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Khalifa A, Guijarro A, Nencioni A. Advances in Diet and Physical Activity in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 39064705 PMCID: PMC11279876 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is currently a growing interest in diets and physical activity patterns that may be beneficial in preventing and treating breast cancer (BC). Mounting evidence indicates that indeed, the so-called Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and regular physical activity likely both help reduce the risk of developing BC. For those who have already received a BC diagnosis, these interventions may decrease the risk of tumor recurrence after treatment and improve quality of life. Studies also show the potential of other dietary interventions, including fasting or modified fasting, calorie restriction, ketogenic diets, and vegan or plant-based diets, to enhance the efficacy of BC therapies. In this review article, we discuss the biological rationale for utilizing these dietary interventions and physical activity in BC prevention and treatment. We highlight published and ongoing clinical studies that have applied these lifestyle interventions to BC patients. This review offers valuable insights into the potential application of these dietary interventions and physical activity as complimentary therapies in BC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Ana Guijarro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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2
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Esteves M, Silva C, Bovolini A, Pereira SS, Morais T, Moreira Â, Costa MM, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. Regular Voluntary Running is Associated with Increased Tumor Vascularization and Immune Cell Infiltration and Decreased Tumor Growth in Mice. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 36931293 DOI: 10.1055/a-2008-7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumors present dysfunctional vasculature that limits blood perfusion and hinders immune cells delivery. We aimed to investigate if regular voluntary running promotes tumor vascular remodelling, improves intratumoral immune cells infiltration and inhibits tumor growth. Tumors were induced in C57BL/6 male mice (n=28) by subcutaneous inoculation in the dorsal region with a suspension of RM1 cells (1.5×105 cells/500 µL PBS) and randomly allocated into two groups: sedentary (n=14) and voluntarily exercised on a wheel (n=14). Seven mice from each group were sacrificed 14 and 28 days after cells' inoculation to evaluate tumor weight, microvessel density, vessels' lumen regularity and the intratumoral quantity of NKG2D receptors, CD4+and CD8+T cells, by immunohistochemistry. The statistical inference was done through a two-way ANOVA. Exercised mice developed smaller tumors at 14 (0.17±0.1 g vs. 0.48±0.2 g, p<0.05) and 28 (0.92±0.7 g vs. 2.09±1.3 g, p<0.05) days, with higher microvessel density (21.20±3.2 vs. 15.86±4.0 vessels/field, p<0.05), more regular vessels' lumen (1.06±0.2 vs. 1.43±0.2, p<0.05), and higher CD8+T cells (464.95±48.0 vs. 364.70±49.4 cells/mm2, p<0.01), after 28 days. NKG2D expression was higher in exercised mice at 14 (263.27±25.8 cells/mm2, p<0.05) and 28 (295.06±56.2 cells/mm2, p<0.001) days. Regular voluntary running modulates tumor vasculature, increases immune cells infiltration and attenuates tumor growth, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Esteves
- Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento Fernando Pessoa (FP-I3ID), Escola Superior de Saude Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Bovolini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Morais
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Moreira
- Communication Unit, Universidade do Porto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena M Costa
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, University of Porto Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Alberto Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal.,TOXRUN, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portuga
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3
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Giallauria F, Testa C, Cuomo G, Di Lorenzo A, Venturini E, Lauretani F, Maggio MG, Iannuzzo G, Vigorito C. Exercise Training in Elderly Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061671. [PMID: 36980559 PMCID: PMC10046194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging of the population, in 70% of cases, a new cancer diagnosis equals a cancer diagnosis in a geriatric patient. In this population, beyond the concept of mortality and morbidity, functional capacity, disability, and quality of life remain crucial. In fact, when the functional status is preserved, the pathogenetic curve towards disability will stop or even regress. The present systematic review investigated the effectiveness of physical exercise, as part of a holistic assessment of the patient, for preventing disability and improving the patient’s quality of life, and partially reducing all-cause mortality. This evidence must point towards decentralization of care by implementing the development of rehabilitation programs for elderly cancer patients either before or after anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giallauria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Crescenzo Testa
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Venturini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit and Department of Cardiology, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, “Cecina Civil Hospital”, 57023 Cecina, Italy
| | - Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Center, Medicine and Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of Parma, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Giuseppe Maggio
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Center, Medicine and Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of Parma, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Vigorito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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García-Chico C, López-Ortiz S, Peñín-Grandes S, Pinto-Fraga J, Valenzuela PL, Emanuele E, Ceci C, Graziani G, Fiuza-Luces C, Lista S, Lucia A, Santos-Lozano A. Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15010324. [PMID: 36612320 PMCID: PMC9818971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that, among the different molecular/cellular pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cancer, there are 14 hallmarks that play a major role, including: (i) sustaining proliferative signaling, (ii) evading growth suppressors, (iii) activating invasion and metastasis, (iv) enabling replicative immortality, (v) inducing angiogenesis, (vi) resisting cell death, (vii) reprogramming energy metabolism, (viii) evading immune destruction, (ix) genome instability and mutations, (x) tumor-promoting inflammation, (xi) unlocking phenotypic plasticity, (xii) nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming, (xiii) polymorphic microbiomes, and (xiv) senescent cells. These hallmarks are also associated with the development of breast cancer, which represents the most prevalent tumor type in the world. The present narrative review aims to describe, for the first time, the effects of physical activity/exercise on these hallmarks. In summary, an active lifestyle, and particularly regular physical exercise, provides beneficial effects on all major hallmarks associated with breast cancer, and might therefore help to counteract the progression of the disease or its associated burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia García-Chico
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saúl Peñín-Grandes
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Pinto-Fraga
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Ceci
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Torregrosa C, Chorin F, Beltran EEM, Neuzillet C, Cardot-Ruffino V. Physical Activity as the Best Supportive Care in Cancer: The Clinician's and the Researcher's Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5402. [PMID: 36358820 PMCID: PMC9655932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary supportive care, integrating the dimensions of exercise alongside oncological treatments, is now regarded as a new paradigm to improve patient survival and quality of life. Its impact is important on the factors that control tumor development, such as the immune system, inflammation, tissue perfusion, hypoxia, insulin resistance, metabolism, glucocorticoid levels, and cachexia. An increasing amount of research has been published in the last years on the effects of physical activity within the framework of oncology, marking the appearance of a new medical field, commonly known as "exercise oncology". This emerging research field is trying to determine the biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects the incidence of cancer, the progression and/or the appearance of metastases. We propose an overview of the current state of the art physical exercise interventions in the management of cancer patients, including a pragmatic perspective with tips for routine practice. We then develop the emerging mechanistic views about physical exercise and their potential clinical applications. Moving toward a more personalized, integrated, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary management, by trying to understand the different interactions between the cancer and the host, as well as the impact of the disease and the treatments on the different organs, this seems to be the most promising method to improve the care of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Torregrosa
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- Département de Chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Hôpital Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 9 avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Frédéric Chorin
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Expertise, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d’Azur, 06205 Nice, France
- Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06205 Nice, France
| | - Eva Ester Molina Beltran
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- GERCOR, 151 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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6
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Amirsasan R, Akbarzadeh M, Akbarzadeh S. Exercise and colorectal cancer: prevention and molecular mechanisms. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:247. [PMID: 35945569 PMCID: PMC9361674 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity have been shown to be strongly associated with a decreased incidence rate of various chronic diseases especially numerous human malignancies. A huge number of clinical trials and meta-analysis have demonstrated that exercise is significantly effective in lowering the risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, it is suggested as an effective therapeutic modality against this cancer type. Therefore, in this review, we will review comprehensibly the effects of exercise in preventing, treating, and alleviating the adverse effects of conventional therapeutic options in colorectal cancer. Moreover, the possible mechanisms underlying the positive effects of exercise and physical activity in colorectal cancer, including regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, growth factor axis, immunity, epigenetic, etc. will be also discussed. Exercise is an effective post-treatment management program in colorectal cancer survivals Exercise improves muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, emotional distress, physical activity, fatigue, and sleep quality in colorectal patients undergoing chemotherapy Targeting and modulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, inflammation, apoptosis, immunity, epigenetic, Leptin and Ghrelin, and signaling pathways are major underlying mechanisms for preventive effects of exercise in colorectal cancer
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Amirsasan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Akbarzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Akbarzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kang DW, Barnes O, Vander Heiden MG, Dieli-Conwright CM. Effect of exercise on tumor markers – is exercise anti-tumorigenic in humans?: A scoping review of preliminary clinical investigations. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 178:103779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Huang Q, Wu M, Wu X, Zhang Y, Xia Y. Muscle-to-tumor crosstalk: The effect of exercise-induced myokine on cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188761. [PMID: 35850277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise has gradually become a focus in cancer treatment due to its pronounced role in reducing cancer risk, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and improving prognosis. In recent decades, skeletal muscles have been considered endocrine organs, exerting their biological functions via the endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine systems by secreting various types of myokines. The amount of myokines secreted varies depending on the intensity, type, and duration of exercise. Recent studies have shown that muscle-derived myokines are highly involved the effects of exercise on cancer. Multiple myokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), oncostatin M (OSM), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), and irisin, directly mediate cancer progression by influencing the proliferation, apoptosis, stemness, drug resistance, metabolic reprogramming, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of cancer cells. In addition, IL-6, interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-15 (IL-15), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and irisin can improve obesity-induced inflammation by stimulating lipolysis of adipose tissues, promoting glucose uptake, and accelerating the browning of white fat. Furthermore, some myokines could regulate the tumor microenvironment, such as angiogenesis and the immune microenvironment. Cancer cachexia occurs in up to 80% of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%-30% of patient deaths. It is characterized by systemic inflammation and decreased muscle mass. Exercise-induced myokine production is important in regulating cancer cachexia. This review summarizes the roles and underlying mechanisms of myokines, such as IL-6, myostatin, IL-15, irisin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and musclin, in cancer cachexia. Through comprehensive analysis, we conclude that myokines are potential targets for inhibiting cancer progression and the associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianrui Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengling Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuyi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, China.
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9
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Exercise in cancer prevention and anticancer therapy: Efficacy, molecular mechanisms and clinical information. Cancer Lett 2022; 544:215814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vulczak A, Alberici LC. Physical Exercise and Tumor Energy Metabolism. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100600. [PMID: 35811248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports the antitumoral effects of physical activity, either in experimental animal models or humans. However, the biological mechanisms by which physical exercise modulates tumoral development are still unclear. An important feature of the tumor cells is the altered energy metabolism, often associated with definitions of tumor aggressiveness. Nevertheless, exercise can cause global metabolic changes in the body, as well as modulate tumor metabolism. Here we specifically discuss the metabolic changes found in tumors and how exercise can contribute to anti-tumoral effects by modulating the mitochondrial function, and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related metabolites of cancer cells. The effect of physical exercise on tumor metabolism is a new possibility for comprehension of cancer biology and developing therapies focused on tumor energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Vulczak
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, RibeirãoPreto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, RibeirãoPreto, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Jee H, Park E, Hur K, Kang M, Kim Y. High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Suppresses Cancer Growth by Regulating Skeletal Muscle-Derived Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:818470. [PMID: 35801156 PMCID: PMC9254717 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.818470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity aerobic exercise (90% of the maximal heart rate) can effectively suppress cancer cell proliferation in vivo. However, the molecular effects of exercise and its relevance to cancer prevention remain uninvestigated. In this study, mice with colorectal cancer were subjected to high-intensity aerobic exercise, and mRNA-seq analysis was performed on the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle tissues to analyze the genome-wide molecular effects of exercise. The skeletal muscle-derived genes with exercise-dependent differential expression were further evaluated for their effects on colorectal cancer cell viability. Compared to the results obtained for the control groups (healthy and cancer with no exercise), the regular and high-intensity aerobic physical activity in the mice produced positive results in comprehensive parameters (i.e., food intake, weight gain, and survival rate). A heatmap of differentially expressed genes revealed markedly different gene expression patterns among the groups. RNA-seq analysis of 23,282 genes expressed in the skeletal muscle yielded several anticancer effector genes (e.g., Trim63, Fos, Col1a1, and Six2). Knockdown and overexpression of selected anticancer genes repressed CT26 murine colorectal carcinoma cell proliferation by 20% (p < 0.05). Our findings, based on the aerobic exercise cancer mouse model, suggest that high-intensity aerobic exercise results in a comprehensive change in the expression patterns of genes, particularly those that can affect cancer cell viability. Such an approach may identify key exercise-regulated genes that can help the body combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Jee
- School of Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyunseok Jee, ; Yoosik Kim,
| | - Eunmi Park
- College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minjeong Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyunseok Jee, ; Yoosik Kim,
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12
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Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Tang W, Zhong D, Liu T, Zhu Y, Li J, Jin R. Effect of Exercise on Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Experiments. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:843810. [PMID: 35733941 PMCID: PMC9208379 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.843810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Exercise is reported to be beneficial for breast cancer. However, the results seem inconsistent. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of animal experimental studies to fully understand the effect of exercise on breast cancer in animal model. Methods: We searched databases from inception to April 2022 and manually searched related references to retrieve eligible studies. We screened eligible studies and extracted related data. We assessed the risk of bias and reporting quality using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation Risk of Bias tool and the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines 2.0, respectively. We summarized the study characteristics and findings of included studies and conducted meta-analysis with RevMan software. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Results: We identified 537 potential literatures and included 47 articles for analysis. According to the results of risk of bias assessment, only selective outcome reporting was in low risk of bias. Items of sequence generation, random outcome assessment, and incomplete outcome data were rated as high risk of bias. Most of other items were rated unclear risk of bias. In reporting quality assessment, all included articles reported grouping method and experimental procedures. However, no study provided information of the study protocol registration. Meta-analysis showed that, compared with sedentary lifestyle, exercise reduced more tumor weight (MD = −0.76, 95%CI −0.88 to −0.63, p = 0.85, I2 = 0%) and tumor number per animal (MD = −0.61, 95%CI −0.91 to −0.31, p = 0.34, I2 = 8%). Exercise decreased more tumor incidence than sedentary lifestyle both in motorized wheel/high-intensity (OR = 0.22, 95%CI 0.11 to 0.46, p = 0.09, I2 = 41%) and free wheel/low-intensity treadmill running (OR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.14 to 1.44, p = 0.04, I2 = 60%). Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust. Conclusion: Exercise could reduce tumor weight, number of tumors per animal, and incidence of tumor in breast cancer model of mice and rats. However, the risk of bias items and reporting guidelines in preclinical studies should be concerned. Future research should consider standards of conducting and reporting preclinical studies and choose suitable exercise protocol for higher quality evidence of exercise for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xili Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongling Zhong
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- School of Sports, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Li, ; Rongjiang Jin,
| | - Rongjiang Jin
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Li, ; Rongjiang Jin,
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13
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Emery A, Moore S, Turner JE, Campbell JP. Reframing How Physical Activity Reduces The Incidence of Clinically-Diagnosed Cancers: Appraising Exercise-Induced Immuno-Modulation As An Integral Mechanism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788113. [PMID: 35359426 PMCID: PMC8964011 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undertaking a high volume of physical activity is associated with reduced risk of a broad range of clinically diagnosed cancers. These findings, which imply that physical activity induces physiological changes that avert or suppress neoplastic activity, are supported by preclinical intervention studies in rodents demonstrating that structured regular exercise commonly represses tumour growth. In Part 1 of this review, we summarise epidemiology and preclinical evidence linking physical activity or regular structured exercise with reduced cancer risk or tumour growth. Despite abundant evidence that physical activity commonly exerts anti-cancer effects, the mechanism(s)-of-action responsible for these beneficial outcomes is undefined and remains subject to ongoing speculation. In Part 2, we outline why altered immune regulation from physical activity - specifically to T cells - is likely an integral mechanism. We do this by first explaining how physical activity appears to modulate the cancer immunoediting process. In doing so, we highlight that augmented elimination of immunogenic cancer cells predominantly leads to the containment of cancers in a 'precancerous' or 'covert' equilibrium state, thus reducing the incidence of clinically diagnosed cancers among physically active individuals. In seeking to understand how physical activity might augment T cell function to avert cancer outgrowth, in Part 3 we appraise how physical activity affects the determinants of a successful T cell response against immunogenic cancer cells. Using the cancer immunogram as a basis for this evaluation, we assess the effects of physical activity on: (i) general T cell status in blood, (ii) T cell infiltration to tissues, (iii) presence of immune checkpoints associated with T cell exhaustion and anergy, (iv) presence of inflammatory inhibitors of T cells and (v) presence of metabolic inhibitors of T cells. The extent to which physical activity alters these determinants to reduce the risk of clinically diagnosed cancers - and whether physical activity changes these determinants in an interconnected or unrelated manner - is unresolved. Accordingly, we analyse how physical activity might alter each determinant, and we show how these changes may interconnect to explain how physical activity alters T cell regulation to prevent cancer outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Emery
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - John P Campbell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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14
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Jia N, Zhou Y, Dong X, Ding M. The antitumor mechanisms of aerobic exercise: A review of recent preclinical studies. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6365-6373. [PMID: 34387383 PMCID: PMC8446393 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is an important non‐pharmacological means of antitumor intervention, but related mechanisms are poorly understood. In this review, previous studies are summarized from the aspects of tumor oxygenation, autophagy versus apoptosis, and organismal immunity. Current findings on the antitumor effects of aerobic exercise involve AMPK signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, Th1/Th2 cytokine balance related to immunity, PD‐1/PD‐L1 immunosuppressive signaling, and related cytokine pathways. Several directions for further research are proposed, including whether newly discovered subgroups of cytokines influence the effects of aerobic exercise on tumors, tailoring corresponding exercise prescriptions based on the bidirectional effects of certain cytokines at different stages, identifying the potential effects of exercise time and intensity, and elucidating details of the unclear mechanisms. Through the discussion of the existing data, we hope to provide new ideas for the future research of exercise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Jia
- College of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaosheng Dong
- College of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Ding
- College of Physical Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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15
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Arana Echarri A, Beresford M, Campbell JP, Jones RH, Butler R, Gollob KJ, Brum PC, Thompson D, Turner JE. A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling. Front Immunol 2021; 11:616188. [PMID: 33597950 PMCID: PMC7882710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.616188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Over the last four decades, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have improved substantially, giving patients with localized disease a better chance of cure, and those with more advanced cancer, longer periods of disease control and survival. However, understanding and managing heterogeneity in the clinical response exhibited by patients remains a challenge. For some treatments, biomarkers are available to inform therapeutic options, assess pathological response and predict clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, some measurements are not employed universally and lack sensitivity and specificity, which might be influenced by tissue-specific alterations associated with aging and lifestyle. The first part of this article summarizes available and emerging biomarkers for clinical use, such as measurements that can be made in tumor biopsies or blood samples, including so-called liquid biopsies. The second part of this article outlines underappreciated factors that could influence the interpretation of these clinical measurements and affect treatment outcomes. For example, it has been shown that both adiposity and physical activity can modify the characteristics of tumors and surrounding tissues. In addition, evidence shows that inflammaging and immunosenescence interact with treatment and clinical outcomes and could be considered prognostic and predictive factors independently. In summary, changes to blood and tissues that reflect aging and patient characteristics, including lifestyle, are not commonly considered clinically or in research, either for practical reasons or because the supporting evidence base is developing. Thus, an aim of this article is to encourage an integrative phenomic approach in oncology research and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Beresford
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert H. Jones
- Department of Medical Oncology, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Butler
- South West Genomics Laboratory Hub, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth J. Gollob
- International Center for Research, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia C. Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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16
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Koelwyn GJ, Zhuang X, Tammela T, Schietinger A, Jones LW. Exercise and immunometabolic regulation in cancer. Nat Metab 2020; 2:849-857. [PMID: 32929232 PMCID: PMC9128397 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthful lifestyle factors, such as obesity, disrupt organismal homeostasis and accelerate cancer pathogenesis, partly through metabolic and immunological dysregulation. Exercise is a prototypical strategy that maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular and molecular levels and can prevent or inhibit numerous disease conditions, including cancer. Here, we review unhealthful lifestyle factors that contribute to metabolic and immunological dysregulation and drive tumourigenesis, focusing on patient physiology (host)-tissue-tumour microenvironment interactions. We also discuss how exercise may influence distant tissue microenvironments, thereby improving tissue function through both metabolic and immunospecific pathways. Finally, we consider future directions that merit consideration in basic and clinical translational exercise studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueqian Zhuang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Biro PA, Thomas F, Ujvari B, Beckmann C. Can Energetic Capacity Help Explain Why Physical Activity Reduces Cancer Risk? Trends Cancer 2020; 6:829-837. [PMID: 32601046 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased physical activity reduces cancer risk in humans, but why this whole-organism attribute reduces cancer remains unclear. Active individuals tend to have high capacity to generate energy on a sustained basis, which in turn can permit greater immune responses crucial for fighting emerging neoplasia. Thus, we suggest energetic capacity as a potential mechanism to explain the activity-cancer link, given that humans are intrinsically (not externally) energy limited. Human and rodent studies show that individuals with high energetic capacity mount greater immune responses and have lower cancer incidence; these trends persist after controlling for actual physical activity, supporting a direct role of energetic capacity. If true, exercise efforts might best target those that increase one's energetic capacity, which may be both individual and exercise specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; School of Science, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, NSW 2116, Australia
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18
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Pollán M, Casla-Barrio S, Alfaro J, Esteban C, Segui-Palmer MA, Lucia A, Martín M. Exercise and cancer: a position statement from the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1710-1729. [PMID: 32052383 PMCID: PMC7423809 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to improvements in the number of cancer survivors and survival time, there is a growing interest in healthy behaviors, such as physical activity (PA), and their potential impact on cancer- and non-cancer-related morbidity in individuals with cancer. Commissioned by the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), in this review, we sought to distill the most recent evidence on this topic, focusing on the mechanisms that underpin the effects of PA on cancer, the role of PA in cancer prevention and in the prognosis of cancer and practical recommendations for clinicians regarding PA counseling. Despite the available information, the introduction of exercise programs into the global management of cancer patients remains a challenge with several areas of uncertainty. Among others, the most effective behavioral interventions to achieve long-term changes in a patient’s lifestyle and the optimal intensity and duration of PA should be defined with more precision in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pollán
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Casla-Barrio
- Exercise-Oncology Unit, Spanish Cancer Association, Madrid, Spain.,GEICAM (Spanish Breast Cancer Group), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfaro
- Medical Oncology, Hospital de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Esteban
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | - M A Segui-Palmer
- Medical Oncology, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - A Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CIBER de Envejecimiento Saludable y Fragilidad (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Martín
- GEICAM (Spanish Breast Cancer Group), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain. .,Medical Oncology Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Dufresne S, Guéritat J, Chiavassa S, Noblet C, Assi M, Rioux‐Leclercq N, Rannou‐Bekono F, Lefeuvre‐Orfila L, Paris F, Rébillard A. Exercise training improves radiotherapy efficiency in a murine model of prostate cancer. FASEB J 2020; 34:4984-4996. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901728r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Dufresne
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - Jordan Guéritat
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - Sophie Chiavassa
- CRCINA INSERM Université de Nantes Université d'Angers Nantes France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest Centre René Gauducheau Saint Herblain France
| | - Caroline Noblet
- CRCINA INSERM Université de Nantes Université d'Angers Nantes France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest Centre René Gauducheau Saint Herblain France
| | - Mohamad Assi
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | | | - Françoise Rannou‐Bekono
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - Luz Lefeuvre‐Orfila
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
| | - François Paris
- CRCINA INSERM Université de Nantes Université d'Angers Nantes France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest Centre René Gauducheau Saint Herblain France
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- Movement, Sport, and Health Sciences Laboratory EA 1274 Université Rennes 2 ENS Rennes Bruz France
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20
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Abstract
Data from observational studies indicate that both physical activity as well as exercise (ie, structured physical activity) is associated with reductions in the risk of recurrence and cancer mortality after a diagnosis of certain forms of cancer. Emerging evidence from preclinical studies indicates that physical activity/exercise paradigms regulate intratumoral vascular maturity and perfusion, hypoxia, and metabolism and augments the antitumor immune response. Such responses may, in turn, enhance response to standard anticancer treatments. For instance, exercise improves efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, and there is rationale to believe that it will also improve radiotherapy response. This review overviews the current preclinical as well as clinical evidence supporting exercise modulation of therapeutic response and postulated biological mechanisms underpinning such effects. We also examine the implications for tumor response to radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ashcraft
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Mark W Dewhirst
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC..
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21
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Eschke RCKR, Lampit A, Schenk A, Javelle F, Steindorf K, Diel P, Bloch W, Zimmer P. Impact of Physical Exercise on Growth and Progression of Cancer in Rodents-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:35. [PMID: 30805305 PMCID: PMC6370688 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical exercise is suspected to reduce cancer risk and mortality. So far, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Although limited, murine models represent a promising attempt in order to gain knowledge in this field. Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining various treatment protocols was conducted in order to determine the impact of exercise on tumor growth in rodents. Methods: PubMed, Google scholar and System for information on Gray literature in Europe were screened from inception to October 2017. Risk of bias within individual studies was assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation risk of bias rating tool for human and animal trials. The effect of exercise on tumor growth over and above non-exercise control was pooled using random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential moderators. Results: The quality of the included 17 articles ranged between "probably low" and "high risk of bias." A significant reduction in tumor growth in exercising animals compared to controls was detected (Hedges' g = -0.40; 95% CI -0.66 to -0.14, p < 0.01) with between-study heterogeneity (τ2 = 0.217, I 2 = 70.28%, p < 0.001). The heterogeneity was partially explained by three moderators representing the in-between group differences of "maximum daily exercise" R 2 = 33% (p < 0.01), "type of cancer administration" R 2 = 28% (p < 0.05), and "training initiation" R 2 = 27% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that physical exercise leads to reduction of tumor size in rodents. Since "maximum daily exercise" was found to have at least modest impact on tumor growth, more clinical trials investigating dose-response relationships are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Lampit
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Javelle
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karen Steindorf
- Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Moreira VM, da Silva Franco CC, Prates KV, Gomes RM, de Moraes AMP, Ribeiro TA, Martins IP, Previate C, Pavanello A, Matiusso CCI, Almeida DL, Francisco FA, Malta A, Tófolo LP, da Silva Silveira S, Saavedra LPJ, Machado K, da Silva PHO, Fabrício GS, Palma-Rigo K, de Souza HM, de Fátima Silva F, Biazi GR, Pereira TS, Vieira E, Miranda RA, de Oliveira JC, da Costa Lima LD, Rinaldi W, Ravanelli MI, de Freitas Mathias PC. Aerobic Exercise Training Attenuates Tumor Growth and Reduces Insulin Secretion in Walker 256 Tumor-Bearing Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:465. [PMID: 29867528 PMCID: PMC5953341 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training can improve insulin sensitivity in many tissues; however, the relationship among exercise, insulin, and cancer cell growth is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training begun during adolescence can attenuate Walker 256 tumor growth in adult rats and alter insulin secretion. Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats engaged in treadmill running for 8 weeks, 3 days/week, 44 min/day, at 55-65% VO2max until they were 90 days old (TC, Trained Control). An equivalently aged group was kept inactive during the same period (SC, Sedentary Control). Then, half the animals of the SC and TC groups were reserved as the control condition and the other half were inoculated with Walker 256 cancer cells, yielding two additional groups (Sedentary Walker and Trained Walker). Zero mortalities were observed in tumor-bearing rats. Body weight (BW), food intake, plasma glucose, insulin levels, and peripheral insulin sensitivity were analyzed before and after tumor cell inoculation. We also evaluated tumor growth, metastasis and cachexia. Isolated pancreatic islets secretory activity was analyzed. In addition, we evaluated mechanic sensibility. Our results showed improved physical performance according to the final workload and VO2max and reduced BW in trained rats at the end of the running protocol. Chronic adaptation to the aerobic exercise training decreased tumor weight, cachexia and metastasis and were associated with low glucose and insulin levels and high insulin sensitivity before and after tumor cell inoculation. Aerobic exercise started at young age also reduced pancreatic islet insulin content and insulin secretion in response to a glucose stimulus, without impairing islet morphology in trained rats. Walker 256 tumor-bearing sedentary rats also presented reduced pancreatic islet insulin content, without changing insulin secretion through isolated pancreatic islets. The mechanical sensitivity test indicated that aerobic exercise training did not cause injury or trigger inflammatory processes prior to tumor cell inoculation. Taken together, the current study suggests that aerobic exercise training applied during adolescence may mitigate tumor growth and related disorders in Walker 256 tumor-bearing adult rats. Improved insulin sensibility, lower glucose and insulin levels and/or reduced insulin secretion stimulated by glucose may be implicated in this tumor attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veridiana Mota Moreira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Ingá University Center, UNINGÁ, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Valério Prates
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Isabela Peixoto Martins
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Carina Previate
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Audrei Pavanello
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Ianoni Matiusso
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Douglas Lopes Almeida
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Flávio Andrade Francisco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Laize Peron Tófolo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Cacoal, Cacoal, Brazil
| | - Sandra da Silva Silveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Lucas Paulo Jacinto Saavedra
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Katia Machado
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Olivieri da Silva
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S. Fabrício
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Kesia Palma-Rigo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Taís Susane Pereira
- Laboratory of Microorganisms Genetics and Mutagenesis, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Águas Claras, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Delmar da Costa Lima
- Superior School of Physical Education and Physical Therapy of Goiás State, State University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Wilson Rinaldi
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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23
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Zhang X. NAFLD Related-HCC: The Relationship with Metabolic Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1061:55-62. [PMID: 29956206 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8684-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases death rates of all cancers including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC). NAFLD is considered as hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is a multi-system disease. Recent prevalence studies have intensively reported the association of obesity, metabolic risk factors and HCC incidence and mortality. Mechanistic studies suggested that immune response, PI3K/AKT/mTOR/PTEN pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction and genetic alterations are important mediators in the progression of NAFLD-HCC from metabolic disorder. In this book chapter, we attempt to collate current research on NAFLD-HCC that lead to our understandings on how metabolic disorders may intersect with cancer development. We also discussed the prevention options of NAFLD-HCC in view of obesity and metabolic disorder. These studies have extended our knowledge on the complicated mechanism of NAFLD and HCC, and provided the prevention options of NAFLD-HCC in patients with obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Thompson HJ, Jones LW, Koch LG, Britton SL, Neil ES, McGinley JN. Inherent aerobic capacity-dependent differences in breast carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:920-928. [PMID: 28911004 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although regular physical activity is associated with improvement in aerobic capacity and lower breast cancer risk, there are heritable sets of traits that affect improvement in aerobic capacity in response to physical activity. Although aerobic capacity segregates risk for a number of chronic diseases, the effect of the heritable component on cancer risk has not been evaluated. Therefore, we investigated breast carcinogenesis in rodent models of heritable fitness in the absence of induced physical activity. Female offspring of N:NIH rats selectively bred for low (LIAC) or high (HIAC) inherent aerobic capacity were injected intraperitoneally with 1-methyl-1-nitrosurea (70 mg/kg body wt). At study termination 33 weeks post-carcinogen, cancer incidence (14.0 versus 47.3%; P < 0.001) and multiplicity (0.18 versus 0.85 cancers per rat; P < 0.0001) were significantly decreased in HIAC versus LIAC rats, respectively. HIAC had smaller visceral and subcutaneous body fat depots than LIAC and activity of two proteins that regulated the mammalian target of rapamycin, protein kinase B (Akt), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase were suppressed and activated, respectively, in HIAC. Although many factors distinguish between HIAC and LIAC, it appears that the protective effect of HIAC against breast carcinogenesis is mediated, at least in part, via alterations in core metabolic signaling pathways deregulated in the majority of human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Neil
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA
| | - John N McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1173, USA
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Koelwyn GJ, Quail DF, Zhang X, White RM, Jones LW. Exercise-dependent regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:620-632. [PMID: 28943640 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and composition of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly plastic, undergoing constant remodelling in response to instructive signals derived from alterations in the availability and nature of systemic host factors. This 'systemic milieu' is directly modulated by host exposure to modifiable lifestyle factors such as exercise. Host exposure to regular exercise markedly reduces the risk of the primary development of several cancers and might improve clinical outcomes following a diagnosis of a primary disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the apparent antitumour effects of exercise are poorly understood. In this Opinion article, we explore the putative effects of exercise in reprogramming the interaction between the host and the TME. Specifically, we speculate on the possible effects of exercise on reprogramming 'distant' tissue microenvironments (those not directly involved in the exercise response) by analysing how alterations in the systemic milieu might modulate key TME components to influence cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; and at the Department of Physiology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine; and at the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA; and at the Weil Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Theriau CF, Connor MK. Voluntary physical activity counteracts the proliferative tumor growth microenvironment created by adipose tissue via high-fat diet feeding in female rats. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/13/e13325. [PMID: 28676553 PMCID: PMC5506521 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipokine secretion profile created from adipose tissue may represent the molecular mechanism behind the obesity‐breast cancer association. Two adipokines, adiponectin (ADIPO), and leptin (LEP), are altered with obesity and exert antagonistic effects on breast cancer proliferation. We set out to determine whether the adipose‐dependent tumor promoting growth environment created by a high‐fat diet (HFD) in female Sprague‐Dawley rats is altered compared to established responses in male rats and whether voluntary physical activity (PA) ameliorates any HFD‐dependent effects. We found that conditioned media (CM) created from the adipose tissue of female HFD‐fed rats increased the proliferation of MCF7 cells compared to those cells grown in CM prepared from lean adipose tissue. HFD‐CM inhibited AMPK and activated Akt signaling, decreased p27 phosphorylation at T198, reduced total p27 and AdiporR1 protein levels and promoted cell‐cycle entry. PA reversed the proliferative effects of HFD‐CM on MCF7 cells by preventing the effects of HFD on AMPK, Akt, p27 and AdipoR1, ultimately resulting in cell‐cycle withdrawal. Overexpressing AdipoR1 abolished the proliferative effects of the HFD‐CM on MCF7 cells and enhanced the anti‐proliferative effects PA on the HFD‐CM. Thus, PA represents a means to prevent deleterious obesity‐related alterations in tumor growth environment which are brought about by changes in adipokine secretion profile from adipose tissue in the presence of estrogen. Furthermore, although adipose produces hundreds of adipokines, the ADIPO:LEP ratio may serve to indicate the contribution of adipose in creating a tumor growth microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Theriau
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael K Connor
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada .,Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Exercise and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:423-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ashcraft KA, Peace RM, Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise on Cancer Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis: A Critical Systematic Review of In Vivo Preclinical Data. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4032-50. [PMID: 27381680 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major objective of the emerging field of exercise-oncology research is to determine the efficacy of, and biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects cancer incidence, progression, and/or metastasis. There is a strong inverse association between self-reported exercise and the primary incidence of several forms of cancer; similarly, emerging data suggest that exercise exposure after a cancer diagnosis may improve outcomes for early-stage breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer. Arguably, critical next steps in the development of exercise as a candidate treatment in cancer control require preclinical studies to validate the biological efficacy of exercise, identify the optimal "dose", and pinpoint mechanisms of action. To evaluate the current evidence base, we conducted a critical systematic review of in vivo studies investigating the effects of exercise in cancer prevention and progression. Studies were evaluated on the basis of tumor outcomes (e.g., incidence, growth, latency, metastasis), dose-response, and mechanisms of action, when available. A total of 53 studies were identified and evaluated on tumor incidence (n = 24), tumor growth (n = 33), or metastasis (n = 10). We report that the current evidence base is plagued by considerable methodologic heterogeneity in all aspects of study design, endpoints, and efficacy. Such heterogeneity precludes meaningful comparisons and conclusions at present. To this end, we provide a framework of methodologic and data reporting standards to strengthen the field to guide the conduct of high-quality studies required to inform translational, mechanism-driven clinical trials. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4032-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph M Peace
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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29
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Theriau CF, Shpilberg Y, Riddell MC, Connor MK. Voluntary physical activity abolishes the proliferative tumor growth microenvironment created by adipose tissue in animals fed a high fat diet. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:139-53. [PMID: 27150834 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00862.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms behind the obesity-breast cancer association may be regulated via adipokine secretion by white adipose tissue. Specifically, adiponectin and leptin are altered with adiposity and exert antagonistic effects on cancer cell proliferation. We set out to determine whether altering adiposity in vivo via high fat diet (HFD) feeding changed the tumor growth supporting nature of adipose tissue and whether voluntary physical activity (PA) could ameliorate these HFD-dependent effects. We show that conditioned media (CM) created from the adipose tissue of HFD fed animals caused an increase in the proliferation of MCF7 cells compared with cells exposed to CM prepared from the adipose of lean chow diet fed counterparts. This increased proliferation was driven within the MCF7 cells by an HFD-dependent antagonism between AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways, decreasing p27 protein levels via reduced phosphorylation at T198 and downregulation of adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1). PA can ameliorate these proliferative effects of HFD-CM on MCF7 cells, increasing p27(T198) by AMPK, reducing pAkt(T308), and increasing AdipoR1, resulting in cell cycle withdrawal in a manner that depends on the PA intensity. High physical activity (>3 km/day) completely abolished the effects of HFD feeding. In addition, AdipoR1 overexpression mimics the effects of exercise, abolishing the proliferative effects of the HFD-CM on MCF7 cells and further enhancing the antiproliferative effects of PA on the HFD-CM. Thus voluntary PA represents a means to counteract the proliferative effects of adipose tissue on breast cancers in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Theriau
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael C Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael K Connor
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Margini C, Dufour JF. The story of HCC in NAFLD: from epidemiology, across pathogenesis, to prevention and treatment. Liver Int 2016; 36:317-24. [PMID: 26601627 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. An increasing number of reports describe HCC in the setting of obesity and diabetes, two major risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The increasing incidence of these conditions and the emerging evidence of HCC in non-cirrhotic NAFLD prioritize a better understanding of NAFLD-related HCC epidemiology and pathogenesis in order to target screening policies and develop preventive-therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on the epidemiological impact of this condition, suggesting a possible link between HCC in cryptogenic cirrhosis and NAFLD. Furthermore, we analyse the suggested pathogenic mechanisms and the possible preventive-therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Margini
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean F Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Brown JC, Winters-Stone K, Lee A, Schmitz KH. Cancer, physical activity, and exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2775-809. [PMID: 23720265 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the relationship between physical activity and cancer along the cancer continuum, and serves as a synthesis of systematic and meta-analytic reviews conducted to date. There exists a large body of epidemiologic evidence that conclude those who participate in higher levels of physical activity have a reduced likelihood of developing a variety of cancers compared to those who engage in lower levels of physical activity. Despite this observational evidence, the causal pathway underlying the association between participation in physical activity and cancer risk reduction remains unclear. Physical activity is also a useful adjunct to improve the deleterious sequelae experienced during cancer treatment. These deleterious sequelae may include fatigue, muscular weakness, deteriorated functional capacity, and many others. The benefits of physical activity during cancer treatment are similar to those experienced after treatment. Despite the growing volume of literature examining physical activity and cancer across the cancer continuum, a number of research gaps exist. There is little evidence on the safety of physical activity among all cancer survivors, as most trials have selectively recruited participants. The specific dose of exercise needed to optimize primary cancer prevention or symptom control during and after cancer treatment remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Brown
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Munoz RM, Han H, Tegeler T, Petritis K, Von Hoff DD, Hoffman SA. Isolation and characterization of muscle fatigue substance with anti-tumor activities. J Cancer 2013; 4:343-9. [PMID: 23678371 PMCID: PMC3654491 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research during the 1950's indicated that exercise played a role in the reduction of tumor growth. In the 1960's our studies confirmed that tumor-bearing rats, exercised to fatigue, demonstrated tumor inhibition. Our further studies isolated an extract (Fatigue Substance, or F-Substance) from rectus femoris muscles of rats which had been electrically stimulated to fatigue. This extract significantly inhibited growth of transplanted rat tumors. Research continued until 1978 when it became apparent the methodology at that time was not able to further identify the substance's active components. Using current technology, we now report on the further isolation and characterization of F-Substance. In cell proliferation assays, extracts from electrically stimulated rat rectus femoris muscles had more significant inhibitory effect on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 than those isolated from unstimulated muscles. To identify the molecule(s) responsible for the antitumor activity, a rat cytokine antibody array was used to profile the cytokines in the substances. Among the 29 different cytokines contained on the array, 3 showed greater than 3-fold difference between the substances isolated from the stimulated and unstimulated muscles. LIX (also known as CXCL5) is 6-fold higher in the substances isolated from stimulated muscles than those from the unstimulated muscles. TIMP-1 is 4.6 fold higher and sICAM is 3.6 fold higher in the substances from the stimulated muscles. Our results indicated that cytokines released from contracting muscles might be responsible for the antitumor effect of F-Substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Munoz
- Division of Clinical Translational Research, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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Jiang W, Zhu Z, Thompson HJ. Effects of limiting energy availability via diet and physical activity on mammalian target of rapamycin-related signaling in rat mammary carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:378-87. [PMID: 23125225 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated how different approaches to limiting energy availability (LEA) by 15% affected mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-related signaling in mammary carcinomas. Female Sprague Dawley rats, injected with 50mg 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea per kilogram body weight, were randomized to a control or three LEA interventions: (i) sedentary and restricted rats fed to 85% of energy available to the control or motorized wheel running (37 m/min) for an average of (ii) 1621 ± 55 (WRL) or (iii) 3094 ± 126 (WRH) meters/day with food intake adjusted to provide the same net amount of available energy across LEA interventions. Under these conditions, LEA reduced overall cancer burden by 28% (P = 0.04) and down-regulated mTOR-related signaling (Hotelling multivariate, P = 0.002). Among the regulatory nodes assessed, reduced levels of activated protein kinase B (pAkt) and induction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) were the most influential factors in distinguishing between sham control and LEA carcinomas. P-Akt was predictive of observed changes in levels of proteins involved in cell cycle control (r = 0.698, P < 0.0001) and induction of apoptosis (r = -0.429, P = 0.014). Plasma insulin and leptin were strongly associated with carcinoma pAkt levels. Consistent with downregulation of mTOR-related signaling by LEA, evidence of decreased lipid synthesis in carcinomas was observed (Hotelling multivariate, P < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with SIRT1 induction. Despite large differences between control and LEA, effects on mTOR regulation were insufficient to distinguish among LEA intervention groups. Given the modest effects observed on the LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase regulatory node, NADH and NADPH rather than ATP may be more limiting for tumor growth when LEA is 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Jiang
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Zhu Z, Jiang W, Zacher JH, Neil ES, McGinley JN, Thompson HJ. Effects of energy restriction and wheel running on mammary carcinogenesis and host systemic factors in a rat model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012; 5:414-22. [PMID: 22246620 PMCID: PMC3294132 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Limiting energy availability via diet or physical activity has health benefits; however, it is not known whether these interventions have similar effects on the development of cancer. Two questions were addressed as follows: (i) Does limiting energy availability by increasing physical activity have the same effect on mammary carcinogenesis as limiting caloric intake? and (ii) Are host systemic factors, implicated as risk biomarkers for breast cancer, similarly affected by these interventions? Female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with 50-mg 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea per kg body weight at 21 days of age and randomized to one of five groups (30 rats per group) as follows: (i) sham running wheel control; (ii) restricted fed to 85% of the sham control; (iii and iv) voluntary running in a motorized activity wheel (37 m/min) to a maximum of 3,500 m/d or 1,750 m/d; and (v) sedentary ad libitum fed control with no access to a running wheel. The three energetics interventions inhibited the carcinogenic response, reducing cancer incidence (P = 0.01), cancer multiplicity (P < 0.001), and cancer burden (P < 0.001) whereas prolonging cancer latency (P = 0.004) although differences among energetics interventions were not significant. Of the plasma biomarkers associated with the development of cancer, the energetics interventions reduced bioavailable insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin, interleukin-6, serum amyloid protein, TNF-α, and leptin and increased IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and adiponectin. Plasma-fasting glucose, C-reactive protein, estradiol, and progesterone were unaffected. The plasma biomarkers of greatest value in predicting the carcinogenic response were adiponectin > IGF-1/IGFBP-3 > IGFBP-3 > leptin > IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjian Zhu
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Weiqin Jiang
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Jarrod H. Zacher
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Elizabeth S. Neil
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - John N. McGinley
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Henry J. Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Azrad M, Chang PL, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Nagy TR. Reduced mitogenicity of sera following weight loss in premenopausal women. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:916-23. [PMID: 21774593 PMCID: PMC3209713 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.594209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether serum from normal weight women is less mitogenic and more apoptotic than sera from the same women in the overweight state. Sera from premenopausal women, age (mean ± SEE) 34.6 ± 0.53 years, who were randomized to caloric restriction (CR) (n = 13), CR + aerobic exercise (AE) (n = 14), or CR + resistance training (RT) (n = 20) were used to culture endometrial cancer cells. Phases of the cell cycle were determined, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positivity was used to assess proliferation and apoptosis was assessed by determining cleaved caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Analyses showed that overall, cells grown in sera from the weight-reduced state had significantly more cells in G0/G1 and significantly fewer cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle than cells grown in sera from the overweight state. PCNA staining confirmed that cells grown in sera from the weight-reduced state had fewer proliferating cells. Cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were not different in cells grown in sera from the weight-reduced state compared to the overweight state. We conclude that weight loss with or without exercise could lower the risk for cancer through changes in serum that result in reduced cellular mitogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Pi-Ling Chang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
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Bruss MD, Thompson ACS, Aggarwal I, Khambatta CF, Hellerstein MK. The effects of physiological adaptations to calorie restriction on global cell proliferation rates. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E735-45. [PMID: 21285400 PMCID: PMC3279299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00661.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) reduces the rate of cell proliferation in mitotic tissues. It has been suggested that this reduction in cell proliferation may mediate CR-induced increases in longevity. However, the mechanisms that lead to CR-induced reductions in cell proliferation rates remain unclear. To evaluate the CR-induced physiological adaptations that may mediate reductions in cell proliferation rates, we altered housing temperature and access to voluntary running wheels to determine the effects of food intake, energy expenditure, percent body fat, and body weight on proliferation rates of keratinocytes, liver cells, mammary epithelial cells, and splenic T-cells in C57BL/6 mice. We found that ∼20% CR led to a reduction in cell proliferation rates in all cell types. However, lower cell proliferation rates were not observed with reductions in 1) food intake and energy expenditure in female mice housed at 27°C, 2) percent body fat in female mice provided running wheels, or 3) body weight in male mice provided running wheels compared with ad libitum-fed controls. In contrast, reductions in insulin-like growth factor I were associated with decreased cell proliferation rates. Taken together, these data suggest that CR-induced reductions in food intake, energy expenditure, percent body fat, and body weight do not account for the reductions in global cell proliferation rates observed in CR. In addition, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced cell proliferation rates could be useful as a biomarker of interventions that increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Bruss
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, 94720-3104, USA.
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Thompson HJ, Wolfe P, McTiernan A, Jiang W, Zhu Z. Wheel running-induced changes in plasma biomarkers and carcinogenic response in the 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced rat model for breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1484-92. [PMID: 20876731 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to identify pathways by which physical activity, implemented as running in an activity wheel, inhibits carcinogenesis. The focus of this analysis was on 20 plasma biomarkers for glucose homeostasis, inflammation, cytokine function, and endocrine activity, known to be affected by a physically active lifestyle. Plasma for analysis was obtained from previously reported carcinogenesis experiments in which the effects on mammary carcinogenesis, induced by i.p. injection of 1-methyl-1-nitrosurea, of running on a motorized activity wheel or a nonmotorized free wheel were compared with sedentary controls. Wheel running reduced cancer incidence (P = 0.0004) and the number of cancers per animal (P = 0.005). Principal components analysis was used to reduce the 20 plasma biomarkers to a concise index that was significantly different by treatment group assignment (P < 0.0001). Statistical analyses provided evidence that supported the hypothesis of a mediational role of these molecules in accounting for the protective effect of wheel running on the carcinogenic process. In addition, the plasma biomarker index derived from principal components analysis was a good discriminator of treatment group assignment (only 4.5% of animals were misclassified). These findings suggest that the plasma biomarkers evaluated have utility in assessing the breast cancer response to a physical activity intervention. Identification of such biomarkers is critical in clinical studies for which evaluating the effects of physical activity on cancer outcomes (diagnosis, recurrence, or mortality) is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Mann PB, Jiang W, Zhu Z, Wolfe P, McTiernan A, Thompson HJ. Wheel running, skeletal muscle aerobic capacity and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1279-83. [PMID: 20299525 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that intrinsic differences and induced changes in aerobic capacity are probably to play a critical role in the development of chronic diseases like cancer. This study was initiated: (i) to determine how citrate synthase activity, which is routinely used as a marker of aerobic capacity and mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle, was affected by voluntary running on either a motorized activity wheel or a non-motorized free wheel and (ii) to investigate the association between aerobic capacity and the carcinogenic response induced in the mammary gland by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-1-nitrosurea. Overall, wheel running reduced cancer incidence (96 versus 72%, P = 0.0006) and the number of cancers per animal (2.84 versus 1.78, P < 0.0001) and induced citrate synthase activity (276 versus 353 U/mg, P < 0.0001, sedentary control versus wheel running,respectively). Both motorized and free wheel running increased citrate synthase activity (373 +/- 24, 329 +/- 11 and 276 +/- 9 U/mg protein, P < 0.0001) and reduced the average number of cancers per rat (2.84, 1.96 and 1.63, P < 0.01), sedentary control, free wheel and motorized wheel, respectively. However, regression analyses failed to provide evidence of a significant association between citrate synthase activity and either cancer incidence or cancer multiplicity. Citrate synthase activity is a single measure in a complex pathway that determines aerobic capacity. The multifaceted nature of intrinsic and inducible aerobic capacity limits the usefulness of citrate synthase activity alone in elucidating the relationship between aerobic capacity and the carcinogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Mann
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Jones LW, Viglianti BL, Tashjian JA, Kothadia SM, Keir ST, Freedland SJ, Potter MQ, Moon EJ, Schroeder T, Herndon JE, Dewhirst MW. Effect of aerobic exercise on tumor physiology in an animal model of human breast cancer. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:343-8. [PMID: 19959769 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00424.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies report that regular exercise may be associated with substantial reductions in cancer-specific and all-cause mortality following a breast cancer diagnosis. The mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been identified. We investigated the effects of long-term voluntary wheel running on growth and progression using an animal model of human breast cancer. We also examined effects on the central features of tumor physiology, including markers of tumor blood perfusion/vascularization, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Athymic female mice fed a high-fat diet were orthotopically (direct into the mammary fat pad) implanted with human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 at 1 x 10(6)) into the right dorsal mammary fat pad and randomly assigned (1:1) to voluntary wheel running (n = 25) or a nonintervention (sedentary) control group (n = 25). Tumor volume was measured every three days using digital calipers. All experimental animals were killed when tumor volume reached > or = 1,500 mm(3). Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis indicated that tumor growth (survival) was comparable between the experimental groups (exercise 44 days vs. control 48 days; KM proportional hazard ratio = 1.41, 95% confidence interval, 0.77-2.58, P = 0.14). However, tumors from exercising animals had significantly improved blood perfusion/vascularization relative to the sedentary control group (P < 0.05). Histological analyses indicated that intratumoral hypoxia levels (as assessed by hypoxia-inducible factor 1) were significantly higher in the exercise group relative to sedentary control (P < 0.05). Aerobic exercise can significantly increase intratumoral vascularization, leading to "normalization" of the tissue microenvironment in human breast tumors. Such findings may have important implications for inhibiting tumor metastasis and improving the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Jones
- Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiological studies have reported an inverse association between physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer. To date, there are few animal studies looking at physical activity and cancer incidence, although the results are consistent with the epidemiological evidence. In general, as exercise intensity increased in the rats/mice, the likelihood that physical activity inhibited carcinogenesis increased. METHODS The present study used voluntary wheel running with C3(1)Tag mice that are predisposed to prostate cancer due to the directed expression of SV40 oncogenes. After 10 weeks, the prostates were collected from run and non-run mice and histopathology performed for the presence or absence of low grade or high grade PINS. RESULTS We found that for those mice that ran >5Km/group, 83% of the dorsolateral prostates were classified as within normal levels vs. 43% for the <5 km/day group (p = 0.16). In addition, there was a relationship between average distance run and pathologic progression to high-grade PIN and local invasion, considered to be an early event in the formation of prostate adenocarcinoma. Forty three percent of dorsalateral prostates from mice that ran less than 5 km/day were classified with advanced pathology as compared to none (0) in mice that ran more than 5.0 km/day (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results presented herein indicate that prostatic cancer progression is likely delayed or diminished by wheel running activity in a dose dependent manner in transgenic mice. These findings provide further evidence that exercise acts to decrease the progression of prostate cancer and they establish a transgenic animal model for future studies to define mechanism(s). Prostate 69: 1372-1377, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Thompson HJ, Jiang W, Zhu Z. Candidate mechanisms accounting for effects of physical activity on breast carcinogenesis. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:895-901. [PMID: 19588523 PMCID: PMC4346290 DOI: 10.1002/iub.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is strong that a reduction in risk for breast cancer is associated with moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA); however, there is limited understanding of the role of type, intensity, duration, and frequency of PA and their mechanisms in accounting for this health benefit. The objective of this review is to stimulate investigations of candidate mechanisms that may account for the effects of the intensity and duration of aerobic PA on breast cancer risk and tumor burden. Three hypotheses are considered: 1) the mTOR network hypothesis: PA inhibits carcinogenesis by suppressing the activation of the mTOR signaling network in mammary carcinomas; 2) the hormesis hypothesis: the carcinogenic response to PA is nonlinear and accounted for by a physiological cellular stress response; and 3) the metabolic reprogramming hypothesis: PA limits the amount of glucose and glutamine available to mammary carcinomas thereby inducing apoptosis because tumor-associated metabolic programming is reversed. To link these hypotheses to systemic effects of PA, it is recommended that consideration be given to determining: 1) what contracting muscle releases into circulation or removes from circulation that would directly modulate the carcinogenic process in epithelial cells; 2) whether the effects of muscle contraction on epithelial cell carcinogenesis are exerted in an endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, or intracrine manner; and 3) if the effects of muscle contraction on malignant cells differ from effects on normal or premalignant cells that do not manifest the hallmarks of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well known as key regulators of energy metabolism and growth. There is now considerable evidence that these hormones and the signal transduction networks they regulate have important roles in neoplasia. Epidermiological, clinical and laboratory research methods are being used to investigate novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies related to insulin and IGF signalling. Pharmacological strategies under study include the use of novel receptor-specific antibodies, receptor kinase inhibitors and AMP-activated protein kinase activators such as metformin. There is evidence that insulin and IGF signalling may also be relevant to dietary and lifestyle factors that influence cancer risk and cancer prognosis. Recent results are encouraging and have justified the expansion of many translational research programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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