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Stillage Waste from Strawberry Spirit Production as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020421. [PMID: 36829982 PMCID: PMC9951990 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of fruit distillates generates solid residues which are potentially rich in bioactive compounds worthy of valorization and exploitation. We report herein the in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of an extract obtained from the waste of fermented strawberry distillate production. The main low molecular weight phenolic components of the extract were identified as ellagic acid and p-coumaric acid using spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis. The extract exhibited high antioxidant properties, particularly in the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and a high total phenolic content (TPC). It was also able to induce an antiproliferative effect on different human cancer cell lines. A strong decrease in viability in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells through a rapid and massive apoptosis were observed. Moreover, at an early time (<30 min), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway were detected. Notably, the antiproliferative activity of the sample was comparable to that observed with an analogous extract prepared from unfermented, fresh strawberries. These results bring new opportunities for the valorization of fruit distillery by-products as low-cost resources for the design of bioactive formulations of comparable value to that from fresh food.
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Choi SJ, Ahn CH, Hong KO, Kim JH, Hong SD, Shin JA, Cho SD. Molecular mechanism underlying the apoptotic modulation by ethanol extract of Pseudolarix kaempferi in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:427. [PMID: 34391437 PMCID: PMC8364062 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudolarix kaempferi is a traditional Chinese natural product that possesses the potential cytotoxic effects against cancer. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying its cytotoxic effects has not yet been completely elucidated. Here, we clarify the mechanism via which the ethanol extract of P. kaempferi (EEPK) leads to cytotoxicity mediated by apoptosis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) originating from the salivary glands. Methods We investigated the mechanism underlying the anticancer efficacy of EEPK in human MEC in vitro by assessing mitochondrial dysfunction, mRNA levels, and morphological changes in apoptotic cell nuclei as well as by using a cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometric analysis, and western blotting. Results EEPK inhibited the growth of two human MEC cells and stimulated the induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis that was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Compared with the vehicle control groups, EEPK decreased myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression in both cells whereas it significantly decreased B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression in MC3 cells only. The EEPK-induced altered Mcl-1 expression was caused by translational inhibition and proteasomal degradation. Additionally, EEPK significantly increased p-Bcl-2 (Ser70) expression regardless of its total forms by facilitating the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, which exhibited cell context dependency. Nevertheless, JNK activation following EEPK treatment was, at least in part, required for the proapoptotic efficacy of EEPK in both cells. Conclusions This study revealed that EEPK-induced alterations of Mcl-1 inhibition and JNK/Bcl-2 phosphorylation cause apoptosis and provided basic preclinical data for future clinical trials regarding therapy for patients with MEC. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jung Choi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,51-9, HLB Life Science Co., Ltd., Dongtancheomdansaneop 1-ro, 8f, Gyeonggi-do, 18469, Hwaseong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ok Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,, 412Ho, Healthcare Innovation Park, 172 Dolma-ro, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 13605, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Doo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 03080, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shi L, Pohla H, Buchner A, Zhang L, Pongratz T, Rühm A, Zimmermann W, Gederaas OA, Wang X, Stepp H, Sroka R. MOP-dependent enhancement of methadone on the effectiveness of ALA-PDT for A172 cells by upregulating phosphorylated JNK and BCL2. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101657. [PMID: 31945545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone, as a long-acting opioid analgesic, shows an ability to sensitize the treatment of ALA-PDT for glioblastoma cells (A172) in vitro by promoting apoptosis. However, the mechanisms how methadone enhances the effectiveness of ALA-PDT for tumor cells remains to be clarified. METHODS The expression of mu opioid receptor (MOP), apoptosis, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphorylated apoptosis regulator B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) were measured by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). A MOP antagonist, naloxone, was used to evaluate the role of MOP in the above process. RESULTS It was found that A172 cells show the expression of MOP and that naloxone inhibits the enhancement of the methadone effect on apoptosis following ALA-PDT (p < 0.05). Phosphorylated JNK and BCL2 induced by ALA-PDT were promoted in the presence of methadone (p < 0.05). These methadone effects were also inhibited by naloxone (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that apoptosis induced by ALA-PDT is enhanced by methadone, mostly MOP-mediated, through the upregulation of accumulation of phosphorylated JNK and BCL2, leading to a promotion of cytotoxicity of ALA-PDT for A172 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Baode Road 1278, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Heike Pohla
- Labor für Tumorimmunologie, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Labor für Tumorimmunologie, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Baode Road 1278, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Thomas Pongratz
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Rühm
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Labor für Tumorimmunologie, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Odrun Arna Gederaas
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Baode Road 1278, Shanghai, 200443, PR China
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Baode Road 1278, Shanghai, 200443, PR China; Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Dai Y, Jin S, Li X, Wang D. The involvement of Bcl-2 family proteins in AKT-regulated cell survival in cisplatin resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 8:1354-1368. [PMID: 27935869 PMCID: PMC5352061 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies involving patients with cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer have shown that AKT activation leads to inhibition of apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the potential involvement of the Bcl-2 family proteins in AKT-regulated cell survival in response to cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin-sensitive (PEO1) and cisplatin-resistant (PEO4) cells were taken from ascites of patients with ovarian cancer before cisplatin treatment and after development of chemoresistance. It was found that cisplatin treatment activated the AKT signaling pathway and promoted cell proliferation in cisplatin-resistant EOC cells. When AKT was transfected into nucleus of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, DNA-PK was phosphorylated at S473. The activated AKT (pAKT-S473) in these cells inhibited the death signal induced by cisplatin thereby inhibiting cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. Results from this study showed that the combination of cisplatin, DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441, and AKT inhibitor TCN can overcome drug resistance, increase apoptosis, and re-sensitize PEO4 cells to cisplatin treatment. A decrease in apoptotic activity was seen in PEO4 cells when Bad was downregulated by siRNA, which indicated that Bad promotes apoptosis in PEO4 cells. Use of the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 showed that ABT-737 binds to Bcl-2 but not Mcl-1 and releases Bax/Bak which leads to cell apoptosis. The combination of ABT-737 and cisplatin leads to a significant increase in the death of PEO1 and PEO4 cells. All together, these results indicate that Bcl-2 family proteins are regulators of drug resistance. The combination of cisplatin and Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor could be a strategy for the treatment of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dai
- 1 The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiguang Jin
- 2 Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,3 Medical Research Centre, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Li
- 4 Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, The First Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Daxin Wang
- 2 Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,3 Medical Research Centre, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
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Huang CC, Wu DW, Lin PL, Lee H. Paxillin promotes colorectal tumor invasion and poor patient outcomes via ERK-mediated stabilization of Bcl-2 protein by phosphorylation at Serine 87. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8698-708. [PMID: 25826088 PMCID: PMC4496177 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of Bcl-2 protein by paxillin (PXN)-mediated ERK activation was recently reported to cause an unfavorable response to 5-Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Here, we present evidence from cell and animal models to demonstrate that stabilization of Bcl-2 protein by phosphorylation at Serine 87 (pBcl-2-S87) via PXN-mediated ERK activation is responsible for cancer cell invasiveness and occurs via upregulation of MMP2 expression. Immunostainings of 190 tumors resected from colorectal cancer patients indicated that PXN expression was positively correlated with Bcl-2, pBcl-2-S87, and MMP2 expression. A positive correlation of pBcl-2-S87 with Bcl-2 and MMP2 was also observed in this study population. Patients with high PXN, Bcl-2, pBcl-2-S87, and MMP2 had poor overall survival (OS) and shorter relapse free survival (RFS). In conclusion, PXN promotes Bcl-2 phosphorylation at Serine 87 via PXN-mediated ERK activation, and its stabilization associated with increased tumor formation efficacy in mice and poor patient outcome in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chou Huang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectum, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ogasawara S, Chiba T, Ooka Y, Kanogawa N, Motoyama T, Suzuki E, Tawada A, Kanai F, Yokosuka AO. A phase I/II trial of capecitabine combined with peginterferon α-2a in Patients with sorafenib-refractory advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:762-8. [PMID: 24737402 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several pilot studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of combination therapy with pyrimidine fluoride and interferon for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.This study aimed to determine the recommended dose of capecitabine combined with peginterferon α-2a (Phase I) and evaluate its safety and efficacy for sorafenib-refractory advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (Phase II). METHODS Capecitabine was administered daily on days 1-14, while peginterferon α-2a was administered on days 1, 8, and 15. The cycle was repeated every 21 days. The patients were scheduled to receive capecitabine [mg/(m(2)∙day)] and peginterferon α-2a (μg/week) at 3 dose levels in phase I: 1200 and 90 (level 1), 1600 and 90 (level 2), and 2000 and 90 (level 3), respectively. RESULTS A total of 30 patients were enrolled. The recommended dose was level 3. Among the 24 patients receiving the drug at the recommended dosage, 2 (8 %) exhibited a partial response, 9 (38 %) exhibited stable disease, 10 (42 %) exhibited progressive disease, and 3 (13 %) were not evaluated. The median time to progression and overall survival were 3.0 months and 7.2 months, respectively. The most common toxicities were decreased white blood cell (88 %), neutrophil (88 %), and platelet counts (58 %); fatigue (50 %); and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (42 %). Four patients (17 %) discontinued treatment because of severe adverse events. CONCLUSION Capecitabine at 2000 mg/(m(2)∙day) combined with peginterferon α-2a (90 μg/week) exhibited moderate, albeit manageable, toxicity and was declared as the recommended phase II dose. Further research is required to refine the efficacy of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahisa Ogasawara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Kim HS, Yi BR, Hwang KA, Kim SU, Choi KC. Anticancer effects of the engineered stem cells transduced with therapeutic genes via a selective tumor tropism caused by vascular endothelial growth factor toward HeLa cervical cancer cells. Mol Cells 2013; 36:347-54. [PMID: 24008363 PMCID: PMC3887992 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of genetically engineered stem cells (GESTECs) expressing bacterial cytosine deaminase (CD) and/or human interferon-beta (IFN-β) gene against HeLa cervical cancer and the migration factors of the GESTECs toward the cancer cells. Anticancer effect of GESTECs was examined in a co-culture with HeLa cells using MTT assay to measure cell viability. A transwell migration assay was performed so as to assess the migration capability of the stem cells to cervical cancer cells. Next, several chemoattractant ligands and their receptors related to a selective migration of the stem cells toward HeLa cells were determined by real-time PCR. The cell viability of HeLa cells was decreased in response to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), a prodrug, indicating that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a toxic metabolite, was converted from 5-FC by CD gene and it caused the cell death in a co-culture system. When IFN-β was additionally expressed with CD gene by these GESTECs, the anticancer activity was significantly increased. In the migration assay, the GESTECs selectively migrated to HeLa cervical cancer cells. As results of real-time PCR, chemoattractant ligands such as MCP-1, SCF, and VEGF were expressed in HeLa cells, and several receptors such as uPAR, VEGFR2, and c-kit were produced by the GESTECs. These GESTECs transduced with CD gene and IFN-β may provide a potential of a novel gene therapy for anticervical cancer treatments via their selective tumor tropism derived from VEGF and VEGFR2 expressions between HeLa cells and the GESTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Bo-Rim Yi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Katsura Y, Wada H, Murakami M, Akita H, Hama N, Kawamoto K, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Eguchi H, Tanemura M, Umeshita K, Doki Y, Mori M, Nagano H. PTK787/ZK222584 combined with interferon alpha and 5-fluorouracil synergistically inhibits VEGF signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S517-26. [PMID: 23508585 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-2948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein tumor thrombus remains poor. We previously reported the beneficial effects of interferon alpha (IFN) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combination therapy for these patients. We showed that the mechanism of therapy was regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, we combined IFN/5-FU therapy with the VEGF receptor-selective inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584 (PTK/ZK) and examined the antitumor effects and the mechanism of action. METHODS We studied two HCC cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 and HuH7, and a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line, HUVEC. We studied the effects of IFN/5-FU with or without PTK/ZK in growth inhibition assays, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS In a HuH7 xenograft model, the combination of PTK/ZK and IFN/5-FU significantly inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, decreased microvessel density, reduced the number of tumor cells that expressed VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), and repressed the phosphorylation of Akt in vivo. In HCC cells and HUVECs in vitro, IFN/5-FU plus PTK/ZK repressed the expression of VEGFR-2 and repressed the phosphorylation of VEGFR, Akt, Erk, and p38MAPK. CONCLUSIONS VEGF signaling inhibition enhanced the antitumor effects of IFN/5-FU therapy on HCC cells and endothelial cells via Erk, Akt, and p38MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Katsura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Tanaka S, Hattori N, Ishikawa N, Horimasu Y, Deguchi N, Takano A, Tomoda Y, Yoshioka K, Fujitaka K, Arihiro K, Okada M, Yokoyama A, Kohno N. Interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 2 is a prognostic biomarker for lung cancer. Pathobiology 2012; 79:24-33. [PMID: 22236545 DOI: 10.1159/000331230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been reported that the type I interferon receptor subunit, interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 2 (IFNAR2), is overexpressed in several malignancies, primarily adenocarcinomas (ADCs); however, the biological significance of IFNAR2 in human lung cancer has not yet been studied. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of 113 surgically resected lung specimens was performed, and the results were evaluated in association with clinical variables, including survival. Serum concentrations of IFNAR2 were also determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 157 lung cancer patients and 164 healthy volunteers. RESULTS IFNAR2 overexpression was observed in all histological types of lung cancer examined. Furthermore, strong IFNAR2 expression was associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0110, respectively) in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Multivariate analyses confirmed its independent prognostic value for PFS and OS (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0222, respectively). IFNAR2 serum levels were also significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in healthy volunteers (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS IFNAR2 overexpression was observed in various histological types of lung cancer, and appears to be associated with lung cancers that behave aggressively. The results of this study strongly support the potential of IFNAR2 to be a prognostic biomarker for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonosuke Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Nagano H, Wada H, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Eguchi H, Tanemura M, Tomimaru Y, Osuga K, Umeshita K, Doki Y, Mori M. Long-term outcome of combined interferon-α and 5-fluorouracil treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein thrombosis. Oncology 2011; 80:63-9. [PMID: 21659784 DOI: 10.1159/000328281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We previously reported the beneficial effects of a combination therapy of interferon (IFN)-α/5-fluorouracil (FU) for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombi in the major portal branches. This report describes the results of longer follow-up and includes more than twice the number of patients relative to the previous report; it also evaluates the clinical predictor on the response to the combination therapy and long-term survival. METHODS The study subjects were 102 patients with advanced HCC and tumor thrombi in the major branches of the portal vein (Vp3 or 4). They were treated with at least 2 courses of IFN-α/5-FU. RESULTS No major treatment-related complications were noted. In the 102 patients, 40 (39.2%) showed objective response [11 (10.8%) showed complete response, 29 (28.4%) partial response], 8 (7.9%) showed no response and 54 (52.9%) showed progressive disease. CONCLUSION IFN-α/5-FU combination therapy is a promising modality for advanced HCC with tumor thrombi in the major portal branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Combination therapy of intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and systemic pegylated interferon α-2b for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol 2010; 16:221-9. [PMID: 21132451 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-010-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the efficacy of combined 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) α-2b in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Fifty patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis were enrolled. Of these, 21 patients were treated using subcutaneous administration of PEG-IFNα-2b and intra-arterial infusion of 5-FU (5-FU/PEG-IFN group), 12 patients were treated using intramuscular administration of IFNα-2b and intra-arterial infusion of 5-FU (5-FU/IFN group), and 17 patients received intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with lipiodol-cisplatin (CDDP) suspension (CDDP group). RESULTS The objective early response rate was significantly higher in the 5-FU/PEG-IFN group than in the 5-FU/IFN or CDDP groups (71.4 vs. 8.3% and 17.6%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Cumulative survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 83.8 and 77.8% in the 5-FU/PEG-IFN group, 60.8 and 16.2% in the 5-FU/IFN group, and 58.4 and 12.5% in the CDDP group, respectively. The cumulative survival rate was significantly higher in the 5-FU/PEG-IFN group than in the other 2 groups (P = 0.0272). Serious complications and treatment-related deaths were not observed in any of the 3 groups. CONCLUSION Although a prospective randomized controlled trial using a larger population of patients with advanced HCC is needed to evaluate combination therapy with 5-FU and PEG-IFNα-2b, this new combination therapy may be useful for patients with advanced HCC.
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MicroRNA-21 induces resistance to the anti-tumour effect of interferon-α/5-fluorouracil in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:1617-26. [PMID: 20978511 PMCID: PMC2990590 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We reported recently the clinical efficiency of interferon (IFN)-α/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combination therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, prediction of the response to the combination therapy remains unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-tumour effects of microRNA (miR)-21 on the sensitivity of HCC cells to IFN-α/5-FU and whether miR-21 can be used as a predictor of the response to such therapy in HCC. Methods: Changes in the sensitivity of HCC cells (PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2) to IFN-α/5-FU were examined after transfection with pre-miR-21 or anti-miR-21. The correlation between miR-21 expression level, evaluated by qRT–PCR, and response to the therapy was also investigated in clinical HCC specimens. Results: Hepatocellular carcinoma cells transfected with pre-miR-21 were significantly resistant to IFN-α/5-FU. Annexin V assay showed that the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in cells transfected with pre-miR-21 than control cells. Transfection of anti-miR-21 rendered HCC cells sensitive to IFN-α/5-FU, and such sensitivity was weakened by transfection of siRNAs of target molecules, PETN and PDCD4. miR-21 expression in clinical HCC specimens was significantly associated with the clinical response to the IFN-α/5-FU combination therapy and survival rate. Conclusions: The miR-21 in HCC cell lines and clinical HCC samples is a significant modulator of the anti-tumour effect of IFN-α and 5-FU. This suggests that miR-21 is a potentially suitable marker for the prediction of the clinical response to the IFN-α/5-FU combination therapy.
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Murakami M, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Tomimaru Y, Noda T, Wada H, Eguchi H, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Umeshita K, Doki Y, Mori M, Nagano H. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor PTK/ZK enhances the antitumor effects of interferon-α/5-fluorouracil therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 18:589-96. [PMID: 20811948 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no standardized treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus. We previously reported the efficacy of interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil combination (IFN/5-FU) therapy for these patients and the potential mechanism via the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we showed the VEGF-related effects of IFN/5-FU therapy using VEGF-receptor (VEGFR) selective inhibitor, PTK787/ZK222584 (PTK/ZK), in HCC cells. METHODS Using two VEGF secreting and VEGFR expressing human HCC cell lines, PLC/PRF/5 and HuH7, we performed growth inhibitory assays in vitro and in vivo, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, and Western blot analysis for the mechanism, with or without PTK/ZK in IFN/5-FU therapy. RESULTS The combination of PTK/ZK and IFN/5-FU significantly inhibited cell growth in vitro and tended to reduce tumor growth in vivo in a HuH7 xenograft model in nude mice-in both cases without affecting VEGF secretion. PTK/ZK enhanced the IFN/5-FU induced apoptosis, based on increased proteins levels of Bax and reduced Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Cell cycle analysis showed different results between the HCC cell lines following the combination therapy, possibly due to differences in p21 protein. CONCLUSIONS VEGF signaling inhibition would support an antitumor effect of IFN/5-FU therapy against HCC cell lines via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Shi Y, Chang M, Wang F, Ouyang X, Jia Y, DU H. Role and mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in cell growth and apoptosis of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:657-662. [PMID: 22966359 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in tumor development and progression is well-established but its effect on tumor growth remains controversial. The present study investigated the effect of HIF-1 on tumor growth using the estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Using Western blotting, we detected a higher level of HIF-1α protein in MDA-MB-231 cells than in any other breast cancer cell lines analyzed, and this was accompanied by a more rapid growth pattern. Interruption of HIF-1α expression using small interference RNA (siRNA) significantly suppressed cell growth and increased apoptosis, but the cell cycle was not affected. Activated fragments with increased caspase 3 activity and a mobility shift of B cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) were also detected in cells treated with HIF-1α siRNA. HIF-1 allows breast cancer cells to grow under long-term serum deprivation by inactivation of the caspase cascade and thus inhibition of apoptosis. Blocking HIF-1α protein resulted in loss of Bcl-2 function, which may contribute to the activation of the caspase cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical College, P.R. China
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15
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Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 alters the sensitivity to interferon-based anticancer therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1483-90. [PMID: 20407444 PMCID: PMC2869168 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A striking efficiency of interferon (IFN)-based anticancer therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported. Because its clinical efficiency greatly depends on each patient's local response, prediction of local response is crucial. METHODS Continuous exposure of IFN-alpha to parental PLC/PRF/5 cells (PLC-P) and a limiting dilution method resulted in the establishment of IFN-resistant cell clones (PLC-Rs). Microarray analyses of PLC-P and PLC-Rs identified insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) as one of the most significantly downregulated genes in PLC-Rs. Changes in anticancer effects of IFN-alpha were examined in HCC cells after genetic manipulation of IGFBP7 expression. The correlation between immunohistochemically determined IGFBP7 expression and the response to IFN-alpha/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy was investigated in surgically resected HCC specimens. RESULTS PLC-R cells showed a remarkable downregulation of IGFBP7 and resistance to IFN-alpha, compared with PLC-P. Parental PLC/PRF/5 cells transfected with short hairpin RNA against IGFBP7 showed a significant resistance to IFN-alpha relative to control cells (IC(50) fold increase=14.38 times). Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 transfection into PLC-R restored sensitivity to IFN-alpha. In resected specimens, IGFBP7 expression significantly correlated with the response to IFN-alpha/5-FU therapy. CONCLUSION IGFBP7 could be a useful predictor of the response to IFN-based therapy in advanced HCC.
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Zheng Y, Zhou M, Ye A, Li Q, Bai Y, Zhang Q. The conformation change of Bcl-2 is involved in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells. World J Surg Oncol 2010; 8:31. [PMID: 20403207 PMCID: PMC2873337 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide has been established as a first-line agent for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia. Experimental data suggest that arsenic trioxide also can have a potential use as chemotherapeutic agent for other malignancies. The precise mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide have though not been elucidated. As the role of Bcl-2 in arsenic trioxide-mediated cell apoptosis and conformation change of Bcl-2 in response to arsenic trioxide treatment has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to determine whether conformation change of Bcl-2 is involved in the action of arsenic trioxide. Methods Human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells were exposed to different concentrations of arsenic trioxide. Proliferation was measured by using the Kit-8 cell counting assay. Analysis of nuclear morphology was observed by DAPI staining. The apoptosis rates of cells treated with arsenic trioxide were analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC staining. The conformation change of Bcl-2 and Bax activation were detected by immunostaining and Western blot analysis. Total expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were examined by Western blot analysis. Results Arsenic trioxide inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells and induced apoptosis. There were two Bcl-2 phenotypes coexisting in SGC7901 cells and the Bcl-2 cytoprotective phenotype could change into a cytodestructive phenotype following conformational change of Bcl-2, triggered by arsenic trioxide exposure. Bax activation might also be involved in arsenic trioxide-induced Bcl-2 conformational change. Arsenic trioxide did not change levels of total Bcl-2 expression, but up-regulated total Bax expression for the treatment time ranging from 3 to 24 hours. Conclusion Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis through induction of Bcl-2 conformational change, Bax activation and up-regulation of total Bax expression rather than affecting total Bcl-2 expression in human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. The conformational change of Bcl-2 may be a novel described mechanism of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Zheng
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Eun JR, Lee HJ, Moon HJ, Kim TN, Kim JW, Chang JC. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy using high-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin with or without interferon-alpha for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 44:1477-86. [PMID: 19958061 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903367262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this retrospective study, we assessed the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using high-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin with or without interferon (IFN)-alpha for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-two patients were included in the analysis. The patients were treated with 5-FU (750 mg/m(2)) and cisplatin (25 mg/m(2)) from Days 1 to 4. IFN-alpha was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 3 million units from Days 1 to 4, and then every other day for 24 days. Chemotherapy was repeated every 4 weeks. Thirty-one patients were treated with 5-FU, cisplatin and IFN-alpha (FPI group) and 21 were treated with 5-FU and cisplatin (FP group). RESULTS An objective tumor response was achieved in six patients (19.4%) in the FPI group. In the FP group, 12 patients (57.1%) achieved an objective tumor response (p = 0.015). The cumulative survival rate was higher in the FP group than the FPI group, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.353). The median survival time for the 18 responders was 14 months (range 4-25 months), and their 6, 12, and 24-month cumulative survival rates were 89%, 83%, and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HAIC using high-dose 5-FU plus cisplatin achieved a good tumor response. Adding IFN-alpha did not show any additional beneficial effects in terms of tumor response rate or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ryul Eun
- Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Nam-Gu, Daegu, South Korea
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18
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Wada H, Nagano H, Yamamoto H, Noda T, Murakami M, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Eguchi H, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Umeshita K, Doki Y, Mori M. Combination of interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil inhibits endothelial cell growth directly and by regulation of angiogenic factors released by tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:361. [PMID: 19821965 PMCID: PMC2767355 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination therapy of interferon (IFN)-alpha and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) improved the prognosis of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To determine the molecular mechanisms of the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects, we examined the direct anti-proliferative effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and indirect effects by regulating secretion of angiogenic factors from HCC cells. Methods The direct effects on HUVEC were examined by TUNEL, Annexin-V assays and cell cycles analysis. For analysis of the indirect effects, the apoptosis induced by the conditioned medium from HCC cell treated by IFN-alpha/5-FU and expression of angiogenic factors was examined. Results IFN-alpha and 5-FU alone had anti-proliferative properties on HUVEC and their combination significantly inhibited the growth (compared with control, 5-FU or IFN alone). TUNEL and Annexin-V assays showed no apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed that IFN-alpha and 5-FU delayed cell cycle progression in HUVEC with S-phase accumulation. The conditioned medium from HuH-7 cells after treatment with IFN/5-FU significantly inhibited HUVEC growth and induced apoptosis, and contained high levels of angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and low levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ang-2. Knockdown of Ang-1 in HuH-7 cells abrogated the anti-proliferative effects on HUVEC while knockdown of Ang-2 partially rescue the cells. Conclusion These results suggested that IFN-alpha and 5-FU had direct growth inhibitory effects on endothelial cells, as well as anti-angiogenic effects through regulation of angiogenic factors released from HCC cells. Modulation of VEGF and Angs secretion by IFN-alpha and 5-FU may contribute to their anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka E-2, Suita 565-0871 Osaka, Japan.
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Cao LQ, Wang XL, Wang Q, Xue P, Jiao XY, Peng HP, Lu HW, Zheng Q, Chen XL, Huang XH, Fu XH, Chen JS. Rosiglitazone sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines to 5-fluorouracil antitumor activity through activation of the PPARgamma signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1316-22. [PMID: 19684609 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a major cause of chemotherapy failure in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist, has a crucial role in growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in several carcinoma cell lines. In this study, we examine rosiglitazone-induced sensitization of HCC cell lines (BEL-7402 and Huh-7 cells) to 5-FU. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cell viability. Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the protein expression (PPARgamma, PTEN, and COX-2) in BEL-7402 cells. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to examine the expression of PTEN in 100 advanced HCC tissues and paracancerous tissues. In addition, small interfering RNA was used to suppress PPARgamma, PTEN, and COX-2 expression. RESULTS Rosiglitazone facilitates the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU in HCC cell lines, which is mediated by the PPARgamma signaling pathway. Activation of PPARgamma by rosiglitazone increases PTEN expression and decreases COX-2 expression. Since distribution of PTEN in HCC tissues is significantly decreased compared with the paracancerous tissue, over-expression of PTEN by rosiglitazone enhances 5-FU-inhibited cell growth of HCC. Moreover, down-regulation of COX-2 is implicated in the synergistic effect of 5-FU. CONCLUSION Rosiglitazone sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines to 5-FU antitumor activity through the activation of PPARgamma. The results suggest potential novel therapies for the treatment of advanced liver cancer.
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20
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Noda T, Nagano H, Takemasa I, Yoshioka S, Murakami M, Wada H, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Takeda Y, Dono K, Umeshita K, Matsuura N, Matsubara K, Doki Y, Mori M, Monden M. Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway induces chemoresistance to interferon-alpha/5-fluorouracil combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:1647-58. [PMID: 19401692 PMCID: PMC2696759 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN receptor type 2 (IFNAR2) expression correlates significantly with clinical response to interferon (IFN)-α/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combination therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, some IFNAR2-positive patients show no response to the therapy. This result suggests the possibility of other factors, which would be responsible for resistance to IFN-α/5-FU therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanism of anti-proliferative effects of IFN-α/5-FU therapy and search for a biological marker of chemoresistance to such therapy. Gene expression profiling and molecular network analysis were used in the analysis of non-responders and responders with IFNAR2-positive HCC. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway contributed to resistance to IFN-α/5-FU therapy. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positive epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM) expression, the target molecule of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, only in non-responders. In vitro studies showed that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling by glycogen synthesis kinase-3 inhibitor (6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO)) induced chemoresistance to IFN-α/5-FU. BrdU-based cell proliferation ELISA and cell cycle analysis showed that concurrent addition of BIO and IFN-α/5-FU significantly to hepatoma cell cultures reduced the inhibitory effects of the latter two on DNA synthesis and accumulation of cells in the S-phase. The results indicate that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway induces chemoresistance to IFN-α/5-FU therapy and suggest that Ep-CAM is a potentially useful marker for resistance to such therapy, especially in IFNAR2-positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Effect of natural interferon α on proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells. Hepatol Int 2009; 3:497-503. [PMID: 19669254 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-009-9129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is clinically important for the control of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Interferons are now frequently used for chronic viral hepatitis because of their anti-viral activity. However, patients treated with interferons exhibit a regression of liver fibrosis even if viral eradication is not achieved, indicating that interferon itself has anti-fibrotic activity. Herein, we show the anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic activity of natural interferon α against HSC. We found that interferon α inhibited serum-stimulated [(3)H]thymidine incorporation of HSC in a dose-dependent manner, with a significant reduction at more than 100 U/ml. Interferon α also attenuated PDGF-BB-stimulated DNA synthesis of HSC. Although the molecular mechanism behind these phenomena has not been defined, we found that interferon α triggers the apoptosis of HSC treated with low-dose tumor necrosis factor α, as determined by the Alamar blue assay, morphology, and DNA ladder formation. Furthermore, interferon α decreased inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (ICAD) levels, which may augment tumor necrosis factor α-induced cell death signals. Thus, interferon α regulates the number of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells and may clinically contribute to the regression of human liver fibrosis.
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Ondrousková E, Slovácková J, Pelková V, Procházková J, Soucek K, Benes P, Smarda J. Heavy metals induce phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 protein by Jun N-terminal kinase. Biol Chem 2008; 390:49-58. [PMID: 19007308 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 protein is one of the key components of biochemical pathways controlling programmed cell death. The function of this protein can be regulated by posttranslational modifications. Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 has been considered to be significantly associated with cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and with cell death caused by defects of microtubule dynamics. This study shows that phosphorylation of Bcl-2 can be induced by heavy metals due to activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase pathway that is not linked to the G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hyperphosphorylated Bcl-2 protein is a more potent inhibitor of zinc-induced cell death than its hypophosphorylated mutant form. These data suggest that regulation of Bcl-2 protein function by phosphorylation is an important part of cell responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ondrousková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlárská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Nakamura M, Nagano H, Marubashi S, Miyamoto A, Takeda Y, Kobayashi S, Wada H, Noda T, Dono K, Umeshita K, Monden M. Pilot study of combination chemotherapy of S-1, a novel oral DPD inhibitor, and interferon-alpha for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with extrahepatic metastasis. Cancer 2008; 112:1765-71. [PMID: 18327806 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there is no effective therapy for extrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In a pilot study, the results of combination therapy of S-1, a novel oral dehydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitor, and interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) are reported for HCC patients with extrahepatic metastasis. METHODS Twelve patients with extrahepatic metastasis of HCC were enrolled in the pilot study. S-1 was administered orally at a dose based on body surface area, twice daily after a meal, for 4 weeks. IFN-alpha was injected subcutaneously on Days 1, 3, and 5 of each week. One course consisted of consecutive administration for 28 days followed by 14 days rest. RESULTS An objective response was observed in 3 (25%) of 12 patients. The overall 1-year survival rate was 61.7%. Grade 3 leukocytopenia was observed in 1 patient (8.3%). No severe toxicity or treatment-related deaths were observed. CONCLUSIONS The combination therapy of S-1 and IFN-alpha appears to be highly efficacious, with low toxicity in patients with extrahepatic metastases of HCC. The combination chemotherapy of oral S-1 and subcutaneous IFN-alpha is a potentially promising treatment strategy for advanced HCC with extrahepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Kim MJ, Lee KH, Lee SJ. Ionizing radiation utilizes c-Jun N-terminal kinase for amplification of mitochondrial apoptotic cell death in human cervical cancer cells. FEBS J 2008; 275:2096-108. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nagano H, Miyamoto A, Wada H, Ota H, Marubashi S, Takeda Y, Dono K, Umeshita K, Sakon M, Monden M. Interferon-alpha and 5-fluorouracil combination therapy after palliative hepatic resection in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, portal venous tumor thrombus in the major trunk, and multiple nodules. Cancer 2008; 110:2493-501. [PMID: 17941012 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors reported previously the beneficial effects of interferon (IFN)-alpha/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combination therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have tumor thrombi in the major portal branches. In this report, the authors describe the results from IFN/5-FU chemotherapy for patients who underwent palliative hepatic resection for advanced HCC with tumor thrombus in the main trunk of the portal vein and multiple nodules in the whole liver. In addition, they evaluated the correlation between the response to such therapy and expression of IFN-alpha type 2 receptor (IFNAR2). METHODS From October 1999 to December 2004, 30 patients with advanced HCC, tumor thrombi in the main trunk of the portal vein, and multiple nodules in the whole liver (Vp4 and grade 3 intrahepatic metastases) were recruited for this study. They underwent palliative hepatic resection followed by at least 2 courses of IFN/5-FU. IFNAR2 expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS No major treatment-related complications were noted. An objective response was noted in 10 patients (33.3%) and included a complete response in 6 patients (20%), a partial response in 4 patients (13.3%), no response in 1 patient (3.3%), and progressive disease in 19 patients (63.4%). IFNAR2 expression was detected in 20 of 30 patients (66.7%). There was a significant difference in overall survival between patients with positive and negative IFNAR2 expression cases (P<.0025), and a significant correlation was observed between IFNAR2 expression and response to IFN/5-FU combination therapy (P=.0199). CONCLUSIONS Adjunct IFN/5-FU therapy is a promising modality for patients with advanced HCC, tumor thrombi in the major trunk, and multiple nodules after palliative hepatic resection. The results from this study indicated that the response to such therapy seemed to be correlated with IFNAR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Yuan XW, Zhu XF, Huang XF, Sheng PY, He AS, Yang ZB, Deng R, Feng GK, Liao WM. Interferon-alpha enhances sensitivity of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells to doxorubicin by p53-dependent apoptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1835-41. [PMID: 17959036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether interferon-alpha(IFNalpha) can enhance doxorubicin sensitivity in osteosarcoma cells and its molecular mechanism. METHODS Cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis was studied using Flow cytometry analysis, Hoechst33258 staining, DNA fragmentation assay, as well as the activation of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Protein expression was detected by Western blotting. The dependence of p53 was determined using p53-siRNA transfection. RESULTS IFNalpha increased doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity to a much greater degree through apoptosis in human osteosarcoma p53-wild U2OS cells, but not p53-mutant MG63 cells. IFNalpha markedly upregulated p53, Bax, Mdm2, and p21, downregulated Bcl-2, and activated caspase-3 and PARP cleavage in response to doxorubicin in U2OS cells. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated silencing of p53 significantly reduced the IFNalpha/doxorubicin combination-induced cytotoxicity and PARP cleavage. CONCLUSION IFNalpha enhances the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells to doxorubicin by p53-dependent apoptosis. The proper combination with IFNalpha and conventional chemotherapeutic agents may be a rational strategy for improving the treatment of osteosarcoma with functional p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-wei Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Combination therapy with PEG-IFN-alpha and 5-FU inhibits HepG2 tumour cell growth in nude mice by apoptosis of p53. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:1532-7. [PMID: 17971768 PMCID: PMC2360253 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When the tumour suppressor p53 is activated by DNA damage, it stimulates the transcription of its target genes, which then induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Here, we examined the role p53 plays in the antitumour effect of combination treatment with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-alpha and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which has been shown to effectively treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nude mice were injected subcutaneously with cultured HepG2 cells, in which p53 is functional. They were treated a week later with PEG-IFN and/or 5-FU for 7 weeks, after which we measured and examined their tumours. Combination groups showed significantly lower tumour volumes and higher tumour cell apoptosis than the other groups. Combination treatment and PEG-IFN monotherapy also significantly elevated the p53 protein and mRNA levels in the tumour but only combination treatment increased the degree of p53 phosphorylation at serine46 and induced p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (p53AIP1) expression. The antitumour effects of combination treatment is due in part to the elevation by PEG-IFN of p53 protein and mRNA expression and in part to the DNA damage that is generated by 5-FU, which induces p53 serine46 phosphorylation, which in turn upregulates p53AIP1 expression.
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Kondo E, Yoshino T. Expression of apoptosis regulators in germinal centers and germinal center-derived B-cell lymphomas: insight into B-cell lymphomagenesis. Pathol Int 2007; 57:391-7. [PMID: 17587238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are unique sites in peripheral lymphoid tissue where clonal selection of B cells takes place in response to stimulation by various antigens. To select a proper B-cell clone for antibody-mediated immunity, multiple apoptotic signals synchronize in the GC, both in negative and positive selection pathways. At the same time, GC have been known to be a major source of B-cell lymphomas including follicular and Burkitt's, and also some diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Therefore, uncovering the biological characteristics of GC would greatly contribute to understanding lymphomagenesis, or progression of B-cell lymphomas of GC origin. Herein the authors briefly explain the expression and pathophysiological significance of apoptosis regulators in GC, focusing particularly on Bcl-2, Fas (CD95) and a transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells, which seems to play a critical role in regulating cellular dynamics of GC B cells via B-cell antigen receptor. The expression of these molecules is then compared with that of the neoplastic counterpart B-cell lymphomas in order to consider lymphomagenesis of GC origin. In conclusion, follicular lymphoma closely reflected characteristics of GC among these B-cell lymphomas, although it acquires strong expression of apoptosis-resistant gene, bcl-2.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisaku Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Damdinsuren B, Nagano H, Monden M. Combined intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and subcutaneous interferon-alpha therapy for highly advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2007; 37 Suppl 2:S238-50. [PMID: 17877489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of the difficulties of low sensitivity for anticancer agents and giving sufficient dose because of poor liver function, chemotherapy may not play a central role for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, especially those with liver cirrhosis. However, chemotherapy must be one of the important possibilities of multimodal treatment for advanced HCC, for which hepatic resection, percutaneous ablation, transcatheter arterial embolization and other general therapies would not be effective or even possible. Also, intra-arterial perfusion chemotherapy is a common therapy for HCC and it is not difficult to maintain; but the effective rate is not sufficient. Recently, the combination therapy of s.c. interferon (IFN)-alpha and intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) showed an outstandingly effective rate for intractable HCC (with portal vein thrombosis). In addition,recent preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that the mechanism of combination therapy may concern direct antitumor effects (through cell-cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis) and indirect actions (through immunocompetent cells and anti-angiogenic effect). For the further advance of HCC treatment and prognosis, this therapy might be a promising treatment modality and is expected to develop. In this review, we summarize recent clinical and preclinical data regarding IFN-alpha and 5-FU combination therapy and discuss the further prospects of this therapy.
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Kamai T, Yanai Y, Arai K, Abe H, Yamanishi T, Kurimoto M, Yoshida KI. Increased interferon alpha receptor 2 mRNA levels is associated with renal cell carcinoma metastasis. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:159. [PMID: 17697365 PMCID: PMC1988828 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon-α (IFN-α) is one of the central agents in immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and binds to the IFN-α receptor (IFNAR). We investigated the role of IFNAR in RCC. Methods We quantified IFNAR mRNA expression in paired tumor and non-tumor samples from the surgical specimens of 103 consecutive patients with RCC using a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and IFNAR2 protein using Western blotting. Results The absolute level of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 mRNAs in tumor and non-tumor tissues did not correlate with the malignant and metastatic profiles. The relative yields of the PCR product from the tumor tissue to that from the corresponding non-tumor tissue (T/N) for the expression of IFNAR mRNAs were calculated. While the T/N ratio of IFNAR1 did not correlate with any factor, a high T/N ratio of IFNAR2 correlated with poor differentiation (P < 0.05), local invasion (P < 0.001), and metastasis (P < 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, a high T/N ratio of IFNAR2 predicted a shortened overall survival in all cases (P < 0.05) and a shorter disease-free survival in those without metastasis (M0; 68 cases, P < 0.05). Impressively, patients with a poorer response to IFN-α treatment had a higher IFNAR2 T/N ratio than those who had a good response (P < 0.05). IFNAR2c protein expression was higher in the primary tumors in patients with metastases (M1; 35 cases) compared to those without ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion IFNAR2 is associated with the progression of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kamai
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yanai
- Institution of Fujisaki, Hayashibara Biochemical Lab., Inc, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arai
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Abe
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Kurimoto
- Institution of Fujisaki, Hayashibara Biochemical Lab., Inc, Okayama, Japan
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Yamamoto T, Nagano H, Imai Y, Fukuda K, Matsumoto H, Kondo M, Ota H, Nakamura M, Wada H, Noda T, Damdinsuren B, Dono K, Umeshita K, Nakamori S, Sakon M, Wakasa K, Monden M. Successful treatment of multiple hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the major portal branches by intraarterial 5-fluorouracil perfusion chemotherapy combined with subcutaneous interferon-alpha and hepatectomy. Int J Clin Oncol 2007; 12:150-4. [PMID: 17443284 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-006-0630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We experienced a patient who received successful treatment for multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nodules, with tumor thrombi in the major portal branches, with intraarterial 5-fluorouracil perfusion chemotherapy combined with subcutaneous interferon-alpha administration. The patient was a 50-year-old man with hepatitis C virus and HCC. The tumors consisted of a 5-cm main nodule in the right lobe (segment 8) and multiple intrahepatic metastases. The tumor also involved portal vein thrombosis throughout the right portal branch. After two cycles of interferon-alpha/5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy, tumor markers demonstrated a decreasing tendency. Nine months after the initiation of this therapy, the tumors were limited to the right lobe and were surgically removed by S8 subsegmentectomy, S5 partial hepatectomy, and portal thrombectomy. The serum levels of both alpha-fetoprotein and protein induced by vitamin K absence II fell to normal levels after hepatic resection. Fifty-eight months after the first treatment, he is alive with several recurrent nodules in the liver. In conclusion, the interferon-alpha/5-fluorouracil combination therapy is a useful treatment for HCC in patients who have multiple intrahepatic metastases and portal vein thrombosis. In addition to this therapy, combined modality therapy including, for example, surgical resection, can sometimes have a dramatic therapeutic effect, shown by tumor markers reverting to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
The ultimate growth of a tumour depends on not only the rate of tumour cell proliferation, but also the rate of tumour cell death (apoptosis). Nur77 (also known as TR3 or NGFI-B), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, controls both survival and death of cancer cells. A wealth of recent experimental data demonstrates that the Nur77 activities are regulated through its subcellular localisation. In the nucleus, Nur77 functions as an oncogenic survival factor, promoting cancer cell growth. In contrast, it is a potent killer when migrating to mitochondria, where it binds to Bcl-2 and converts its survival phenotype, triggering cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Agents, such as 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (AHPN/CD437), which induce Nur77 migration from the nucleus to mitochondria, effectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Moreover, Nur77 translocation is highly controlled by retinoid X receptor (RXR), suggesting a role of RXR ligands in regulating the process. Thus, translocation of Nur77 from the nucleus to mitochondria represents a new paradigm in cancer cell apoptosis, and targeting the Nur77 translocation by AHPN/CD437 or RXR ligands promises to effectively restrict cancer cell growth by simultaneously promoting cancer cell death and suppressing cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-kun Zhang
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Cancer Center, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Matsuyoshi S, Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Konishi N. Bcl-2 phosphorylation has pathological significance in human breast cancer. Pathobiology 2007; 73:205-12. [PMID: 17119350 DOI: 10.1159/000096022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl-2, is well known to play an important role in the chemoresistance of breast cancer. We have previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) at 194 serine through c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy through accelerating cell cycle arrest at G2/M, and that Bcl-2 phosphorylation downstream of JNK/FADD plays an important role in cell growth suppression by paclitaxel. In this study, the clinicopathological association of phosphorylated Bcl-2 (P-Bcl-2) with estrogen, progesterone, c-erbB-2 receptors, p53 expressions and phosphorylated FADD/JNK (P-FADD/JNK) was analyzed immunohistochemically using 107 human breast cancer specimens. Expression of P-Bcl-2 was found to significantly correlate with lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, but not histological differentiation, tumor grade or vascular and fatty invasion. The positivity of P-Bcl-2 was also significantly correlated to that of P-FADD/JNK. Thus, P-Bcl-2 as well as the P-FADD/JNK parameter might be useful markers for cancer progression, independent of the hormone receptor status, in human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuichi Matsuyoshi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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Laimer K, Spizzo G, Obrist P, Gastl G, Brunhuber T, Schäfer G, Norer B, Rasse M, Haffner MC, Doppler W. STAT1 activation in squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity. Cancer 2007; 110:326-33. [PMID: 17559122 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, both locoregional and distant recurrences are common, and an appropriate adjuvant treatment modality has yet to be defined. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify novel molecular markers with potential prognostic and/or predictive value to improve treatment outcome in these patients. This retrospective study was designed to investigate the predictive and/or prognostic value of STAT1 activation in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. METHODS STAT1 expression and subcellular localization was examined immunohistochemically on a tissue microarray of paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 89 patients who underwent surgical treatment in the period between 1980 and 1997. A nuclear staining score of greater than 35% was defined as high STAT1 activation. RESULTS According to study criteria, 18% of analyzed tumor samples exhibited high STAT1 activation. High STAT1 activation was associated with negative lymph node status. Moreover, in the subgroup of patients who received chemotherapy, high nuclear STAT1 staining in the tumor was associated with good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating the potential predictive value of STAT1 activation status in patients with squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity. If confirmed in large prospective trials, this molecular marker could help in guiding therapeutic decisions in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Laimer
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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35
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Nakamura M, Nagano H, Wada H, Noda T, Ota H, Damdinsuren B, Marubashi S, Miyamoto A, Takeda Y, Umeshita K, Dono K, Monden M. A case of hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple lung, spleen, and remnant liver metastasis successfully treated by combination chemotherapy with the novel oral DPD-inhibiting chemotherapeutic drug S-1 and interferon-alpha. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:1120-5. [PMID: 17160524 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A 54-year-old man was admitted Osaka University Hospital for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein thrombus and multiple intrahepatic metastases that extended to the bilateral lobes of the liver. He underwent multimodal therapy, including extended left lobectomy followed by intra-arterial 5-fluorourcil (5-FU) infusion chemotherapy combined with subcutaneous interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) to treat the lesions in the residual liver. Seven months after the initial resection, recurrent tumors in the spleen, lung, and residual liver were detected by follow-up examination. We started a new regimen of per oral administration of S-1 and subcutaneous IFN-alpha injection, because the combined therapy with intra-arterial 5-FU infusion was not considered effective for distant metastases. After two cycles of S-1 and IFN-alpha, the metastatic tumor in the spleen and the recurrence in the residual liver had disappeared, and the diagnosis was complete remission with no adverse effect; the pulmonary metastasis showed a partial response, and was finally resected. This patient is still alive with no recurrence 32 months after initial hepatic resection. This outcome suggests that combination therapy with S-1 and IFN-alpha may be a promising treatment modality against advanced HCC with distant metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/secondary
- Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP)/blood
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Follow-Up Studies
- Hepatectomy
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/surgery
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/enzymology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Oxonic Acid/administration & dosage
- Oxonic Acid/therapeutic use
- Splenic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Splenic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Splenic Neoplasms/secondary
- Tegafur/administration & dosage
- Tegafur/therapeutic use
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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36
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Suganuma M, Kurusu M, Suzuki K, Tasaki E, Fujiki H. Green tea polyphenol stimulates cancer preventive effects of celecoxib in human lung cancer cells by upregulation ofGADD153 gene. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:33-40. [PMID: 16463383 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To more clearly understand the molecular mechanisms involved in synergistic enhancement of cancer preventive activity with the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), we examined the effects of cotreatment with EGCG plus celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor. We specifically looked for induction of apoptosis and expression of apoptosis related genes, with emphasis on growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 153 (GADD153) gene, in human lung cancer cell line PC-9: Cotreatment with EGCG plus celecoxib strongly induced the expression of both GADD153 mRNA level and protein in PC-9 cells, while neither EGCG nor celecoxib alone did. However, cotreatment did not induce expression of other apoptosis related genes, p21(WAF1) and GADD45. Judging by upregulation of GADD153, only cotreatment with EGCG plus celecoxib synergistically induced apoptosis of PC-9 cells. Synergistic effects with the combination were also observed in 2 other lung cancer cell lines, A549 and ChaGo K-1. Furthermore, EGCG did not enhance GADD153 gene expression or apoptosis induction in PC-9 cells in combination with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide or with aspirin. Thus, upregulation of GADD153 is closely correlated with synergistic enhancement of apoptosis with EGCG. Cotreatment also activated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK: Preteatment with PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and UO126 (selective MEK inhibitor) abrogated both upregulation of GADD153 and synergistic induction of apoptosis of PC-9 cells, while SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) did not do so, indicating that GADD153 expression was mediated through the ERK signaling pathway. These findings indicate that high upregulation of GADD153 is a key requirement for cancer prevention in combination with EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Suganuma
- Research Institute of Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan.
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37
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Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Imazeki F, Arai M, Saisho H. Enhanced Sensitivity of Human Hepatoma Cells to 5-Fluorouracil by Small Interfering RNA Targeting Bcl-2. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:805-9. [PMID: 16332177 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to reveal whether the apoptosis induced in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) could be enhanced by transfecting Bcl-2 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Bcl-2 siRNA and control siRNA were transfected into cells following treatment with or without 5-FU. Suppression of Bcl-2 expression was confirmed by Western blotting; cell viability was evaluated by MTS assay, and the occurrence of apoptosis in cells was evaluated by apoptosis assay. Expression of Bcl-2 protein after transfection of 20 nM Bcl-2 siRNA was significantly lower than that of control. Incubation of all cell lines with Bcl-2 siRNA reduced cell viability 96 h after 5-FU treatment compared with all other controls: Huh-7 (P < 0.01), Huh-7 with hepatitis C replicon (P < 0.01), HepG2 (P < 0.01), HLE (P < 0.05). Moreover, the proportion of apoptosis in control siRNA, Bcl-2 siRNA, control siRNA prior to 5-FU treatment, and Bcl-2 siRNA prior to 5-FU treatment groups were (4.6 +/- 2.3)%, (7.5 +/- 0.5)%, (6.0 +/- 2.1)%, and (19.5 +/- 0.86)%, respectively. The Bcl-2 siRNA prior to 5-FU treatment group showed the strongest effect of inducing apoptosis. In conclusion, the combination Bcl-2 siRNA and 5-FU might represent a new therapeutic option for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
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38
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Ota H, Nagano H, Sakon M, Eguchi H, Kondo M, Yamamoto T, Nakamura M, Damdinsuren B, Wada H, Marubashi S, Miyamoto A, Dono K, Umeshita K, Nakamori S, Wakasa K, Monden M. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein thrombosis by combined therapy with subcutaneous interferon-alpha and intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil; role of type 1 interferon receptor expression. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:557-64. [PMID: 16106266 PMCID: PMC2361594 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the beneficial effects of combination therapy of interferon (IFN)-α/5-fluorouracil (FU) for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumour thrombi in the major portal branches. This report describes the results of longer follow-up and includes more than double the number of patients relative to the original report, and evaluates the role of IFN-α/type 2 interferon receptor (IFNAR2) expression on the response to the combination therapy. The study subjects were 55 patients with advanced HCC and tumour thrombi in the major branches of the portal vein (Vp3 or 4). They were treated with at least two courses of IFN-α/5-FU without major complication. In the 55 patients, 24 (43.6%) showed objective response (eight (14.5%) showed complete response, 16 (29.1%) partial response), four (7.3%) showed no response, and 27 (49.1%) showed progressive disease. Immunohistochemically, IFNAR2 expression was detected in nine out of 13 (69.2%) patients. There was significant difference in the time-to-progression survival (P=0.0002) and the overall survival (P<0.0001) between IFNAR2-positive and -negative cases. There was a significant correlation between IFNAR2 expression and response to IFN-α/5-FU combination therapy in univariate analysis (P=0.0070). IFN-α/5-FU combination therapy is a promising modality for advanced HCC with tumour thrombi in the major portal branches and could significantly depend on IFNAR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ota
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Nagano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. E-mail:
| | - M Sakon
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Eguchi
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Kondo
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - B Damdinsuren
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Wada
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Marubashi
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - A Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Dono
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Umeshita
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Nakamori
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Wakasa
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7, Asahi-cho Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-0051, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Monden
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka E-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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