possible protective role of prebiotics and probiotics. CONCLUSIONS The lack of randomized trials and the presence of confounding factors including smoking, physical activity, obesity and diabetes may often yield inconclusive results. Carefully designed randomized trials are recommended.
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Cottet V, Collin M, Gross AS, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Chajès V. Erythrocyte Membrane Phospholipid Fatty Acid Concentrations and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas: A Case–Control Nested in the French E3N-EPIC Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1417-27. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lenihan-Geels G, Bishop KS, Ferguson LR. Alternative sources of omega-3 fats: can we find a sustainable substitute for fish? Nutrients 2013; 5:1301-15. [PMID: 23598439 PMCID: PMC3705349 DOI: 10.3390/nu5041301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing demand for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) containing fish oils is putting pressure on fish species and numbers. Fisheries provide fish for human consumption, supplement production and fish feeds and are currently supplying fish at a maximum historical rate, suggesting mass-scale fishing is no longer sustainable. However, the health properties of EPA and DHA long-chain (LC) omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) demonstrate the necessity for these oils in our diets. EPA and DHA from fish oils show favourable effects in inflammatory bowel disease, some cancers and cardiovascular complications. The high prevalence of these diseases worldwide indicates the requirement for alternative sources of LC-PUFA. Strategies have included plant-based fish diets, although this may compromise the health benefits associated with fish oils. Alternatively, stearidonic acid, the product of α-linolenic acid desaturation, may act as an EPA-enhancing fatty acid. Additionally, algae oils may be a promising omega-3 PUFA source for the future. Algae are beneficial for multiple industries, offering a source of biodiesel and livestock feeds. However, further research is required to develop efficient and sustainable LC-PUFA production from algae. This paper summarises the recent research for developing prospective substitutes for omega-3 PUFA and the current limitations that are faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Lenihan-Geels
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +64-9-9234471; Fax: +64-9-3035962
| | - Karen S. Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
| | - Lynnette R. Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Center, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Nutrigenomics New Zealand, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Murff HJ, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Dai Q, Milne GL, Ness RM, Zheng W. Dietary intake of PUFAs and colorectal polyp risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:703-12. [PMID: 22277551 PMCID: PMC3278245 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.024000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine-derived n-3 (omega-3) PUFAs may reduce risk of developing colorectal cancer; however, few studies have investigated the association of n-3 PUFA intakes on colorectal polyp risk. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the associations of dietary PUFA intake on risk of colorectal adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. DESIGN This was a colonoscopy-based case-control study that included 3166 polyp-free control subjects, 1597 adenomatous polyp cases, and 544 hyperplastic polyp cases. Dietary PUFA intake was calculated from food-frequency questionnaires and tested for association by using unconditional logistic regression. The urinary prostaglandin E(2) metabolite, which is a biomarker of prostaglandin E(2) production, was measured in 896 participants by using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS n-6 PUFAs were not associated with adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps in either men or women. Marine-derived n-3 PUFAs were associated with reduced risk of colorectal adenomas in women only, with an adjusted OR of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.97) for the highest quintile of intake compared with the lowest quintile of intake (P-trend = 0.01). Dietary intake of α-linolenic acid was associated with an increased risk of hyperplastic polyps in men (P-trend = 0.03), which was not seen in women. In women, but not in men, dietary intake of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs was negatively correlated with urinary prostaglandin E(2) production (r = -0.18; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Higher intakes of marine-derived n-3 PUFAs are associated with lower risk of adenomatous polyps in women, and the association may be mediated in part through a reduction in the production of prostaglandin E(2). This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00625066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Minimizing the cancer-promotional activity of cox-2 as a central strategy in cancer prevention. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Galbraith RL, Poole EM, Duggan D, Muehling J, Hsu L, Makar K, Xiao L, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Polymorphisms in WNT6 and WNT10A and colorectal adenoma risk. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:558-64. [PMID: 21547848 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.542539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway upregulates transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and cancer progression; it has been implicated in colorectal adenoma formation. To date, no studies have examined polymorphisms in WNT genes or WNT gene-environment interactions in relation to adenoma risk. Within a colonoscopy-based case-control study of 628 adenoma cases and 516 polyp-free controls, we analyzed two tagSNPs in WNT6 (rs6747776 G > C, rs6754599 G > C) and WNT10A (rs7349332 G > A, rs10177996 A > G). The WNT6 rs6747776 homozygous minor allele (CC) was associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.03-7.31). We observed a statistically significant interaction between WNT6 rs6747776 and the proportion of calories from total fat (P-int = 0.02), where the highest risk was observed among those with minor alleles and lowest fat intake. We also detected a marginally significant (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10) interaction with fish intake (P-int = 0.09). Additionally, a marginally significant interaction was observed between proportion of calories from saturated fat and the WNT10A rs7349332 polymorphism. Our results suggest that genetic variability in the WNT pathway may play a role in colorectal adenoma formation or may partly mediate the increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with fat intake.
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Dyck MC, Ma DWL, Meckling KA. The anticancer effects of Vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs in combination via cod-liver oil: One plus one may equal more than two. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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A novel halophilic lipase, LipBL, showing high efficiency in the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). PLoS One 2011; 6:e23325. [PMID: 21853111 PMCID: PMC3154438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among extremophiles, halophiles are defined as microorganisms adapted to live and thrive in diverse extreme saline environments. These extremophilic microorganisms constitute the source of a number of hydrolases with great biotechnological applications. The interest to use extremozymes from halophiles in industrial applications is their resistance to organic solvents and extreme temperatures. Marinobacter lipolyticus SM19 is a moderately halophilic bacterium, isolated previously from a saline habitat in South Spain, showing lipolytic activity. Methods and Findings A lipolytic enzyme from the halophilic bacterium Marinobacter lipolyticus SM19 was isolated. This enzyme, designated LipBL, was expressed in Escherichia coli. LipBL is a protein of 404 amino acids with a molecular mass of 45.3 kDa and high identity to class C β-lactamases. LipBL was purified and biochemically characterized. The temperature for its maximal activity was 80°C and the pH optimum determined at 25°C was 7.0, showing optimal activity without sodium chloride, while maintaining 20% activity in a wide range of NaCl concentrations. This enzyme exhibited high activity against short-medium length acyl chain substrates, although it also hydrolyzes olive oil and fish oil. The fish oil hydrolysis using LipBL results in an enrichment of free eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), relative to its levels present in fish oil. For improving the stability and to be used in industrial processes LipBL was immobilized in different supports. The immobilized derivatives CNBr-activated Sepharose were highly selective towards the release of EPA versus DHA. The enzyme is also active towards different chiral and prochiral esters. Exposure of LipBL to buffer-solvent mixtures showed that the enzyme had remarkable activity and stability in all organic solvents tested. Conclusions In this study we isolated, purified, biochemically characterized and immobilized a lipolytic enzyme from a halophilic bacterium M. lipolyticus, which constitutes an enzyme with excellent properties to be used in the food industry, in the enrichment in omega-3 PUFAs.
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Chan AT, Giovannucci EL. Primary prevention of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2029-2043.e10. [PMID: 20420944 PMCID: PMC2947820 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been strongly associated with a Western lifestyle. In the past several decades, much has been learned about the dietary, lifestyle, and medication risk factors for this malignancy. Although there is controversy about the role of specific nutritional factors, consideration of dietary pattern as a whole appears useful for formulating recommendations. For example, several studies have shown that high intake of red and processed meats, highly refined grains and starches, and sugars is related to increased risk of colorectal cancer. Replacing these factors with poultry, fish, and plant sources as the primary source of protein; unsaturated fats as the primary source of fat; and unrefined grains, legumes and fruits as the primary source of carbohydrates is likely to lower risk of colorectal cancer. Although a role for supplements, including vitamin D, folate, and vitamin B6, remains uncertain, calcium supplementation is likely to be at least modestly beneficial. With respect to lifestyle, compelling evidence indicates that avoidance of smoking and heavy alcohol use, prevention of weight gain, and maintenance of a reasonable level of physical activity are associated with markedly lower risks of colorectal cancer. Medications such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and postmenopausal hormones for women are associated with substantial reductions in colorectal cancer risk, though their utility is affected by associated risks. Taken together, modifications in diet and lifestyle should substantially reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and could complement screening in reducing colorectal cancer incidence.
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Joosen AMCP, Lecommandeur E, Kuhnle GGC, Aspinall SM, Kap L, Rodwell SA. Effect of dietary meat and fish on endogenous nitrosation, inflammation and genotoxicity of faecal water. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:243-7. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Murff HJ, Shu XO, Li H, Dai Q, Kallianpur A, Yang G, Cai H, Wen W, Gao YT, Zheng W. A prospective study of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2283-91. [PMID: 19661088 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models of colon cancer, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have antineoplastic properties, whereas n-6 PUFAs may promote carcinogenesis. Prior epidemiologic studies have been inconsistent regarding the association of PUFAs and colorectal cancer. We prospectively evaluated the association between PUFA intake and colorectal cancer in a cohort of 73,242 Chinese women who were interviewed in person at the baseline survey for the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Dietary fatty acid consumption was derived using data collected from two food frequency questionnaires administered at baseline and 2 to 3 years later. The dietary total n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio was strongly associated with colorectal cancer risk. Compared with women in the lowest quintile group, elevated relative risks (RR) were observed for the second [RR, 1.52; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.00-2.32], third (RR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.41-3.45), fourth (RR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.99-2.75), and fifth (RR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.07-3.54) quintile groups. Arachidonic acid was associated with colorectal cancer risk with elevated RRs of 1.20(Q2-Q1) (95% CI, 0.87-1.64), 1.44(Q3-Q1) (95% CI, 1.05-1.98), 1.61(Q4-Q1) (95% CI, 1.17-2.23), and 1.39(Q5-Q1) (95% CI, 0.97-1.99; P(trend) = 0.03) with increasing dietary quintile. In a subset of 150 cancer cases and 150 controls, we found a statistically significant trend between an increasing n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio and increasing production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) as measured by urinary PGE(2) metabolites (P = 0.03). These results suggest that dietary PUFA and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA intake may be positively associated with colorectal cancer risk, and this association may be mediated in part through PGE(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J Murff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA.
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Methy N, Binquet C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Paillot B, Faivre J, Bonithon-Kopp C. Dietary fatty acids and recurrence of colorectal adenomas in a European intervention trial. Nutr Cancer 2009; 60:560-7. [PMID: 18791918 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802008260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have provided inconsistent data about the role of dietary fatty acids in colorectal cancer, and few studies have addressed their role in colorectal adenoma. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of overall adenoma recurrence associated with dietary consumption of total fat, subtypes of fat, and specific fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid). The study sample was composed of 523 patients with confirmed adenomas at the index colonoscopy, 35 to 75 yr old, who completed the European fiber-calcium intervention trial and had an initial dietary assessment using a qualitative and quantitative food questionnaire. The overall 3-yr recurrence rate was 22.6% (118 out of 523 patients). There were no significant associations between overall adenoma recurrence and either total fat, subtypes of fat, or specific fatty acids. However, polyunsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid were both moderately but significantly associated with distal and multiple recurrence. No significant associations were observed with recurrence of proximal or advanced adenomas. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of strong associations between dietary fatty acids and recurrence of colorectal adenomas. The hypothesis of a differential role of specific fatty acids according to colorectal subsites deserves further investigation.
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Daniel CR, McCullough ML, Patel RC, Jacobs EJ, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Dietary Intake of ω-6 and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Men and Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:516-25. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Pot GK, Geelen A, van Heijningen EMB, Siezen CL, van Kranen HJ, Kampman E. Opposing associations of serum n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with colorectal adenoma risk: An endoscopy-based case-control study. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1974-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hall MN, Chavarro JE, Lee IM, Willett WC, Ma J. A 22-year prospective study of fish, n-3 fatty acid intake, and colorectal cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1136-43. [PMID: 18483335 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish is the main dietary source of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, which have been suggested to play a protective role in colorectal cancer development in laboratory and animal studies. Human studies have not shown consistent results. We examined the association between intakes of fish and n-3 fatty acids from fish and colorectal cancer risk in men enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study. METHODS The Physicians' Health Study began as a randomized trial to examine the effect of aspirin and beta-carotene supplementation on cancer and cardiovascular disease. Fish intake was assessed at the 12-month follow-up with an abbreviated food-frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate relative risks for colorectal cancer for the categories of fish intake and quartiles of n-3 fatty acid intake. RESULTS During 22 years of follow-up, 500 men had a confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Fish intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk [multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) for highest versus lowest category, 0.63 (0.42-0.95); P trend = 0.02] [corrected] The inverse association was observed for both colon and rectal cancers. Our findings for n-3 fatty acids were similar to those for fish; the multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) of total colorectal cancer for the highest versus lowest quartile of n-3 fatty acids was 0.74 (0.57-0.95; P trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results from this long-term prospective study suggest that intakes of fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids from fish may decrease the risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Theodoratou E, McNeill G, Cetnarskyj R, Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Barnetson R, Porteous M, Dunlop M, Campbell H. Dietary fatty acids and colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166:181-95. [PMID: 17493949 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid effects on colorectal cancer risk were examined in a national prospective case-control study in Scotland (1999-2006), including 1,455 incident cases and 1,455 matched controls. Three conditional logistic regression models adjusted for energy (residual method) and for other risk factors were applied in the whole sample and were stratified by sex, cancer site, age, and tumor staging. Total and trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were dose-dependently associated with colorectal cancer risk, but these effects did not persist after further energy adjustment. Significant dose-dependent reductions in risk were associated with increased consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (highest vs. lowest quartile of intake: odds ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.50, 0.80; p < 0.0005 for trend) and of eicosapentaenoic (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.75; p < 0.0005 for trend) and docosahexaenoic (odds ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.50, 0.80; p < 0.0005 for trend) acids. These associations persisted after including energy with the nutrient-energy-adjusted term or total fatty acid intake (energy adjusted). The observed different effects of different types of fatty acids underline the importance of type of fat in the etiology and prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evropi Theodoratou
- Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kuriki K, Wakai K, Hirose K, Matsuo K, Ito H, Suzuki T, Saito T, Kanemitsu Y, Hirai T, Kato T, Tatematsu M, Tajima K. Risk of colorectal cancer is linked to erythrocyte compositions of fatty acids as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 15:1791-8. [PMID: 17035384 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fish rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid, is suggested to reduce colorectal cancer risk through inhibition of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade related to tumorigenesis and cell proliferation. High intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) may increase the risk. To examine associations between colorectal cancer risk and fatty acid compositions in erythrocyte membranes, as biomarkers for dietary intakes of fish, fat, and fatty acids, we conducted a case-control study with 74 incident cases and 221 noncancer controls (matched by age, sex, and season of sample collection). Erythrocyte fatty acids were measured using an accelerated solvent extraction and a gas-liquid chromatography. Colorectal cancer had no association with dietary intakes of meat, fish, fat, and fatty acids. However, the risk was inversely associated with erythrocyte compositions of docosahexaenoic acid, AA, and PUFAs [the highest to the lowest tertile, odds ratios, 0.36, 0.42, and 0.15; 95% confidence intervals, 0.14-0.93, 0.18-0.95, and 0.05-0.46; P(trend) < 0.05, respectively] and positively with those of palmitic acid, SFAs, and the ratio of SFAs/PUFAs (odds ratios, 6.46, 8.20, and 9.45; 95% confidence intervals, 2.41-17.26, 2.86-23.52, and 2.84-31.43; P(trend) < 0.005, respectively). In conclusion, we could clearly show decreased and increased risks for colorectal cancer related to PUFAs and SFAs compositions in erythrocyte membranes, respectively, but further research is needed to investigate the discrepancy between our findings and the generally accepted role of the AA cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyonori Kuriki
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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Hall MN, Campos H, Li H, Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ma J. Blood levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, aspirin, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:314-21. [PMID: 17301265 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-3 fatty acids may decrease risk of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme and production of proinflammatory eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Aspirin also inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme and may share with n-3 fatty acids a potential mechanism to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control analysis using blood samples collected from the Physicians' Health Study participants in 1982 to 1984. N-3 and n-6 fatty acid levels were measured using gas-liquid chromatography for 178 men who developed colorectal cancer through December 31, 1995 and 282 age- and smoking-matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression to examine associations. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Total long-chain n-3 fatty acids were nonsignificantly inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk [relative risk (RR) for highest versus lowest quartile, 0.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.32 to 1.11; P(trend) = 0.10], after adjustment for possible confounders. We observed potential interaction between randomized aspirin assignment and long-chain n-3 fatty acid levels (P(interaction) = 0.04). Among men not on aspirin, RRs (95% CI) for increasing quartiles of long-chain n-3 fatty acids were 1.00 (reference), 0.60 (0.28-1.28), 0.51 (0.22-1.17), and 0.34 (0.15-0.82), P(trend) = 0.006. For participants taking aspirin, there was no additional benefit of increasing n-3 fatty acid levels. The RR (95% CI) for the highest versus lowest quartile of n-6 fatty acids was 0.64 (0.35-1.17). CONCLUSIONS Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids were associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer among men not using aspirin. N-6 fatty acids were nonsignificantly inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hall
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Wargovich MJ. What do diet-induced alterations in colorectal polyps and aberrant crypts indicate for risk? J Nutr 2006; 136:2679S-80S. [PMID: 16988147 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2679s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wargovich
- Chemoprevention Program, South Carolina Cancer Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29203, USA.
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Tokudome S, Kojima M, Suzuki S, Ichikawa H, Ichikawa Y, Miyata M, Maeda K, Marumoto M, Agawa H, Arakawa K, Tanaka T, Ando R, Hattori N, Goto C, Tokudome Y, Imaeda N, Kuriki K, Okuyama H, Moore MA. Marine n-3 fatty acids and colorectal cancer: is there a real link? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:406-7. [PMID: 16492940 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lai SM, Zhang KB, Uhler RJ, Harrison JN, Clutter GG, Williams MA. Geographic variation in the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States, 1998–2001. Cancer 2006; 107:1172-80. [PMID: 16838315 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the incidence rates and risk factors for colorectal cancer in 9 geographic divisions in the United States. METHODS The colorectal cancer cases were diagnosed between 1998 and 2001 in 39 states and the District of Columbia (grouped into 9 geographic divisions in the United States). The association between colorectal cancer and geographic division was analyzed using the Poisson regression model controlling for demographics and ecologic measures of education, behavioral factors and colorectal cancer screening data extracted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. RESULTS The age-adjusted incidence rates of colorectal cancer were highest in the Middle Atlantic division, followed by New England division, East and West North Central divisions, East South Central and South Atlantic divisions, West South Central and Pacific divisions, with the lowest rate observed in the Mountain division. Old age, male gender, black race, less than a twelfth-grade education, smoking, and no physical activity were significantly associated with higher incidence rates of colorectal cancer, whereas having sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy in the past 5 years, fecal occult blood test in the past year, and obesity were associated with lower incidence rates of colorectal cancer. The relative ranking of incidence rates of colorectal cancer across divisions changed after adjusting for these factors. CONCLUSIONS Significant geographic variation in colorectal cancer exists in the United States. Risk factors, including demographics, education, behavior, and screening use, can only partially explain the differences across geographic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Min Lai
- Kansas Cancer Registry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 66160-7313, USA.
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