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Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of COPD, Its Diagnosis, Treatment, and Relationship with Lung Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020448. [PMID: 36830984 PMCID: PMC9953173 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent chronic adult diseases, with significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although long-term tobacco smoking is a critical risk factor for this global health problem, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Several phenomena are thought to be involved in the evolution of emphysema, including airway inflammation, proteinase/anti-proteinase imbalance, oxidative stress, and genetic/epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, COPD is one main risk for lung cancer (LC), the deadliest form of human tumor; formation and chronic inflammation accompanying COPD can be a potential driver of malignancy maturation (0.8-1.7% of COPD cases develop cancer/per year). Recently, the development of more research based on COPD and lung cancer molecular analysis has provided new light for understanding their pathogenesis, improving the diagnosis and treatments, and elucidating many connections between these diseases. Our review emphasizes the biological factors involved in COPD and lung cancer, the advances in their molecular mechanisms' research, and the state of the art of diagnosis and treatments. This work combines many biological and genetic elements into a single whole and strongly links COPD with lung tumor features.
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Wong KY, Cheung AH, Chen B, Chan WN, Yu J, Lo KW, Kang W, To KF. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in nonsmall cell lung cancer: From molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1195-1215. [PMID: 35603909 PMCID: PMC9545594 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the common and leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The tumor microenvironment has been recognized to be instrumental in tumorigenesis. To have a deep understanding of the molecular mechanism of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained increasing research interests. CAFs belong to the crucial and dominant cell population in the tumor microenvironment to support the cancer cells. The interplay and partnership between cancer cells and CAFs contribute to each stage of tumorigenesis. CAFs exhibit prominent heterogeneity and secrete different kinds of cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Many studies focused on the protumorigenic functions of CAFs, yet many challenges about the heterogeneity of CAFS remain unresolved. This review comprehensively summarized the tumor-promoting role and molecular mechanisms of CAFs in NSCLC, including their origin, phenotypic changes and heterogeneity and their functional roles in carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, we also highlighted the updated molecular classifications based on the molecular features and functional roles of CAFs. With the development of cutting-edge platforms and further investigations of CAFs, novel therapeutic strategies for accurately targeting CAFs in NSCLC may be developed based on the increased understanding of the relevant molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Yee Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Alvin Ho‐Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Wai Nok Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
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Ingavle G, Das M. Bench to Bedside: New Therapeutic Approaches with Extracellular Vesicles and Engineered Biomaterials for Targeting Therapeutic Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4673-4696. [PMID: 36194142 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has recently been the second leading cause of death worldwide, trailing only cardiovascular disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), represented as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), are mainly liable for chemoresistance and disease relapse due to their self-renewal capability and differentiating capacity into different types of tumor cells. The intricate molecular mechanism is necessary to elucidate CSC's chemoresistance properties and cancer recurrence. Establishing efficient strategies for CSC maintenance and enrichment is essential to elucidate the mechanisms and properties of CSCs and CSC-related therapeutic measures. Current approaches are insufficient to mimic the in vivo chemical and physical conditions for the maintenance and growth of CSC and yield unreliable research results. Biomaterials are now widely used for simulating the bone marrow microenvironment. Biomaterial-based three-dimensional (3D) approaches for the enrichment of CSC provide an excellent promise for future drug discovery and elucidation of molecular mechanisms. In the future, the biomaterial-based model will contribute to a more operative and predictive CSC model for cancer therapy. Design strategies for materials, physicochemical cues, and morphology will offer a new direction for future modification and new methods for studying the CSC microenvironment and its chemoresistance property. This review highlights the critical roles of the microenvironmental cues that regulate CSC function and endow them with drug resistance properties. This review also explores the latest advancement and challenges in biomaterial-based scaffold structure for therapeutic approaches against CSC chemoresistance. Since the recent entry of extracellular vesicles (EVs), cell-derived nanostructures, have opened new avenues of investigation into this field, which, together with other more conventionally studied signaling pathways, play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Thus, this review further explores the subject of EVs in-depth. This review also discusses possible future biomaterial and biomaterial-EV-based models that could be used to study the tumor microenvironment (TME) and will provide possible therapeutic approaches. Finally, this review concludes with potential perspectives and conclusions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Ingavle
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR) and Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), SIU, Lavale, Pune 412115, India
| | - Madhurima Das
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR) and Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), SIU, Lavale, Pune 412115, India
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Associations of TIMP-3 Genetic Polymorphisms with EGFR Statuses and Cancer Clinicopathologic Development in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218023. [PMID: 33126605 PMCID: PMC7662501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) is a major subtype of lung cancer, particularly among populations of East Asia. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the most frequently mutated oncogene promoting LADC progression and can serve as a therapeutic target in LADC. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 is a major regulator of extracellular matrix turnover via targeting of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and thus, plays a critical role in tumor development and progression. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential associations among TIMP-3 genetic polymorphisms, EGFR statuses, and cancer clinicopathologic development in patients with LADC. In this study, 277 LADC patients with different EGFR statuses were recruited to dissect the allelic discrimination of TIMP-3 -1296 T>C (rs9619311), TIMP3 249T>C (rs9862), and TIMP3 261C>T (rs11547635) polymorphisms using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Our data showed that compared to those LADC patients with wild-type CC homozygotes of TIMP-3 rs9862, patients harboring TT homozygotes of rs9862 were at a higher risk of developing mutant EGFR (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.530; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.230–5.205; p = 0.012), particularly the EGFR L858R point mutation (AOR = 2.975; 95% CI: 1.182–7.488; p = 0.021). Moreover, we observed that TIMP-3 TT homozygotes of rs9862 were correlated with the incidence of EGFR mutations in patients with a smoking habit (p = 0.045). Within male patients harboring a mutant EGFR, TIMP-3 rs9862 T (CT+TT) allele carriers were at higher risk of developing an advanced stage (p = 0.025) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.043). Further analyses of clinical datasets revealed correlations of TIMP-3 expression with a favorable prognosis in patients with LADC. In conclusion, the data suggest that TIMP-3 rs9862 polymorphisms may contribute to identify subgroups of lung cancer patients at high risk for tumor progression, among carriers of LADC-bearing mutant EGFR.
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Lim CG, Shin KM, Lim JK, Kim HJ, Kim WH, Cho SH, Kim GC, Lim J, Jeong JY, Cha SI. Emphysema is associated with the aggressiveness of COPD-related adenocarcinomas. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2020; 14:405-412. [PMID: 31903685 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the differences in radiologic and pathologic features of surgically resected chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-related adenocarcinomas according to the presence of emphysema. METHODS A total of 216 smokers with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma were included in this retrospective study, and 102 patients were diagnosed with COPD. We classified COPD patients as emphysematous or non-emphysematous group based on the emphysema severity on computed tomography (CT) and evaluated the differences in the CT and pathologic features between the two groups. The relationship between emphysema and disease-free survival was assessed using a Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS Lung adenocarcinomas in emphysema group presented a more aggressive pathologic grade and higher prevalence of solid lesions (vs subsolid lesions) on CT than those in non-emphysematous group (P = 0.006 and <0.001, respectively). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking pack-years and tumor size, emphysema group had a greater risk for higher histologic grade and higher prevalence of solid lesions than non-emphysema group (odds ratio, 3.445; 95% confidence interval, 1.124-10.564; P = 0.030, odds ratio, 6.192; 95% confidence interval, 1.804-21.254; P = 0.004, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with emphysema had significantly impaired disease-free survival compared with those without emphysema (median disease-free survival = 37.0 vs 57.5 months, P = 0.038). CONCLUSION Adenocarcinomas in emphysema-present COPD had more aggressive features of pathology and CT findings, and worse disease-free survival than those without emphysema. These findings might provide an insight into the different pathobiology and prognostic implications of lung adenocarcinomas according to the presence of emphysema in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lim
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyung Min Shin
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Lim
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Gab Chul Kim
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jiseun Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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Oleynikova NA, Danilova NV, Mikhailov IA, Semina EV, Malkov PG. [Cancer-associated fibroblasts and their significance in tumor progression]. Arkh Patol 2020; 82:68-77. [PMID: 32096494 DOI: 10.17116/patol20208201168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis and tumor progression are not caused not only by malignant epithelial cells, but also by the tumor stroma around cancer stem cells which performs regulatory, nutritional and 'framework' functions. It is represented by mesenchymal cells of various types predominantly by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). αSMA, FAP-1, desmin, podoplanin, neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), PDGFR-α and -β are used for CAF identification but there is no universal markers due to the plasticity of the cell population that underlies the subpopulation division CAF. CAF subpopulations are not described for many tumor types. Recently, evidence has accumulated that CAFs mediate many adverse processes in the tumor, including can support stromal inflammation and cause fibrosis. By forming a niche in cancer stem cells, CAFs mediate chemoresistance and the appearance of dormant metastases. The study of the role of CAF will allow not only to form a fundamentally new understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, but also to create new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N V Danilova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Mikhailov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Malkov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Czarnecka KH, Szmyd B, Barańska M, Kaszkowiak M, Kordiak J, Antczak A, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D, Brzeziańska-Lasota E. A Strong Decrease in TIMP3 Expression Mediated by the Presence of miR-17 and 20a Enables Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in the NSCLC Lesion Surroundings. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1372. [PMID: 31921636 PMCID: PMC6923190 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide with a relatively high fatality rate and a mean 5-years survival of about 18%. One of the hallmarks of cancer is the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which is crucial for metastasis. This process may be regulated by miRs targeting metalloproteinases (MMPs) associated with the ECM breakdown and metastatic process or blocking the action of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Search for early biomarkers is essential in detecting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and distinguishing its subtypes: Adenocarcinoma (AC) from Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), enabling targeted chemotherapy. Methods:MiR-17 and miR-20a targeting MMP2 and TIMP3 were selected by TCGA data analysis with further validation using miRTarBase and literature. The study group comprised 47 patients with primary NSCLC (AC and SCC subtypes). RNA was isolated from the tumor and normal-looking neighboring tissue (NLNT) free of cancer cells. MiRs from peripheral blood exosomes were extracted on admission and 5–7 days after surgery. Gene and miRs expression were assessed in qPCR using TaqMan probes. Results: The MMP2 has been expressed on a similar level in NLNT, as in cancer. While, TIMP3 expression was decreased both in cancer tissue and NLNT, with significantly lower expression in cancer. TIMP3 downregulation in NLNT and in SCC subtype correlated negatively with miR-20a. The preoperative miR-17 expression was significantly higher among patients with SCC compared to AC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of miR-17 as AC subtype classifier revealed 90% specificity and 48% sensitivity in optimal cut-off point with area under ROC curve (AUC): 0.71 (95%CI: 0.55–0.87). Within NSCLC subtypes: a strong negative correlation between pack-years (PY) and TIMP3 expression was observed for NLNT in the SCC group. Conclusion: The TIMP3 silencing observed in the NLNT and its negative correlation with presurgical expression of miR-20a (from serum exosomes), suggest that miRs can influence ECM remodeling at a distance from the center of the lesion. The miRs expression pattern in serum obtained before surgery significantly differs between AC and SCC subtypes. Moreover, decreased TIMP3 expression in NLNT (in SCC group) negatively correlates with the amount of tobacco smoked in a lifetime in PY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina H Czarnecka
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland.,Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, S.L., Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bartosz Szmyd
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland
| | - Magda Barańska
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kaszkowiak
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland
| | - Jacek Kordiak
- Department of Chest Surgery, General and Oncological Surgery, University Teaching Hospital No. 2, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland
| | - Adam Antczak
- Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódz, Poland
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Teramoto K, Igarashi T, Kataoka Y, Ishida M, Hanaoka J, Sumimoto H, Daigo Y. Clinical significance of PD-L1-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts in pN0M0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 137:56-63. [PMID: 31546072 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a dominant cell type in tumor stroma and support the generation of pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. CAFs have frequent opportunities to interact with immune cells infiltrating the tumor stroma, but the process remains to be determined. In this study, we focused on immune checkpoint mechanism. We also examined the induction of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on CAFs by immune cell, and the clinical significance of PD-L1-expressed CAFs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS CAFs were isolated from human NSCLC tissues, and PD-L1 expression levels in CAFs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow-cytometry. Following immunohistochemical analysis of PD-L1 in surgically resected pN0M0 NSCLC (n = 125, including 88 invasive adenocarcinomas and 37 squamous cell carcinomas), the correlation of PD-L1-positive CAFs with clinicopathological features was investigated. RESULTS PD-L1 mRNA and protein expression on CAFs was upregulated by exogenously supplemented interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and downregulated through the depletion of IFN-γ. PD-L1 expression on CAFs was upregulated by co-culture with activated lymphocytes releasing IFN-γ. Immunohistochemistry revealed that PD-L1-positive CAFs were observed in 31 cases (24.8%). Postoperative relapse-free survival was significantly prolonged in patients with PD-L1-positive CAFs as compared with those with PD-L1-negative CAFs, with 5-year relapse-free probabilities of 84.5% and 66.3%, respectively (P = 0.031). Multivariate analysis revealed that PD-L1 expression on CAFs was an independent prognostic factor of longer relapse-free survival after surgery (hazard ratio: 3.225, P = 0.027). CONCLUSION PD-L1 expression on CAFs is reversibly regulated by environmental stimuli including IFN-γ from activated lymphocytes. In the non-metastatic NSCLC, PD-L1 expression on CAFs suggests the induction of anti-tumor immune responses, contributing to better prognosis after surgery.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- B7-H1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Survival Rate
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Teramoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine against Cancer, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Igarashi
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoko Kataoka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Jun Hanaoka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Sumimoto
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine against Cancer, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yataro Daigo
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine against Cancer, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Li S, Luo W. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 contributes to aggressive phenotype, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and poor outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5701-5711. [PMID: 31410017 PMCID: PMC6646049 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s202280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) involvement in tumor aggressiveness and invasion is well-known, its prognostic impacts still remain largely controversial. Furthermore, the correlations between MMP-2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have not been directly established in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and methods The purpose of this study was to investigate MMP-2 expression in NPC. Tissue microarrays from 144 patients with NPC and 45 non-cancerous pharynx tissues were analyzed for MMP-2 expression by immunohistochemistry. MMP-2 expression in relation to clinicopathological characteristics and EMT were assessed in NPC. Tumor-invasive potential affected by exogenous expression of MMP-2 in NPC cells was also detected in vitro. Results Compared to normal nasopharyngeal epithelium, high expression of tumoral MMP-2 was detected in 47.9% of NPC samples. Significant association was found between MMP-2 expression and various aggressive features including T classification, M classification and tumor stage (P<0.05). Of note, high expression of MMP-2 was prominently observed at tumor invasive front, neoplastic spindle cells migrating into the stroma and vessel invasion. Importantly, high MMP-2 expression predicted worse survival in patients with stage III-IV (P=0.039). Overexpression of MMP-2 could decrease cell-cell adhesion, promote tumor invasion and EMT including downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of N-cadherin, Fibronectin and Slug of NPC cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that MMP-2 expression contributes to tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis, and induces the occurrence of EMT in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiren Luo
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, School of Medicine of Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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10
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Abstract
Cancers are not composed merely of cancer cells alone; instead, they are complex 'ecosystems' comprising many different cell types and noncellular factors. The tumour stroma is a critical component of the tumour microenvironment, where it has crucial roles in tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis. Most anticancer therapies target cancer cells specifically, but the tumour stroma can promote the resistance of cancer cells to such therapies, eventually resulting in fatal disease. Therefore, novel treatment strategies should combine anticancer and antistromal agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the advances in understanding the complex cancer cell-tumour stroma interactions and discuss how this knowledge can result in more effective therapeutic strategies, which might ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Role of tumor microenvironment in cancer stem cell chemoresistance and recurrence. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Powers N, Srivastava A. The Air Sac Primordium of Drosophila: A Model for Invasive Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072074. [PMID: 30018198 PMCID: PMC6073991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive properties preceding tumor metastasis is critical for cancer progression. This phenomenon may result from mutagenic disruption of typical cell function, but recent evidence suggests that cancer cells frequently co-opt normal developmental programs to facilitate invasion as well. The signaling cascades that have been implicated present an obstacle to identifying effective therapeutic targets because of their complex nature and modulatory capacity through crosstalk with other pathways. Substantial efforts have been made to study invasive behavior during organogenesis in several organisms, but another model found in Drosophilamelanogaster has not been thoroughly explored. The air sac primordium (ASP) appears to be a suitable candidate for investigating the genes and morphogens required for invasion due to the distinct overlap in the events that occur during its normal growth and the development of metastatic tumor cells. Among these events are the conversion of larval cells in the trachea into a population of mitotically active cells, reduced cell–cell contact along the leading edge of the ASP, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the structure. Here, we summarize the development of ASPs and invasive behavior observed therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Powers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, TCCW 351, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
| | - Ajay Srivastava
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, TCCW 351, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
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Kilvaer TK, Rakaee M, Hellevik T, Østman A, Strell C, Bremnes RM, Busund LT, Dønnem T, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. Tissue analyses reveal a potential immune-adjuvant function of FAP-1 positive fibroblasts in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192157. [PMID: 29415055 PMCID: PMC5802915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Selective targeting of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been proposed to synergize with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. While the roles of CAFs in cancer development are well described, their immune-regulatory properties remain incompletely understood. This study investigates correlations between CAF and immune-markers in tumor stroma from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and examines whether a combination of CAF and immune cell scores impact patient prognosis. Methods Tumor specimens from 536 primary operable stage I-III NSCLC patients were organized in tissue microarrays. Expression of protein-markers was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results Fibroblast and stromal markers PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, FAP-1 and vimentin showed weak correlations while αSMA, and Masson’s trichrome did not correlate with any of the investigated markers. Hierarchical clustering indicated the existence of different CAF-subsets. No relevant correlations were found between any CAF-marker and the immune-markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD1a, CD56, FoxP3 and CD45RO. High density of fibroblast-activation protein positive mesenchymal cells (CAFFAP) was associated with better prognosis in tumors with high infiltration of CD8 and CD3 T-lymphocytes. Conclusions The presented data suggest that CAFs, irrespective of identity, have low influence on the degree of tumor infiltration by inflammatory- and/or immune-cells. However, CAFFAP may exert immuno-adjuvant roles in NSCLC, and targeting CAFs should be cautiously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karsten Kilvaer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mehrdad Rakaee
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arne Østman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carina Strell
- Department of Oncology-Pathology Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roy M. Bremnes
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lill-Tove Busund
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Dønnem
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Drzewiecka-Jędrzejczyk M, Wlazeł R, Terlecka M, Jabłoński S. Serum metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in lung carcinoma patients. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:5306-5313. [PMID: 29312740 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Assessment of serum extracellular matrix (ECM) metalloproteinase MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase TIMP-2 concentrations in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients considering TNM staging. Assessment of the prognostic value of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations in NSCLC patients. Methods The study group consisted of 81 NSCLC patients (24 females and 57 males) aged 46 to 86 years (mean age of 67±8.2 years). The control group comprised 39 randomly selected patients (20 females and 19 males) aged 27 to 73 years (mean age of 47±15.0 years) in whom primary lung cancer was excluded and who were operated on for a calculus of the gallbladder without cholecystitis. Blood serum MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based test. Results Statistically significantly higher mean MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations were found in NSCLC patients compared to those in the control group (P<0.001). Statistically significant differences in MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations between patients with T1 and T2 tumour and patients with T3 and T4 tumour, as well as between the group without metastases (N0) and the group with metastases to lymph nodes were demonstrated. Moreover, a significant fall in mean MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations was observed in the postoperative compared to preoperative period (P<0.001). Conclusions Serum MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations in NSCLC patients correlated with the tumour size and presence of metastases to lymph nodes and thus may serve as an auxiliary parameter indicating probability of a more advanced stage of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafał Wlazeł
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz Central Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Monika Terlecka
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Military Medical Academy of Lodz University Teaching Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jabłoński
- Department of Thoracic, General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Kim YS, Kim EY, Ahn HK, Cho EK, Jeong YM, Kim JH. Prognostic significance of CT-emphysema score in patients with advanced squamous cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:1966-73. [PMID: 27621848 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.06.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although emphysema is a known independent risk factor of lung cancer, no study has addressed the prognostic impact of computed tomography (CT)-emphysema score in advanced stage lung cancer. METHODS For 84 consecutive patients with stage IIIB and IV squamous cell lung cancer that underwent palliative chemotherapy, severity of emphysema was semi-quantitatively scored using baseline chest CT images according to the Goddard scoring system (possible scores range, 0-24). The cutoff of high CT-emphysema score was determined using the maximum chi-squared test and the prognostic significance of the high CT-emphysema score was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS The median CT-emphysema score was 5 (range, 0-22). Patients with a high CT-emphysema score (≥4) tended to have poorer overall survival (OS) (median: 6.3 vs. 13.7 months) than those with a score of <4 (P=0.071). Multivariable analysis revealed that a higher CT-emphysema score was a significant independent prognostic factor for poor OS [hazard ratio (HR) =2.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-3.41; P=0.005), along with no response to first-line therapy (P=0.009) and no second-line therapy (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS CT-emphysema score is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with advanced squamous cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Saing Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Ahn
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Cho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Kim D, Rhee S. Matrix metalloproteinase‑2 regulates MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell invasion induced by active mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:277-82. [PMID: 27177153 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian diaphanous‑related formin 1 (mDia1) was initially identified as a Rho GTPase effector involved in the progression of various diseases, including types of cancer. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanism of mDia1‑mediated cancer cell invasion remains to be elucidated. In the present study, mDia1 expression was demonstrated to be upregulated in tissues from a number of cancer types, including kidney, prostate, and breast cancer using immunohistochemical analysis. Forced expression of a constitutively active (CA) form of mDia1 induces invasion, as measured by Transwell invasion assay, of MDA‑MB‑231 cells, which is a highly invasive breast cancer cell line, and this effect was markedly impaired by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 silencing. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that overexpression of the CA form of mDia1 leads to the induction of invasive ability in MCF‑7 cells, which is a non‑invasive breast cancer cell line, as a result of increased MMP‑2 activity. Thus, the results of the current study suggest that mDia1 is an important regulator of breast cancer cell invasion and that this effect may be mediated by MMP‑2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Pulz LH, Strefezzi RF. Proteases as prognostic markers in human and canine cancers. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:669-683. [PMID: 27136601 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of several types of proteins, which interact and form dynamic networks. These components can modulate cell behaviour and actively influence the growth and differentiation of tissues. ECM is also important in several pathological processes, such as cancer invasion and metastasis, by creating favourable microenvironments. Proteolysis in neoplastic tissues is mediated by proteinases, whose regulation involves complex interactions between neoplastic cells and non-neoplastic stromal cells. In this review, we discuss aspects of proteinase expression and tumor behaviour in humans and dogs. Different classes of proteases are summarized, with special emphasis being placed on molecules that have been shown to correlate with prognosis, reinforcing the need for a better understanding of the regulation of this microenvironment and its influences in tumor progression and metastasis, which should significantly aid the development of improved prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional (LOCT), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Osman NM, Osman WM. SDF-1 and MMP2 cross talk in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pulmonary emphysema and tumor microenvironment in primary lung cancer. J Surg Res 2016; 200:690-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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An HJ, Lee YJ, Hong SA, Kim JO, Lee KY, Kim YK, Park JK, Kang JH. The prognostic role of tissue and serum MMP-1 and TIMP-1 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 212:357-64. [PMID: 26995105 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) play an important role in tumor invasion and progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To find out a potential serum biomarker, tissue and serum levels were investigated together. PATIENTS AND METHODS For 85 surgically resected NSCLC patients who had pre-operative serum samplings, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 expression were investigated using immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue and ELISA in serum. Tumor cells and surrounding stromal cells were assessed separately. RESULTS Higher expression of MMP-1 in tumor cells comparing to stromal cells was related to male gender (P=0.006), ever smoker (P=0.004), and pooly differentiated tumor (P=0.043). For TIMP-1, adenocarcinoma showed higher tumor cell expression, while squamous cell carcinoma showed higher stromal expression (P=0.007). Patients with high carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, the presence of vascular invasion, recurrence or death showed higher serum MMP-1 level. There was no correlation between the tissue and serum levels of MMP-1 and TIMP-1. A tumor/stroma TIMP-1 intensity ratio ≥1 was strongly associated with early recurrence in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio=280.55, 95% confidence intervals; 11.12-7080.45; P=0.001). High serum MMP-1 (≥3,500pg/ml) showed a trend for short overall survival (P=0.080). When serum MMP-1 was combined with CEA level or presence of vascular invasion, its prognostic implication was statistically significant (P=0.045 and P=0.015, respectively). CONCLUSION The tumor/stroma TIMP-1 intensity ratio in tissue is useful to predict tumor recurrence. Serum MMP-1 level showed a possibility as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung An
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Oh Kim
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Research Institutes of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyo Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Kyoon Kim
- Department of Pulmonology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Kil Park
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea.
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Gandellini P, Andriani F, Merlino G, D'Aiuto F, Roz L, Callari M. Complexity in the tumour microenvironment: Cancer associated fibroblast gene expression patterns identify both common and unique features of tumour-stroma crosstalk across cancer types. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:96-106. [PMID: 26320408 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, driven by the accumulation of several somatic aberrations but fostered by a two-way interaction between tumour cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent one of the major players in tumour-stroma crosstalk. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies, often conducted by employing high throughput approaches, have started unravelling the key pathways involved in their functional effects. This review focus on open challenges in the study of CAF properties and function, highlighting at the same time the existence of common mechanisms as well as peculiarities in different cancer types (breast, prostate and lung cancer). Although still limited by current experimental models, which are unable to deal with the full level of complexity of the tumour microenvironment, a better understanding of these mechanisms may enable the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, to improve current strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gandellini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Andriani
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merlino
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Aiuto
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Roz
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Callari
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Su CY, Liu YP, Yang CJ, Lin YF, Chiou J, Chi LH, Lee JJ, Wu ATH, Lu PJ, Huang MS, Hsiao M. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-2 Plays a Leading Prognostic Role among Protease Families in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133411. [PMID: 26230665 PMCID: PMC4521958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In lung cancer, uPA, its receptor (uPAR), and the inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2 of the plasminogen activator family interact with MMP-2 and MMP-9 of the MMP family to promote cancer progression. However, it remains undetermined which of these markers plays the most important role and may be the most useful indicator to stratify the patients by risk. Methods We determined the individual prognostic value of these 6 markers by analyzing a derivation cohort with 98 non-small cell lung cancer patients by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between the IHC expression levels of these markers and disease prognosis was investigated, and an immunohistochemical panel for prognostic prediction was subsequently generated through prognostic model analysis. The value of the immunohistochemical panel was then verified by a validation cohort with 91 lung cancer patients. Results In derivation cohort, PAI-2 is the most powerful prognostic factor (HR = 2.30; P = 0.001), followed by MMP-9 (HR = 2.09; P = 0.019) according to multivariate analysis. When combining PAI-2 and MMP-9, the most unfavorable prognostic group (low PAI-2 and high MMP-9 IHC expression levels) showed a 6.40-fold increased risk of a poor prognosis compared to the most favorable prognostic group (high PAI-2 and low MMP-9 IHC expression levels). PAI-2 and MMP-9 IHC panel could more precisely identify high risk patients in both derivation and validation cohort. Conclusions We revealed PAI-2 as the most powerful prognostic marker among PA and MMP protease family even after considering their close relationships with each other. By utilizing a combination of PAI-2 and MMP-9, more precise prognostic information than merely using pathological stage alone can be obtained for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Su
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jean Chiou
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsing Chi
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alex T. H. Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MH); (MSH)
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MH); (MSH)
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Raffaghello L, Dazzi F. Classification and biology of tumour associated stromal cells. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:175-82. [PMID: 26145459 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stroma is a fundamental component of the tumour microenvironment whereby it supports malignant cell growth and spreading. It consists of different entities including cells of the immune system, vascular structures and fibroblasts. Much attention has recently been paid to fibroblasts since there is compelling evidence that they orchestrate the recruitment of and educate other cells to promote cancer growth. This review proposes to discuss in detail the nomenclature, origin, and biological functions of the different stromal cells residing in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzia Raffaghello
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Regenerative & Heamatological Medicine, King's College London, UK
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Macrophages of M1 phenotype have properties that influence lung cancer cell progression. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8715-25. [PMID: 26050228 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal macrophages of different phenotypes can contribute to the expression of proteins that affects metastasis such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor uPAR, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), but knowledge of how essential their contribution is in comparison to the cancer cells in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is lacking. The expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 and of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were studied in human macrophages of M1 and M2 phenotype and compared to a lung SCC (NCI-H520) and a SCLC (NCI-H69) cell line. Effects of treatment with conditioned media (CM) from M1 and M2 macrophages on the expression of these genes in H520 and H69 cells as well as effects on the cell growth were investigated. In addition, data on the stromal macrophages immunoreactivity of uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in a few SCC and SCLC biopsies was included. uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were confirmed in stromal cells including macrophages in the SCC and SCLC biopsies. In vitro, both macrophage phenotypes expressed considerably higher mRNA levels of uPA, uPAR, PAI-1, and MMP-9 compared to the cancer cell lines, and regarding uPAR, the highest level was found in the M1 macrophage phenotype. Furthermore, M1 CM treatment not only induced an upregulation of PAI-1 in both H520 and H69 cells but also inhibited cell growth in both cell lines, giving M1 macrophages both tumor-promoting and tumor-killing potential.
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Lee CY, Shim HS, Lee S, Lee JG, Kim DJ, Chung KY. Prognostic effect of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with resected Non small cell lung cancer. J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 10:44. [PMID: 25888323 PMCID: PMC4379698 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-015-0248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of tumor matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the prognostic value of tumor MMP-9 expression and other clinicopathologic factors in patients with completely resected NSCLC. Methods This retrospective study included patients who underwent complete resection of pathological stage I–IIIA NSCLC at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, between 1998 and 2009. Tumor samples of 417 patients were stained by immunohistochemistry, and the expression of MMP-9 in tumor cells was evaluated, using the median immunohistochemical score of 10 (range, 0-300) as the cut-off. Results Tumor MMP-9 expression was observed in 161 (38.6%) of 417 patients. Log-rank analysis showed a significant association of tumor MMP-9 expression with shortened disease-free survival (p = 0.01) but not with overall survival (p = 0.109). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor MMP-9 expression was not an independent prognostic factor of recurrence (p = 0.142) or survival (p = 0.807). However, among patients with adenocarcinoma, tumor MMP-9 expression was associated with relapse (p = 0.003) and poor survival (p = 0.033). Furthermore, tumor MMP-9 expression was an independent prognostic indicator of relapse in patients with adenocarcinoma (p = 0.035). Conclusions Among patients with NSCLC, tumor MMP-9 expression was associated with poor outcomes in those with adenocarcinoma, but not in those with squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, MMP-9 expression was identified as an independent predictor of relapse of completely resected lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Young Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno Seodaemun-Gu, CPO box 8044, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Seokkee Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
| | - Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno Seodaemun-Gu, CPO box 8044, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno Seodaemun-Gu, CPO box 8044, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kyung Young Chung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno Seodaemun-Gu, CPO box 8044, Seoul, South Korea.
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Du H, Chen D, Zhou Y, Han Z, Che G. Fibroblast phenotypes in different lung diseases. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9:147. [PMID: 25189096 PMCID: PMC4173054 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-014-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The “seed and soil” hypothesis emphasizes the importance of interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. CAFs (Cancer associated fibroblasts) are important components of the tumor microenvironment. They were widely involved in cancer cells growth and metastasis. Fibroblasts may also play a role in inflammatory disease. The phenotype conversion of fibroblasts in lung diseases has not been investigated previously. We hypothesized that fibroblasts phenotypes may vary among different types of lung disease. Methods The study included six types of lung tissues, ranging from normal lung to lung adenocarcinoma with lymphatic metastasis. Para-carcinoma tissues which were 2-cm-away from the tumor focus were also included in the analysis. The expression of target proteins including alpha-SMA (smooth muscle actin), FAP (fibroblast activation protein), vimentin, E-cadherin, and CK-19 (cytokeratin-19) were examined by immunohistochemistry. TGF-beta(transforming growth factor) and Twist were detected simultaneously in all samples. Results A progressive increase in the levels of alpha-SMA, vimentin and CK-19 was observed in correlation to the degree of malignancy from normal lung tissue to lung adenocarcinoma with lymphatic metastasis, whereas E-cadherin expression showed the opposite trend. TGF-beta and Twist were detected in cancer tissues and inflammatory pseudotumors. None of the proteins were detected in para-carcinoma tissues. Conclusions Fibroblast phenotypes varied according to the type and degree of lung malignancy and fibroblasts phenotypic conversion occurs as a gradual process with specific spatiotemporal characteristics. Similar fibroblast phenotypes in inflammatory diseases and cancer tissues suggested a correlation between inflammation and cancer and implied a common mechanism underlying the formation of fibroblasts in inflammatory diseases and lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13019-014-0147-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ueda K, Murakami J, Sano F, Hayashi M, Suga K, Hamano K. Similar radiopathological features, but different postoperative recurrence rates, between Stage I lung cancers arising in emphysematous lungs and those arising in nonemphysematous lungs. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 47:905-11. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schumacher KR, Reichel RA, Vlasic JR, Yu S, Donohue J, Gajarski RJ, Charpie JR. Rate of increase in serum lactate level risk-stratifies infants after surgery for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:589-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Walsh LA, Roy DM, Reyngold M, Giri D, Snyder A, Turcan S, Badwe CR, Lyman J, Bromberg J, King TA, Chan TA. RECK controls breast cancer metastasis by modulating a convergent, STAT3-dependent neoangiogenic switch. Oncogene 2014; 34:2189-203. [PMID: 24931164 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related death in oncology patients. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cancer cells usurp to promote metastatic dissemination is critical for the development and implementation of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies. Here we show that the membrane protein RECK (Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) controls breast cancer metastasis by modulating a novel, non-canonical and convergent signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3)-dependent angiogenic program. Neoangiogenesis and STAT3 hyperactivation are known to be fundamentally important for metastasis, but the root molecular initiators of these phenotypes are poorly understood. Our study identifies loss of RECK as a critical and previously unknown trigger for these hallmarks of metastasis. Using multiple xenograft mouse models, we comprehensively show that RECK inhibits metastasis, concomitant with a suppression of neoangiogenesis at secondary sites, while leaving primary tumor growth unaffected. Further, with functional genomics and biochemical dissection we demonstrate that RECK controls this angiogenic rheostat through a novel complex with cell surface receptors to regulate STAT3 activation, cytokine signaling, and the induction of both vascular endothelial growth factor and urokinase plasminogen activator. In accordance with these findings, inhibition of STAT3 can rescue this phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our study uncovers, for the first time, that RECK is a novel regulator of multiple well-established and robust mediators of metastasis; thus, RECK is a keystone protein that may be exploited in a clinical setting to target metastatic disease from multiple angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Walsh
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D M Roy
- 1] Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA [2] Weill Cornell Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Reyngold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Giri
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Snyder
- 1] Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Turcan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C R Badwe
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Lyman
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Bromberg
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T A King
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - T A Chan
- 1] Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Min KW, Kim DH, Do SI, Kim K, Lee HJ, Chae SW, Sohn JH, Pyo JS, Oh YH, Kim WS, Lee SY, Oh S, Choi SH, Park YL, Park CH. Expression patterns of stromal MMP-2 and tumoural MMP-2 and -9 are significant prognostic factors in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. APMIS 2014; 122:1196-206. [PMID: 24909183 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are matrix-degrading enzymes that play a pivotal role in aggressive behaviours, such as rapid tumour growth, invasion, and metastasis, of several types of solid tumours. In particular, stromal MMP-2 plays important roles in the progression of malignant tumours, but most clinical studies have focused on tumoural MMP-2 and -9 expression, and not stromal MMP-2 expression. One hundred and seventy-seven cases diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast between 2000 and 2005 were included in this study. Expressions of tumoural MMP-2 and -9 and stromal MMP-2 were analysed by immunostaining on a tissue microarray. Subsequently, the associations between those results and various clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. Stromal MMP-2 expression correlated significantly with clinicopathological parameters such as advanced T category, larger tumour size, high histological grade, tumour necrosis, ER- and PR-negative, and HER-2-positive (all p < 0.05). In univariate and multivariate analyses, overall survival was linked with stromal MMP-2 expression as well as dual expression of stromal MMP-2 and tumoural MMP-2 and -9 (all p < 0.05). Stromal MMP-2 expression may play a crucial role in predicting aggressive clinical behaviour in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyueng-Whan Min
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Paulsson J, Micke P. Prognostic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts in human cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 25:61-8. [PMID: 24560651 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prognostication is an integral part of cancer diagnostic and helps oncologists to guide treatment decisions and therapy intensity. Accumulating evidence suggest that the stroma compartment also contains independent prognostic information, best exemplified by the impact of immune cells and cells of the vasculature on cancer progression. Similarly, strong experimental evidence exist that stromal fibroblasts, often designated cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), are actively involved in tumorigenesis. Thus, it can be anticipated that the molecular repertoire of CAFs is likewise important for the clinical behavior of the tumor. In this review we present recent studies addressing the prognostic impact of CAFs, with the focus on human lung and breast cancer. Several single markers have been suggested, either CAF specific or CAF derived, that in immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated independent association with survival. This includes members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, CAF-markers like podoplanin and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as well as transcription factors (FoxF1) and secreted factors (matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), SPARC). However, most studies are based on explorative evaluations on single patient cohorts and require further validation. Using a more comprehensive approach, microarray studies have been employed to create gene expression signatures that detect an activated fibroblast state. These "stroma signatures" have been applied to identify specific CAF features associated with prognosis in several independent data sets of breast and lung cancer patients. Early studies in breast cancer have also demonstrated that fibroblast features influence therapy response. Thus, many strategies have been used to present encouraging proof-of-concept findings that CAFs could be exploited for prognostication. However, these studies also highlight the difficulties to conclusively define an "activated stroma" and to identify the individual factors involved in clinically relevant tumor-stroma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Paulsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in lung cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:251-7. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between tumor and stromal cells propel cancer progression and metastasis. A complete understanding of the complex contributions of the tumor stroma to cancer progression necessitates a careful examination of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is largely synthesized and modulated by cancer-associated fibroblasts. This structurally supportive meshwork serves as a signaling scaffold for a myriad of biologic processes and responses favoring tumor progression. The ECM is a repository for growth factors and cytokines that promote tumor growth, proliferation, and metastasis through diverse interactions with soluble and insoluble ECM components. Growth factors activated by proteases are involved in the initiation of cell signaling pathways essential to invasion and survival. Various transmembrane proteins produced by the cancer stroma bind the collagen and fibronectin-rich matrix to induce proliferation, adhesion, and migration of cancer cells, as well as protease activation. Integrins are critical liaisons between tumor cells and the surrounding stroma, and with their mechano-sensing ability, induce cell signaling pathways associated with contractility and migration. Proteoglycans also bind and interact with various matrix proteins in the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression. Together, these components function to mediate cross-talk between tumor cells and fibroblasts ultimately to promote tumor survival and metastasis. These stromal factors, which may be expressed differentially according to cancer stage, have prognostic utility and potential. This review examines changes in the ECM of cancer-associated fibroblasts induced through carcinogenesis, and the impact of these changes on cancer progression. The implication is that cancer progression, even in epithelial cancers, may be based in large part on changes in signaling from cancer-associated stromal cells. These changes may provide early prognostic indicators to further stratify patients during treatment or alter the timing of their follow-up visits and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth L Miles
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, 326 Wolf Hall, Biology, Newark, DE 19716.
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35
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Singh N, Das P, Datta Gupta S, Sahni P, Pandey RM, Gupta S, Chauhan SS, Saraya A. Prognostic significance of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes-cathepsin L and matrix metalloproteases-2 [MMP-2] in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:461-71. [PMID: 23915070 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.820318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading proteases-cathepsin L and matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) in pancreatic cancer tissue and correlated their levels with clinicopathological parameters and survival. Both the proteases were expressed in the majority of the tumor tissues examined. Staining intensity of cathepsin L was significantly higher in the tumor stroma compared to tumor epithelium while MMP-2 staining showed no such difference. Both proteases showed correlation with some of the clinicopathological parameters but only cathepsin L expression in tumor epithelium predicted a poor prognosis for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology & Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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36
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Lavergne M, Jourdan ML, Blechet C, Guyetant S, Pape AL, Heuze-Vourc'h N, Courty Y, Lerondel S, Sobilo J, Iochmann S, Reverdiau P. Beneficial role of overexpression of TFPI-2 on tumour progression in human small cell lung cancer. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:291-301. [PMID: 23905012 PMCID: PMC3722576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) is a potent inhibitor of plasmin, a protease which is involved in tumour progression by activating (MMPs). This therefore makes TFPI-2 a potential inhibitor of invasiveness and the development of metastases. In this study, low levels of TFPI-2 expression were found in 65% of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the most aggressive type of lung cancer. To study the impact of TFPI-2 in tumour progression, TFPI-2 was overexpressed in NCI-H209 SCLC cells which were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Investigations showed that TFPI-2 inhibited lung tumour growth. Such inhibition could be explained in vitro by a decrease in tumour cell viability, blockade of G1/S phase cell cycle transition and an increase in apoptosis shown in NCI-H209 cells expressing TFPI-2. We also demonstrated that TFPI-2 upregulation in NCI-H209 cells decreased MMP expression, particularly by downregulating MMP-1 and MMP-3. Moreover, TFPI-2 inhibited phosphorylation of the MAPK signalling pathway proteins involved in the induction of MMP transcripts, among which MMP-1 was predominant in SCLC tissues and was inversely expressed with TFPI-2 in 35% of cases. These results suggest that downregulation of TFPI-2 expression could favour the development of SCLC. The Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 inhibits small cell lung cancer growth Monitoring of small cell lung cancer growth in a mouse orthotopic model by imaging Increasing information on the role of TFPI-2 in human lung tumour cells Increasing information on TFPI-2 and protease expression in human tissue samples
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lavergne
- EA 6305, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours F-37032, France ; Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, UMR 1100/EA6305, Tours F-37032, France
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Demidyuk IV, Shubin AV, Gasanov EV, Kurinov AM, Demkin VV, Vinogradova TV, Zinovyeva MV, Sass AV, Zborovskaya IB, Kostrov SV. Alterations in gene expression of proprotein convertases in human lung cancer have a limited number of scenarios. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55752. [PMID: 23409034 PMCID: PMC3567108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) is a protein family which includes nine highly specific subtilisin-like serine endopeptidases in mammals. The system of PCs is involved in carcinogenesis and levels of PC mRNAs alter in cancer, which suggests expression status of PCs as a possible marker for cancer typing and prognosis. The goal of this work was to assess the information value of expression profiling of PC genes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the first time to analyze mRNA levels of all PC genes as well as matrix metalloproteinase genes MMP2 and MMP14, which are substrates of PCs, in 30 matched pairs of samples of human lung cancer tumor and adjacent tissues without pathology. Significant changes in the expression of PCs have been revealed in tumor tissues: increased FURIN mRNA level (p<0.00005) and decreased mRNA levels of PCSK2 (p<0.007), PCSK5 (p<0.0002), PCSK7 (p<0.002), PCSK9 (p<0.00008), and MBTPS1 (p<0.00004) as well as a tendency to increase in the level of PCSK1 mRNA. Four distinct groups of samples have been identified by cluster analysis of the expression patterns of PC genes in tumor vs. normal tissue. Three of these groups covering 80% of samples feature a strong elevation in the expression of a single gene in cancer: FURIN, PCSK1, or PCSK6. Thus, the changes in the expression of PC genes have a limited number of scenarios, which may reflect different pathways of tumor development and cryptic features of tumors. This finding allows to consider the mRNAs of PC genes as potentially important tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Zhu Y, Yin WL, Ba YF, Tian L, Gu ZQ, Zhang MS, Zhong CN. Transforming growth factor-1 promotes the transcriptional activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1001-5. [PMID: 22895748 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in promoting the growth, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. However, to date little is known about the oncogenic mechanisms of CAFs. This study aimed to identify the microenvironmental factors involved in tumor development and progression directed by CAFs in liver metastases. Tissue samples collected from 20 patients with colorectal liver metastases were used in this study. Histological and morphological characterization of the samples was performed using hybridization and immunohistological assays. The mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was measured by northern blotting. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As a result, co-expression of Thy-1 (CD90) and α-SMA was identified in CAFs, while normal liver samples were negative for α-SMA and Thy-1. Compared with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) incubation, the expression of α-SMA increased significantly following transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) incubation (P<0.05), while platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) caused a significant suppression of α-SMA expression (P<0.05). PAI-1 expression was significantly lower in unstimulated fibroblasts compared to TGF-1-treated fibroblasts (P<0.01). The levels of PAI-1 transcription were significantly higher in CAFs from the patient samples compared with the healthy controls. Taken together, our findings suggest that CAFs may be important in migration, matrix degradation, invasion and angiogenesis of tumors, and TGF-1 may promote the activation of PAI-1 transcription in CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Orthopedic Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, PR China
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39
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Wang J, Cai Y. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 polymorphisms and expression in lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1819-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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El-Nikhely N, Larzabal L, Seeger W, Calvo A, Savai R. Tumor–stromal interactions in lung cancer: novel candidate targets for therapeutic intervention. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.693478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Hall T, Shieh HS, Day JE, Caspers N, Chrencik JE, Williams JM, Pegg LE, Pauley AM, Moon AF, Krahn JM, Fischer DH, Kiefer JR, Tomasselli AG, Zack MD. Structure of human ADAM-8 catalytic domain complexed with batimastat. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:616-21. [PMID: 22684055 PMCID: PMC3370895 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112015618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of ADAM-8 in cancer and inflammatory diseases such as allergy, arthritis and asthma makes it an attractive target for drug development. Therefore, the catalytic domain of human ADAM-8 was expressed, purified and crystallized in complex with a hydroxamic acid inhibitor, batimastat. The crystal structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex was refined to 2.1 Å resolution. ADAM-8 has an overall fold similar to those of other ADAM members, including a central five-stranded β-sheet and a catalytic Zn(2+) ion. However, unique differences within the S1' binding loop of ADAM-8 are observed which might be exploited to confer specificity and selectivity to ADAM-8 competitive inhibitors for the treatment of diseases involving this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troii Hall
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Huey-Sheng Shieh
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Day
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Nicole Caspers
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Jill E. Chrencik
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | | | - Lyle E. Pegg
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Adele M. Pauley
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Andrea F. Moon
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Building 101/MD F3-09, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Joseph M. Krahn
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Building 101/MD F3-09, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David H. Fischer
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | | | - Marc D. Zack
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
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Fullár A, Kovalszky I, Bitsche M, Romani A, Schartinger VH, Sprinzl GM, Riechelmann H, Dudás J. Tumor cell and carcinoma-associated fibroblast interaction regulates matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1517-27. [PMID: 22516051 PMCID: PMC3378977 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Co-culture of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and SCC-25 oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCC), results in conversion of PDLs into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Paracrin circuits between CAFs and OSCC cells were hypothesized to regulate the gene expression of matrix remodeling enzymes in their co-culture, which was performed for 7days, followed by analysis of the mRNA/protein expression and activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs), their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and other relevant genes. Interleukin1-β, transforming growth factor-β1, fibronectin and αvβ6 integrin have shown to be involved in the regulation of the MMP and TIMP gene expression in co-culture of CAFs and tumor cells. In addition, these cells also cooperated in activation of MMP pro-enzymes. It is particularly interesting that the fibroblast-produced inactive MMP-2 has been activated by the tumor-cell-produced membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). The crosstalk between cancer- and the surrounding fibroblast stromal-cells is essential for the fine tuning of cancer cells invasivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fullár
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary.
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Prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1121-6. [PMID: 22465234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. We performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases were used to identify published studies before December 1, 2011. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to estimate the strength of the association between MMP-9 expression survival of NSCLC patients. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. RESULTS The final analysis of 2029 NSCLC cases from 17 studies is presented. The combined HR of 1.84 (95% CI: 1.62-2.09) suggested that MMP-9 over-expression had a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Subgroup analyses also detected significant association. Heterogeneity and publication bias was absent in current meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the summary statistics obtained should approximate the actual average. CONCLUSION High MMP-9 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC.
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Stenvold H, Donnem T, Andersen S, Al-Saad S, Al-Shibli K, Busund LT, Bremnes RM. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and -9 in NSCLC tumor and stromal cells: correlation with a favorable clinical outcome. Lung Cancer 2011; 75:235-41. [PMID: 21764478 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are considered important players in angiogenesis and cancer progression. Several drugs developed for targeting MMPs have until now been without clinical efficacy. As both malignant cells and cells of the surrounding stroma contribute to tumor growth, we have explored the impact of MMP-2, -7 and -9 expression in both the tumor and stromal compartment of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS From 335 unselected stage I to IIIA NSCLC carcinomas, duplicate tumor and tumor-associated stromal cores were collected in tissue microarrays (TMAs). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of MMP-2, -7 and -9 in tumor and stromal cells. RESULTS In univariate analyses, high tumor cell MMP-7 expression (P=0.029) and high stromal MMP-9 expression (P=0.001) were positive prognostic factors. In the multivariate analysis, high tumor cell MMP-7 expression (HR 1.58, CI 1.08-2.32, P=0.020) and high stromal MMP-9 expression (HR 1.92, CI 1.25-2.96, P=0.003) were independent positive prognostic factors for disease-specific survival. CONCLUSION High levels of MMP-7 in tumor cells and high levels of MMP-9 in tumor associated stroma were independent positive prognostic factors in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Stenvold
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromso, Norway.
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Shao W, Wang W, Xiong XG, Cao C, Yan TD, Chen G, Chen H, Yin W, Liu J, Gu Y, Mo M, He J. Prognostic impact of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in pathologic stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol 2011; 104:841-6. [PMID: 21721010 DOI: 10.1002/jso.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to assess the value of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and other potential prognostic factors in predicting the clinical outcome of patients after definitive surgery for pathologic stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS One hundred and forty-six consecutive and non-selected patients who underwent definitive surgery for stage IA NSCLC were included in this study. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were stained for MMP-2 and MMP-9, which were statistically evaluated for their prognostic value and other clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS Of the 146 patients studied, 102 (69.9%) cases were classified as having high expression for MMP-2. A total of 89 carcinomas (61.0%) had high expression for MMP-9. MMP-9 expression correlated with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, pT stage, and differentiation (P = 0.005, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). Vessel invasion, pT stage, and MMP-9 expression maintained their independent prognostic influence on overall survival (P = 0.037, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS From results of our relatively large database, MMP-9 may be considered as a viable biomarker that can be used in conjunction with other prognostic factors such as vessel invasion and pT stage to predict the prognosis of patients with completely resected pathologic stage IA NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Shao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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The role of tumor stroma in cancer progression and prognosis: emphasis on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6:209-17. [PMID: 21107292 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181f8a1bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of both normal epithelial tissues and their malignant counterparts is supported by the host tissue stroma. The tumor stroma mainly consists of the basement membrane, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, immune cells, and vasculature. Although most host cells in the stroma possess certain tumor-suppressing abilities, the stroma will change during malignancy and eventually promote growth, invasion, and metastasis. Stromal changes at the invasion front include the appearance of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs constitute a major portion of the reactive tumor stroma and play a crucial role in tumor progression. The main precursors of CAFs are normal fibroblasts, and the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to CAFs is driven to a great extent by cancer-derived cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β. During recent years, the crosstalk between the cancer cells and the tumor stroma, highly responsible for the progression of tumors and their metastasis, has been increasingly unveiled. A better understanding of the host stroma contribution to cancer progression will increase our knowledge about the growth promoting signaling pathways and hopefully lead to novel therapeutic interventions targeting the tumor stroma. This review reports novel data on the essential crosstalk between cancer cells and cells of the tumor stroma, with an emphasis on the role played by CAFs. Furthermore, it presents recent literature on relevant tumor stroma- and CAF-related research in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Raviv S, Hawkins KA, DeCamp MM, Kalhan R. Lung cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: enhancing surgical options and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 183:1138-46. [PMID: 21177883 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201008-1274ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk for both the development of primary lung cancer, as well as poor outcome after lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Because of existing impairments in lung function, patients with COPD often do not meet traditional criteria for tolerance of definitive surgical lung cancer therapy. Emerging information regarding the physiology of lung resection in COPD indicates that postoperative decrements in lung function may be less than anticipated by traditional prediction tools. In patients with COPD, more inclusive consideration for surgical resection with curative intent may be appropriate as limited surgical resections or nonsurgical therapeutic options provide inferior survival. Furthermore, optimizing perioperative COPD medical care according to clinical practice guidelines including smoking cessation can potentially minimize morbidity and improve functional status in this often severely impaired patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Raviv
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St. Clair Street, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Kitano H, Kageyama SI, Hewitt SM, Hayashi R, Doki Y, Ozaki Y, Fujino S, Takikita M, Kubo H, Fukuoka J. Podoplanin expression in cancerous stroma induces lymphangiogenesis and predicts lymphatic spread and patient survival. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:1520-7. [PMID: 20923309 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0114-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Podoplanin is a mucin-type glycoprotein and a lymphatic endothelial marker. Immunohistochemical staining for podoplanin is currently used as a routine pathologic diagnosis tool in Japan to identify lymphatic invasion of cancer cells. Recent reports suggest that podoplanin and other proangiogenic molecules are expressed in stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution of podoplanin expression in tumor stroma and its clinical and biologic significance. DESIGN We performed immunohistochemistry for podoplanin on tissue microarrays from 1350 cases of 14 common cancer types. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven of 662 cases (43%) showed podoplanin expression in the stromal cells within cancer nests. Stromal podoplanin expression in 14 common cancer types was significantly associated with tumor stage (P < .001), lymph node metastases (P < .001), lymphatic invasion (P = .02), and venous invasion (P < .001). The stromal cells positive for podoplanin were also positive for α-smooth muscle actin but negative for desmin, confirming a myofibroblasts phenotype. In contrast, myofibroblasts in inflammatory fibrotic lung diseases were podoplanin negative. Lymphatic vessel density was greater in the stromas with podoplanin expression than in the stroma lacking podoplanin-expressing stromal cells (P = .01). Survival data were available for non-small cell lung cancer. Stromal podoplanin expression was associated with poorer prognosis in adenocarcinoma (P < .001) and remains statistically significant after adjustment for sex, age, and stage (P = .01). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that podoplanin expression in stromal myofibroblasts may function as a proangiogenic biomarker and may serve as a predictive marker of lymphatic/vascular spread of cancer cells and a prognostic marker of patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kitano
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
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Lee SA, Sun JS, Park JH, Park KJ, Lee SS, Choi H, Sheen SS, Chung WY, Lee KS, Park KJ, Hwang SC. Emphysema as a risk factor for the outcome of surgical resection of lung cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:1146-51. [PMID: 20676324 PMCID: PMC2908782 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.8.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether emphysema, regardless of airflow limitation, is a predictive factor associated with survival after lung cancer resection. Therefore, we investigated whether emphysema was a risk factor associated with the outcome after resection for lung cancer. This study enrolled 237 patients with non small cell lung cancer with stage I or II who had surgical removal. Patient outcome was analyzed based on emphysema. Emphysema was found in 43.4% of all patients. Patients with emphysema were predominantly men and smokers, and had a lower body mass index than the patients without emphysema. The patients without emphysema (n=133) survived longer (mean 51.2+/-3.0 vs. 40.6+/-3.1 months, P=0.042) than those with emphysema (n=104). The univariate analysis showed a younger age, higher FEV(1)/FVC, higher body mass index, cancer stage I, and a lower emphysema score were significant predictors of better survival. The multivariate analysis revealed a younger age, higher body mass index, and cancer stage I were independent parameters associated with better survival, however, emphysema was not. This study suggests that unfavorable outcomes after surgical resection of lung cancer should not be attributed to emphysema itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Sun
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joo Hun Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Park
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Soo Sheen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woo Young Chung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Keu Sung Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang Joo Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Hwang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Qian Q, Wang Q, Zhan P, Peng L, Wei SZ, Shi Y, Song Y. The role of matrix metalloproteinase 2 on the survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Cancer Invest 2010; 28:661-9. [PMID: 20394501 DOI: 10.3109/07357901003735634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase2 (MMP-2) expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the electronic database PubMed, EMBASE were searched for relevant articles. The meta-analysis was finally based on 11 studies that included 1,439 patients, and combined HR was 1.66 (95% confidence intervals (CI: 1.37-2.01). Its effect also appeared significant when the analysis was restricted to tumor cell expression and patients with adenocarcinoma (HR 2.08 (95% CI: 1.24-3.48)). This study supported the fact that MMP-2 could be included in further prospective trials studying prognostic factors in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China
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