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Tesfay L, Paul BT, Hegde P, Brewer M, Habbani S, Jellison E, Moore T, Wu H, Torti SV, Torti FM. Complementary anti-cancer pathways triggered by inhibition of sideroflexin 4 in ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19936. [PMID: 36402786 PMCID: PMC9675821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging agents are a mainstay of standard chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Unfortunately, resistance to such DNA damaging agents frequently develops, often due to increased activity of DNA repair pathways. Sideroflexin 4 (SFXN4) is a little-studied inner mitochondrial membrane protein. Here we demonstrate that SFXN4 plays a role in synthesis of iron sulfur clusters (Fe-S) in ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer tumor-initiating cells, and that knockdown of SFXN4 inhibits Fe-S biogenesis in ovarian cancer cells. We demonstrate that this has two important consequences that may be useful in anti-cancer therapy. First, inhibition of Fe-S biogenesis triggers the accumulation of excess iron, leading to oxidative stress. Second, because enzymes critical to multiple DNA repair pathways require Fe-S clusters for their function, DNA repair enzymes and DNA repair itself are inhibited by reduction of SFXN4. Through this dual mechanism, SFXN4 inhibition heightens ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to DNA-damaging drugs and DNA repair inhibitors used in ovarian cancer therapy, such as cisplatin and PARP inhibitors. Sensitization is achieved even in drug resistant ovarian cancer cells. Further, knockout of SFXN4 decreases DNA repair and profoundly inhibits tumor growth in a mouse model of ovarian cancer metastasis. Collectively, these results suggest that SFXN4 may represent a new target in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Tesfay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Bibbin T Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Poornima Hegde
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Molly Brewer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Samrin Habbani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Evan Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Statistical Consulting Services, Center for Open Research Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Suzy V Torti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Frank M Torti
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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Kung RW, Takyi NA, Wetmore SD. Effects of a Second Local DNA Damage Event on the Toxicity of the Human Carcinogen 4-Aminobiphenyl: A Molecular Dynamics Study of a Damaged DNA Structure. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:499-511. [PMID: 35147430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to carcinogenic aromatic amines (AAs) occurs daily. AAs are bioactivated in cells into products that attack DNA, primarily leading to N-linked C8-dG adducts. Previous work on DNA containing a single AA-derived adduct (monoadducted DNA) has shown a structure-function relationship between the damaged DNA conformation and cellular outcomes. However, relatively little is known about the conformation and biological outcomes of DNA containing two bulky adducts (diadducted DNA) in close proximity. To fill this current void in the literature, the present work uses quintuplet 0.5 μs MD simulations to understand the structural impact of DNA exposure to the potent bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), which is found in cigarette smoke and select dyes, and results in the widely studied N-linked ABPdG adduct. Specifically, 18 unique DNA duplexes were investigated that contain one or two ABPdG adducts in the anti and/or syn glycosidic orientation(s) in all combinations of three G positions in the NarI mutation hotspot for AAs (5'-G1G2CG3CC). Monoadducted DNA displays sequence-dependent conformational heterogeneity, with the G1 site having the greatest anti preference, and highlights the range of helical structures associated with the syn lesion orientation [i.e., stacked (S), intercalated (I), and wedge (W) conformations]. Diadducted DNA results in interesting lesion separation effects on the conformational heterogeneity, including a greater anti preference for neighboring adducts (G1G2) and a greater syn preference for next-nearest neighbor damaged sites (G2G3) compared to monoadducted DNA. As a result, an increase in the number of ABPdG adducts changes the conformational heterogeneity of ABP-exposed DNA depending on the relative positions of the lesions and thereby could result in increased or decreased toxicity upon human exposure to elevated levels of ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Kung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nathania A Takyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Shen J, Song R, Chow WH, Zhao H. Homologous recombination repair capacity in peripheral blood lymphocytes and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:1363-1367. [PMID: 32692853 PMCID: PMC7566366 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in homologous recombination repair (HRR) capacity is frequently observed in breast tumors. However, whether HRR deficiency is a tumor-specific biomarker or a risk factor for breast cancer is unknown. In this two-stage study, using a host cell reactivation assay, we assessed the relationship between HRR capacity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and breast cancer risk. The discovery stage included 152 breast cancer patients and 152 healthy controls matched on age and race. HRR capacity was found to be significantly lower in Black women than in White women among controls (P = 0.015) and cases (P = 0.012). Among cases, triple negative breast cancer patients had significantly lower HRR capacity than ER+/PR+ breast cancer patients (P = 0.006). In risk assessment, HRR capacity was found to be significantly lower in cases than in controls (P < 0.001), and decreased HRR capacity was associated with 1.42-fold increased risk of breast cancer (95% CI: 1.21, 2.53). In the validation stage, we assessed HRR capacity in a nested case-control study using pre-diagnostic samples. We found that decreased HRR capacity was associated with 1.21-fold increased risk of breast cancer (95% CI: 1.04, 4.58). In summary, our results demonstrate that decreased HRR capacity in PBLs is a risk factor for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Renduo Song
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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4
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Nagel ZD, Chaim IA, Samson LD. Inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity: a need for multi-pathway functional assays to promote translational DNA repair research. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 19:199-213. [PMID: 24780560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Why does a constant barrage of DNA damage lead to disease in some individuals, while others remain healthy? This article surveys current work addressing the implications of inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity for human health, and discusses the status of DNA repair assays as potential clinical tools for personalized prevention or treatment of disease. In particular, we highlight research showing that there are significant inter-individual variations in DNA repair capacity (DRC), and that measuring these differences provides important biological insight regarding disease susceptibility and cancer treatment efficacy. We emphasize work showing that it is important to measure repair capacity in multiple pathways, and that functional assays are required to fill a gap left by genome wide association studies, global gene expression and proteomics. Finally, we discuss research that will be needed to overcome barriers that currently limit the use of DNA repair assays in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Corral R, Lewinger JP, Van Den Berg D, Joshi AD, Yuan JM, Gago-Dominguez M, Cortessis VK, Pike MC, Conti DV, Thomas DC, Edlund CK, Gao YT, Xiang YB, Zhang W, Su YC, Stern MC. Comprehensive analyses of DNA repair pathways, smoking and bladder cancer risk in Los Angeles and Shanghai. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:335-47. [PMID: 24382701 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a bladder cancer risk factor and a source of carcinogens that induce DNA damage to urothelial cells. Using data and samples from 988 cases and 1,004 controls enrolled in the Los Angeles County Bladder Cancer Study and the Shanghai Bladder Cancer Study, we investigated associations between bladder cancer risk and 632 tagSNPs that comprehensively capture genetic variation in 28 DNA repair genes from four DNA repair pathways: base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HHR). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each tagSNP were corrected for multiple testing for all SNPs within each gene using pACT and for genes within each pathway and across pathways with Bonferroni. Gene and pathway summary estimates were obtained using ARTP. We observed an association between bladder cancer and POLB rs7832529 (BER) (pACT = 0.003; ppathway = 0.021) among all, and SNPs in XPC (NER) and OGG1 (BER) among Chinese men and women, respectively. The NER pathway showed an overall association with risk among Chinese males (ARTP NER p = 0.034). The XRCC6 SNP rs2284082 (NHEJ), also in LD with SREBF2, showed an interaction with smoking (smoking status interaction pgene = 0.001, ppathway = 0.008, poverall = 0.034). Our findings support a role in bladder carcinogenesis for regions that map close to or within BER (POLB, OGG1) and NER genes (XPC). A SNP that tags both the XRCC6 and SREBF2 genes strongly modifies the association between bladder cancer risk and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Corral
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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6
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Phillips DH, Venitt S. DNA and protein adducts in human tissues resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2733-53. [PMID: 22961407 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains a variety of genotoxic carcinogens that form adducts with DNA and protein in the tissues of smokers. Not only are these biochemical events relevant to the carcinogenic process, but the detection of adducts provides a means of monitoring exposure to tobacco smoke. Characterization of smoking-related adducts has shed light on the mechanisms of smoking-related diseases and many different types of smoking-derived DNA and protein adducts have been identified. Such approaches also reveal the potential harm of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to nonsmokers, infants and children. Because the majority of tobacco-smoke carcinogens are not exclusive to this source of exposure, studies comparing smokers and nonsmokers may be confounded by other environmental sources. Nevertheless, certain DNA and protein adducts have been validated as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, with continuing applications in the study of ETS exposures, cancer prevention and tobacco product legislation. Our article is a review of the literature on smoking-related adducts in human tissues published since 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is an excellent model for studying genetic susceptibility and gene-environment interaction in cancer etiology. The candidate gene approach found NAT2 slow acetylator and GSTM1-null genotypes to be bladder cancer susceptibility loci and also demonstrated interactions between these two genotypes and smoking in modulating bladder cancer risk. Recent genome-wide association studies identified at least eight novel genetic susceptibility loci for bladder cancer. Genetic determinants of clinical outcomes have been inconclusive. The future directions are to identify more genetic susceptibility loci for bladder cancer risk and outcome through a genome-wide association study approach, identify the causal genes and variants, study the biological mechanisms underlying the association between the causal variants and bladder cancer risk, detect gene-environment interactions and incorporate genetic knowledge into clinically applicable risk prediction models to benefit patients and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Hang B. Formation and repair of tobacco carcinogen-derived bulky DNA adducts. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010:709521. [PMID: 21234336 PMCID: PMC3017938 DOI: 10.4061/2010/709521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA adducts play a central role in chemical carcinogenesis. The analysis of formation and repair of smoking-related DNA adducts remains particularly challenging as both smokers and nonsmokers exposed to smoke are repetitively under attack from complex mixtures of carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and N-nitrosamines. The bulky DNA adducts, which usually have complex structure, are particularly important because of their biological relevance. Several known cellular DNA repair pathways have been known to operate in human cells on specific types of bulky DNA adducts, for example, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, and direct reversal involving O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase or AlkB homologs. Understanding the mechanisms of adduct formation and repair processes is critical for the assessment of cancer risk resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke, and ultimately for developing strategies of cancer prevention. This paper highlights the recent progress made in the areas concerning formation and repair of bulky DNA adducts in the context of tobacco carcinogen-associated genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hang
- Life Sciences Division, Department of Cancer and DNA Damage Responses, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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9
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Ricceri F, Godschalk RW, Peluso M, Phillips DH, Agudo A, Georgiadis P, Loft S, Tjonneland A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Palli D, Perera F, Vermeulen R, Taioli E, Sram RJ, Munnia A, Rosa F, Allione A, Matullo G, Vineis P. Bulky DNA adducts in white blood cells: a pooled analysis of 3,600 subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:3174-81. [PMID: 20921335 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulky DNA adducts are markers of exposure to genotoxic aromatic compounds, which reflect the ability of an individual to metabolically activate carcinogens and to repair DNA damage. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a major class of carcinogens that are capable of forming such adducts. Factors that have been reported to be related to DNA adduct levels include smoking, diet, body mass index (BMI), genetic polymorphisms, the season of collection of biologic material, and air pollutants. METHODS We pooled 11 studies (3,600 subjects) in which bulky DNA adducts were measured in human white blood cells with similar (32)P-postlabeling techniques and for which a similar set of variables was available, including individual data on age, gender, ethnicity, batch, smoking habits, BMI, and season of blood collection, and a limited set of gene variants. RESULTS Lowest DNA adduct levels (P = 0.006) were observed in the spring (median = 0.50 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides), followed by summer (0.64), autumn (0.70), and winter (0.85). The same pattern emerged in multivariate analysis but only among never smokers (P = 0.02). Adduct levels were significantly lower (P = 0.001) in northern Europe (the Netherlands and Denmark; mean = 0.60, median = 0.40) than in southern Europe (Italy, Spain, France, and Greece; mean = 0.79, median = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS In this large pooled analysis, we have found only weak associations between bulky DNA adducts and exposure variables. Seasonality (with higher adducts levels in winter) and air pollution may partly explain some of the interarea differences (north vs. south Europe), but most inter-area and interindividual variations in adduct levels still remain unexplained. IMPACT Our study describes the largest pooled analysis of bulky DNA adducts so far, showing that interindividual variation is still largely unexplained, though seasonality seems to play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ricceri
- Human Genetics Foundation (previously at ISI Foundation), Turin, Italy
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10
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Decordier I, Loock KV, Kirsch-Volders M. Phenotyping for DNA repair capacity. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2010; 705:107-129. [PMID: 20478396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Decordier
- Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Kim Vande Loock
- Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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11
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Johnson MD, Schilz J, Djordjevic MV, Rice JR, Shields PG. Evaluation of in vitro assays for assessing the toxicity of cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3263-304. [PMID: 19959677 PMCID: PMC2789344 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro toxicology studies of tobacco and tobacco smoke have been used to understand why tobacco use causes cancer and to assess the toxicologic impact of tobacco product design changes. The need for toxicology studies has been heightened given the Food and Drug Administration's newly granted authority over tobacco products for mandating tobacco product performance standards and evaluate manufacturers' health claims about modified tobacco products. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate in vitro toxicology methods related to cancer for assessing tobacco products and to identify related research gaps. METHODS PubMed database searches were used to identify tobacco-related in vitro toxicology studies published since 1980. Articles published before 1980 with high relevance also were identified. The data were compiled to examine (a) the goals of the study, (b) the methods for collecting test substances, (c) experimental designs, (d) toxicologic end points, and (e) relevance to cancer risk. RESULTS A variety of in vitro assays are available to assess tobacco smoke that address different modes of action, mostly using non-human cell models. However, smokeless tobacco products perform poorly in these assays. Although reliable as a screening tool for qualitative assessments, the available in vitro assays have been poorly validated for quantitative comparisons of different tobacco products. Assay batteries have not been developed, although they exist for nontobacco assessments. Extrapolating data from in vitro studies to human risks remains hypothetical. CONCLUSIONS In vitro toxicology methods are useful for screening toxicity, but better methods are needed for today's context of regulation and evaluation of health claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA
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12
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Stern MC, Lin J, Figueroa JD, Kelsey KT, Kiltie AE, Yuan JM, Matullo G, Fletcher T, Benhamou S, Taylor JA, Placidi D, Zhang ZF, Steineck G, Rothman N, Kogevinas M, Silverman D, Malats N, Chanock S, Wu X, Karagas MR, Andrew AS, Nelson HH, Bishop DT, Sak SC, Choudhury A, Barrett JH, Elliot F, Corral R, Joshi AD, Gago-Dominguez M, Cortessis VK, Xiang YB, Gao YT, Vineis P, Sacerdote C, Guarrera S, Polidoro S, Allione A, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Kumar R, Rudnai P, Porru S, Carta A, Campagna M, Arici C, Park SSL, Garcia-Closas M. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes, smoking, and bladder cancer risk: findings from the international consortium of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6857-64. [PMID: 19706757 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the most important and well-established bladder cancer risk factor and a rich source of chemical carcinogens and reactive oxygen species that can induce damage to DNA in urothelial cells. Therefore, common variation in DNA repair genes might modify bladder cancer risk. In this study, we present results from meta-analyses and pooled analyses conducted as part of the International Consortium of Bladder Cancer. We included data on 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms corresponding to seven DNA repair genes from 13 studies. Pooled analyses and meta-analyses included 5,282 cases and 5,954 controls of non-Latino white origin. We found evidence for weak but consistent associations with ERCC2 D312N [rs1799793; per-allele odds ratio (OR), 1.10; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-1.19; P = 0.021], NBN E185Q (rs1805794; per-allele OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01-1.18; P = 0.028), and XPC A499V (rs2228000; per-allele OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21; P = 0.044). The association with NBN E185Q was limited to ever smokers (interaction P = 0.002) and was strongest for the highest levels of smoking dose and smoking duration. Overall, our study provides the strongest evidence to date for a role of common variants in DNA repair genes in bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Stern
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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13
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Mitra AP, Cote RJ. Molecular pathogenesis and diagnostics of bladder cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:251-85. [PMID: 18840072 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite elaborate characterization of the risk factors, bladder cancer is still a major epidemiological problem whose incidence continues to rise each year. Urothelial carcinoma is now recognized as a disease of alterations in several cellular processes. The more prevalent, less aggressive, recurrent, noninvasive tumors are characterized by constitutive activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway. The less common but more aggressive invasive tumors, which have a higher mortality rate, are characterized by alterations in the p53 and retinoblastoma pathways. Several diagnostic tests have attempted to identify these molecular alterations in tumor cells exfoliated in the urine, whereas prognostic tests have tried to identify aberrations so as to predict tumor behavior and identify therapeutic targets. The future of bladder cancer patient management will rely on the use of molecular tests to reliably diagnose the presence of disease, predict individual tumor behavior, and suggest potential targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban P Mitra
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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14
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Li C, Wang LE, Wei Q. DNA repair phenotype and cancer susceptibility--a mini review. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:999-1007. [PMID: 19065660 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is a complicated biological process, consisting of several distinct pathways, that plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of genomic integrity. The very important field of DNA repair and cancer risk has developed rapidly in the past decades. In this review of selected published data from our laboratory, we describe mostly our work on the study of phenotypic markers of nucleotide excision repair (NER), as measured by the benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE)/ultraviolet (UV)-induced mutagen sensitivity assays, BPDE-induced adduct assay, host cell reactivation (HCR)-DNA repair capacity (DRC) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and reverse-phase protein lysate microarray (RPP) assay, by using peripheral blood lymphocytes in a series of molecular epidemiological studies. Results of our studies suggest that individuals with reduced DRC have an elevated cancer risk. This finding needs additional validation by other investigators, and we also discussed issues in conducting this kind of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common disease, whose major risk factors include smoking and occupational exposure to chemicals. Superficial bladder cancer has significant healthcare cost implications due to the need for repeated cystoscopic surveillance. Chemical carcinogens can undergo metabolic activation and detoxification in the liver and polymorphisms in the relevant genes have been shown to be associated with bladder cancer risk. In addition, DNA repair enzymes are required to repair the DNA damage associated with carcinogen exposure. The main pathways involved are nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, and double strand break repair. Investigation of individual polymorphisms in DNA repair genes in bladder cancer has yielded few robust positive findings, which is not surprising given the multifactorial nature of the disease. Pathway approaches using novel genotyping technologies will allow more comprehensive studies of multiple polymorphisms in multiple genes. It will also be possible to investigate gene-environment interaction more rigorously than heretofore, using novel statistical methodology, in larger studies and through collaborative efforts within consortia. The results of the genome-wide association studies in bladder cancer are awaited with interest. In the future, genetic tests might be used in the prevention of bladder cancer to encourage lifestyle changes in those at highest risk of developing the disease, and in the treatment of bladder cancer to optimise cure rates whilst minimising morbidity in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Kiltie
- Molecular Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK
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Rothman N, Garcia-Closas M, Hein DW. Commentary: Reflections on G. M. Lower and colleagues’ 1979 study associating slow acetylator phenotype with urinary bladder cancer: meta-analysis, historical refinements of the hypothesis, and lessons learned. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:23-8. [PMID: 17510073 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health/DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Paz-Elizur T, Brenner DE, Livneh Z. Interrogating DNA repair in cancer risk assessment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:1585-7. [PMID: 16030087 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-7-ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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