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Cho H, Noh KH, Chung JY, Takikita M, Chung EJ, Kim BW, Hewitt SM, Kim TW, Kim JH. Synaptonemal complex protein 3 is a prognostic marker in cervical cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98712. [PMID: 24905095 PMCID: PMC4048308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3), a member of Cor1 family, is up-regulated in various cancer cells; however, its oncogenic potential and clinical significance has not yet been characterized. In the present study, we investigated the oncogenic role of SCP3 and its relationship with phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) in cervical neoplasias. The functional role of SCP3 expression was investigated by overexpression or knockdown of SCP3 in murine cell line NIH3T3 and human cervical cancer cell lines CUMC6, SiHa, CaSki, and HeLa both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we examined SCP3 expression in tumor specimens from 181 cervical cancer and 400 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the correlation between SCP3 expression and clinicopathologic factors or survival. Overexpression of SCP3 promoted AKT-mediated tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Functional studies using NIH3T3 cells demonstrated that the C-terminal region of human SCP3 is important for AKT activation and its oncogenic potential. High expression of SCP3 was significantly associated with tumor stage (P = 0.002) and tumor grade (P<0.001), while SCP3 expression was positively associated with pAKT protein level in cervical neoplasias. Survival times for patients with cervical cancer overexpressing both SCP3 and pAKT (median, 134.0 months, n = 68) were significantly shorter than for patients with low expression of either SCP3 or pAKT (161.5 months, n = 108) as determined by multivariate analysis (P = 0.020). Our findings suggest that SCP3 plays an important role in the progression of cervical cancer through the AKT signaling pathway, supporting the possibility that SCP3 may be a promising novel cancer target for cervical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbyoul Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mikiko Takikita
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eun Joo Chung
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bo Wook Kim
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TWK); (JHK)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TWK); (JHK)
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Kitano H, Chung JY, Ylaya K, Conway C, Takikita M, Fukuoka J, Doki Y, Hanaoka J, Hewitt SM. Profiling of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-MAPK and EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:335-46. [PMID: 24487999 PMCID: PMC4005365 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414523022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of numerous pathways has been documented in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as a common therapeutic target. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and AKT signaling pathways are downstream of EGFR and deregulated via genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in many human cancers. We evaluated selected markers in the EGFR pathway with reference to outcome. Tissues from 220 cases of NSCLC patients presented in a tissue microarray were assayed with immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated MAPK, phosphorylated mTOR, and EGFR and then quantified by automated image analysis. Individually, the biomarkers did not predict. Combined as ratios, p-mTOR/p-AKT, and p-MAPK/EGFR function as prognostic markers of survival (p=0.008 and p=0.029, respectively), however, no significance was found after adjustment (p=0.221, p=0.103). The sum of these ratios demonstrates a stronger correlation with survival (p<0.001) and remained statistically significant after adjustment (p=0.026). The algebraic combination of biomarkers offer the capacity to understand factors that predict outcome better than current approaches of evaluating biomarkers individually or in pairs. Our results show the sum of p-mTOR/p-AKT and p-MAPK/EGFR is a potential predictive marker of survival in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kitano
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland (HK, JYC, KY, CC, SMH)
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Nakamura I, Kajino K, Bamba H, Itoh F, Takikita M, Ogasawara K. Phenotypic Stability of Mature Dendritic Cells Tuned by TLR or CD40 to Control the Efficiency of Cytotoxic T Cell Priming. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:211-9. [PMID: 15031535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that after stimulation immature DCs turn into mature DCs, which present exogenous antigens together with their MHC class I molecules and then activate the antigen-specific CTLs. Although both TLR and CD40 stimulation appeared to provide the same effects on DC maturation, CD40-dependent CTL activation is much more potent than CTL activation through LPS stimulation. Despite their different outcomes, the factors that lead mature DCs to different functions remain largely undefined. In this study, we defined the transient maturation and subsequent deactivation of DCs by TLR stimuli, including those by LPS and CpG-ODN. In contrast, CD40 stimulation induced stable mature DCs that elicited sufficient CTL proliferation. The deactivated DCs, which we defined as "expired DCs," were phenotypically similar to immature DCs, except for their phenotype stability, MHC class I expression level and IL-10 production. Moreover, the functions of expired DCs were comparable to those of immature DCs in terms of CTL induction and tolerogenicity. These results may provide an explanation for the role of CD40 stimulation in antigen-specific CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Chung JY, Kitano H, Takikita M, Cho H, Noh KH, Kim TW, Ylaya K, Hanaoka J, Fukuoka J, Hewitt SM. Synaptonemal complex protein 3 as a novel prognostic marker in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:472-9. [PMID: 23069255 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Synaptonemal complex protein 3 is a marker for cell transformation that has prognostic significance in various cancers. However, the prognostic significance of synaptonemal complex protein 3 has not been studied in non-small cell lung cancer. To investigate the potential correlation between synaptonemal complex protein 3 and various clinicopathologic parameters, we assessed the expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 in archival tumor tissues from 258 patients with non-small cell lung cancer by immunohistochemical staining. By immunofluorescence, synaptonemal complex protein 3 was detected in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of NCI-H1299 cell. In tumor samples, synaptonemal complex protein 3 is detected as cytoplasmic expression pattern and observed in 50 clinical samples (19.4%) by immunohistochemical staining. Synaptonemal complex protein 3 expression was correlated with T status (P = .008), lymph node metastasis (P = .010), tumor types (P = .019), and pleural invasion (P = .005). In multivariate analysis of patients with early stage disease, increased synaptonemal complex protein 3 expression predicted worse overall survival in early stage (stage I and II) with pT1 status (P = .041). These results suggest that positive synaptonemal complex protein 3 expression is a portent of poor outcome and may be a potential biomarker in the early stages of the non-small cell lung cancer for survival and may provide clues in the identification of patients for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Yong Chung
- Tissue Array Research Program and Applied Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA
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Lenz P, Pfeiffer R, Baris D, Schned AR, Takikita M, Poscablo MC, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Jones M, Kida M, Cantor KP, Rothman N, Silverman DT, Hewitt SM, Moore LE. Cell-cycle control in urothelial carcinoma: large-scale tissue array analysis of tumor tissue from Maine and Vermont. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1555-64. [PMID: 22761304 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-cycle proteins are important predictive markers in urothelial carcinoma but may also exhibit exposure-specific heterogeneity. METHODS Tumor tissue from 491 bladder cancer cases enrolled in the Maine and Vermont component of the New England Bladder Cancer Study was assembled as tissue microarrays and examined for aberrant expression of p53, p63, p16, cyclin D1, Rb, and Ki-67. The association between expression and histopathology, demographics, and cigarette smoking was examined using χ(2) tests, multivariable Poisson, and multinomial regression models. RESULTS We found that overexpression of p53 and Ki-67 was associated with high-stage/grade tumors [relative risk (RR), 1.26; P(trend) = 0.003; and RR, 3.21; P(trend) < 0.0001, respectively], whereas expression of p63 and p16 was decreased in high-stage/grade tumors (RR, 0.52; P(trend) < 0.0001; and RR, 0.88; P(trend) = 0.04, respectively). No significant aberrations of cell-cycle proteins were identified using various smoking variables and multiple statistical models. CONCLUSION The results of this population-based study of histologically confirmed urothelial carcinomas show significant aberration of cell-cycle proteins p53, p63, p16, and Ki-67, but not Rb or cyclin D1. p53 showed the most significant heterogeneity with respect to tumor stage and grade, especially when stratified for different staining intensities using novel digital image analysis techniques. Our findings do not support that smoking modifies expression of cell-cycle proteins. IMPACT Our study shows significant heterogeneity in the expression of key cell-cycle proteins that are associated with disease progression in bladder cancer. Further studies may lead to the identification of biomarkers and their multiplexed interactions as useful prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Lenz
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Levine PH, Portera CC, Hoffman HJ, Yang SX, Takikita M, Duong QN, Hewitt SM, Swain SM. Evaluation of lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor D and E-cadherin in distinguishing inflammatory from locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2012; 12:232-9. [PMID: 22694825 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer that on presentation resembles locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). This study identified molecular features of IBC and LABC to investigate pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study involved 100 IBC cases identified in a national IBC registry and 107 non-IBC LABC cases from the National Cancer Institute's Cooperative Breast Cancer Tissue Resource (CBCTR). Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) and E-cadherin levels and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) measured by podoplanin staining were examined by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tumor specimens. Intralymphatic tumor emboli (ILTE) were assessed in IBC and non-IBC tumors. IBC cases diagnosed by clinicians but not meeting the case definitions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) or the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)(designated atypical IBC) were compared with AJCC- and/or SEER-defined cases (designated classic IBC). RESULTS E-cadherin levels were significantly higher in classic IBC cases compared with non-IBC cases (P = .031), whereas compared with classic IBC, patients with non-IBC LABC had significantly higher LVD (P = .0017) and VEGF-D levels (P < .0001). ILTE was marginally greater in classic IBC than in non-IBC (P = .046). The profile of laboratory values in atypical IBC cases more closely resembled those fitting classic IBC than LABC. CONCLUSION E-cadherin levels, LVD, VEGF-D expression, and to a lesser extent, ILTE differed between classic IBC and non-IBC LABC. The similarity of laboratory results between atypical IBC and classic IBC vs. LABC suggests the need for broadening both the AJCC and SEER case definitions for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Levine
- George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Yoshida K, Miyahira Y, Ishida M, Iwai M, Kagotani A, Arita N, Iwamoto N, Takikita M, Kojima F, Okabe H. Ascitic fluid due to type II herpes simplex virus infection: report of a case with immunocytochemical confirmation. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 41:354-9. [PMID: 22282082 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is usually observed in the oral cavity and external genitals, and HSV peritonitis is extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of type II HSV peritonitis successfully diagnosed by ascitic cytology. A 66-year-old Japanese man, who had been treated with steroid inhalation for 5 years due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was suspected to have acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and intraoperative cytological examination of ascitic fluid were performed. Cytological study of ascitic fluid revealed that abundant granular cell debris, degenerative cells and apoptotic bodies were present, as well as some single or multinucleated cells with ground glass nuclei. However, vivid mesothelial cells were rarely seen. Immunocytochemical staining for type II HSV was positive in single or multinucleated cells with ground glass nuclei. Therefore, a diagnosis of type II HSV peritonitis was made. This is the first reported case of type II HSV peritonitis successfully diagnosed by ascitic cytology. This report highlights that the presence of abundant cell debris, degenerative cells and apoptotic bodies, and the absence of vivid mesothelial cells are the key cytological findings to suspect HSV peritonitis, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by careful surveillance for characteristic nuclear findings of single or multinucleated cells. The frequency of opportunistic infection is increased because of the increased numbers of iatrogenic immunocompromised patients as seen in this case, therefore, cytological examination is a useful method for early detection of the causative agent of peritonitis including HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yoshida
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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Su H, Hu N, Yang HH, Wang C, Takikita M, Wang QH, Giffen C, Clifford R, Hewitt SM, Shou JZ, Goldstein AM, Lee MP, Taylor PR. Global gene expression profiling and validation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its association with clinical phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2955-66. [PMID: 21385931 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. Understanding molecular changes in ESCC will enable identification of molecular subtypes and provide potential targets for early detection and therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We followed up a previous array study with additional discovery and confirmatory studies in new ESCC cases by using alternative methods. We profiled global gene expression for discovery and confirmation, and validated selected dysregulated genes with additional RNA and protein studies. RESULTS A total of 159 genes showed differences with extreme statistical significance (P < E-15) and 2-fold differences or more in magnitude (tumor/normal RNA expression ratio, N = 53 cases), including 116 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes. Of 41 genes dysregulated in our prior array study, all but one showed the same fold change directional pattern in new array studies, including 29 with 2-fold changes or more. Alternative RNA expression methods validated array results: more than two thirds of 51 new cases examined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) showed 2-fold differences or more for all seven genes assessed. Immunohistochemical protein expression results in 275 cases which were concordant with RNA for five of six genes. CONCLUSION We identified an expanded panel of genes dysregulated in ESCC and confirmed previously identified differentially expressed genes. Microarray-based gene expression results were confirmed by RT-PCR and protein expression studies. These dysregulated genes will facilitate molecular categorization of tumor subtypes and identification of their risk factors, and serve as potential targets for early detection, outcome prediction, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, DCEG, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Su H, Hu N, Yang HH, Wang C, Takikita M, Wang QH, Giffen C, Clifford R, Hewitt SM, Shou JZ, Goldstein AM, Lee MP, Taylor PR, Kaempgen E, Van Gool SW, Helms W, Keegan P, Pazdur R. Global gene expression profiling and validation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its association with clinical phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 2011. [PMID: 16061868 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. Understanding molecular changes in ESCC will enable identification of molecular subtypes and provide potential targets for early detection and therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We followed up a previous array study with additional discovery and confirmatory studies in new ESCC cases by using alternative methods. We profiled global gene expression for discovery and confirmation, and validated selected dysregulated genes with additional RNA and protein studies. RESULTS A total of 159 genes showed differences with extreme statistical significance (P < E-15) and 2-fold differences or more in magnitude (tumor/normal RNA expression ratio, N = 53 cases), including 116 upregulated and 43 downregulated genes. Of 41 genes dysregulated in our prior array study, all but one showed the same fold change directional pattern in new array studies, including 29 with 2-fold changes or more. Alternative RNA expression methods validated array results: more than two thirds of 51 new cases examined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) showed 2-fold differences or more for all seven genes assessed. Immunohistochemical protein expression results in 275 cases which were concordant with RNA for five of six genes. CONCLUSION We identified an expanded panel of genes dysregulated in ESCC and confirmed previously identified differentially expressed genes. Microarray-based gene expression results were confirmed by RT-PCR and protein expression studies. These dysregulated genes will facilitate molecular categorization of tumor subtypes and identification of their risk factors, and serve as potential targets for early detection, outcome prediction, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Su
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, DCEG, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Whitney Helms
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Office of New Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Patricia Keegan
- Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Office of New Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard Pazdur
- Office of Biostatistics, Office of Translational Sciences, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Takikita M, Hu N, Shou JZ, Giffen C, Wang QH, Wang C, Hewitt SM, Taylor PR. Fascin and CK4 as biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:945-952. [PMID: 21498718 PMCID: PMC3236111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that fascin, cytokeratin 14 and cytokeratin 4 may have significant roles as biomarkers for the progression and survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study performed immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays, profiling premalignant lesions and invasive tumors. RESULTS Fascin increased across the following states as follows: normal-appearing epithelium (26%) to dysplasia (46%) to ESCC (68%), while CK4 was undetectable in ESCC (0%) compared to normal-appearing epithelium (45%) or dysplasia (41%). CK14 was elevated and invariant in expression. In regression analyses, compared to normal-appearing epithelium, higher fascin expression was associated with a 36% increased risk of dysplasia (odds ratio=1.36) and a 56% increased risk of invasive ESCC (odds ratio=1.56). CONCLUSION Expression of fascin is up-regulated in the transformation from normal-appearing epithelium, through dysplasia, into invasive carcinoma. Expression of CK4, CK14 and fascin did not correlate with patient survival. Fascin has a potential role as an early detection biomarker and CK4 as a tumor marker in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Takikita
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA
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Kitano H, Kageyama SI, Hewitt SM, Hayashi R, Doki Y, Ozaki Y, Fujino S, Takikita M, Kubo H, Fukuoka J. Podoplanin expression in cancerous stroma induces lymphangiogenesis and predicts lymphatic spread and patient survival. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:1520-7. [PMID: 20923309 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0114-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Podoplanin is a mucin-type glycoprotein and a lymphatic endothelial marker. Immunohistochemical staining for podoplanin is currently used as a routine pathologic diagnosis tool in Japan to identify lymphatic invasion of cancer cells. Recent reports suggest that podoplanin and other proangiogenic molecules are expressed in stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution of podoplanin expression in tumor stroma and its clinical and biologic significance. DESIGN We performed immunohistochemistry for podoplanin on tissue microarrays from 1350 cases of 14 common cancer types. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven of 662 cases (43%) showed podoplanin expression in the stromal cells within cancer nests. Stromal podoplanin expression in 14 common cancer types was significantly associated with tumor stage (P < .001), lymph node metastases (P < .001), lymphatic invasion (P = .02), and venous invasion (P < .001). The stromal cells positive for podoplanin were also positive for α-smooth muscle actin but negative for desmin, confirming a myofibroblasts phenotype. In contrast, myofibroblasts in inflammatory fibrotic lung diseases were podoplanin negative. Lymphatic vessel density was greater in the stromas with podoplanin expression than in the stroma lacking podoplanin-expressing stromal cells (P = .01). Survival data were available for non-small cell lung cancer. Stromal podoplanin expression was associated with poorer prognosis in adenocarcinoma (P < .001) and remains statistically significant after adjustment for sex, age, and stage (P = .01). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that podoplanin expression in stromal myofibroblasts may function as a proangiogenic biomarker and may serve as a predictive marker of lymphatic/vascular spread of cancer cells and a prognostic marker of patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kitano
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
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Kitano H, Kageyama SI, Hewitt SM, Hayashi R, Doki Y, Ozaki Y, Fujino S, Takikita M, Kubo H, Fukuoka J. Podoplanin expression in cancerous stroma induces lymphangiogenesis and predicts lymphatic spread and patient survival. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134. [PMID: 20923309 PMCID: PMC7556323 DOI: 10.1043/2009-0114-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Podoplanin is a mucin-type glycoprotein and a lymphatic endothelial marker. Immunohistochemical staining for podoplanin is currently used as a routine pathologic diagnosis tool in Japan to identify lymphatic invasion of cancer cells. Recent reports suggest that podoplanin and other proangiogenic molecules are expressed in stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. OBJECTIVE To analyze the distribution of podoplanin expression in tumor stroma and its clinical and biologic significance. DESIGN We performed immunohistochemistry for podoplanin on tissue microarrays from 1350 cases of 14 common cancer types. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven of 662 cases (43%) showed podoplanin expression in the stromal cells within cancer nests. Stromal podoplanin expression in 14 common cancer types was significantly associated with tumor stage (P < .001), lymph node metastases (P < .001), lymphatic invasion (P = .02), and venous invasion (P < .001). The stromal cells positive for podoplanin were also positive for α-smooth muscle actin but negative for desmin, confirming a myofibroblasts phenotype. In contrast, myofibroblasts in inflammatory fibrotic lung diseases were podoplanin negative. Lymphatic vessel density was greater in the stromas with podoplanin expression than in the stroma lacking podoplanin-expressing stromal cells (P = .01). Survival data were available for non-small cell lung cancer. Stromal podoplanin expression was associated with poorer prognosis in adenocarcinoma (P < .001) and remains statistically significant after adjustment for sex, age, and stage (P = .01). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that podoplanin expression in stromal myofibroblasts may function as a proangiogenic biomarker and may serve as a predictive marker of lymphatic/vascular spread of cancer cells and a prognostic marker of patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Kitano
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan; Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ryuji Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama University, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitomo Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shozo Fujino
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mikiko Takikita
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hajime Kubo
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Fukuoka
- Laboratory of Pathology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
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Okabe H, Chano T, Takikita M, Ishida M. [HER2 protein in the serum and nipple discharge]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 7:714-716. [PMID: 20963905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Okabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science
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Abstract
Personalized medicine relies upon individualized diagnosis that provides molecular information delineating optimal therapeutic strategies. For many diseases, but especially cancer, the development of predictive biomarkers requires performing assays directly on the diseased tissue or tumor. The last decade has seen the explosion of both prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the research setting, but few of these biomarkers have entered widespread clinical use. This article examines issues concerning tissue-biomarker development and the hurdles faced in reaching the goal of truly personalized medicine. Targeted therapy guided by predictive biomarkers is possible; however, for significant progress, researchers need to focus on three key issues: robust assays for the clinic, validation in clinically relevant environments and assuring appropriate analytes are available for these new assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Advanced Technology Center, MSC 4605, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA.
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15
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Takikita M, Hu N, Shou JZ, Wang QH, Giffen C, Taylor PR, Hewitt SM. Biomarkers of apoptosis and survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:310. [PMID: 19728877 PMCID: PMC2745431 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer of the esophagus is a deadly malignancy, and development of biomarkers that predict survival is an urgent need. The apoptotic pathways have been hypothesized as important in progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We investigated a panel of proteins that regulate apoptosis as candidate of biomarkers of prognosis in ESCC. Methods Tissue microarray (TMA) including 313 surgically-resected cases of ESCC specimens was built for immunohistochemical interrogation. We evaluated seven genes in the FasL-Fas apoptotic pathway - FasL, Fas, FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD), phosphorylated-FADD, and caspase 8 and 10, and the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2. We studied pathway integrity and relations to risk and clinical factors, and determined the prognostic significance of each marker. Results Five markers showed strong inter-marker correlations (r ≥ 0.28, p < 0.001), including FasL, Fas, FADD, and caspases 8 and 10. FasL and FADD also showed modest correlations with one or more cancer risk factors, but none of the markers was significantly associated with either tumor stage or lymph node metastasis, the only two clinical factors that predicted survival in these ESCC cases. Multivariate-adjusted proportional hazard regression models showed no association between protein expression and risk of death for any of the seven markers examined. Conclusion Individual biomarkers in the apoptosis pathway do not appear to predict survival of patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Takikita
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Takikita M, Altekruse S, Lynch CF, Goodman MT, Hernandez BY, Green M, Cozen W, Cockburn M, Sibug Saber M, Topor M, Zeruto C, Abedi-Ardekani B, Reichman ME, Hewitt SM. Associations between selected biomarkers and prognosis in a population-based pancreatic cancer tissue microarray. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2950-5. [PMID: 19276352 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Prognostic biomarkers are lacking, and treatment has limited effect on survival. Tissues from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries (Iowa, Hawaii, and Los Angeles) were used to build a tissue microarray of 161 pancreatic tumors (113 resections and 48 biopsies). Proportional hazard models adjusted for age, race, sex, stage, time-period of diagnosis, and treatment. Associations were examined between markers (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, synaptophysin, chromogranin, neuron specific enolase, epidermal growth factor receptor, HER2, CD5, CD138, CK5/6, CK19, CK20, and p53) and survival time from diagnosis. After adjusting for covariates, borderline statistically significant associations were seen between expression of each of the three mucins (MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC) and shorter survival time. The associations strengthened for 154 (96%) adenocarcinomas, particularly the 120 (75%) well-differentiated to moderately differentiated ductal adenocarcinomas, a tumor type that occurred more often in the cohort among White cases than cases of other racial origin (P<0.01). For differentiated ductal adenocarcinomas, associations with shorter survival time were seen for expression of all three mucins combined versus other mucin expression patterns (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.6) and for MUC2(+) versus MUC2(-) expression (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4). Mucin gene expression, particularly MUC2 expression, may have prognostic value for differentiated adenocarcinomas. Tumor histologies differed in this and Japanese cohorts. The tissue microarray is available to evaluate other biomarkers. Tissue-based surveillance can be used to monitor tumor histology in populations and facilitate applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Takikita
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8316, USA
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17
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Shou JZ, Hu N, Takikita M, Roth MJ, Johnson LL, Giffen C, Wang QH, Wang C, Wang Y, Su H, Kong LH, Emmert-Buck MR, Goldstein AM, Hewitt SM, Taylor PR. Overexpression of CDC25B and LAMC2 mRNA and protein in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and premalignant lesions in subjects from a high-risk population in China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1424-35. [PMID: 18559558 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular events associated with the initiation and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain poorly understood but likely hold the key to effective early detection approaches for this almost invariably fatal cancer. CDC25B and LAMC2 are two promising early detection candidates emerging from new molecular studies of ESCC. To further elucidate the role of these two genes in esophageal carcinogenesis, we did a series of studies to (a) confirm RNA overexpression, (b) establish the prevalence of protein overexpression, (c) relate protein overexpression to survival, and (d) explore their potential as early detection biomarkers. Results of these studies indicated that CDC25B mRNA was overexpressed (>/=2-fold overexpression in tumor compared with normal) in 64% of the 73 ESCC cases evaluated, whereas LAMC2 mRNA was overexpressed in 89% of cases. CDC25B protein expression was categorized as positive in 59% (144 of 243) of ESCC cases on a tumor tissue microarray, and nonnegative LAMC2 patterns of protein expression were observed in 82% (225 of 275) of cases. Multivariate-adjusted proportional hazard regression models showed no association between CDC25B protein expression score and risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) for each unit increase in expression score, 1.00; P = 0.90]; however, several of the LAMC2 protein expression patterns strongly predicted survival. Using the cytoplasmic pattern as the reference (the pattern with the lowest mortality), cases with a diffuse pattern had a 254% increased risk of death (HR, 3.52; P = 0.007), cases with no LAMC2 expression had a 169% increased risk of death (HR, 2.69; P = 0.009), and cases with a peripheral pattern had a 130% greater risk of death (HR, 2.30; P = 0.02). CDC25B protein expression scores in subjects with esophageal biopsies diagnosed as normal (n = 35), dysplastic (n = 23), or ESCC (n = 32) increased significantly with morphologic progression. For LAMC2, all normal and dysplastic patients had a continuous pattern of protein expression, whereas all ESCCs showed alternative, noncontinuous patterns. This series of studies showed that both CDC25B and LAMC2 overexpress RNA and protein in a significant majority of ESCC cases. The strong relation of LAMC2 pattern of protein expression to survival suggests a role in prognosis, whereas the association of CDC25B with morphologic progression indicates a potential role as an early detection marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Shou
- Pathology Laboratory, Advanced Technology Center, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA
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18
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Hewitt SM, Takikita M, Abedi-Ardekani B, Kris Y, Bexfield K, Braunschweig T, Chung JY. Validation of proteomic-based discovery with tissue microarrays. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1460-6. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Takikita M, Chung JY, Hewitt SM. Tissue microarrays enabling high-throughput molecular pathology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007; 18:318-25. [PMID: 17643281 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The tissue microarray has enabled high-throughput pathology. Rather than the laborious review of individual slides and issues of assay reproducibility across large series of specimens, tissue microarrays allow the review of a single stain on a single slide containing tens to hundreds of samples. This is a paradigm shift in pathology, away from histomorphology and toward molecular characterization by immunohistochemistry. This platform allows large retrospective clinical studies of biomarkers for correlation with outcome and can equally well be applied toward high-throughput analysis of cell lines and xenografts. Tissue microarrays encourage novel approaches to assaying tissue with retained histomorphology and have enabled image analysis in pathology. The reduction of tissue to an analyte for high-throughput analysis has highlighted the importance of a high quality tissue and the impact of tissue handling and processing in the quality of data that can be obtained from analysis of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Takikita
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, TARP Lab, MSC 4605, Bethesda, MD 20892-4605, USA
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20
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Whiteford CC, Bilke S, Greer BT, Chen Q, Braunschweig TA, Cenacchi N, Wei JS, Smith MA, Houghton P, Morton C, Reynolds CP, Lock R, Gorlick R, Khanna C, Thiele CJ, Takikita M, Catchpoole D, Hewitt SM, Khan J. Credentialing preclinical pediatric xenograft models using gene expression and tissue microarray analysis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:32-40. [PMID: 17210681 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human tumor xenografts have been used extensively for rapid screening of the efficacy of anticancer drugs for the past 35 years. The selection of appropriate xenograft models for drug testing has been largely empirical and has not incorporated a similarity to the tumor type of origin at the molecular level. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome of a large set of pediatric xenografts, which are currently used for preclinical drug testing. Suitable models representing the tumor type of origin were identified. It was found that the characteristic expression patterns of the primary tumors were maintained in the corresponding xenografts for the majority of samples. Because a prerequisite for developing rationally designed drugs is that the target is expressed at the protein level, we developed tissue arrays from these xenografts and corroborated that high mRNA levels yielded high protein levels for two tested genes. The web database and availability of tissue arrays will allow for the rapid confirmation of the expression of potential targets at both the mRNA and the protein level for molecularly targeted agents. The database will facilitate the identification of tumor markers predictive of response to tested agents as well as the discovery of new molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Whiteford
- Oncogenomics Section, Comparative Oncology Program, and Cell and Molecular Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch
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21
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Chung J, Williams R, Guerrero N, Lim L, Tuttle K, Takikita M, Luo Y, Hewitt SM. Comprehensive analysis of fundamental RNA quality factors in archival tissue. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.a1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joon‐Yong Chung
- ATC/NCI/NIHMSC 4605, Tissue Array Res., Pro.BethesdaMD20892‐0001
| | | | - Natalie Guerrero
- ATC/NCI/NIHMSC 4605, Tissue Array Res., Pro.BethesdaMD20892‐0001
| | - Langston Lim
- ATC/NCI/NIHMSC 4605, Tissue Array Res., Pro.BethesdaMD20892‐0001
| | - Kimberly Tuttle
- ATC/NCI/NIHMSC 4605, Tissue Array Res., Pro.BethesdaMD20892‐0001
| | - Mikiko Takikita
- ATC/NCI/NIHMSC 4605, Tissue Array Res., Pro.BethesdaMD20892‐0001
| | - Yuling Luo
- Panomics, Inc.6519 Dumbarton CircleFremontCA94555
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22
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Takikita S, Takano T, Narita T, Takikita M, Ohno M, Shimada M. Neuronal apoptosis mediated by IL-1 beta expression in viral encephalitis caused by a neuroadapted strain of the mumps virus (Kilham Strain) in hamsters. Exp Neurol 2001; 172:47-59. [PMID: 11681839 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neuroadapted Kilham strain of the mumps virus produces lethal encephalitis in newborn hamsters after intracerebral inoculation. The pathogenesis of this encephalitis is not fully understood, but recently, apoptosis and associated cytokine production have been recognized to be major pathologic mechanisms by which viruses cause injury to neuronal host cells. To analyze the main factors producing brain injury in this viral encephalitis, the following questions were investigated: (1) does the virus induce neuronal apoptosis and (2) does expression of cytokines regulate the induction of neuronal apoptosis? Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was used as a marker of neuronal apoptosis and TUNEL-positive neurons were widespread in the infected cerebral cortex. DNA fragmentation yielding DNA ladders characteristic of apoptosis was also observed in infected hamster brain tissue. Apoptotic cells in infected brains were observed after the appearance of inflammatory changes. Overexpression of IL-1 beta, but not TNF-alpha or Fas-L, was clearly detected in infected brains, as determined by Western blot and RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed a striking correlation between IL-1 beta expression and neuronal apoptosis. Injection of recombinant IL-1 beta into normal hamster brain resulted in neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex. On the other hand, neutralizing IL-1 beta antibodies decreased the number of cells undergoing apoptosis in infected hamster brains and subsequent death. We conclude that the fatal encephalitis induced by the Kilham strain of the mumps virus is mediated by immunopathological processes and that overexpression of IL-1 beta, which mediates the induction of neuronal apoptosis, may play a major role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takikita
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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