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Dursun M, Besiroglu H, Otunctemur A, Ozbek E. Is Cardiometabolic Index a Predictive Marker for Renal Cell Cancer Aggressiveness? Prague Med Rep 2019; 120:10-17. [PMID: 31103049 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2019.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies show that metabolic syndrome is a factor for developing renal cell cancer (RCC) and tumour aggressiveness. In our study, we evaluated the association between renal cell cancer and cardiometabolic index (CMI) which meets the main components of the metabolic syndrome. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 310 consecutive patients with RCC who underwent radical nephrectomy at our institution. We evaluated the tumour size, histologic subtype, Fuhrman nuclear grade. CMI was calculated as the product of waist circumference (WC) to waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-c). CMI were statistically higher in patients with tumour size ≥ 7 cm than those < 7 cm (p<0.05). Mean CMI level was 2.34 ± 0.84 in patients with high tumour size; and 1.18 ± 0.74 in the other group. The patients with high tumour size had higher TG levels, higher WC and lower HDL-c levels. Similarly, CMI levels were statistically higher in patients with Fuhrman grade 3 and 4 than patients with Fuhrman grade 1 and 2 (p<0.001). The patients with high Fuhrman grade had higher TG levels, higher WC and lower HDL-c levels. The simplicity of WC and height measurement and TG and HDL assessment make CMI an easily applicable index for the evaluation of cardiovascular dysfunction. The components of CMI may have effect on tumour carcinogenesis in similar pathways. In this context, CMI which meets the main components of the metabolic syndrome, can be a useful index for the evaluation and calculation of renal cell cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Dursun
- Department of Urology, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Huseyin Besiroglu
- Department of Urology, Catalca Ilyas Cokay State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Otunctemur
- Department of Urology, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emin Ozbek
- Department of Urology, Istanbul Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sun J, Wang X, Tang B, Liu H, Zhang M, Wang Y, Ping F, Ding J, Shen A, Geng M. A tightly controlled Src-YAP signaling axis determines therapeutic response to dasatinib in renal cell carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:3256-3267. [PMID: 29930727 PMCID: PMC6010995 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, therapies targeting the VEGF/VEGFR and mTOR pathways have served as the standard of care for the clinical management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Albeit promising, these targeted drugs have attained only modest clinical benefits with limited prolonged progression-free survival. Therefore, alternative reasonable and applicable therapeutic approaches should be introduced to improve the clinical outcome of RCC patients. Methods: FDA approved kinase inhibitors were screened to evaluate their abilities to suppress the proliferation of RCC cells. Then, the downstream effector, therapeutic target and signaling pathway of the selected drug were identified by gene expression array, RNAi, kinase profile and rescue verification. Finally, the in vivo effectiveness of the drug was assessed in cell line-based xenograft models and patient-derived xenograft models. Results: In this study, we discovered that dasatinib is a potent agent that can impair RCC cell viability in vitro and decrease tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, we improved the understanding of the precise mechanistic role of YAP as a pivotal effector of dasatinib-induced anti-proliferation through Src-JNK-LIMD1-LATS signaling cascade in RCC cells. Meanwhile, our results indicated that the alteration of p-YAP is closely correlated to the growth inhibition caused by dasatinib in sensitive RCC models. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that dasatinib may serve as a powerful drug candidate to treat subgroups of RCC patients with hyper-activated Src-YAP signaling axis, and the alteration of p-YAP could serve as a functional response biomarker of dasatinib in RCC.
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Otunctemur A, Dursun M, Ozer K, Horsanali O, Ozbek E. Renal Cell Carcinoma and Visceral Adipose Index: a new risk parameter. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 42:955-959. [PMID: 27532115 PMCID: PMC5066891 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2015.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tumor size and grade with visceral adipose index (VAI) levels in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 310 consecutive patients with RCC who underwent radical nephrectomy at our institution between January 2007 and May 2014. VAI was calculates for males and females seperately as this formula like previous study. The relationship between tumor size and nuclear grade with VAI levels were evaluated statisticaly. Analyses were completed using Chi-square tests and Logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 310 total patients analyzed in our study, there were 176 males (56.8%) and 134 females (43.2%). VAI levels were statistically higher in men and women with high tumor size (p<0.001). VAI levels were statistically higher in men and women with high fuhrman grade (p<0.001). Conclusions: The components of VAI may have effect on tumor carcinogenesis in similar pathways. In our study patients with high VAI levels were found to have statistically significant higher nuclear grade and tumor size. VAI can be a useful index for the evaluation and calculation of renal cell cancer aggressiviness. Further studies with more patients are needed to confirm our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Otunctemur
- Department of Urology, Okmeydani, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Dursun
- Department of Urology, Okmeydani, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kutan Ozer
- Department of Urology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozan Horsanali
- Department of Urology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emin Ozbek
- Department of Urology, Okmeydani, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rezakhaniha B, Dormanesh B, Pirasteh H, Yahaghi E, Masoumi B, Ziari K, Rahmani O. Immunohistochemical distinction of metastases of renal cell carcinoma with molecular analysis of overexpression of the chemokines CXCR2 and CXCR3 as independent positive prognostic factors for the tumorigenesis. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:629-33. [PMID: 27273823 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents, on average, over 90% of all malignancies of the kidney that occur in adults in both sexes. Chemokine receptors expression has been found in many kinds of cancer and at tumor metastasis site. We determined CXCR2 and CXCR3 expression in RCC by immunohistochemistry method and analyzed the prognostic value of these markers. Our finding demonstrated that CXCR3 were highly overexpressed in renal cancer tissues compared with those adjacent normal kidney tissues (P < 0.001). The results showed that high expression of CXCR3 was markedly correlated with metastasis (P = 0.021) and tumor stage (P = 0.031). CXCR2 were overexpressed in renal cancer tissues compared with those adjacent normal kidney tissues (P < 0.001). Our result showed that CXCR2 expression was correlated with high grade (P = 0.024), advanced stage (P = 0.029) and metastasis (P = 0.018). The log-rank test revealed that high CXCR2 and CXCR3 expressions are related to poorer overall survival (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). In conclusion, this study indicates the correlation of CXCR3 and CXCR3 with progression of RCC. In addition, high CXCR3 andCXCR2 expressions were correlated with shorter overall survival. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(8):629-633, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Rezakhaniha
- Department of Urology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Banafshe Dormanesh
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Pirasteh
- Department of Nephrology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Yahaghi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Masoumi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Katayoun Ziari
- Department of Pathology, Be'sat Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Rahmani
- Department of Pathology, Be'sat Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Du Z, Li L, Huang X, Jin J, Huang S, Zhang Q, Tao Q. The epigenetic modifier CHD5 functions as a novel tumor suppressor for renal cell carcinoma and is predominantly inactivated by promoter CpG methylation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:21618-30. [PMID: 26943038 PMCID: PMC5008310 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common urological cancer with steadily increasing incidence. A series of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been identified methylated in RCC as potential epigenetic biomarkers. We identified a 1p36.3 TSG candidate CHD5 as a methylated target in RCC through epigenome study. As the role of CHD5 in RCC pathogenesis remains elusive, we further studied its expression and molecular functions in RCC cells. We found that CHD5 was broadly expressed in most normal genitourinary tissues including kidney, but frequently silenced or downregulated by promoter CpG methylation in 78% of RCC cell lines and 44% (24/55) of primary tumors. In addition, CHD5 mutations appear to be rare in RCC tumors through genome database mining. In methylated/silenced RCC cell lines, CHD5 expression could be restored with azacytidine demethylation treatment. Ectopic expression of CHD5 in RCC cells significantly inhibited their clonogenicity, migration and invasion. Moreover, we found that CHD5, as a chromatin remodeling factor, suppressed the expression of multiple targets including oncogenes (MYC, MDM2, STAT3, CCND1, YAP1), epigenetic master genes (Bmi-1, EZH2, JMJD2C), as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers (SNAI1, FN1, OCT4). Further chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed the binding of CHD5 to target gene promoters. Thus, we demonstrate that CHD5 functions as a novel TSG for RCC, but is predominantly inactivated by promoter methylation in primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Du
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Huang
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Suming Huang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Yang L, Wu Q, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Liu H, Xu J, Gu J. Increased expression of colony stimulating factor-1 is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:67. [PMID: 25886010 PMCID: PMC4339479 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the impact of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) expression on recurrence and survival of patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) following surgery. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 267 patients (195 in the training cohort and 72 in the validation cohort) with ccRCC undergoing nephrectomy at a single institution. Clinicopathologic features, cancer-specific survival (CSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were recorded. CSF-1 levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues. Kaplan-Meier method was applied to compare survival curves. Cox regression models were used to analyze the impact of prognostic factors on CSS and RFS. Concordance index (C-index) was calculated to assess predictive accuracy. Results In both cohorts, CSF-1 expression positively correlated with advanced Fuhrman grade and necrosis. High CSF-1 expression indicated poor survival and early recurrence of ccRCC patients after surgery, especially those with advanced TNM stage disease. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed CSF-1 expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for recurrence and survival. The predictive accuracy of the University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System (UISS) was significantly improved when CSF-1 expression was incorporated. Conclusions High CSF-1 expression is a potential adverse prognostic biomarker for recurrence and survival of ccRCC patients after nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, MOH, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Mailbox 103, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, MOH, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Mailbox 103, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Haiou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, MOH, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Mailbox 103, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, MOH, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Mailbox 103, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, MOH, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Mailbox 103, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Bielecka ZF, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik C. Genomic Analysis as the First Step toward Personalized Treatment in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:194. [PMID: 25120953 PMCID: PMC4110478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance mechanisms in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) still remain elusive. Although most patients initially respond to targeted therapy, acquired resistance can still develop eventually. Most of the patients suffer from intrinsic (genetic) resistance as well, suggesting that there is substantial need to broaden our knowledge in the field of RCC genetics. As molecular abnormalities occur for various reasons, ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large chromosomal defects, conducting whole-genome association studies using high-throughput techniques seems inevitable. In principle, data obtained via genome-wide research should be continued and performed on a large scale for the purposes of drug development and identification of biological pathways underlying cancerogenesis. Genetic alterations are mostly unique for each histological RCC subtype. According to recently published data, RCC is a highly heterogeneous tumor. In this paper, the authors discuss the following: (1) current state-of-the-art knowledge on the potential biomarkers of RCC subtypes; (2) significant obstacles encountered in the translational research on RCC; and (3) recent molecular findings that may have a crucial impact on future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Felicja Bielecka
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland ; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Małgorzata Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
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8
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Expression of chemokine receptor 4 was associated with poor survival in renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:882. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Craven RA, Vasudev NS, Banks RE. Proteomics and the search for biomarkers for renal cancer. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:456-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Researchers have identified several of the cellular events associated with wound healing. Platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts primarily contribute to the process. They release cytokines including interleukins (ILs) and TNF-α, and growth factors, of which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is perhaps the most important. The cytokines and growth factors manipulate the inflammatory phase of healing. Cytokines are chemotactic for white cells and fibroblasts, while the growth factors initiate fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation. Inflammation is followed by the proliferation of fibroblasts, which lay down the extracellular matrix. Simultaneously, various white cells and other connective tissue cells release both the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of these metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMPs remove damaged structural proteins such as collagen, while the fibroblasts lay down fresh extracellular matrix proteins. Fluid collected from acute, healing wounds contains growth factors, and stimulates fibroblast proliferation, but fluid collected from chronic, nonhealing wounds does not. Fibroblasts from chronic wounds do not respond to chronic wound fluid, probably because the fibroblasts of these wounds have lost the receptors that respond to cytokines and growth factors. Nonhealing wounds contain high levels of IL1, IL6, and MMPs, and an abnormally high MMP/TIMP ratio. Clinical examination of wounds inconsistently predicts which wounds will heal when procedures like secondary closure are planned. Surgeons therefore hope that these chemicals can be used as biomarkers of wounds which have impaired ability to heal. There is also evidence that the application of growth factors like PDGF will help the healing of chronic, nonhealing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumaat Mohd Yussof Shah
- Discipline of Plastic Surgery, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Selayang Prima 1, Batu Caves, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wang L, Chen W, Gao L, Yang Q, Liu B, Wu Z, Wang Y, Sun Y. High expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1 predicts poor survival in renal cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:212. [PMID: 23039915 PMCID: PMC3514133 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in the tumorigenesis of many malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the expression of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Methods The expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1 in specimens from 97 renal cell carcinoma patients was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray. These results were correlated with the clinicopathological parameters and survival of the patients. Results CXCR4 and CXCR7 were expressed in all patients, whereas SDF-1 was expressed in 61 patients (62.9%). No association was observed between the expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 or SDF-1 and the clinical or pathological data except between SDF-1 expression and Fuhrman’s grade (P = 0.015). Patients with high expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1 had shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival than those with low expression. In a multivariate analysis, the high expression of CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1 correlated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival independent of gender, age, AJCC stage, lymph node status, metastasis, histologic variant and Fuhrman’s grade. Conclusions High levels of CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1 were associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in renal cell carcinoma patients. CXCR4, CXCR7 and SDF-1 may serve as useful prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Wang
- The Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Protzel C, Maruschke M, Hakenberg OW. Epidemiology, Aetiology, and Pathogenesis of Renal Cell Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sava G, Jaouen G, Hillard EA, Bergamo A. Targeted therapy vs. DNA-adduct formation-guided design: thoughts about the future of metal-based anticancer drugs. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:8226-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Phé V, Yates DR, Renard-Penna R, Cussenot O, Rouprêt M. Is there a contemporary role for percutaneous needle biopsy in the era of small renal masses? BJU Int 2011; 109:867-72. [PMID: 21895938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate based on the best available data whether there is a contemporary role for percutaneous needle biopsy in the era of small renal masses. PATIENTS AND METHODS SRMs are acknowledged to be tumours less than 4cm and account for 48%-66% of new kidney cancers. Renal mass biopsy (RMB), traditionally limited to specific clinical scenarios and with inherent diagnostic accuracy problems has increased in popularity in recent years and is a potential valuable tool in the assessment of SRMs. Our discussion focuses on these issues. We performed a thorough Medline literature review using a combination of the following keywords; small renal mass, renal biopsy, percutaneous renal biopsy, renal mass biopsy and renal cell carcinoma. We identified the seminal articles with data/information pertaining to renal mass biopsy in small renal masses. RESULTS The facts that 1) a significant number of SRMs are diagnosed in an elderly patient cohort, 2) 20% of SRMs are benign on formal histology, 3) there are various management strategies now available and 4) modern RMB has a diagnostic accuracy >90% with few complications, are all reasons why there has been renewed interest in RMB. CONCLUSION There is a contemporary role for RMB in the era of SRM as the incorporation of molecular profiling of tissue from RMB would augment our ability to risk stratify SRMs on an individual patient basis and adopt management accordingly. However, clinical judgement is paramount as there remains an unpredictable non-negligible risk of disease progression and metastasis whilst on surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Phé
- Academic Department of Urology and of Radiology of La Pitié-Salpétrière Tenon, University Paris VI, Paris, France
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15
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Individualized, targeted wound treatment based on the tissue bacterial level as a biological marker. Am J Surg 2011; 202:220-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Maruschke M, Koczan D, Reuter D, Ziems B, Nizze H, Hakenberg OW, Thiesen HJ. Putative biomarker genes for grading clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int 2011; 87:205-17. [PMID: 21757870 DOI: 10.1159/000328196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The initial objective of this renal cancer study was to identify gene sets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) to support grading of ccRCC histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preselected ccRCC tumor tissues of grade 1 (G1, n = 14) and grade 3 (G3, n = 15) as well es 14 normal kidney tissues thereof were subjected to microarray expression analysis using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Event ratio scoring, hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were used to determine gene sets that distinguish expression profiles from normal kidney tissue, G1 and G3 tumor tissues. RESULTS An initial set of 73 genes provided seven gene subclusters (SC01 to SC07) that distinguish RNA expression profiles from G1, G3 tumor and normal kidney tissues. A ranked list of 24 genes was determined that separated G1 from G3 tumors in high concordance with histopathological grading confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of ceruloplasmin protein expression. CONCLUSION A final set of 24 genes has been determined awaiting further validation on the RNA as well as on the protein level by studying an additional cohort of ccRCC patients. A reliable separation of G1 and G3 tumor grades will be instrumental to foster and direct the administration of upcoming targeted therapeutics of ccRCC tumors in a more predictive and reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maruschke
- Department of Urology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. matthias.maruschke @ med.uni-rostock.de
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Allory Y, Culine S, de la Taille A. Kidney cancer pathology in the new context of targeted therapy. Pathobiology 2011; 78:90-8. [PMID: 21677472 DOI: 10.1159/000315543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome in metastatic renal cancer remains poor with an overall survival at 5 years of less than 10%. However, molecular pathology in kidney cancer has developed extensively in the few last years, providing a basis for new systemic therapies including antiangiogenic drugs and mTOR inhibitors. Use of these targeted therapies in metastatic disease has improved the prognosis but still in a too-limited range, with a lack of consistent predictive biomarkers. The multiple entities of renal tumors add complexity to the research of biomarkers and the design of clinical trials. This review aims to focus on pathways in renal cancer (VHL/HIF, mTOR, c-MYC, c-MET, and immune response) in the respective tumor subtypes, accounting for the effects of targeted therapies and providing the framework to search for relevant predictive biomarkers and propose new trials. This overview underscores that the pathways are often intermingled and common (at least partially) to the different tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Allory
- INSERM U955, Team 7 'Translational research in genitourinary oncogenesis', Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France. yves.allory @ hmn.aphp.fr
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Wang R, Li AY, Wood DP. The role of percutaneous renal biopsy in the management of small renal masses. Curr Urol Rep 2011; 12:18-23. [PMID: 20949338 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-010-0149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of percutaneous renal mass biopsy (RMB) has increased in recent years, likely in parallel with the growing incidence of renal cell carcinoma and small renal masses in particular. Biopsy and imaging techniques are improving, and diagnostic sufficiency and accuracy of RMB now are much higher in large-volume, experienced centers. Overall morbidity is low. This has led to a significant expansion of the indications for biopsy beyond documenting renal involvement for patients with metastatic disease or other systemic illnesses. While there still are limitations to its use and clinical judgment is paramount, RMB is proving to be a valuable tool in the clinical diagnosis and management of small renal masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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19
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Zhang L, Bhasin M, Schor-Bardach R, Wang X, Collins MP, Panka D, Putheti P, Signoretti S, Alsop DC, Libermann T, Atkins MB, Mier JW, Goldberg SN, Bhatt RS. Resistance of renal cell carcinoma to sorafenib is mediated by potentially reversible gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19144. [PMID: 21559452 PMCID: PMC3084751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to antiangiogenic therapy is an important clinical problem. We examined whether resistance occurs at least in part via reversible, physiologic changes in the tumor, or results solely from stable genetic changes in resistant tumor cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mice bearing two human RCC xenografts were treated with sorafenib until they acquired resistance. Resistant 786-O cells were harvested and reimplanted into naïve mice. Mice bearing resistant A498 cells were subjected to a 1 week treatment break. Sorafenib was then again administered to both sets of mice. Tumor growth patterns, gene expression, viability, blood vessel density, and perfusion were serially assessed in treated vs control mice. RESULTS Despite prior resistance, reimplanted 786-O tumors maintained their ability to stabilize on sorafenib in sequential reimplantation steps. A transcriptome profile of the tumors revealed that the gene expression profile of tumors upon reimplantation reapproximated that of the untreated tumors and was distinct from tumors exhibiting resistance to sorafenib. In A498 tumors, revascularization was noted with resistance and cessation of sorafenib therapy and tumor perfusion was reduced and tumor cell necrosis enhanced with re-exposure to sorafenib. CONCLUSIONS In two RCC cell lines, resistance to sorafenib appears to be reversible. These results support the hypothesis that resistance to VEGF pathway therapy is not solely the result of a permanent genetic change in the tumor or selection of resistant clones, but rather is due to a great extent to reversible changes that likely occur in the tumor and/or its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, and Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel Schor-Bardach
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Collins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Panka
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Prabhakar Putheti
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, The Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David C. Alsop
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Towia Libermann
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, and Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Atkins
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James W. Mier
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Nahum Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rupal S. Bhatt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Kidney Cancer Program of the Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Stojnev S, Pejcic M, Dolicanin Z, Velickovic LJ, Dimov I, Stefanovic V. Challenges of genomics and proteomics in nephrology. Ren Fail 2010; 31:765-72. [PMID: 19814648 DOI: 10.3109/08860220903100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of patients suffering from renal diseases and limitations in standard diagnostic and therapeutic approaches has created an intense interest in applying genomics and proteomics in the field of nephrology. Genomics has provided a vast amount of information, linking the gene activity with disease. However, proteomic technologies allow us to understand proteins and their modifications, elucidating properties of cellular behavior that may not be reflected in analysis of gene expression. The application of these innovative approaches has recently yielded the promising new urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, thus providing a better insight in renal pathophysiology and establishing the basis for new therapeutic strategies. Despite significant improvements in therapeutics, the mortality and morbidity associated with acute renal failure (ARF) remain high. The lack of early markers for ARF causes an unacceptable delay in initiating therapy. These biomarker panels will probably be useful for assessing the duration and severity of ARF, and for predicting progression and adverse clinical outcomes. Kidney failure leads to the uremic syndrome characterized by accumulation of uremic toxins, which are normally cleared by the kidneys. Proteomics has gained considerable interest in this field, as a new and promising analytical approach to identify new uremic toxins. The urinary proteome as a tool for biomarker discovery is still in its early phase. A major challenge will be the integration of proteomics with genomics data and their functional interpretation in conjunction with clinical results and epidemiology.
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21
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Wang L, Wang L, Yang B, Yang Q, Qiao S, Wang Y, Sun Y. Strong expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by renal cell carcinoma cells correlates with metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2009; 26:1049-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Cheng L, MacLennan GT, Zhang S, Wang M, Zhou M, Tan PH, Foster S, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Evidence for Polyclonal Origin of Multifocal Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:8087-93. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Arai E, Ushijima S, Fujimoto H, Hosoda F, Shibata T, Kondo T, Yokoi S, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Hirohashi S, Kanai Y. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in both precancerous conditions and clear cell renal cell carcinomas are correlated with malignant potential and patient outcome. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:214-21. [PMID: 19037089 PMCID: PMC2639047 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify genome-wide DNA methylation profiles during multistage renal carcinogenesis, bacterial artificial chromosome array-based methylated CpG island amplification (BAMCA) was performed. Non-cancerous renal cortex tissue obtained from patients with clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (N) was at the precancerous stage where DNA hypomethylation and DNA hypermethylation on multiple bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones were observed. By unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis based on BAMCA data for their N, 51 patients with clear cell RCCs were clustered into two subclasses, Clusters AN (n = 46) and BN (n = 5). Clinicopathologically aggressive clear cell RCCs were accumulated in Cluster BN, and the overall survival rate of patients in Cluster BN was significantly lower than that of patients in Cluster AN. By unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis based on BAMCA data for their RCCs, 51 patients were clustered into two subclasses, Clusters AT (n = 43) and BT (n = 8). Clinicopathologically aggressive clear cell RCCs were accumulated in Cluster BT, and the overall survival rate of patients in Cluster BT was significantly lower than that of patients in Cluster AT. Multivariate analysis revealed that belonging to Cluster BT was an independent predictor of recurrence. Cluster BN was completely included in Cluster BT, and the majority of the BAC clones that significantly discriminated Cluster BN from Cluster AN also discriminated Cluster BT from Cluster AT. In individual patients, DNA methylation status in N was basically inherited by the corresponding clear cell RCC. DNA methylation alterations in the precancerous stage may generate more malignant clear cell RCCs and determine patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arai
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Arai E, Ushijima S, Tsuda H, Fujimoto H, Hosoda F, Shibata T, Kondo T, Imoto I, Inazawa J, Hirohashi S, Kanai Y. Genetic clustering of clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on array-comparative genomic hybridization: its association with DNA methylation alteration and patient outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5531-9. [PMID: 18765545 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to clarify genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring during renal carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Copy number alterations were examined by array-based comparative genomic hybridization analysis using an array harboring 4,361 bacterial artificial chromosome clones, and DNA methylation alterations on CpG islands of the p16, human MutL homologue 1, von Hippel-Lindau, and thrombospondin 1 genes and the methylated in tumor (MINT-1, MINT-2, MINT-12, MINT-25, and MINT-31) clones were examined in 51 clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCC). RESULTS By unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis based on copy number alterations, clear cell RCCs were clustered into the two subclasses, clusters A (n=34) and B (n=17). Copy number alterations were accumulated in cluster B. Loss of chromosome 3p and gain of 5q and 7 were frequent in both clusters A and B, whereas loss of 1p, 4, 9, 13q, and 14q was frequent only in cluster B. The average number of methylated CpG islands in cluster B was significantly higher than those in cluster A. Clear cell RCCs showing higher histologic grades, vascular involvement, renal vein tumor thrombi, and higher pathologic stages were accumulated in cluster B. The recurrence-free and overall survival rates of patients in cluster B were significantly lower than those of patients in cluster A. Multivariate analysis revealed that genetic clustering was a predictor of recurrence-free survival and was independent of histologic grade and pathologic stage. CONCLUSIONS This genetic clustering of clear cell RCC is significantly associated with regional DNA hypermethylation and may become a prognostic indicator for patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Arai
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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25
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Signoretti S, Bratslavsky G, Waldman FM, Reuter VE, Haaga J, Merino M, Thomas GV, Pins MR, Libermann T, Gillespie J, Tomaszewski JE, Compton CC, Hruszkewycz A, Linehan WM, Atkins MB. Tissue-based research in kidney cancer: current challenges and future directions. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:3699-705. [PMID: 18559586 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have seen unprecedented advances in the application of various therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with renal cancer. The availability of active immunotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and targeted therapy for this disease has brought front and center issues related to choosing the appropriate treatment for particular patient populations. It is increasingly evident that the most promising treatment selection strategies will incorporate identifying specific features of the tumor itself. To facilitate this move toward personalized medicine, it is critically important to establish some standard principles for renal cancer tissue collection, preparation, and analysis for translational research studies. In this article, we identify and discuss some critical issues related to tissue-based kidney cancer research. We focus on five major areas as follows: (a) surgical and image-guided techniques for tissue collection; (b) quality control of specimen collection, processing, storage, and review; (c) issues related to analysis of paraffin embedded tissues; (d) genomic studies; and (e) assessment of reproducibility of assays across institutions. In addition, some practical implementation strategies are proposed. Although many of the topics discussed are specific for renal cancer, several are also relevant to tissue based biomarker investigations in a broad array of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Parikh AA, Johnson JC, Merchant NB. Genomics and Proteomics in Predicting Cancer Outcomes. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2008; 17:257-77, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Giorgetti L, Zanardi A, Venturini S, Carbone R. ImmunoCell-Array: a novel technology for pathway discovery and cell profiling. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 4:609-16. [PMID: 17941816 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.5.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in drug discovery is the definition of the activity of therapeutic compounds before they enter clinical trials. Currently, many tools are available to profile drug response at a multiparametric level. Furthermore, the novel discipline of systems biology is offering interpretative cues to the amount of data generated by the so-called omics technologies. Nonetheless, novel approaches are needed to comprehensively evaluate drug response. This review will describe a recent technology for protein profiling, the ImmunoCell-Array, which, in to the authors' opinion, can enter the scenario of profiling technologies with the goal of offering a comprehensive description of proteome dynamics in a cellular context.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview and summary of the recent developments in the use of targeted therapy in the management of advanced kidney cancer. The focus is on publications within the last year. RECENT FINDINGS The last year has seen several exciting developments in the targeted approach to managing advanced renal cell carcinoma. The benefits of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been demonstrated in two large-scale, phase III prospective, randomized controlled trials. There is growing evidence, some not yet published, that mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors are effective in this disease and the roles of therapies directed at the receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor continue to be refined. SUMMARY Recent published trials offer substantial hope for those patients with advanced kidney cancer, where before the outlook was often bleak. There is an expanding menu of potential agents in this disease, so-called targeted therapies, that are grounded in a growing understanding of the biology of kidney cancer. Many challenges and questions still remain, but there are encouraging signs of progress and hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clark
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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30
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Wiwanitkit V. Cancer immunomics and application of 'omics' for cancer management. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2007; 3:807-12. [PMID: 20477030 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.5.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several 'omics' sciences have been launched. The outstanding diversity of immune system components, together with the complexity of the regulatory pathways and network-type interactions, makes immunology a combinatorial science. Cancer immonomics is a branch of immunomics. The present cancer immunomics project aims at diagnostics and therapy. Comparative and structural genomics can be applied for understanding the underlying tumorogenesis process. For diagnostic purposes, in order to develop a new marker, gene expression analysis technologies, such as DNA microarray, differential display, cDNA subtraction, serial analysis of gene expression and serological proteome analysis, which enable investigators to obtain comprehensive data with respect to gene expression profiles, are progressing rapidly. For therapeutic purposes, vaccine candidate finding, gene therapy and drug-tumor interaction modeling can be clarified by the advance immunomics techniques. In this article, the author will present the basic concepts on cancer immunomics and application for basic study of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Wiwanitkit House, 38/167 Soi Yim Prayoon Sukhapiban 1 Road Bangkhae, Bangkok 10160, Thailand.
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