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Emile MH, Emile SH, El-Karef AA, Ebrahim MA, Mohammed IE, Ibrahim DA. Association between the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and oncologic outcomes of colorectal cancer. Updates Surg 2024:10.1007/s13304-024-01865-9. [PMID: 38762631 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-024-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) that confers metastatic capabilities to cancer cells. The present study aimed to assess the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression and impact of EMT markers, including E-cadherin, Vimentin, β-catenin, and SMAD4, on the oncologic outcomes of CRC. METHODS This was a retrospective review of 118 CRC patients. Tissue slides were retrieved from the slide archive and five tissue microarray construction blocks were constructed. IHC for E-cadherin, Vimentin, β-catenin, and SMAD4 was done. The main outcome was the association between abnormal marker expression and overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS Adenocarcinomas accounted for 71.2% of tumors, whereas 25.4% and 3.4% were mucinous and signet ring cell carcinomas. The rates of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion were 72.9% and 20.3%, respectively. There was a positive, significant correlation, and association between the four markers. Abnormal expression of E-cadherin was associated with significantly lower OS (p < 0.0001) and similar DFS (p = 0.06). Abnormal Vimentin expression was associated with a significantly higher rate of distant metastasis (p = 0.005) and significantly lower OS and DFS (p < 0.0001). Abnormal expression of β-catenin was associated with significantly lower OS (p < 0.0001) and similar DFS (p = 0.15). Abnormal expression of SMAD4 was associated with significantly lower OS and DFS (p < 0.0001). Abnormal expression of all four markers was associated with a higher disease recurrence, lower OS, and lower DFS. CONCLUSION Abnormal expression of each marker was associated with lower OS, whereas abnormal expression of Vimentin and SMAD4 only was associated with lower DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hany Emile
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sameh Hany Emile
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, General Surgery Department, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura University, 60 El-Gomhouria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Amr Awad El-Karef
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Awad Ebrahim
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Pastorino GA, Sheraj I, Huebner K, Ferrero G, Kunze P, Hartmann A, Hampel C, Husnugil HH, Maiuthed A, Gebhart F, Schlattmann F, Gulec Taskiran AE, Oral G, Palmisano R, Pardini B, Naccarati A, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Banerjee S, Schneider-Stock R. A partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition signature for highly aggressive colorectal cancer cells that survive under nutrient restriction. J Pathol 2024; 262:347-361. [PMID: 38235615 DOI: 10.1002/path.6240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (p-EMT) has recently been identified as a hybrid state consisting of cells with both epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics and is associated with the migration, metastasis, and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Here, we describe the induction of p-EMT in starved colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and identify a p-EMT gene signature that can predict prognosis. Functional characterisation of starvation-induced p-EMT in HCT116, DLD1, and HT29 cells showed changes in proliferation, morphology, and drug sensitivity, supported by in vivo studies using the chorioallantoic membrane model. An EMT-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array was used to screen for deregulated genes, leading to the establishment of an in silico gene signature that was correlated with poor disease-free survival in CRC patients along with the CRC consensus molecular subtype CMS4. Among the significantly deregulated p-EMT genes, a triple-gene signature consisting of SERPINE1, SOX10, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was identified. Starvation-induced p-EMT was characterised by increased migratory potential and chemoresistance, as well as E-cadherin processing and internalisation. Both gene signature and E-cadherin alterations could be reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG132. Spatially resolving EGFR expression with high-resolution immunofluorescence imaging identified a proliferation stop in starved CRC cells caused by EGFR internalisation. In conclusion, we have gained insight into a previously undiscovered EMT mechanism that may become relevant when tumour cells are under nutrient stress, as seen in early stages of metastasis. Targeting this process of tumour cell dissemination might help to prevent EMT and overcome drug resistance. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil A Pastorino
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilir Sheraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerstin Huebner
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giulio Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Philipp Kunze
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chuanpit Hampel
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Arnatchai Maiuthed
- Department of Pharmacology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Florian Gebhart
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fynn Schlattmann
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aliye Ezgi Gulec Taskiran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goksu Oral
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ralph Palmisano
- Optical Imaging Competence Centre FAU OICE, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), c/o FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Katharina Erlenbach-Wuensch
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory (CanSyl), Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Kyaw KZ, Park J, Oh SH, Lee JY, Bae ES, Park HJ, Oh DC, Lee SK. Antimetastatic Activity of Apoptolidin A by Upregulation of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 1 Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040491. [PMID: 37111248 PMCID: PMC10146635 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent tumors with high metastatic potential; consequently, finding new drug candidates that suppress tumor metastasis is essential. Apoptolidin A is a macrocyclic lactone produced by Amycolatopsis sp. DW02G. It exhibits significant cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines, but its effects on CRC cells remain unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities of apoptolidin A and its underlying molecular mechanisms in CRC cells. Apoptolidin A effectively inhibited CRC cell growth and colony formation. The induction of G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest was associated with the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 expression. Long-term exposure to apoptolidin A also induced apoptosis as confirmed by the downregulation and upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression, respectively. Moreover, apoptolidin A effectively upregulated the suppressed expression of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a tumor suppressor gene, in a concentration-dependent manner in CRC cells. The antimetastatic potential of apoptolidin A was also correlated with the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers, including the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin, vimentin, snail, and MMP9 in CRC cells. These findings suggest that apoptolidin A exerts antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities by regulating the NDRG1-activated EMT pathway in CRC cells.
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Goettsch KA, Zhang L, Singh AB, Dhawan P, Bastola DK. Reliable epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers for colorectal cancer detection. Biomark Med 2022; 16:889-901. [PMID: 35892269 PMCID: PMC9442548 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To combat increases in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality, biomarkers among differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been identified to objectively detect cancer. However, DEGs are numerous, and additional parameters may identify more reliable biomarkers. Here, CRC DEGs were filtered into a prioritized list of biomarkers. Materials & methods: Two independent datasets (COAD-READ [n = 698] and GSE50760 [n = 36]) were input alternatively to the recently published data-driven reference method. Results were filtered based on epithelial-mesenchymal transition enrichment (χ-square statistic: 919.05; p = 2.2e-16) to produce 37 potential CRC biomarkers. Results: All 37 genes reliably classified CRC samples and ETV4, CLDN1 and CA2 together were top-ranked by DDR (accuracy: 89%; F1 score: 0.89). Conclusion: Biological and statistical information were combined to produce a better set of CRC detection biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Goettsch
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Amar B Singh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd & Emile Streets, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska - Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd & Emile Streets, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dhundy K Bastola
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 1110 S. 67th Street, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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Genenger B, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. A tEMTing target? Clinical and experimental evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (a scoping systematic review). Discov Oncol 2022; 13:42. [PMID: 35666359 PMCID: PMC9170863 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a disease with globally rising incidence and poor prognosis for patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a driver of metastasis in many carcinomas, and cSCC is no exception. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the clinical and experimental evidence for EMT in cSCC, with critical appraisal of type and quality of the methodology used. We then used this information as rationale for potential drug targets against advanced and metastatic cSCC. All primary literature encompassing clinical and cell-based or xenograft experimental studies reporting on the role of EMT markers or related signalling pathways in the progression of cSCC were considered. A screen of 3443 search results yielded 86 eligible studies comprising 44 experimental studies, 22 clinical studies, and 20 studies integrating both. From the clinical studies a timeline illustrating the alteration of EMT markers and related signalling was evident based on clinical progression of the disease. The experimental studies reveal connections of EMT with a multitude of factors such as genetic disorders, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and matrix remodelling via matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase plasminogen activator. Additionally, EMT was found to be closely tied to environmental factors as well as to stemness in cSCC via NFκB and β-catenin. We conclude that the canonical EGFR, canonical TGF-βR, PI3K/AKT and NFκB signalling are the four signalling pillars that induce EMT in cSCC and could be valuable therapeutic targets. Despite the complexity, EMT markers and pathways are desirable biomarkers and drug targets for the treatment of advanced or metastatic cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jay R Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Yao J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Zhu C, Wen X, Liu T, Da M. PRRX1 promotes lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24674. [PMID: 33578599 PMCID: PMC10545397 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer has multiple metastasis pathways, of which lymph node metastasis plays a dominant role. However, the specific mechanism of lymph node metastasis is still not unclear. METHODS The bioinformatics technology was utilized to mine gene chip data related to gastric cancer and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in a high-throughput gene expression database (Gene Expression Omnibus, GEO), we screened out all genes that have differential expression levels in gastric cancer tissues and in adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues. The corresponding function package of R language software were performed for gene annotation and cluster analysis, then enrichment analysis of genes with differential expression and protein interaction network diagram for correlation analysis were performed, we finally screened out the paired related homeobox 1 gene (PRRX1) related to EMT. Next, we collected 65 metastatic lymph node samples and 93 gastric cancer tissue samples. The expression levels of PRRX1 and EMT-related protein E-cadherin (E-ca) and vimentin (Vim) in gastric cancer tissues and metastatic lymph node tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of streptavidin-peroxidase (SP). The expression differences of PRRX1, E-ca and Vim in gastric cancer tissues and metastatic lymph node tissues as well as the correlation were analyzed by the experimental data, and the clinical significance was analyzed in combination with the clinicopathological data. RESULTS The PRRX1 expression levels in gastric cancer tissues are significantly higher than that in adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues. The positive expression rates of PRRX1, Vim and E-ca in gastric cancer and in metastatic lymph node tissues were significantly different. Comparing with that in gastric cancer, expression of PRRX1 and Vim was significantly down-regulated, and E-ca expression was significantly up-regulated in metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION PRRX1 may promote lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer by regulating EMT, and then affect the prognosis of patients. PRRX1 may be used as a new biological indicator to predict or prevent lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou
| | - Yu Xia
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University
| | - Chenglou Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou
| | - Xiaoxiong Wen
- Day Clinic, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou
| | - Mingxu Da
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou
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Yang R, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Ci H, Song C, Wu S. Low PRRX1 expression and high ZEB1 expression are significantly correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24472. [PMID: 33530259 PMCID: PMC7850718 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) have been observed to play a vital role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in different types of cancer. The microvessel density (MVD) is the most common indicator used to quantify angiogenesis. This study aimed to investigate expression of PRRX1 and ZEB1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to explore associations between these factors and tumor prognosis, EMT markers and angiogenesis. METHODS Data for a total of 111 surgically resected NSCLC cases from January 2013 to December 2014 were collected. We used an immunohistochemical method to detect expression levels of PRRX1, ZEB1, and E-cadherin, and to assess MVD (marked by CD34 staining). SPSS 26.0 was employed to evaluate the connection between these factors and clinical and histopathological features, overall survival (OS) and tumor angiogenesis. RESULTS PRRX1 expression was obviously lower in tumor samples than in control samples. Low expression of PRRX1, which was more common in the high-MVD group than in the low-MVD group (P = .009), correlated positively with E-cadherin expression (P < .001). Additionally, we showed that ZEB1 was expressed at higher levels in tumor samples than in normal samples. High expression of ZEB1 was associated negatively with E-cadherin expression (P < .001) and positively associated with high MVD (P = .001). Based on Kaplan-Meier and multivariate survival analyses, we found that PRRX1, ZEB1, E-cadherin and the MVD had predictive value for OS in NSCLC patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PRRX1 and ZEB1 may serve as novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Yang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Yuanqun Liu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Hongfei Ci
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shiwu Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College
- Department of Pathology
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Low expression of Talin1 is associated with advanced pathological features in colorectal cancer patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17786. [PMID: 33082414 PMCID: PMC7576823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the proper prognostic markers for the likelihood of metastasis in CRC patients. Seventy-seven fresh CRC samples were collected to evaluate the mRNA level of the selected marker using Real-time PCR. Moreover, 648 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded CRC tissues were gathered to evaluate protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarrays. The results of Real-Time PCR showed that low expression of Talin1 was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage (p = 0.034) as well as gender (p = 0.029) in mRNA levels. Similarly, IHC results indicated that a low level of cytoplasmic expression of Talin1 was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage (p = 0.028) as well as gender (p = 0.009) in CRC patients. Moreover, decreased expression of cytoplasmic Talin1 protein was found to be a significant predictor of worse disease-specific survival (DSS) (p = 0.011) in the univariate analysis. In addition, a significant difference was achieved (p = 0.039) in 5-year survival rates of DSS: 65% for low, 72% for moderate, and 88% for high Talin1 protein expression. Observations showed that lower expression of Talin1 at both the gene and protein level may drive the disparity of CRC patients’ outcomes via worse DSS and provide new insights into the development of progression indicators because of its correlation with increased tumor aggressiveness.
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Dunbar K, Valanciute A, Lima ACS, Vinuela PF, Jamieson T, Rajasekaran V, Blackmur J, Ochocka-Fox AM, Guazzelli A, Cammareri P, Arends MJ, Sansom OJ, Myant KB, Farrington SM, Dunlop MG, Din FVN. Aspirin Rescues Wnt-Driven Stem-like Phenotype in Human Intestinal Organoids and Increases the Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:465-489. [PMID: 32971322 PMCID: PMC7797380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aspirin reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. Understanding the biology responsible for this protective effect is key to developing biomarker-led approaches for rational clinical use. Wnt signaling drives CRC development from initiation to progression through regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell populations. Here, we investigated whether aspirin can rescue these proinvasive phenotypes associated with CRC progression in Wnt-driven human and mouse intestinal organoids. METHODS We evaluated aspirin-mediated effects on phenotype and stem cell markers in intestinal organoids derived from mouse (ApcMin/+ and Apcflox/flox) and human familial adenomatous polyposis patients. CRC cell lines (HCT116 and Colo205) were used to study effects on motility, invasion, Wnt signaling, and EMT. RESULTS Aspirin rescues the Wnt-driven cystic organoid phenotype by promoting budding in mouse and human Apc deficient organoids, which is paralleled by decreased stem cell marker expression. Aspirin-mediated Wnt inhibition in ApcMin/+ mice is associated with EMT inhibition and decreased cell migration, invasion, and motility in CRC cell lines. Chemical Wnt activation induces EMT and stem-like alterations in CRC cells, which are rescued by aspirin. Aspirin increases expression of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 in CRC cells and organoids derived from familial adenomatous polyposis patients, which contributes to EMT and cancer stem cell inhibition. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence of phenotypic biomarkers of response to aspirin with an increased epithelial and reduced stem-like state mediated by an increase in Dickkopf-1. This highlights a novel mechanism of aspirin-mediated Wnt inhibition and potential phenotypic and molecular biomarkers for trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dunbar
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Asta Valanciute
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Lima
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paz Freile Vinuela
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Jamieson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vidya Rajasekaran
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Blackmur
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Maria Ochocka-Fox
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Guazzelli
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Cammareri
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Farhat V N Din
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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10
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Ahmadiankia N, Khosravi A. Significance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducing transcription factors in predicting distance metastasis and survival in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 25:60. [PMID: 33088297 PMCID: PMC7554549 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_174_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The clinical relevance of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression has been highlighted over the last decade. Several EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) have been implicated in the regulation of EMT, including Twist, Snail1, Slug, ZEB1, and ZEB2. Here, this meta-analysis aimed to predict the risk of distance metastasis and overall survival in CRC patients with high expression of EMT-TFs. Materials and Methods: All eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search was carried out to include literatures published as late as September 1, 2018. In overall, 16 studies that investigated the relationship between EMT-TFs with distance metastasis and survival in CRC patients were included. In meta-analysis, a pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) were estimated for associations. Results: The results of this review indicated that expressions of all EMT-TFs are significantly correlated with poor overall survival in CRC. Moreover, there are a significant association between Twist (OR, 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.09), Slug (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.98–5.93), and ZEB2 (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.09–5.40) expression with distance metastatic in CRC patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the overexpression of EMT-TFs plays a key role in increasing the risk of distance metastasis as well as decreasing overall survival in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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11
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Al Kindi HN, Shehata M, Ibrahim AM, Roshdy M, Simry W, Aguib Y, Yacoub MH. Cor Triatriatum Sinister (Divided Left Atrium): Histopathologic Features and Clinical Management. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 110:1380-1386. [PMID: 32114046 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cor triatriatum sinister (CTS), or divided left atrium, is a rare congenital cardiac disease in which the left atrium is divided into 2 chambers by a fibromuscular diaphragm that will cause blood flow obstruction to the left ventricle. Recent animal studies suggested the role of hyaluronidase-2 (HYAL-2) deficiency as a risk factor for developing CTS. The histopathologic features of this diaphragm and our surgical experience with the management of this disease are reviewed. METHODS Ten patients underwent surgical correction of CTS between 2010 and 2018. All patients had complete clinical and imaging evaluation. The fibromuscular diaphragms were histologically evaluated with myosin, troponin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin, and HYAL-2 to characterize the structure of the CTS diaphragm. RESULTS All patients underwent excision of CTS diaphragm using cardiopulmonary bypass with no early mortality. Most patients had the classic form of CTS in which the diaphragm separates the pulmonary and the vestibular chambers with no atrial septal defect. The histologic studies demonstrated the presence of fibrous, mesenchymal cells, along with cardiac muscle cells, at the site of membrane attachments. HYAL-2 enzyme was expressed in the CTS diaphragm. CONCLUSIONS Surgical repair of CTS provides satisfactory results with low risk of death. Our histologic studies revealed the cellular composition of the CTS diaphragm. HYAL-2 deficiency may not explain the pathogenesis of CTS, and further studies are needed to evaluate the complex mechanisms involved in the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamood N Al Kindi
- Aswan Heart Center, Aswan Governate, Egypt; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | - Ayman M Ibrahim
- Aswan Heart Center, Aswan Governate, Egypt; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Center, Aswan Governate, Egypt; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Liu YY, Ao Z, Xu QQ, Zhu DR, Chen C, Wang XB, Luo JG, Kong LY. Hyperpatulols A–I, spirocyclic acylphloroglucinol derivatives with anti-migration activities from the flowers of Hypericum patulum. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:409-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Zha H, Li X, Sun H, Duan L, Yuan S, Li H, Li A, Gu Y, Zhao J, Xie J, Zhou L. S100A9 promotes the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells by inducing epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and activating the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:35-44. [PMID: 31059008 PMCID: PMC6561615 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9), a member of the S100 protein family, is often upregulated in various cancers, including cervical cancer. Elevated S100A9 expression is thought to serve an important role in tumorigenesis; however, the exact role of S100A9 in the modulation of cervical cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of S100A9 on the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Our results demonstrated that endogenous expression of S100A9 in SiHa and CaSki cell lines was significantly higher than in the HeLa cell line. As expected, overexpression of S100A9 enhanced the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells. In addition, S100A9 overexpression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as determined by reduced expression levels of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, whereas the expression levels of the mesenchymal marker vimentin were upregulated. Furthermore, it was reported that the effects of S100A9 in the modulation of cervical cancer cells were mediated through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as β-catenin knockdown significantly suppressed the ability of S100A9 to enhance the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that S100A9 promoted the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms may be partially attributed to the induction of EMT and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xueru Li
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Institute of Dermatology and Venereal Disease, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710002, P.R. China
| | - Liang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shimei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Aifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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The Immunohistochemical Pattern of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers In Endometrial Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 28:339-346. [PMID: 30829665 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of endometrial carcinoma are diagnosed at an early stage and exhibit a favorable prognosis. However, 10% to 15% of ECs recur and the majority are type II tumors which are high-grade carcinomas. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered as a fundamental step for the development of the invasive phenotype of cancer cells. During EMT, many of epithelial surface markers, primarily E-cadherin disappear, and mesenchymal markers including N-cadherin gain. This feature resides predominantly at the invasive front (IF) of the tumor. Therefore, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin at the IF, in central areas of the tumor and lymphovascular space, in type I and type II endometrial carcinoma. The association of each protein with the clinicopathologic features was also evaluated. Our results confirmed a stronger E-cadherin immunostaining in type I tumors indicating that the loss of E-cadherin may be responsible for a more aggressive behavior of type II ECs. In both types, E-cadherin was strongly expressed in central areas and the reactivity decreased toward the IF. On contrary, N-cadherin was overexpressed at the IF confirming an inverse relationship between these markers. In addition, a decrease in E-cadherin expression was observed in cells within the lymphovascular space. Downregulation of E-cadherin was associated only with high-grade tumors while no correlations between both markers and other clinicopathologic features were found. Our results confirm that EMT occurs at the IF that represents a critical interface between the tumor and the host.
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15
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Sreekumar R, Harris S, Moutasim K, DeMateos R, Patel A, Emo K, White S, Yagci T, Tulchinsky E, Thomas G, Primrose JN, Sayan AE, Mirnezami AH. Assessment of Nuclear ZEB2 as a Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer Outcome and TNM Risk Stratification. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e183115. [PMID: 30646224 PMCID: PMC6324431 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE At present, patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are risk stratified using TNM histologic features. More recently, an association between a mesenchymal phenotype and a high risk of disease recurrence and micrometastases has been recognized. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing transcription factor ZEB2 (zinc finger E box-binding homeobox 2), survival outcomes, and the efficacy of ZEB2 as a biomarker when added as refinement to TNM staging after curative intent surgery for CRC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS ZEB2 expression was assessed using a previously validated scoring system as part of a prospective, observational, masked diagnostic study from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2013. Data were prospectively collected and analyzed for association with oncologic outcomes from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018. An initial test cohort from an academic university medical center of 126 consecutive patients with CRC and, subsequently, an independent validation cohort of 210 patients were examined. ZEB2 positivity was scored by 2 independent, masked pathologists. External validity was tested using an open access gene expression portal. Nomograms were developed with or without ZEB2. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Systemic and local recurrence of CRC. RESULTS The test cohort consisted of 126 consecutive patients (mean [SD] age, 72.7 [11.7] years; 61 [48.4%] male) and the validation cohort of 210 patients (mean [SD] age, 72.0 [10.6] years; 111 [52.9%] male). A total of 52 tumors (41.3%) in the test cohort and 104 (49.5%) in the validation cohort were scored nuclear ZEB2 positive. Survival analysis by the log-rank test found that ZEB2 expression was associated with a significant reduction in overall survival and disease-free survival in both cohorts. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis highlighted ZEB2 as an independent biomarker of shorter overall survival and disease-free survival. Analysis of node-negative disease (n = 222) identified ZEB2 as an independent biomarker of early recurrence and reduced survival. External validation confirmed these findings. Addition of ZEB2 expression to nomograms composed of conventional TNM risk factors improved the ability to identify patients at high risk of recurrence demonstrated by the improvement in concordance index in both test (0.73 to 0.77) and validation (0.82 to 0.87) cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that expression of ZEB2 is associated with poor oncologic outcome and distant recurrence. The study also found that the addition of ZEB2 to existing TNM classification improved the ability to stratify patients for risk of recurrence. The results of this study suggest that addition of ZEB2 expression status to the TNM staging system improves the ability to stratify patients at high risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sreekumar
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Southampton University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Harris
- Medical Statistics and Mathematics Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karwan Moutasim
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo DeMateos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashish Patel
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Emo
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie White
- Department of Surgery, Southampton University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tamer Yagci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Eugene Tulchinsky
- Department of Cancer Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John N. Primrose
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Southampton University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A. Emre Sayan
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex H. Mirnezami
- Cancer Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Southampton University Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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16
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Sugai T, Uesugi N, Kitada Y, Yamada N, Osakabe M, Eizuka M, Sugimoto R, Fujita Y, Kawasaki K, Yamamoto E, Yamano H, Suzuki H, Matsumoto T. Analysis of the expression of cancer-associated fibroblast- and EMT-related proteins in submucosal invasive colorectal cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:2702-2712. [PMID: 30087711 PMCID: PMC6072811 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies have shown that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) play important roles in the progression and metastasis of CRC. Although prediction of lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive colorectal cancer (SiCRC) is important, the relationships of CAF and EMT with lymph node metastasis of SiCRC have not yet been examined. Here, we aimed to analyze the expression patterns of CAF- and EMT-related proteins in SiCRC. Materials and Methods: The expression of CAF-related markers, including α-smooth muscle actin, CD10, podoplanin, fibroblast specific protein 1, and adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1, and EMT-related proteins [zinc finger protein SNAI2 (ZEB1) and twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1) in SiCRC with (n = 29) or without (n = 80) lymph node metastasis was examined by immunohistochemistry. We examined the expression patterns of biomarkers using hierarchical cluster analysis. Consequently, four subgroups were established based on the expression patterns of CAF- and EMT-related markers, and the associations of these subgroups with clinicopathological variables. Results: In multivariate analysis, subgroup 2, which was characterized by high expression of all markers, was correlated with lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01). Next, we examined the associations of individual biomarkers with lymph node metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings showed that expression patterns of CAF markers and EMT-related proteins may allow for stratification of patients into risk categories for lymph node metastasis in SiCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Uesugi
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kitada
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yamada
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Osakabe
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Eizuka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuko Fujita
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kawasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Cyuuouku, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Cyuuouku, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Cyuuouku, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Takayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, 19-1, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
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17
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Chu PC, Lin PC, Wu HY, Lin KT, Wu C, Bekaii-Saab T, Lin YJ, Lee CT, Lee JC, Chen CS. Mutant KRAS promotes liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, in part, by upregulating the MEK-Sp1-DNMT1-miR-137-YB-1-IGF-IR signaling pathway. Oncogene 2018; 37:3440-3455. [PMID: 29559746 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) in promoting colorectal liver metastasis is known, the mechanism by which IGF-IR is upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not defined. In this study, we obtained evidence that mutant KRAS transcriptionally activates IGF-IR gene expression through Y-box-binding protein (YB)-1 upregulation via a novel MEK-Sp1-DNMT1-miR-137 pathway in CRC cells. The mechanistic link between the tumor suppressive miR-137 and the translational regulation of YB-1 is intriguing because epigenetic silencing of miR-137 represents an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis due to promoter hypermethylation. This proposed signaling axis was further verified by the immunohistochemical evaluations of liver metastases from a cohort of 46 KRAS mutant CRC patients, which showed a significant correlation in the expression levels among Sp1, miR-137, YB-1, and IGF-1R. Moreover, suppression of the expression of YB-1 and IGF-IR via genetic knockdown or the pharmacological inhibition of MEK hampers KRAS-driven colorectal liver metastasis in our animal model studies. From a translational perspective, the identification of this KRAS-driven pathway might provide a mechanistic rationale for the use of a MEK inhibitor as an adjuvant, in combination with standard of care, to prevent the recurrence of colorectal liver metastasis in KRAS mutant CRC patients after receiving liver resection, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chen Chu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, 40402, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Chan Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70403, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Tyng Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christina Wu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70403, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70403, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Chang Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70403, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of New Drug Development, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, 40402, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Busch EL, Don PK, Chu H, Richardson DB, Keku TO, Eberhard DA, Avery CL, Sandler RS. Diagnostic accuracy and prediction increment of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition to assess cancer cell detachment from primary tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:82. [PMID: 29338703 PMCID: PMC5769498 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastases play a role in about 90% of cancer deaths. Markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) measured in primary tumor cancer cells might provide diagnostic information about the likelihood that cancer cells have detached from the primary tumor. Used together with established diagnostic tests of detachment—lymph node evaluation and radiologic imaging—EMT marker measurements might improve the ability of clinicians to assess the patient’s risk of metastatic disease. Translation of EMT markers to clinical use has been hampered by a lack of valid analyses of clinically-informative parameters. Here, we demonstrate a rigorous approach to estimating the sensitivity, specificity, and prediction increment of an EMT marker to assess cancer cell detachment from primary tumors. Methods We illustrate the approach using immunohistochemical measurements of the EMT marker E-cadherin in a set of colorectal primary tumors from a population-based prospective cohort in North Carolina. Bayesian latent class analysis was used to estimate sensitivity and specificity in a setting of multiple imperfect diagnostic tests and no gold standard. Risk reclassification analysis was used to assess the extent to which addition of the marker to the panel of established diagnostic tests would improve mortality prediction. We explored how changing the latent class conditional dependence assumptions and definition of marker positivity would impact the results. Results All diagnostic accuracy and prediction increment statistics varied with the choice of cut point to define marker positivity. When comparing different definitions of marker positivity to each other, numerous trade-offs were observed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive discrimination, and prediction model calibration. We then discussed several implementation considerations and the plausibility of analytic assumptions. Conclusions The approaches presented here can be extended to any EMT marker, to most forms of cancer, and to different kinds of EMT marker measurements, such as RNA or gene methylation data. These methods provide valid, clinically-informative assessment of whether and how to use a given EMT marker to refine tumor staging and consequent treatment decisions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3964-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Busch
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Prabhani Kuruppumullage Don
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Haitao Chu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David A Eberhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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19
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Chen C, Ma T, Zhang C, Zhang H, Bai L, Kong L, Luo J. Down-regulation of aquaporin 5-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and anti-metastatic effect by natural product Cairicoside E in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2692-2705. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Multifaceted Interpretation of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071446. [PMID: 28678194 PMCID: PMC5535937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, despite recent advances in clinical oncology. Accumulating evidence sheds light on the existence of cancer stem cells and their role in conferring therapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells are a minor fraction of cancer cells, which enable tumor heterogeneity and initiate tumor formation. In addition, these cells are resistant to various cytotoxic factors. Therefore, elimination of cancer stem cells is difficult but essential to cure the malignant foci completely. Herein, we review the recent evidence for intestinal stem cells and colon cancer stem cells, methods to detect the tumor-initiating cells, and clinical significance of cancer stem cell markers. We also describe the emerging problems of cancer stem cell theory, including bidirectional conversion and intertumoral heterogeneity of stem cell phenotype.
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Su D, Liu Y, Song T. Knockdown of IQGAP1 inhibits proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by Wnt/β-catenin pathway in thyroid cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1549-1559. [PMID: 28352188 PMCID: PMC5359122 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant disease with a high incidence rate. The expression of IQGAP1 is upregulated in various cancers, including thyroid cancer. However, the role and underlying mechanism of IQGAP1 in thyroid cancer are still not clear. Materials and methods The expression of IQGAP1 in thyroid cancer tissues and cells was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Cells were transfected with different siRNAs using Lipofectamine 2000 or were treated with various concentrations of XAV939. The effects of IQGAP1 knockdown on proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of thyroid cancer cells were determined by MTT assay and Western blot analysis. Animal experiments were performed to investigate the effects of IQGAP1 knockdown on the growth of tumors in vivo. Results High IQGAP1 expression is found in thyroid cancer tissues and cells. Knockdown of IQGAP1 had inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and EMT, as well as on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Additionally, inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by XAV939 or si-β-catenin suppressed cell proliferation and EMT. Furthermore, suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway reversed the positive effects of pcDNA-IQGAP1 on cell proliferation and EMT in vitro. Moreover, downregulation of IQGAP1 suppressed tumor growth and EMT in SW579 tumor xenografts through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vivo. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that knockdown of IQGAP1 inhibited cell proliferation and EMT through blocking the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Liberation Army 155 Hospital, Kaifeng, People's Republic of China
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da Fonseca LM, da Silva VA, Freire-de-Lima L, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Capella MAM. Glycosylation in Cancer: Interplay between Multidrug Resistance and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition? Front Oncol 2016; 6:158. [PMID: 27446804 PMCID: PMC4916178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of unusual glycan structures is a hallmark of cancer progression, and their functional roles in cancer biology have been extensively investigated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) models. EMT is a physiological process involved in embryonic development and wound healing. It is characterized by loss of epithelial cell polarity and cell adhesion, permitting cell migration, and thus formation of new epithelia. However, this process is unwanted when occurring outside their physiological limit, resulting in fibrosis of organs and progression of cancer and metastasis. Several studies observed that EMT is related to the acquisition of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, a condition in which cancer cells acquire resistance to multiple different drugs, which has virtually nothing in common. However, although some studies suggested interplay between these two apparently distinct phenomena, almost nothing is known about this possible relationship. A common pathway to them is the need for glycosylation, a post-translational modification that can alter biological function. Thus, this review intends to compile the main facts obtained until now in these two areas, as an effort to unravel the relationship between EMT and MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amil da Silva
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - José Osvaldo Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Márcia Alves Marques Capella
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de P&D em Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Muto Y, Suzuki K, Kato T, Tsujinaka S, Ichida K, Takayama Y, Fukui T, Kakizawa N, Watanabe F, Saito M, Futsuhara K, Noda H, Miyakura Y, Konishi F, Rikiyama T. Heterogeneous expression of zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 plays a pivotal role in metastasis via regulation of miR-200c in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1057-67. [PMID: 27315529 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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D'Eliseo D, Di Rocco G, Loria R, Soddu S, Santoni A, Velotti F. Epitelial-to-mesenchimal transition and invasion are upmodulated by tumor-expressed granzyme B and inhibited by docosahexaenoic acid in human colorectal cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:24. [PMID: 26830472 PMCID: PMC4736710 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease, traditionally known as expressed by cytotoxic lymphocytes to induce target cell apoptosis. However, it is emerging that GrB, being also produced by a variety of normal and neoplastic cells and potentially acting on multiple targets, might represent a powerful regulator of a wide range of fundamental biological processes. We have previously shown that GrB is expressed in urothelial carcinoma tissues and its expression is associated to both pathological tumor spreading and EMT. We have also shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with anti-tumor activity, while inhibiting urothelial and pancreatic carcinoma cell invasion also inhibited their GrB expression in vitro. In this study, we characterized a panel of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells, with different invasive capabilities, for GrB expression and for the contribution of GrB to their EMT and invasive phenotype. In addition, we investigated the effect of DHA on CRC cell-associated GrB expression, EMT and invasion. METHODS The expression levels of GrB and EMT-related markers were evaluated by Western blotting. GrB knockdown was performed by Stealth RNAi small interfering RNA silencing and ectopic GrB expression by transfection of human GrB vector. Cell invasion was determined by the BioCoat Matrigel invasion chamber test. RESULTS GrB was produced in 57.1% CRC cell lines and 100% CRC-derived Cancer Stem Cells. Although GrB was constitutive expressed in both invasive and noninvasive CRC cells, GrB depletion in invasive CRC cells downmodulated their invasion in vitro, suggesting a contribution of GrB to CRC invasiveness. GrB loss or gain of function downmodulated or upmodulated EMT, respectively, according to the analysis of cancer cell expression of three EMT biomarkers (Snail1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin). Moreover, TGF-β1-driven EMT was associated to the enhancement of GrB expression in CRC cell lines, and GrB depletion led to downmodulation of TGF-β1-driven EMT. In addition, DHA inhibited GrB expression, EMT and invasion in CRC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings present a novel role for GrB as upmodulator of EMT in CRC cells. Moreover, these results support the use of DHA, a dietary compound without toxic effects, as adjuvant in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella D'Eliseo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), La Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossella Loria
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), La Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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Busch EL, Keku TO, Richardson DB, Cohen SM, Eberhard DA, Avery CL, Sandler RS. Evaluating markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition to identify cancer patients at risk for metastatic disease. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:53-62. [PMID: 26507436 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to metastases. Markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) measured in primary tumor cancer cells could be helpful to assess patient risk of metastatic disease, even among those otherwise diagnosed with local disease. Previous studies of EMT markers and patient outcomes used inconsistent methods and did not compare the clinical impact of different expression cut points for the same marker. Using digital image analysis, we measured the EMT markers Snail and E-cadherin in primary tumor specimens from 190 subjects in tissue microarrays from a population-based prospective cohort of colorectal cancer patients and estimated their associations with time-to-death. After measuring continuous marker expression data, we performed a systematic search for the cut point for each marker with the best model fit between dichotomous marker expression and time-to-death. We also assessed the potential clinical impact of different cut points for the same marker. After dichotomizing expression status at the statistically-optimal cut point, we found that Snail expression was not associated with time-to-death. When measured as a weighted average of tumor cores, low E-cadherin expression was associated with a greater risk of dying within 5 years of surgery than high expression (risk difference = 33 %, 95 % confidence interval 3-62 %). Identifying a clinically-optimal cut point for an EMT marker requires trade-offs between strength and precision of the association with patient outcomes, as well as consideration of the number of patients whose treatments might change based on using the marker at a given cut point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Busch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Temitope O Keku
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4157 Bioinformatics Building, CB #7555, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David B Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Stephanie M Cohen
- Translational Pathology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 919 Brinkhous-Bullitt, CB #7525, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David A Eberhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, CB #7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Robert S Sandler
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4157 Bioinformatics Building, CB #7555, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Guo J, Wang B, Fu Z, Wei J, Lu W. Hypoxic Microenvironment Induces EMT and Upgrades Stem-Like Properties of Gastric Cancer Cells. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015; 15:60-8. [PMID: 25601854 DOI: 10.1177/1533034614566413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia microenvironment, as a major feature of solid tumors, increases tumors progression and metastasis. To research whether hypoxia influences the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) of gastric cancer cells and their cell biological behaviors. Human gastric cancer cell lines BGC823 and SGC7901 were cultivated in different oxygen tensions for proliferation, colony formation, soft agar formation, migration, and invasion analyses. Markers of EMT (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail) and markers of CSCs (Sox2, Oct4, and Bmi1) were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescent analysis. Cultivated at hypoxic condition, BGC823 and SGC7901 cells morphology began to change significantly. The cells pretreated under hypoxia grew faster than those cells always cultivated in normoxia. Meanwhile, hypoxia pretreatment dramatically promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and increased capability of colony and soft agar colony formation. Furthermore, under hypoxia, E-cadherin decreased and N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Sox2, Oct4, and Bmi1 increased both on the level of messenger RNA and protein. We drew a conclusion that the hypoxic microenvironment induced EMT, upgraded stem-like properties of gastric cancer cells, promoted invasion and metastasis, and behaved more malignantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongxue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Ke Z, Caiping S, Qing Z, Xiaojing W. Sonic hedgehog-Gli1 signals promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer by mediating PI3K/AKT pathway. Med Oncol 2014; 32:368. [PMID: 25432698 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to play an important role in distant metastasis in cancer-related disease. A large number of studies have shown that sonic hedgehog-glioma-associated oncogene 1 (Shh-Gli1) signals participate in the process of EMT; however, the role and mechanism of Shh-Gli1 signals in the progression of EMT in ovarian cancer remain largely unknown. First, we investigated the occurrence of EMT and invasion and migration ability in ovarian cancer cells stimulated by different concentration of Shh-Gli1 signals agonist purmorphamine in vitro. Then, Akt siRNA was transfected into ovarian cancer cells which already stimulated by purmorphamine to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of EMT in ovarian cancer. Gli1 expression was significantly enhanced in ovarian cancer cells after stimulated by purmorphamine. In addition, Gli1 up-regulation promoted EMT, invasion and migration ability of ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, we validated a cross talk between Shh-Gli1 signals and PI3K-Akt pathway in the occurrence of EMT in ovarian cancer cells. These findings revealed a novel role for Shh-Gli1 signals in EMT in ovarian cancer and provided for us a potential therapeutic target for the suppression of EMT, invasion and metastasis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
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PRRX1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 32:393. [PMID: 25428393 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma cells hijack the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for tumor dissemination. Paired-related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) has been identified as a new EMT inducer. However, the function of PRRX1 in gastric cancer has not been elucidated. In this study, we observed that PRRX1 expression levels were upregulated and positively correlated with metastasis and EMT markers in human gastric cancer specimens. PRRX1 overexpression had distinct effects on the cell morphology, proliferation, migration and invasion of BGC823 and SGC7901 gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in xenografts. PRRX1 overexpression resulted in the regulation of the EMT molecular markers N-cadherin, E-cadherin and vimentin as well as the levels of intranuclear β-catenin and the Wnt/β-catenin target c-Myc. Furthermore, the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by XAV939 offset the effects of PRRX1 overexpression. These findings demonstrate that PRRX1 promotes EMT in gastric cancer cells through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that PRRX1 upregulation is closely correlated with gastric cancer metastasis.
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