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Barros B, Oliveira M, Morais S. Unveiling Urinary Mutagenicity by the Ames Test for Occupational Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13074. [PMID: 36293654 PMCID: PMC9603210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure may involve a variety of toxic compounds. A mutagenicity analysis using the Ames test can provide valuable information regarding the toxicity of absorbed xenobiotics. Through a search of relevant databases, this systematic review gathers and critically discusses the published papers (excluding other types of publications) from 2001-2021 that have assessed urinary mutagenicity (Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium) in an occupational exposure context. Due to the heterogeneity of the study methods, a meta-analysis could not be conducted. The characterized occupations were firefighters, traffic policemen, bus drivers, mail carriers, coke oven and charcoal workers, chemical laboratory staff, farmers, pharmacy workers, and professionals from several other industrial sectors. The genetically modified bacterial strains (histidine dependent) TA98, TA100, YG1041, YG1021, YG1024 and YG1042 have been used for the health risk assessment of individual (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mixtures of compounds (e.g., diesel engine exhaust, fire smoke, industrial fumes/dyes) in different contexts. Although comparison of the data between studies is challenging, urinary mutagenicity can be very informative of possible associations between work-related exposure and the respective mutagenic potential. Careful interpretation of results and their direct use for occupational health risk assessment are crucial and yet complex; the use of several strains is highly recommended since individual and/or synergistic effects of complex exposure to xenobiotics can be overlooked. Future studies should improve the methods used to reach a standardized protocol for specific occupational environments to strengthen the applicability of the urinary mutagenicity assay and reduce inter- and intra-individual variability and exposure source confounders.
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Erber L, Goodman S, Jokipii Krueger CC, Rusyn I, Tretyakova N. Quantitative NanoLC/NSI +-HRMS Method for 1,3-Butadiene Induced bis-N7-guanine DNA-DNA Cross-Links in Urine. TOXICS 2021; 9:247. [PMID: 34678943 PMCID: PMC8540193 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a common environmental and industrial chemical widely used in plastic and rubber manufacturing and also present in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. BD is classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals treated with BD by inhalation and epidemiological studies revealing an increased risk of leukemia and lymphohematopoietic cancers in workers occupationally exposed to BD. Upon exposure via inhalation, BD is bioactivated to several toxic epoxides including 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB); these are conjugated with glutathione and excreted as 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA), and 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA). Exposure to DEB generates monoalkylated DNA adducts, DNA-DNA crosslinks, and DNA-protein crosslinks, which can cause base substitutions, genomic rearrangements, and large genomic deletions. In this study, we developed a quantitative nanoLC/NSI+-HRMS methodology for 1,4-bis-(gua-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) adducts in urine (LOD: 0.1 fmol/mL urine, LOQ: 1.0 fmol/mL urine). This novel method was used to quantify bis-N7G-BD in urine of mice treated with 590 ± 150 ppm BD for 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). Bis-N7G-BD was detected in urine of male and female BD-exposed mice (574.6 ± 206.0 and 571.1 ± 163.4 pg/mg of creatinine, respectively). In addition, major urinary metabolites of BD, bis-BDMA, MHBMA and DHBMA, were measured in the same samples. Urinary bis-N7G-BD adduct levels correlated with DEB-derived metabolite bis-BDMA (r = 0.80, Pearson correlation), but not with the EB-derived DNA adducts (EB-GII) or EB-derived metabolites MHBMA and DHBMA (r = 0.24, r = 0.14, r = 0.18, respectively, Pearson correlations). Urinary bis-N7G-BD could be employed as a novel non-invasive biomarker of exposure to BD and bioactivation to its most mutagenic metabolite, DEB. This method will be useful for future studies of 1,3-butadiene exposure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Caitlin C. Jokipii Krueger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
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Wong JY, Vermeulen R, Dai Y, Hu W, Martin WK, Warren SH, Liberatore HK, Ren D, Duan H, Niu Y, Xu J, Fu W, Meliefste K, Yang J, Ye M, Jia X, Meng T, Bassig BA, Hosgood HD, Choi J, Rahman ML, Walker DI, Zheng Y, Mumford J, Silverman DT, Rothman N, DeMarini DM, Lan Q. Elevated urinary mutagenicity among those exposed to bituminous coal combustion emissions or diesel engine exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:458-470. [PMID: 34331495 PMCID: PMC8511344 DOI: 10.1002/em.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urinary mutagenicity reflects systemic exposure to complex mixtures of genotoxic/carcinogenic agents and is linked to tumor development. Coal combustion emissions (CCE) and diesel engine exhaust (DEE) are associated with cancers of the lung and other sites, but their influence on urinary mutagenicity is unclear. We investigated associations between exposure to CCE or DEE and urinary mutagenicity. In two separate cross-sectional studies of nonsmokers, organic extracts of urine were evaluated for mutagenicity levels using strain YG1041 in the Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay. First, we compared levels among 10 female bituminous (smoky) coal users from Laibin, Xuanwei, China, and 10 female anthracite (smokeless) coal users. We estimated exposure-response relationships using indoor air concentrations of two carcinogens in CCE relevant to lung cancer, 5-methylchrysene (5MC), and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Second, we compared levels among 20 highly exposed male diesel factory workers and 15 unexposed male controls; we evaluated exposure-response relationships using elemental carbon (EC) as a DEE-surrogate. Age-adjusted linear regression was used to estimate associations. Laibin smoky coal users had significantly higher average urinary mutagenicity levels compared to smokeless coal users (28.4 ± 14.0 SD vs. 0.9 ± 2.8 SD rev/ml-eq, p = 2 × 10-5 ) and a significant exposure-response relationship with 5MC (p = 7 × 10-4 ). DEE-exposed workers had significantly higher urinary mutagenicity levels compared to unexposed controls (13.0 ± 10.1 SD vs. 5.6 ± 4.4 SD rev/ml-eq, p = .02) and a significant exposure-response relationship with EC (p-trend = 2 × 10-3 ). Exposure to CCE and DEE is associated with urinary mutagenicity, suggesting systemic exposure to mutagens, potentially contributing to cancer risk and development at various sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y.Y. Wong
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of
Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - W. Kyle Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dianzhi Ren
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Chaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Hong Kong University, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Fu
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Chaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kees Meliefste
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of
Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jufang Yang
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Chaoyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bryan A. Bassig
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - H. Dean Hosgood
- Division of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer
Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mohammad L. Rahman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National
Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Judy Mumford
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
| | - David M. DeMarini
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch,
Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville,
Maryland
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Nazarparvar-Noshadi M, Yadegari M, Mohammadian Y, Fakhri Y. The exposure to BTEX/Styrene and their health risk in the tire manufacturing. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1891937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Nazarparvar-Noshadi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Yadegari
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Medical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Hidajat M, McElvenny DM, Ritchie P, Darnton A, Mueller W, Agius RM, Cherrie JW, de Vocht F. Lifetime cumulative exposure to rubber dust, fumes and N-nitrosamines and non-cancer mortality: a 49-year follow-up of UK rubber factory workers. Occup Environ Med 2020; 77:316-323. [PMID: 31974293 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine associations between occupational exposures to rubber dust, rubber fumes and N-nitrosamines and non-cancer mortality. METHODS A cohort of 36 441 males aged 35+ years employed in British rubber factories was followed-up to 2015 (94% deceased). Competing risk survival analysis was used to assess risks of dying from non-cancer diseases (respiratory, urinary, cerebrovascular, circulatory and digestive diseases). Occupational exposures to rubber dust, rubber fumes, N-nitrosamines were derived based on a population-specific quantitative job-exposure matrix which in-turn was based on measurements in the EU-EXASRUB database. RESULTS Exposure-response associations of increased risk with increasing exposure were found for N-nitrosomorpholine with mortality from circulatory diseases (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 1.17; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.23), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (SHR 1.19; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.26), cerebrovascular disease (SHR 1.19; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.32) and exposures to N-nitrosodimethylamine with respiratory disease mortality (SHR 1.41; 95% CI 1.30 to 1.53). Increased risks for mortality from circulatory disease, IHD and digestive diseases were found with higher levels of exposures to rubber dust, rubber fumes and N-nitrosamines sum, without an exposure-dependent manner. No associations were observed between rubber dust, rubber fumes and N-nitrosamines exposures with mortality from asthma, urinary disease, bronchitis, emphysema, liver disease and some digestive diseases. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of rubber factory workers with 49 years of follow-up, increased risk for mortality from circulatory, cerebrovascular, respiratory and digestive diseases were found to be associated with cumulative occupational exposures to specific agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hidajat
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Peter Ritchie
- Research Division, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Darnton
- Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, UK
| | - William Mueller
- Research Division, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raymond M Agius
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Research Division, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frank de Vocht
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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6
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Yun BH, Guo J, Bellamri M, Turesky RJ. DNA adducts: Formation, biological effects, and new biospecimens for mass spectrometric measurements in humans. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:55-82. [PMID: 29889312 PMCID: PMC6289887 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals in the environment and diet or their electrophilic metabolites can form adducts with genomic DNA, which can lead to mutations and the initiation of cancer. In addition, reactive intermediates can be generated in the body through oxidative stress and damage the genome. The identification and measurement of DNA adducts are required for understanding exposure and the causal role of a genotoxic chemical in cancer risk. Over the past three decades, 32 P-postlabeling, immunoassays, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods have been established to assess exposures to chemicals through measurements of DNA adducts. It is now possible to measure some DNA adducts in human biopsy samples, by LC/MS, with as little as several milligrams of tissue. In this review article, we highlight the formation and biological effects of DNA adducts, and highlight our advances in human biomonitoring by mass spectrometric analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, untapped biospecimens for carcinogen DNA adduct biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 6 St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
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Nilsson PT, Bergendorf U, Tinnerberg H, Nordin E, Gustavsson M, Strandberg B, Albin M, Gudmundsson A. Emissions into the Air from Bitumen and Rubber Bitumen-Implications for Asphalt Workers' Exposure. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 62:828-839. [PMID: 29931293 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk among asphalt workers of developing adverse health effects may increase due to their occupational exposure. One area of special concern arises when rubber granules are mixed into bitumen to enhance asphalt properties. This research characterizes and compares bitumen and rubber bitumen regarding the emissions of and workers' exposure to particulates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzothiazole. A laboratory and a field study were carried out. In the laboratory, two types of bitumen, one with and one without rubber, were heated up to two temperatures (140°C and 160°C). The concentrations and chemical compositions of the emissions were determined. In the field at asphalt work sites, both emissions and worker exposure measurements were performed. The methods applied included direct-reading sampling techniques next to the asphalt work area and personal sampling techniques on asphalt workers. The exposure measurements on asphalt workers for respirable dust, total dust, particle number and mass, and total PAH concentrations showed similar concentrations when both standard and rubber bitumen were used. The asphalt-surfacing machine operators were the workers with the highest observed exposure followed by the screed operators and roller drivers. Both laboratory and field measurements showed higher concentrations of benzothiazole when rubber bitumen was used, up to 7.5 times higher in the laboratory. The levels of naphthalene, benzo(a)pyrene, and total particles were lower for both types compared with the Swedish occupational exposure limits, 8-h time weighted average concentrations. Benzo(a)pyrene exceeded however the health-based guideline value given by the WHO for both types of bitumen. The study concludes that several air pollutants such as benzothiazole and PAHs are emitted into the air during asphalt work, but it is not evident if exposure to rubber bitumen possesses a higher risk than exposure to standard bitumen in terms of asphalt worker exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik T Nilsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergendorf
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Nordin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Gustavsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solnavägen, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Keir JLA, Akhtar US, Matschke DMJ, Kirkham TL, Chan HM, Ayotte P, White PA, Blais JM. Elevated Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Mutagens in Ottawa Firefighters Participating in Emergency, On-Shift Fire Suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12745-12755. [PMID: 29043785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposures to combustion emissions were examined in Ottawa Fire Service (OFS) firefighters. Paired urine and dermal wipe samples (i.e., pre- and post-event) as well as personal air samples and fire event questionnaires were collected from 27 male OFS firefighters. A total of 18 OFS office workers were used as additional controls. Exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other organic mutagens were assessed by quantification of urinary PAH metabolite levels, levels of PAHs in dermal wipes and personal air samples, and urinary mutagenicity using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test). Urinary Clara Cell 16 (CC16) and 15-isoprostane F2t (8-iso-PGF2α) levels were used to assess lung injury and overall oxidative stress, respectively. The results showed significant 2.9- to 5.3-fold increases in average post-event levels of urinary PAH metabolites, depending on the PAH metabolite (p < 0.0001). Average post-event levels of urinary mutagenicity showed a significant, event-related 4.3-fold increase (p < 0.0001). Urinary CC16 and 8-iso-PGF2α did not increase. PAH concentrations in personal air and on skin accounted for 54% of the variation in fold changes of urinary PAH metabolites (p < 0.002). The results indicate that emergency, on-shift fire suppression is associated with significantly elevated exposures to combustion emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L A Keir
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Umme S Akhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David M J Matschke
- Ottawa Fire Services , 1445 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 7L9, Canada
| | - Tracy L Kirkham
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec and Université Laval , 945 Avenue Wolfe, Québec City, Québec G1V 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul A White
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Sangaraju D, Boldry EJ, Patel YM, Walker V, Stepanov I, Stram D, Hatsukami D, Tretyakova N. Isotope Dilution nanoLC/ESI +-HRMS 3 Quantitation of Urinary N7-(1-Hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) Guanine Adducts in Humans and Their Use as Biomarkers of Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:678-688. [PMID: 27997139 PMCID: PMC5515386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an important industrial and environmental chemical classified as a known human carcinogen. Occupational exposure to BD in the polymer and monomer industries is associated with an increased incidence of lymphoma. BD is present in automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, and forest fires, raising concern about potential exposure of the general population to this carcinogen. Following inhalation exposure, BD is bioactivated to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB). If not detoxified, EB is capable of modifying guanine and adenine bases of DNA to form nucleobase adducts, which interfere with accurate DNA replication and cause cancer-initiating mutations. We have developed a nanoLC/ESI+-HRMS3 methodology for N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine (EB-GII) adducts in human urine (limit of detection: 0.25 fmol/mL urine; limit of quantitation: 1.0 fmol/mL urine). This new method was successfully used to quantify EB-GII in urine of F344 rats treated with 0-200 ppm of BD, occupationally exposed workers, and smokers belonging to two different ethnic groups. EB-GII amounts increased in a dose-dependent manner in urine of laboratory rats exposed to 0, 62.5, or 200 ppm of BD. Urinary EB-GII levels were significantly increased in workers occupationally exposed to 0.1-2.2 ppm of BD (1.25 ± 0.51 pg/mg of creatinine) as compared to administrative controls exposed to <0.01 ppm of BD (0.22 ± 0.08 and pg/mg of creatinine) (p = 0.0024), validating the use of EB-GII as a biomarker of human exposure to BD. EB-GII was also detected in smokers' urine with European American smokers excreting significantly higher amounts of EB-GII than African American smokers (0.48 ± 0.09 vs 0.12 ± 0.02 pg/mg of creatinine, p = 3.1 × 10-7). Interestingly, small amounts of EB-GII were observed in animals and humans with no known exposure to BD, providing preliminary evidence for its endogenous formation. Urinary EB-GII adduct levels and urinary mercapturic acids of BD (MHBMA, DHBMA) were compared in a genotyped multiethnic smoker cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Emily J. Boldry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Yesha M. Patel
- Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine and Children’s Cancer Group, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Vernon Walker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Irina Stepanov
- School of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel Stram
- Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine and Children’s Cancer Group, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Sales PS, Fernández MA. Synergism in the desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil models by mixed surfactant solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10158-10164. [PMID: 26873826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of a mixed surfactant system on the desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil model systems. The interaction of a non-ionic surfactant, Tween 80, and an anionic one, sodium laurate, forming mixed micelles, produces several beneficial effects, including reduction of adsorption onto solid of the non-ionic surfactant, decrease in the precipitation of the fatty acid salt, and synergism to solubilize PAHs from solids compared with individual surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo S Sales
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba, INFIQC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana A Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba, INFIQC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
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11
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Powers C, Lampel HP. The rubber manufacturing industry: a case report and review of cutaneous exposure and sequelae. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:33. [PMID: 26339279 PMCID: PMC4558935 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chemical carcinogens in rubber manufacturing remains a serious occupational health concern. Workers are exposed to these carcinogens via skin or inhalation. Rubber manufacturing work is associated with a high prevalence of dermatologic diseases such as eczema, allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis. The role that epidermal exposure plays in the development of malignancies historically associated with the rubber industry is less certain. We present a case relevant to this discussion and review the role of skin exposure in the rubber industry, providing an overview of the cutaneous and systemic manifestations of occupational exposures in modern day rubber workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Powers
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Heather P Lampel
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
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12
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Jeng HA, Pan CH. 1-Hydroxypyrene as a Biomarker for Environmental Health. BIOMARKERS IN DISEASE: METHODS, DISCOVERIES AND APPLICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Yun BH, Sidorenko VS, Rosenquist TA, Dickman KG, Grollman AP, Turesky RJ. New Approaches for Biomonitoring Exposure to the Human Carcinogen Aristolochic Acid. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 4:763-776. [PMID: 26366284 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AA) are found in all Aristolochia herbaceous plants, many of which have been used worldwide for medicinal purposes for centuries. AA are causal agents of the chronic kidney disease entity termed aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and potent upper urinary tract carcinogens in humans. AAN and upper urinary tract cancers are endemic in rural areas of Croatia and other Balkan countries where exposure to AA occurs through the ingestion of home-baked bread contaminated with Aristolochia seeds. In Asia, exposure to AA occurs through usage of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs containing Aristolochia. Despite warnings from regulatory agencies, traditional Chinese herbs containing AA continue to be used world-wide. In this review, we highlight novel approaches to quantify exposure to AA, by analysis of aristolactam (AL) DNA adducts, employing ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MSn). DNA adducts are a measure of internal exposure to AA and serve as an important end point for cross-species extrapolation of toxicity data and human risk assessment. The level of sensitivity of UPLC-ESI/MSn surpasses the limits of detection of AL-DNA adducts obtained by 32P-postlabeling techniques, the most widely employed methods for detecting putative DNA adducts in humans. AL-DNA adducts can be measured by UPLC-ESI/MS3, not only in fresh frozen renal tissue, but also in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, an underutilized biospecimen for assessing chemical exposures, and in exfoliated urinary cells, a non-invasive approach. The frequent detection of AL DNA adducts in renal tissues, combined with the characteristic mutational spectrum induced by AA in TP53 and other genes provides compelling data for a role of AA in upper urothelial tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA ; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA ; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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14
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Talaska G, Thoroman J, Schuman B, Käfferlein HU. Biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in European coke oven workers. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:213-6. [PMID: 25445007 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring is an excellent method for capturing the results of all exposures, regardless of route. Coke oven workers include certain groups that have the potential for high exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other materials. Biomarkers of exposure to these agents include PAH metabolites as markers of internal dose and carcinogen-DNA adducts as measure of effective dose. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of these biomarkers in persons with different job duties in a modern coke oven plant. We report that the mean levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1HP) and carcinogen DNA adducts in the exfoliated urothelial cells of coke oven workers are increased the closer a group of workers is to the ovens and highest in the top oven workers with average 1HP level of 11.6 μg/l and 22 adducts per 10(9) unadducted nucleotides. Both 1HP and carcinogen DNA adduct levels increased in supervisors, area workers, side oven workers, top and side oven workers, and top oven workers, respectively. These data are the first to demonstrate an increase in target organ genotoxicity in coke oven workers and a relationship with other biomarkers. Future studies will determine the identity of the DNA adducts, their correlation with 1HP levels and the relationship between levels in individual workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Talaska
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA.
| | - Jeff Thoroman
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Brenda Schuman
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Occupational Hygiene, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Heiko Udo Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Buerkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
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15
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Long AS, Lemieux CL, Yousefi P, Ruiz-Mercado I, Lam NL, Orellana CR, White PA, Smith KR, Holland N. Human urinary mutagenicity after wood smoke exposure during traditional temazcal use. Mutagenesis 2014; 29:367-77. [PMID: 25084778 PMCID: PMC4141685 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Central America, the traditional temazcales or wood-fired steam baths, commonly used by many Native American populations, are often heated by wood fires with little ventilation, and this use results in high wood smoke exposure. Urinary mutagenicity has been previously employed as a non-invasive biomarker of human exposure to combustion emissions. This study examined the urinary mutagenicity in 19 indigenous Mayan families from the highlands of Guatemala who regularly use temazcales (N = 32), as well as control (unexposed) individuals from the same population (N = 9). Urine samples collected before and after temazcal exposure were enzymatically deconjugated and extracted using solid-phase extraction. The creatinine-adjusted mutagenic potency of urine extracts was assessed using the plate-incorporation version of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with strain YG1041 in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. The post-exposure mutagenic potency of urine extracts were, on average, 1.7-fold higher than pre-exposure samples (P < 0.005) and also significantly more mutagenic than the control samples (P < 0.05). Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) was ~10 times higher following temazcal use (P < 0.0001), and both CO level and time spent in temazcal were positively associated with urinary mutagenic potency (i.e. P < 0.0001 and P = 0.01, respectively). Thus, the wood smoke exposure associated with temazcal use contributes to increased excretion of conjugated mutagenic metabolites. Moreover, urinary mutagenic potency is correlated with other metrics of exposure (i.e. exhaled CO, duration of exposure). Since urinary mutagenicity is a biomarker associated with genetic damage, temazcal use may therefore be expected to contribute to an increased risk of DNA damage and mutation, effects associated with the initiation of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Long
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and Centro del Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Christine L Lemieux
- Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Paul Yousefi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and
| | - Ilse Ruiz-Mercado
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and
| | - Nicholas L Lam
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and
| | | | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, Air Health Science Division, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and Centro del Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Kirk R Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and
| | - Nina Holland
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA and
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16
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Bolognesi C, Moretto A. Genotoxic risk in rubber manufacturing industry: a systematic review. Toxicol Lett 2013; 230:345-55. [PMID: 24275385 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence from epidemiological studies among workers employed in the rubber manufacturing industry has indicated a significant excess cancer risk in a variety of sites. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified the "Occupational exposures in the rubber-manufacturing industry" as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). A genotoxic mechanism for the increased cancer risk was suggested on the basis of the evidence from the scientific literature. Exposure assessment studies have shown that workers in the rubber manufacturing industry may be exposed to different airborne carcinogenic and/or genotoxic chemicals, such as certain aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitrosamines, although the available information does not allow to establish a causal association of cancer or genotoxic risk with particular substances/classes of chemicals or specific jobs. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate, by conducting a systematic review, the available biomonitoring studies using genotoxicity biomarkers in rubber manufacturing industry. This systematic review suggests that a genotoxic hazard may still be present in certain rubber manufacturing industries. A quantitative risk assessment needs further studies addressing the different, processes and chemicals in the rubber manufacturing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS AUO San Martino IST-Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Luigi Sacco Hospital, via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risks Prevention (ICPS), Luigi Sacco Hospital, via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
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17
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Talaska G, Gaultney B, Peters S, Succop P, Vermeulen R. 2-Naphthol levels and genotoxicity in rubber workers. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:45-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Randall KL, Argoti D, Paonessa JD, Ding Y, Oaks Z, Zhang Y, Vouros P. An improved liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 4-aminobiphenyl DNA adducts in urinary bladder cells and tissues. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:4135-43. [PMID: 19932483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), an environmental and tobacco smoke carcinogen that targets the bladder urothelium, leads to DNA adduct formation and cancer development [1]. Two major analytical challenges in DNA adduct analysis of human samples have been limited sample availability and the need to reach detection limits approaching the part-per-billion threshold. By operating at nano-flow rates and incorporating a capillary analytical column in addition to an online sample enrichment step, we have developed a sensitive and quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method appropriate for the analysis of such samples. This assay for the deoxyguanosine adduct of 4-ABP (dG-C8-4-ABP) gave mass detection limits of 20amol in 1.25microg of DNA (5 adducts in 10(9) nucleosides) with a linear range of 70amol to 70fmol. 4-ABP-exposed human bladder cells and rat bladder tissue were analyzed in triplicate, and higher dose concentrations led to increased numbers of detected adducts. It was subsequently established that sample requirements could be further reduced to 1microg digestions and the equivalent of 250ng DNA per injection for the detection of low levels of dG-C8-4-ABP in a matrix of exfoliated human urothelial cell DNA. This method is appropriate for the characterization and quantification of DNA adducts in human samples and can lead to a greater understanding of their role in carcinogenesis and also facilitate evaluation of chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Randall
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Hydroxypyrene in urine of football players after playing on artificial sports field with tire crumb infill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2009; 83:105-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-009-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Hopf NB, Carreon T, Talaska G. Biological markers of carcinogenic exposure in the aluminum smelter industry--a systematic review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:562-581. [PMID: 19629825 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903094810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure monitoring programs have been used in the aluminum smelter industry for decades to decrease the risk of cancer from exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Biological monitoring of PAHs incorporates all routes of exposure. Measuring postshift urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1OHP), a metabolite of pyrene, determines worker's daily PAH exposures, while measuring DNA adducts reflect chronic exposures to PAHs. We reviewed the scientific literature to identify changes over time in (1) 1OHP levels, (2) DNA adduct levels, and (3) other contributing factors associated with 1OHP and DNA adduct levels in the aluminum smelter industry. No trends were observed in 1OHP and DNA adduct levels. This could be due to variable selection of study populations and poorly identified job tasks that prevent comparison of jobs across plants and times, unassessed worker exposure variability, and the impact of cumulative exposures. Thus, it cannot be demonstrated that the use of biological monitoring to estimate PAH exposures has brought about an exposure reduction in the industry. Future studies should be aimed at follow-up in workplaces where dermal and inhalation exposure interventions have been employed. Inconsistent findings were also observed in the analysis of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms and their effect on biomarker levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA.
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de Vocht F, Sobala W, Wilczynska U, Kromhout H, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Peplonska B. Cancer mortality and occupational exposure to aromatic amines and inhalable aerosols in rubber tire manufacturing in Poland. Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:94-102. [PMID: 19679054 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Most data on carcinogenic risk in the rubber industry are based on data from Western countries. This study assessed cancer risks in a retrospective cohort in a Polish tire manufacturing plant, relying on quantified exposure to inhalable aerosols and aromatic amines instead of job titles or external comparisons. METHODS Cumulative exposure for all exposures was assigned to cohort members based on estimates from a company-specific JEM. Cancer risks associated with cumulative exposure adjusted for co-exposures, gender and year of birth were calculated. RESULTS Exposure levels were higher for women than for men. Aromatic amine exposure was significantly associated with increased urinary bladder cancer risk (RR=7.32-8.27), depending on exposure level, and prostate cancer at low levels only (RR=5.86). In women, increased risks were found for all cancers (RR=2.50) and of the digestive organs and peritoneum (RR=4.54) at low level only, while an exposure-response association with breast cancer risk was found. Inhalable aerosol exposure was associated with cancers of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts in a dose-dependent manner, while dose-dependent reduced risks were found for respiratory cancers (most notably the larynx) and cancer of the colon. CONCLUSIONS Increased risks for specific cancer sites in this rubber plant were similar to Western Europe and the US. However, several cancer risks were gender-specific which could relate to higher exposure levels in women or to differences in exposures to chemicals not assessed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank de Vocht
- School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Jönsson LS, Broberg K, Axmon A, Bergendorf U, Littorin M, Jönsson BAG. Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, symptoms and immunologic markers in vulcanization workers in the southern Sweden rubber industries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2008; 82:131-7. [PMID: 18425528 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) levels in contemporary Swedish vulcanization workers and in controls. These levels were used as an index substance for vulcanization fumes, as well as a biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The risk of symptoms and changed levels of immunologic markers were investigated in relation to the 1-HP levels. METHODS Included in the study were 163 exposed workers and 106 controls. Medical and occupational histories were obtained by structured interviews. Symptoms were recorded and immunologic markers analysed in blood by routine analysis methods. Levels of 1-HP were determined by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. RESULTS The highest levels of 1-HP were found among exposed workers using injection and compression vulcanization and lower levels were found among exposed workers vulcanizing with salt bath, hot air, microwaves or fluid-bed. Compared to controls, exposed workers had increased risks of eye symptoms, nosebleeds, burning and dry throat, hoarseness, severe dry cough, nausea and headache. Furthermore, exposed workers had elevated levels of neutrophils and total IgG (immunoglobulin subclass G). However, only for severe dry cough an evident exposure-response relationship with urinary 1-HP levels was found. CONCLUSIONS This work clearly shows increased levels of urinary 1-HP in Swedish vulcanization workers. Furthermore, it demonstrates an increased risk of several symptoms and elevated levels of some immunologic markers in these workers. However, no obvious exposure-response relationships were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena S Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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