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Wang B, Gu B, Zhang T, Li X, Wang N, Ma C, Xiang L, Wang Y, Gao L, Yu Y, Song K, He P, Wang Y, Zhu J, Chen H. Good or bad: Paradox of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) in digestive system tumors. Cancer Lett 2023; 559:216117. [PMID: 36889376 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system is involved in many physiological functions, among which the important members can interact with each other, either synergistically or antagonistically to participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) acts as a crucial element of the fibrinolytic system and functions in an anti-fibrinolytic manner in the normal coagulation process. It inhibits plasminogen activator, and affects the relationship between cells and extracellular matrix. PAI-1 not only involved in blood diseases, inflammation, obesity and metabolic syndrome but also in tumor pathology. Especially PAI-1 plays a different role in different digestive tumors as an oncogene or cancer suppressor, even a dual role for the same cancer. We term this phenomenon "PAI-1 paradox". PAI-1 is acknowledged to have both uPA-dependent and -independent effects, and its different actions can result in both beneficial and adverse consequences. Therefore, this review will elaborate on PAI-1 structure, the dual value of PAI-1 in different digestive system tumors, gene polymorphisms, the uPA-dependent and -independent mechanisms of regulatory networks, and the drugs targeted by PAI-1 to deepen the comprehensive understanding of PAI-1 in digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baohong Gu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Na Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kewei Song
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Puyi He
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yueyan Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Department of Surgical Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Association between Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Osimertinib Tolerance in EGFR-Mutated Lung Cancer via Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041092. [PMID: 36831438 PMCID: PMC9954529 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells are killed within a few days after osimertinib treatment; however, surviving cells remain detectable and are called drug-tolerant cells. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was reported to be involved in chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutic resistance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether PAI-1 is involved in osimertinib tolerance and whether it could be a therapeutic target for overcoming this tolerance. We showed that the PAI-1 mRNA expression levels and mesenchymal gene expression levels were significantly higher in drug-tolerant EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells than in control cells after 7 days of in vitro osimertinib treatment. Additionally, an RNA microarray analysis revealed upregulation of the integrin-induced EMT pathway in osimertinib-tolerant cells. Furthermore, we observed that PAI-1 inhibitors suppressed proliferation and the degree of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tolerant cells. Finally, in a subcutaneous tumor model, we showed that combining osimertinib with a PAI-1 inhibitor prevented the regrowth of tumors comprising EGFR-mutated cancer cells. The present study is the first to show PAI-1 to be involved in tolerance to osimertinib via EMT.
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Lin YS, Kuo TT, Lo CC, Cheng WC, Chang WC, Tseng GC, Bai ST, Huang YK, Hsieh CY, Hsu HS, Jiang YF, Lin CY, Lai LC, Li XG, Sher YP. ADAM9 functions as a transcriptional regulator to drive angiogenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3898-3910. [PMID: 34671207 PMCID: PMC8495400 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and angiogenesis play key roles in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but regulators linking these two pathways to drive tumor progression remain elusive. Here we provide evidence of ADAM9's novel function in ESCC progression. Increasing expression of ADAM9 was correlated with poor clinical outcomes in ESCC patients. Suppression of ADAM9 function diminished ESCC cell migration and in vivo metastasis in ESCC xenograft mouse models. Using cellular fractionation and imaging, we found a fraction of ADAM9 was present in the nucleus and was uniquely associated with gene loci known to be linked to the angiogenesis pathway demonstrated by genome-wide ChIP-seq. Mechanistically, nuclear ADAM9, triggered by hypoxia-induced translocation, functions as a transcriptional repressor by binding to promoters of genes involved in the negative regulation of angiogenesis, and thereby promotes tumor angiogenesis in plasminogen/plasmin pathway. Moreover, ADAM9 suppresses plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene transcription by interacting with its transcription factors at the promoter. Our findings uncover a novel regulatory mechanism of ADAM9 as a transcriptional regulator in angiogenesis and highlight ADAM9 as a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ting Kuo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chien Lo
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chao Chang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chin Tseng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Nantou Hospital of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou 540, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Bai
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Hsieh
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Han-Shui Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Institute of Emergency and Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Xing-Guo Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Pyng Sher
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Bayramoglu A, Gunes HV, Metintas M, Degirmenci I, Guler HI, Ustuner C, Musmul A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and susceptibility to lung cancer: a population genetics perspective. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:587-90. [PMID: 24955483 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism frequency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (rs1799889) 4G/5G in patients with lung cancer. METHODS In this study, 286 genomic DNAs (154 lung cancer patients+132 subjects without lung cancer) were analyzed. Polymorphisms were determined by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, with 4G and 5G allele-specific primers. PCR products were assessed by a charge-coupled device camera and exposed to 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The frequencies of the PAI-1 gene 4G/5G genotypes were found to be 21% 4G/4G, 16% 4G/5G, and 62% 5G/5G in the control group and 31.4% 4G/4G, 30.8% 4G/5G, and 37.8% 5G/5G in the patient group. It was determined that the 5G/5G genotype frequency was high in patients in comparison with other genotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study found a statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to genotype distribution. Consequently, we can say that the PAI-1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with lung cancer in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Bayramoglu
- 1 Department of Biology, Science and Art Faculty, Artvin Coruh University , Artvin, Turkey
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Masuda T, Hattori N, Senoo T, Akita S, Ishikawa N, Fujitaka K, Haruta Y, Murai H, Kohno N. SK-216, an Inhibitor of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, Limits Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2378-88. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bellance C, Khan JA, Meduri G, Guiochon-Mantel A, Lombès M, Loosfelt H. Progesterone receptor isoforms PRA and PRB differentially contribute to breast cancer cell migration through interaction with focal adhesion kinase complexes. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1363-74. [PMID: 23485561 PMCID: PMC3639048 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-11-0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditionally expressed progesterone receptor isoforms PRA and PRB enhance breast cancer cell migration through interaction with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and differential regulation of FAK phosphorylation and turnover. PRB-stimulated migration is reduced by progestins, which is prevented by PR antagonists or agonist-bound PRA. Progesterone receptor (PR) and progestins affect mammary tumorigenesis; however, the relative contributions of PR isoforms A and B (PRA and PRB, respectively) in cancer cell migration remains elusive. By using a bi-inducible MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line expressing PRA and/or PRB, we analyzed the effect of conditional PR isoform expression. Surprisingly, unliganded PRB but not PRA strongly enhanced cell migration as compared with PR(–) cells. 17,21-Dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-dien-3,20-dione (R5020) progestin limited this effect and was counteracted by the antagonist 11β-(4-dimethylamino)phenyl-17β-hydroxy-17-(1-propynyl)estra-4,9-dien-3-one (RU486). Of importance, PRA coexpression potentiated PRB-mediated migration, whereas PRA alone was ineffective. PR isoforms differentially regulated expressions of major players of cell migration, such as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, uPA receptor (uPAR), and β1-integrin, which affect focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Moreover, unliganded PRB but not PRA enhanced FAK Tyr397 phosphorylation and colocalized with activated FAK in cell protrusions. Because PRB, as well as PRA, coimmunoprecipitated with FAK, both isoforms can interact with FAK complexes, depending on their respective nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. In addition, FAK degradation was coupled to R5020-dependent turnovers of PRA and PRB. Such an effect of PRB/PRA expression on FAK signaling might thus affect adhesion/motility, underscoring the implication of PR isoforms in breast cancer invasiveness and metastatic evolution with underlying therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bellance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France
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Schmitt M, Mengele K, Napieralski R, Magdolen V, Reuning U, Gkazepis A, Sweep F, Brünner N, Foekens J, Harbeck N. Clinical utility of level-of-evidence-1 disease forecast cancer biomarkers uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 10:1051-67. [PMID: 21080821 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic and/or predictive value of the cancer biomarkers, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI]-1), determined by ELISA in tumor-tissue extracts, was demonstrated for several cancer types in numerous clinically relevant retrospective or prospective studies, including a multicenter breast cancer therapy trial (Chemo-N0). Consequently, for the first time ever for any cancer biomarker for breast cancer, uPA and PAI-1 have reached the highest level of evidence, level-of-evidence-1. At present, two other breast cancer therapy trials, NNBC-3 and Plan B, also incorporating uPA and PAI-1 as treatment-assignment tools are in effect. Furthermore, small synthetic molecules targeting uPA are currently in Phase II clinical trials in patients afflicted with advanced cancer of the ovary, breast or pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schmitt
- Frauenklinik der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Germany.
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Fabre-Guillevin E, Malo M, Cartier-Michaud A, Peinado H, Moreno-Bueno G, Vallée B, Lawrence DA, Palacios J, Cano A, Barlovatz-Meimon G, Charrière-Bertrand C. PAI-1 and functional blockade of SNAI1 in breast cancer cell migration. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R100. [PMID: 19055748 PMCID: PMC2656896 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Snail, a family of transcriptional repressors implicated in cell movement, has been correlated with tumour invasion. The Plasminogen Activation (PA) system, including urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor and its inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1(PAI-1), also plays a key role in cancer invasion and metastasis, either through proteolytic degradation or by non-proteolytic modulation of cell adhesion and migration. Thus, Snail and the PA system are both over-expressed in cancer and influence this process. In this study we aimed to determine if the activity of SNAI1 (a member of the Snail family) is correlated with expression of the PA system components and how this correlation can influence tumoural cell migration. Methods We compared the invasive breast cancer cell-line MDA-MB-231 expressing SNAI1 (MDA-mock) with its derived clone expressing a dominant-negative form of SNAI1 (SNAI1-DN). Expression of PA system mRNAs was analysed by cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Wound healing assays were used to determine cell migration. PAI-1 distribution was assessed by immunostaining. Results We demonstrated by both cDNA microarrays and real-time quantitative RT-PCR that the functional blockade of SNAI1 induces a significant decrease of PAI-1 and uPA transcripts. After performing an in vitro wound-healing assay, we observed that SNAI1-DN cells migrate more slowly than MDA-mock cells and in a more collective manner. The blockade of SNAI1 activity resulted in the redistribution of PAI-1 in SNAI1-DN cells decorating large lamellipodia, which are commonly found structures in these cells. Conclusions In the absence of functional SNAI1, the expression of PAI-1 transcripts is decreased, although the protein is redistributed at the leading edge of migrating cells in a manner comparable with that seen in normal epithelial cells.
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Gupta A, Lotan Y, Ashfaq R, Roehrborn CG, Raj GV, Aragaki CC, Montorsi F, Shariat SF. Predictive value of the differential expression of the urokinase plasminogen activation axis in radical prostatectomy patients. Eur Urol 2008; 55:1124-33. [PMID: 18585843 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urokinase plasminogen axis is composed of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR), and its inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). This axis is involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix degradation, invasion, and metastases. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship of the uPA axis with pathologic features and outcomes in prostate cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective study of 230 consecutive patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS Immunohistochemical staining for uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 were carried out on serial archival tissue microarray specimens. These markers were histologically categorized as normal or overexpressed. Disease recurrence was classified as aggressive if metastases were present, if postrecurrence prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time was <10 mo, or if the patients failed to respond to salvage local radiation therapy. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The median follow-up was 63 mo. The combined expression of uPA and PAI-1 was associated with extraprostatic extension (p=0.01) and seminal vesicle invasion (p=0.008). On multivariable analysis, the combined uPA/PAI-1 expression was associated with overall (risk ratio [RR]: 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-4.8; p=0.02) and aggressive disease recurrence (RR: 9.4; 95% CI: 3.5-25; p<0.0001) but not with nonaggressive disease recurrence. Expression of uPAR was not associated with any of the outcomes. The study is limited by its retrospective nature and lack of long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of both uPA and PAI-1 is associated with adverse pathologic features and higher risk of overall and aggressive disease recurrence in men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. After validation, these markers may be useful in selecting patients most likely to benefit from adjuvant therapy. These markers should also be considered for addition into postoperative prediction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9110, USA
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10
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The plasminogen activator inhibitor "paradox" in cancer. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:116-24. [PMID: 18495253 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis in general and specifically the plasminogen activating system regulated by urokinase (uPA) its specific receptor, the GPI membrane anchored urokinase receptor (uPAR) and the specific plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays a major role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, tumor invasion and metastasis formation. This is exemplified by a body of published work showing a positive correlation between the expression of uPA or uPAR in several tumors and their malignancy. It is generally assumed that such a "pro-malignant" effect of the uPA-uPAR system is mediated by increased local proteolysis thus favoring tumor invasion, by a pro-angiogenic effect of this system and also by uPA-uPAR signaling towards the tumor thereby shifting the tumor phenotype to a more "malignant" one. However, when tumor patients are analyzed for long term survival, those with high levels of the inhibitor of the system, PAI-1 have a much worse prognosis than those with lower PAI-1 levels. This indicates that increased overall proteolysis alone cannot be made responsible for the adverse effects of the plasminogen activating system in tumors. Moreover, it becomes increasingly evident that components of the fibrinolytic system secreted by the tumor cells themselves are not solely responsible for a correlation between the plasminogen activating system and tumor malignancy; components of the plasminogen activating system secreted by stroma cells or cells of the immune system such as macrophages contribute also to the impact of fibrinolysis on malignancy. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mediating the malignant phenotype and possible mechanism thereby trying to explain the "PAI-1 paradox in cancer" on a molecular level.
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Moon EJ, Brizel DM, Chi JTA, Dewhirst MW. The potential role of intrinsic hypoxia markers as prognostic variables in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1237-94. [PMID: 17571959 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is related to tumor progression and therapy resistance, which leads to poor patient outcome. It has been suggested that measuring the hypoxic status of a tumor helps to predict patient outcome and to select more targeted treatment. However, current methods using needle electrodes or exogenous markers have limitations due to their invasiveness or necessity for preinjection. Recent studies showed that hypoxia-regulated genes could be alternatively used as endogenous hypoxia markers. This is a review of 15 hypoxia-regulated genes, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and its targets, and their correlation with tumor hypoxia and patient outcome from 213 studies. Though most of the studies showed significance of these genes in predicting prognosis, there was no definitive prognostic and hypoxia marker. In conclusion, this review suggests the need for further studies with standardized methods to examine gene expression, as well as the use of multiple gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Leissner P, Verjat T, Bachelot T, Paye M, Krause A, Puisieux A, Mougin B. Prognostic significance of urokinase plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA expression in lymph node- and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:216. [PMID: 16945123 PMCID: PMC1564186 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most thoroughly studied systems in relation to its prognostic relevance in patients with breast cancer, is the plasminogen activation system that comprises of, among others, the urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and its main inhibitor, the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In this study, we investigated the prognostic value of uPA and PAI-1 at the mRNA level in lymph node- and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. METHODS The study included a retrospective series of 87 patients with hormone-receptor positive and axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer. All patients received radiotherapy, adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy and five years of tamoxifen treatment. The median patient age was 54 and the median follow-up time was 79 months. Distant relapse occurred in 30 patients and 22 patients died from breast cancer during follow-up. We investigated the prognostic value of uPA and PAI-1 at the mRNA level as measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS uPA and PAI-1 gene expression was not found to be correlated with any of the established clinical and pathological factors. Metastasis-free Survival (MFS) and Breast Cancer specific Survival (BCS) were significantly shorter in patients expressing high levels of PAI-1 mRNA (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001; respectively). In Cox multivariate analysis, the level of PAI-1 mRNA appeared to be the strongest prognostic factor for MFS (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 10.12; p = 0.0002) and for BCS (HR = 13.17; p = 0.0003). Furthermore, uPA gene expression was not significantly associated neither with MFS (p = 0.41) nor with BCS (p = 0.19). In a Cox-multivariate regression analysis, uPA expression did not demonstrate significant independent prognostic value. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that high PAI-1 mRNA expression represents a strong and independent unfavorable prognostic factor for the development of metastases and for breast cancer specific survival in a population of hormone receptor- and lymph node-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Leissner
- Oncology & Human Genetics Department, bioMérieux SA, Grenoble, F-38024, France
| | - Thibault Verjat
- Oncology & Human Genetics Department, bioMérieux SA, Grenoble, F-38024, France
| | | | - Malick Paye
- Oncology & Human Genetics Department, bioMérieux SA, Grenoble, F-38024, France
| | - Alexander Krause
- Oncology & Human Genetics Department, bioMérieux SA, Grenoble, F-38024, France
| | | | - Bruno Mougin
- Oncology & Human Genetics Department, bioMérieux SA, Grenoble, F-38024, France
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Sakakibara T, Hibi K, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y, Ito K, Nakao A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a potential marker for the malignancy of gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:395-9. [PMID: 16630137 PMCID: PMC11158337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may serve as a candidate marker for the malignancy of gastric cancer, we carried out quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the PAI-1 gene and evaluated the possible relationship between PAI-1 gene expression levels and clinicopathological findings in gastric cancer. A significant increase in PAI-1 expression scores was observed in lymph node metastasis-positive gastric cancers (2.11 +/- 0.35) compared to metastasis-negative cancers (0.33 +/- 0.49) (P = 0.0048), as well as in distant metastasis-positive gastric cancers (3.68 +/- 0.58) compared to metastasis-negative cancers (1.20 +/- 0.32). The PAI-1 expression score markedly increased with tumor stage (P < 0.0001; ANOVA test). Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed the PAI-1 expression score to be a strong and independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer (P = 0.0450). These results suggested that PAI-1 might serve as a new and promising parameter for the prediction of prognosis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sakakibara
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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Sakakibara T, Hibi K, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y, Ito K, Nakao A. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a potential marker for the malignancy of colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:799-803. [PMID: 16091756 PMCID: PMC2361636 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may serve as a candidate marker for the malignancy of colorectal cancer (CRC), we performed a quantitative RT–PCR for PAI-1 gene and evaluated the possible relationship between PAI-1 gene expression levels and clinicopathological findings in CRC. A significant increase in PAI-1 expression scores was observed in lymph node metastasis-positive CRCs (2.19±0.43) compared to negative ones (0.35±0.42) (P=0.0037) as well as in distant metastasis-positive CRCs (3.50±1.18) compared to negative ones (0.99±0.30). The PAI-1 expression score markedly increased with the tumour stage (P=0.0063; ANOVA test). Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed the PAI-1 expression score to be a strong and independent prognostic factor for CRC (P=0.0432). These results suggested that PAI-1 might serve as a new parameter for the prediction of prognoses in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakakibara
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - K Hibi
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan. E-mail:
| | - M Koike
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - M Fujiwara
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Y Kodera
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - K Ito
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - A Nakao
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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15
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Maruya SI, Myers JN, Weber RS, Rosenthal DI, Lotan R, El-Naggar AK. ICAM-5 (telencephalin) gene expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma tumorigenesis and perineural invasion! Oral Oncol 2005; 41:580-8. [PMID: 15975520 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ICAM-5 (telencephalin) is an intercellular adhesion molecule reported to be expressed only in the somatodendritic membrane of telencephalic neurons. We recently identified high ICAM-5 expression in a cDNA array study of head and neck neoplasms with a propensity for perineural invasion. To determine the association of this gene in tumorigenesis and perineural invasion, we analyzed the expression and functional status of ICAM-5 mRNA transcripts in 30 different human cancer cell lines and 25 head and neck squamous carcinoma specimens by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (cell lines and specimens) and in vitro functional assays (cell lines). ICAM-5 transcripts were detected in 28 (93%) of 30 cell lines derived from primary head and neck, colon, thyroid, cervical, pancreatic, skin, and adenoid cystic carcinomas. In cell lines, small interfering RNA blocked ICAM-5 expression and inhibited cell proliferation. Treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PBK) inhibitor LY294002 resulted in ICAM-5 down-regulation. In tissue specimens, none of the 25 histologically normal oral mucosal specimens had detectable ICAM-5 level, whereas 16 (64%) of the 25 matched primary squamous carcinomas showed expression. Carcinoma specimens high ICAM-5 expression had a high incidence of perineural invasion. Our study indicates that ICAM-5 may play a role in tumorigenesis and perineural invasion, most likely through the P13K/Akt-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Maruya
- Department of Pathology, Unit 85, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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16
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Abstract
Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature, and haemostasis, the coagulation cascade leading to formation of a clot, are among the most consistent host responses associated with cancer. Importantly, these two pathways interrelate, with blood coagulation and fibrinolysis influencing tumor angiogenesis directly, thereby contributing to tumor growth. Moreover, many endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis are found within platelets or harboured as cryptic fragments of haemostatic proteins. In this review we outline ways in which angiogenesis is coordinated and regulated by haemostasis in human cancer. Then we detail the experimental and pre-clinical evidence for the ability of many of these endogenous proteins to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and thus their potential to be anti-cancer agents, with particular reference to any clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Staton
- Microcirculation Research Group, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
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