1
|
Shi W, He J, Huang Y, Zeng Z, Feng Z, Xu H, Nie Y. Integrin β5 enhances the malignancy of human colorectal cancer by increasing the TGF-β signaling. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:717-726. [PMID: 33587354 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Increased integrin β5 (ITGB5) expression is associated with the progression and metastasis of several types of cancers. However, whether upregulated ITGB5 expression can act as a prognostic factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to identify the role ITGB5 plays during the pathogenesis of human CRC and explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, we show that ITGB5 expression is upregulated in CRC and is significantly associated with exacerbated CRC malignancy and an unfavourable overall survival rate among CRC patients. ITGB5 silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of human CRC cell lines (HCT116 and HT29) in vitro and suppressed the growth and metastasis of implanted CRC tumours in vivo. Mechanistically, upregulated ITGB5 expression enhanced transforming growth factor β/Smad signalling and facilitated the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in CRC cells. Together, such findings indicate that ITGB5 acts as an oncogenic factor to enhance the malignancy of CRC and suggest that ITGB5 may be a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center
| | - Yuee Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center
| | - Yuqiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madheswaran S, Mungra N, Biteghe FAN, De la Croix Ndong J, Arowolo AT, Adeola HA, Ramamurthy D, Naran K, Khumalo NP, Barth S. Antibody-Based Targeted Interventions for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Cancers. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:162-186. [PMID: 32723261 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200728123006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous malignancies most commonly arise from skin epidermal cells. These cancers may rapidly progress from benign to a metastatic phase. Surgical resection represents the gold standard therapeutic treatment of non-metastatic skin cancer while chemo- and/or radiotherapy are often used against metastatic tumors. However, these therapeutic treatments are limited by the development of resistance and toxic side effects, resulting from the passive accumulation of cytotoxic drugs within healthy cells. OBJECTIVE This review aims to elucidate how the use of monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) targeting specific Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) is paving the way to improved treatment. These mAbs are used as therapeutic or diagnostic carriers that can specifically deliver cytotoxic molecules, fluorophores or radiolabels to cancer cells that overexpress specific target antigens. RESULTS mAbs raised against TAAs are widely in use for e.g. differential diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of skin cancers. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) particularly show remarkable potential. The safest ADCs reported to date use non-toxic photo-activatable Photosensitizers (PSs), allowing targeted Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) resulting in targeted delivery of PS into cancer cells and selective killing after light activation without harming the normal cell population. The use of near-infrared-emitting PSs enables both diagnostic and therapeutic applications upon light activation at the specific wavelengths. CONCLUSION Antibody-based approaches are presenting an array of opportunities to complement and improve current methods employed for skin cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Madheswaran
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Neelakshi Mungra
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fleury A N Biteghe
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jean De la Croix Ndong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, United States
| | - Afolake T Arowolo
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Henry A Adeola
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dharanidharan Ramamurthy
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla P Khumalo
- The Hair and Skin Research Lab, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iida Y, Salomon MP, Hata K, Tran K, Ohe S, Griffiths CF, Hsu SC, Nelson N, Hoon DSB. Predominance of triple wild-type and IGF2R mutations in mucosal melanomas. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1054. [PMID: 30373548 PMCID: PMC6206730 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare subtype of melanoma that arises from melanocytes in the mucosa. MM has not been well profiled for mutations and its etiology is not well understood, rendering current treatment strategies unsuccessful. Hence, we investigated mutational landscape for MM to understand its etiology and to clarify mutations that are potentially relevant for MM treatment. METHODS Forty one MM and 48 cutaneous melanoma (CM) tissues were profiled for mutations using targeted deep next-generation sequencing (NGS) for 89 cancer-related genes. A total of 997 mutations within exons were analyzed for their mutational spectrum and prevalence of mutation, and 685 non-synonymous variants were investigated to identify mutations in individual genes and pathways. PD-L1 expression from 21 MM and 18 CM were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mutational spectrum analysis revealed a lower frequency of UV-induced DNA damage in MM than in CM (p = 0.001), while tobacco exposure was indicated as a potential etiologic factor for MM. In accordance with low UV damage signatures, MM demonstrated an overall lower number of mutations compared to CM (6.5 mutations/Mb vs 14.8 mutations/Mb, p = 0.001), and less PD-L1 expression (p = 0.003). Compared to CM, which showed frequent mutations in known driver genes (BRAF 50.0%, NRAS 29.2%), MM displayed lower mutation frequencies (BRAF; 12.2%, p < 0.001, NRAS; 17.1%), and was significantly more enriched for triple wild-type (no mutations in BRAF, RAS, or NF1, 70.7% vs 25.0%, p < 0.001), IGF2R mutation (31.7% vs 6.3%, p = 0.002), and KIT mutation (9.8% vs 0%, p = 0.042). Of clinical relevance, presence of DCC mutations was significantly associated with poorer overall survival in MM (log-rank test, p = 0.02). Furthermore, mutational spectrum analysis distinguished primary anorectal MM from CM metastasized to the bowel (spectrum analysis p < 0.001, number of mutations p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated a potential etiologic factor and driver mutation for MM and strongly suggested that MM initiation or progression involves distinct molecular-mechanisms from CM. This study also identified mutational signatures that are clinically relevant for MM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Iida
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Matthew P Salomon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Shuichi Ohe
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Chester F Griffiths
- Brain Tumor Center, Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Sandy C Hsu
- John Wayne Cancer Institute Genome Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Nellie Nelson
- John Wayne Cancer Institute Genome Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iida Y, Ciechanover A, Marzese DM, Hata K, Bustos M, Ono S, Wang J, Salomon MP, Tran K, Lam S, Hsu S, Nelson N, Kravtsova-Ivantsiv Y, Mills GB, Davies MA, Hoon DSB. Epigenetic Regulation of KPC1 Ubiquitin Ligase Affects the NF-κB Pathway in Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4831-4842. [PMID: 28389511 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Abnormal activation of the NF-κB pathway induces a more aggressive phenotype of cutaneous melanoma. Understanding the mechanisms involved in melanoma NF-κB activation may identify novel targets for this pathway. KPC1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a regulator of the NF-κB pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms regulating KPC1 expression and its clinical impact in melanoma.Experimental Design: The clinical impact of KPC1 expression and its epigenetic regulation were assessed in large cohorts of clinically well-annotated melanoma tissues (tissue microarrays; n = 137, JWCI cohort; n = 40) and The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA cohort, n = 370). Using melanoma cell lines, we investigated the functional interactions between KPC1 and NF-κB, and the epigenetic regulations of KPC1, including DNA methylation and miRNA expression.Results: We verified that KPC1 suppresses melanoma proliferation by processing NF-κB1 p105 into p50, thereby modulating NF-κB target gene expression. Concordantly, KPC1 expression was downregulated in American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV melanoma compared with early stages (stage I/II P = 0.013, stage III P = 0.004), and low KPC1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in stage IV melanoma (n = 137; HR 1.810; P = 0.006). Furthermore, our data showed that high miR-155-5p expression, which is controlled by DNA methylation at its promoter region (TCGA; Pearson's r -0.455; P < 0.001), is significantly associated with KPC1 downregulation (JWCI; P = 0.028, TCGA; P = 0.003).Conclusions: This study revealed novel epigenetic regulation of KPC1 associated with NF-κB pathway activation, promoting metastatic melanoma progression. These findings suggest the potential utility of KPC1 and its epigenetic regulation as theranostic targets. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4831-42. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Iida
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The David and Janet Polak Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat-Galim, Haifa, Israel
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Matias Bustos
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Shigeshi Ono
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Matthew P Salomon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Kevin Tran
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Stella Lam
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Sandy Hsu
- John Wayne Cancer Institute Genome Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Nellie Nelson
- John Wayne Cancer Institute Genome Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Yelena Kravtsova-Ivantsiv
- The David and Janet Polak Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat-Galim, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Translational Molecular Medicine, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California. .,John Wayne Cancer Institute Genome Sequencing Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen Z, Deng H, Fang Y, Zhu X, Ye GT, Yan L, Liu H, Li G. Identification of the interplay between SOX9 and S100P in the metastasis and invasion of colon carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20672-84. [PMID: 26009899 PMCID: PMC4653034 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of S100P has been detected in several tumor types and suggested to be responsible for tumor metastasis and invasion, but the upstream regulatory mechanisms promoting S100P overexpression are largely unknown. Here, we report that SOX9 was predicted and verified as a transcription factor of S100P. SOX9 and S100P were both overexpressed in colon cancer. SOX9 bound to and activated the S100P promoter. Knockdown of SOX9 expression down-regulated S100P expression, resulting in reduced invasiveness and metastasis of colon cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)/ERK signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further, decreased expression of SOX9 dramatically inhibited the tumor growth and peritoneal metastasis in nude mice. More importantly, S100P was found to be critical for SOX9-mediated metastasis and invasion in colon cancer. Knockdown of S100P in SOX9-overexpressing colon cancer cells dramatically suppressed metastasis and invasion both in vitro and in mice. We also detected SOX9 and S100P expression in a tissue microarray with 90 colon cancer cases to provide their clinical relevance. There was a strong correlation between SOX9 and S100P expression in colon carcinomas. In conclusion, our results suggest that SOX9 promotes tumor metastasis and invasion through regulation of S100P expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng-Tai Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicolosi PA, Dallatomasina A, Perris R. Theranostic impact of NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan in cancer. Theranostics 2015; 5:530-44. [PMID: 25767619 PMCID: PMC4350014 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2/CSPG4 is an unusual cell-membrane integral proteoglycan widely recognized to be a prognostic factor, a valuable tool for ex vivo and non-invasive molecular diagnostics and, by virtue of its tight association with malignancy, a tantalizing therapeutic target in several tumour types. Although the biology behind its involvement in cancer progression needs to be better understood, implementation of NG2/CSPG4 in the routine clinical practice is attainable and has the potential to contribute to an improved individualized management of cancer patients. In this context, its polymorphic nature seems to be particularly valuable in the effort to standardize informative diagnostic procedures and consolidate forcible immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. We discuss here the underpinnings for this potential and highlight the benefits of taking advantage of the intra-tumour and inter-patient variability in the regulation of NG2/CSPG4 expression. We envision that NG2/CSPG4 may effectively be exploited in therapeutic interventions aimed at averting resistance to target therapy agents and at interfering with secondary lesion formation and/or tumour recurrence.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ruiz C, Li J, Luttgen MS, Kolatkar A, Kendall JT, Flores E, Topp Z, Samlowski WE, McClay E, Bethel K, Ferrone S, Hicks J, Kuhn P. Limited genomic heterogeneity of circulating melanoma cells in advanced stage patients. Phys Biol 2015; 12:016008. [PMID: 25574741 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Circulating melanoma cells (CMCs) constitute a potentially important representation of time-resolved tumor biology in patients. To date, genomic characterization of CMCs has been limited due to the lack of a robust methodology capable of identifying them in a format suitable for downstream characterization. Here, we have developed a methodology to detect intact CMCs that enables phenotypic, morphometric and genomic analysis at the single cell level. Experimental design. Blood samples from 40 metastatic melanoma patients and 10 normal blood donors were prospectively collected. A panel of 7 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to immunocytochemically label CMCs. Detection was performed by automated digital fluorescence microscopy and multi-parametric computational analysis. Individual CMCs were captured by micromanipulation for whole genome amplification and copy number variation (CNV) analysis. Results. Based on CSPG4 expression and nuclear size, 1-250 CMCs were detected in 22 (55%) of 40 metastatic melanoma patients (0.5-371.5 CMCs ml(-1)). Morphometric analysis revealed that CMCs have a broad spectrum of morphologies and sizes but exhibit a relatively homogeneous nuclear size that was on average 1.5-fold larger than that of surrounding PBMCs. CNV analysis of single CMCs identified deletions of CDKN2A and PTEN, and amplification(s) of TERT, BRAF, KRAS and MDM2. Furthermore, novel chromosomal amplifications in chr12, 17 and 19 were also found. Conclusions. Our findings show that CSPG4 expressing CMCs can be found in the majority of advanced melanoma patients. High content analysis of this cell population may contribute to the design of effective personalized therapies in patients with melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ruiz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weinstein D, Leininger J, Hamby C, Safai B. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2014; 7:13-24. [PMID: 25013535 PMCID: PMC4086529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a lethal melanocytic neoplasm. Unfortunately, the histological diagnosis can be difficult at times. Distinguishing ambiguous melanocytic neoplasms that are benign nevi from those that represent true melanoma is important both for treatment and prognosis. Diagnostic biomarkers currently used to assist in the diagnosis of melanoma are usually specific only for melanocytic neoplasms and not necessarily for their ability to metastasize. Traditional prognostic biomarkers include depth of invasion and mitotic count. Newer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers utilize immunohistochemical staining as well as ribonucleic acid, micro-ribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Improved diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are of increasing importance in the treatment of melanoma with the development of newer and more targeted therapies. Herein, the authors review many of the common as well as newer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers used in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carl Hamby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, New York and Valhalla, New York
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Immunosuppression through constitutively activated NF-κB signalling in human ovarian cancer and its reversal by an NF-κB inhibitor. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2965-74. [PMID: 24867687 PMCID: PMC4056060 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although T-cell immunity is thought to be involved in the prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients, immunosuppressive conditions hamper antitumour immune responses. Thus, their mechanisms and overcoming strategies need to be investigated. Methods: The role of NF-κB in human EOC cells and macrophages was evaluated by in vitro production of immunosuppressive IL-6 and IL-8 by EOC cells and in vivo analysis of immune responses in nude mice implanted with human EOC cells using an NF-κB inhibitor DHMEQ. Results: In EOC patients, increased plasma IL-6, IL-8, and arginase were observed. The NF-κB inhibitor DHMEQ inhibited the production of IL-6 and IL-8 by EOC cell lines. Immunosuppression of human DCs and macrophages by culture supernatant of EOC cells was reversed with the pretreatment of DHMEQ. Administration of DHMEQ to nude mice implanted with human EOC resulted in the restoration of T-cell stimulatory activity of murine DCs along with the reduction of tumour accumulation and arginase expression of MDSCs. Nuclear factor-κB inhibition in tumour-bearing mice also enhanced antitumour effects of transferred murine naive T cells. Conclusions: NF-κB is involved in the immunosuppression induced by human EOC, and its inhibitor may restore antitumour immune responses, indicating that NF-κB is an attractive target for EOC treatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu L, Ito T, Nakahara T, Nagae K, Fuyuno Y, Nakao M, Akahoshi M, Nakagawa R, Tu Y, Uchi H, Furue M. Upregulation of S100P, receptor for advanced glycation end products and ezrin in malignant melanoma. J Dermatol 2013; 40:973-9. [PMID: 24303922 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
S100P is a member of the S100 family. Increased levels of S100P have been documented in various malignancies. Binding of extracellular S100P to receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or coupling of intracellular S100P with a cytoskeletal protein, ezrin, play a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. However, little is known about the expression of S100P, RAGE and ezrin in malignant melanoma. We immunostained these three molecules in 20 primary and 20 metastatic melanomas. Samples of 20 benign nevus pigmentosus and 10 of normal skin were tested as controls. The expression levels (percentage of positively stained cells) of S100P, RAGE and ezrin were significantly higher in melanomas than in nevus pigmentosus. Moreover, slightly but significantly higher expression levels were observed in metastatic than in primary melanomas. Significant positive correlations were evident between the expression levels of S100P and RAGE, S100P and ezrin, and RAGE and ezrin, respectively. In conclusion, the coordinate upregulation of S100P, RAGE and ezrin may possibly facilitate malignant transformation of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dye DE, Medic S, Ziman M, Coombe DR. Melanoma biomolecules: independently identified but functionally intertwined. Front Oncol 2013; 3:252. [PMID: 24069584 PMCID: PMC3781348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients diagnosed with melanoma present with thin lesions and generally these patients have a good prognosis. However, 5% of patients with early melanoma (<1 mm thick) will have recurrence and die within 10 years, despite no evidence of local or metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. Thus, there is a need for additional prognostic markers to help identify those patients that may be at risk of recurrent disease. Many studies and several meta-analyses have compared gene and protein expression in melanocytes, naevi, primary, and metastatic melanoma in an attempt to find informative prognostic markers for these patients. However, although a large number of putative biomarkers have been described, few of these molecules are informative when used in isolation. The best approach is likely to involve a combination of molecules. We believe one approach could be to analyze the expression of a group of interacting proteins that regulate different aspects of the metastatic pathway. This is because a primary lesion expressing proteins involved in multiple stages of metastasis may be more likely to lead to secondary disease than one that does not. This review focuses on five putative biomarkers – melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), galectin-3 (gal-3), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), and paired box 3 (PAX3). The goal is to provide context around what is known about the contribution of these biomarkers to melanoma biology and metastasis. Although each of these molecules have been independently identified as likely biomarkers, it is clear from our analyses that each are closely linked with each other, with intertwined roles in melanoma biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Dye
- School of Biomedical Science & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Curtin University , Perth, WA , Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Finn OJ. Host response in tumor diagnosis and prognosis: importance of immunologists and pathologists alliance. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:315-8. [PMID: 23099314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathologists and immunologists have collaborated over many years in their efforts to understand and properly diagnose cancer. The ability of pathologists to correctly diagnose this disease was facilitated by the development of immunohistology that utilized specificity of antibodies to distinguish between normal cells and cancer cells. Further boost was provided through the advent of monoclonal antibodies. The two disciplines are now together on the brink of a paradigm shift resulting from a better understanding of the importance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis to consider not only the characteristics of the cancer cells, but also the cancer microenvironment reflecting the host response to the disease. This new immunology and pathology alliance named "Immunoscore" will advance research in both disciplines as well as benefit patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leong SPL, Mihm MC, Murphy GF, Hoon DSB, Kashani-Sabet M, Agarwala SS, Zager JS, Hauschild A, Sondak VK, Guild V, Kirkwood JM. Progression of cutaneous melanoma: implications for treatment. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:775-96. [PMID: 22892755 PMCID: PMC4311146 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The survival rates of melanoma, like any type of cancer, become worse with advancing stage. Spectrum theory is most consistent with the progression of melanoma from the primary site to the in-transit locations, regional or sentinel lymph nodes and beyond to the distant sites. Therefore, early diagnosis and surgical treatment before its spread is the most effective treatment. Recently, new approaches have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Genomic profiling and sequencing will form the basis for molecular taxonomy for more accurate subgrouping of melanoma patients in the future. New insights of molecular mechanisms of metastasis are summarized in this review article. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become a standard of care for staging primary melanoma without the need for a more morbid complete regional lymph node dissection. With recent developments in molecular biology and genomics, novel molecular targeted therapy is being developed through clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley P L Leong
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment and Department of Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yaguchi T, Goto Y, Kido K, Mochimaru H, Sakurai T, Tsukamoto N, Kudo-Saito C, Fujita T, Sumimoto H, Kawakami Y. Immune Suppression and Resistance Mediated by Constitutive Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Human Melanoma Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2110-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
15
|
Yi M, Yang J, Chen X, Li J, Li X, Wang L, Tan Y, Xiong W, Zhou M, McCarthy JB, Li G, Xiang B, Xie H. RASSF1A suppresses melanoma development by modulating apoptosis and cell-cycle progression. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2360-9. [PMID: 21660959 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor candidate gene Ras association domain family 1, isoform A (RASSF1A) encodes a microtubule-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Several studies indicate that down-regulation of RASSF1A resulting from promoter hypermethylation is a frequent epigenetic abnormality in malignant melanoma. In this study, we report that compared with melanocytes in normal skins or benign skin lesions, RASSF1A is down-regulated in melanoma tissues as well as cell lines, and its expression negatively correlates with lymph node metastasis. Following ectopic expression in RASSF1A-deficient melanoma A375 cell line, RASSF1A reduces cell viability, suppresses cell-cycle progression but enhances apoptotic cell death. In vivo, RASSF1A expression inhibits the tumorigenic potential of A375 cells in nude mice, which also correlates with decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. On the molecular level, ectopic RASSF1A expression leads to differential expression of 209 genes, including 26 down-regulated and 183 up-regulated ones. Among different signaling pathways, activation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/p38 MAP kinase signaling is essential for RASSF1A-induced mitochondrial apoptosis, and the inhibition of the Akt/p70S6 kinase/eIF4E signaling is also important for RASSF1A-mediated apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. This is the first study exploring the biological functions and the underlying mechanisms of RASSF1A during melanoma development. It also identifies potential targets for further diagnosis and clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morandi F, Corrias MV, Levreri I, Scaruffi P, Raffaghello L, Carlini B, Bocca P, Prigione I, Stigliani S, Amoroso L, Ferrone S, Pistoia V. Serum levels of cytoplasmic melanoma-associated antigen at diagnosis may predict clinical relapse in neuroblastoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1485-95. [PMID: 21660451 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) and the cytoplasmic melanoma-associated antigen (cyt-MAA/LGALS3BP) are expressed in melanoma. Their serum levels are increased in melanoma patients and correlate with clinical outcome. We investigated whether these molecules can serve as prognostic markers for neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Expression of cyt-MAA and HMW-MAA was evaluated by flow cytometry in NB cell lines, patients' neuroblasts ((FI)-NB), and short-term cultures of these latter cells (cNB). LGALS3BP gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR on (FI)-NB, cNB, and primary tumor specimens. Soluble HMW-MAA and cyt-MAA were tested by ELISA. Cyt-MAA and HMW-MAA were expressed in NB cell lines, cNB, and (FI)-NB samples. LGALS3BP gene expression was higher in primary tumors and cNB than in (FI)-NB samples. Soluble cyt-MAA, but not HMW-MAA, was detected in NB cell lines and cNBs supernatants. NB patients' serum levels of both antigens were higher than those of the healthy children. High cyt-MAA serum levels at diagnosis associated with higher incidence of relapse, independently from other known risk factors. In conclusion, both HMW-MAA and cyt-MAA antigens, and LGALS3BP gene, were expressed by NB cell lines and patients' neuroblasts, and both antigens' serum levels were increased in NB patients. Elevated serum levels of cyt-MAA at diagnosis correlated with relapse, supporting that cyt-MAA may serve as early serological biomarker to individuate patients at higher risk of relapse that may require a more careful follow-up, after being validated in a larger cohort of patients at different time-points during follow-up. Given its immunogenicity, cyt-MAA may also be a potential target for NB immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mayayo SL, Prestigio S, Maniscalco L, Rosa GL, Aricò A, Maria RD, Cavallo F, Ferrone S, Buracco P, Iussich S. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4: a biomarker and a potential immunotherapeutic target for canine malignant melanoma. Vet J 2011; 190:e26-e30. [PMID: 21482159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4), also known as high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA), is a membrane-bound chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan highly expressed by human melanoma cells. This phylogenetically conserved tumour antigen plays an important biological role in human melanoma, where it is used as a marker to diagnose forms with unusual characteristics, such as desmoplastic melanoma, and to detect melanoma cells in lymph nodes and peripheral blood, and as a target for immunotherapy because of its restricted distribution in normal tissues. To identify suitable targets to develop novel approaches of treating canine melanoma, CSPG4 was studies to see whether it is expressed in canine malignant melanomas. Immunohistochemical staining of 65 canine malignant melanomas with an anti-human CSPG4-specific antibody detected CSPG4 in 37 cases (56.9%). Positive staining was more frequent, albeit not significantly, in amelanotic compared to melanotic tumours and was statistically associated with tumours having both melanin and the epithelioid histotype. The frequency of CSPG4 expression was similar to that of other melanoma antigens used as diagnostic markers for canine malignant melanoma, such as Melan A and the protein recognized by the PNL2 monoclonal antibody. The results suggest that CSPG4 constitutes a new potential immunohistochemical marker of canine malignant melanoma and may represent an immunotherapeutic target as in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Prestigio
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Aricò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Departments of Surgery, of Immunology, and of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selina Iussich
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nguyen T, Kuo C, Nicholl MB, Sim MS, Turner RR, Morton DL, Hoon DSB. Downregulation of microRNA-29c is associated with hypermethylation of tumor-related genes and disease outcome in cutaneous melanoma. Epigenetics 2011; 6:388-94. [PMID: 21081840 PMCID: PMC3063331 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.3.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of the promoter region of tumor-related genes (TRGs) has been shown to silence gene expression during melanoma progression, whereas microRNA-29(miR-29) has been found to downregulate DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B which were shown as essential to the methylation of TRGs. We hypothesized that the expression level of miR-29 is associated to TRG methylation status and may have prognostic utility in melanoma. AJCC stage I-IV cutaneous melanoma paraffin-embedded archival tissue (PEAT) specimens (n=149) were assessed. Expression of miR-29 isoforms a, b, and c were analyzed by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR). Expression of DNMT3A and DNMT3B was assessed by immunohistochemistry(IHC) on defined clinically annotated tissue microarrays (TMA) of AJCC stage III melanoma lymph node metastases. Promoter region CpG island methylation status of RASSF1A, TFPI-2, RAR-β, SOCS, GATA4 and genomic repeat sequence MINT17 and MINT31 were previously evaluated in melanoma tissues. Only miR-29c isoform expression was correlated to advancing AJCC stages in melanoma. miR-29c expression was significantly downregulated in AJCC stage IV melanoma tumors compared to primary melanomas. Hypermethylation status of TRGs and non-coding MINT loci in different stages of melanoma showed an inverse association with miR-29c expression. Overall, an increase in miR-29c expression inversely correlated to both DNMT3A and DNMT3B protein expression in melanomas. Expression of DNMT3B and miR-29c were significantly (p=0.004 and p=0.002, respectively) associated with overall survival(OS) in AJCC stage III melanoma patients by multivariate analysis. The studies demonstrated that both miR-29c and DNMT3B have significant roles in melanoma progression, and may be useful epigenetic biomarkers for disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Scolyer RA, Murali R, McCarthy SW, Thompson JF. Histologically ambiguous ("borderline") primary cutaneous melanocytic tumors: approaches to patient management including the roles of molecular testing and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 134:1770-7. [PMID: 21128774 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0612-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that the pathologic diagnosis of melanocytic tumors can sometimes be difficult. For some atypical melanocytic tumors that do not display clear-cut features of malignancy, it may be difficult or impossible to exclude a diagnosis of melanoma; this includes those showing some resemblance to Spitz nevi, blue nevi, deep penetrating nevi, and possible nevoid melanomas. When there is uncertainty about whether a primary melanocytic tumor is a nevus or a melanoma, we recommend that a second opinion be sought from one or more experienced colleagues. If diagnostic uncertainty persists, the evidence for or against the various differential diagnostic considerations should be presented in the pathology report and a "most likely" or "favored" diagnosis given. Molecular testing of the primary tumor by using techniques such as comparative genomic hybridization or fluorescence in situ hybridization may assist in establishing a diagnosis of melanoma if multiple chromosomal aberrations are identified. However, these tests require further independent validation and are not widely available at present. Complete excision of the lesion is probably mandatory, but plans for further management should be formulated on a case-by-case basis. While the safest course of action will usually be to manage the tumor as if it were a melanoma (taking into account the tumor's thickness and other prognostic variables), this may not always be appropriate, particularly if it is located in a cosmetically sensitive site such as the face. In some cases, it may be appropriate for the surgical oncologist to convey the diagnostic uncertainty to patients and to present them with management choices so that they can decide whether they wish to be managed aggressively (as for a melanoma) or conservatively. While a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be recommended on the basis of the primary tumor characteristics, the clinical significance of lymph node involvement for these tumors is not yet clear, and it may not have the same prognostic implications as nodal involvement from an unequivocal "conventional" melanoma.
Collapse
|
20
|
Balakrishnan MP, Cilenti L, Ambivero C, Goto Y, Takata M, Turkson J, Li XS, Zervos AS. THAP5 is a DNA-binding transcriptional repressor that is regulated in melanoma cells during DNA damage-induced cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:195-200. [PMID: 21110952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
THAP5 was originally isolated as a specific interactor and substrate of the mitochondrial pro-apoptotic Omi/HtrA2 protease. It is a human zinc finger protein characterized by a restricted pattern of expression and the lack of orthologs in mouse and rat. The biological function of THAP5 is unknown but our previous studies suggest it could regulate G2/M transition in kidney cells and could be involved in human cardiomyocyte cell death associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this report, we expanded our studies on the properties and function of THAP5 in human melanoma cells. THAP5 was expressed in primary human melanocytes as well as in all melanoma cell lines that were tested. THAP5 protein level was significantly induced by UV irradiation or cisplatin treatment, conditions known to cause DNA damage. The induction of THAP5 correlated with a significant increase in apoptotic cell death. In addition, we show that THAP5 is a nuclear protein that could recognize and bind a specific DNA motif. THAP5 could also repress the transcription of a reporter gene in a heterologous system. Our work suggests that THAP5 is a DNA-binding protein and a transcriptional repressor. Furthermore, THAP5 has a pro-apoptotic function and it was induced in melanoma cells under conditions that promoted cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi P Balakrishnan
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meeting Report. J Immunother 2010; 33:659-62. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181eccbf7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
We have earlier shown that the 9.2.27 Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) immunotoxin (IT) efficiently kills melanoma cells through inhibition of protein synthesis followed by some morphologic and biochemical features of apoptosis, a different cell killing mechanism than the one caused by Dacarbazine (DTIC), a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat malignant melanoma. To examine whether induced DTIC resistance also is a determining factor for the effectiveness of 9.2.27PE IT, we developed a DTIC resistant subline, FEMX-200DR, from the DTIC sensitive cell line FEMX. The cell variants were treated with 9.2.27PE, an IT binding to the high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen (HMW-MAA) expressed on most malignant melanoma cells. The IT was equally effective in killing the FEMX-200DR and the FEMX cells, and the cell death was primarily caused by inhibition of protein synthesis. The DNA repair enzyme and apoptotic marker PARP, a substrate of caspase-3, was inactivated, although we observed only a minor activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, intracellular proteases involved in apoptosis. In addition to being DTIC resistant, the FEMX-200DR cells were also more resistant to apoptosis than the parent cells as a 3 times higher concentration of the apoptotic inducer Staurosporine was needed to obtain IC50. Furthermore, in early passage malignant melanoma cell lines established from lymph node metastases, the 9.2.27PE caused a time-dependent and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability independent of their DTIC sensitivity. These findings show that the 9.2.27PE IT efficiently can cause cell death in malignant melanoma cells independent of their level of resistance to apoptosis and DTIC.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cheung MC, Revers L, Perampalam S, Wei X, Kiarash R, Green DE, Abdul-Wahid A, Gariépy J. An evolved ribosome-inactivating protein targets and kills human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:28. [PMID: 20128926 PMCID: PMC2828990 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few treatment options exist for patients with metastatic melanoma, resulting in poor prognosis. One standard treatment, dacarbazine (DTIC), shows low response rates ranging from 15 to 25 percent with an 8-month median survival time. The development of targeted therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action may improve patient outcome. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) such as Shiga-like Toxin 1 (SLT-1) represent powerful scaffolds for developing selective anticancer agents. Here we report the discovery and properties of a single chain ribosome-inactivating protein (scRIP) derived from the cytotoxic A subunit of SLT-1 (SLT-1A), harboring the 7-amino acid peptide insertion IYSNKLM (termed SLT-1A IYSNKLM) allowing the toxin variant to selectively target and kill human melanoma cells. RESULTS SLT-1A IYSNKLM was able to kill 7 of 8 human melanoma cell lines. This scRIP binds to 518-A2 human melanoma cells with a dissociation constant of 18 nM, resulting in the blockage of protein synthesis and apoptosis in such cells. Biodistribution and imaging studies of radiolabeled SLT-1A IYSNKLM administered intravenously into SCID mice bearing a human melanoma xenograft indicate that SLT-1AI YSNKLM readily accumulates at the tumor site as opposed to non-target tissues. Furthermore, the co-administration of SLT-1A IYSNKLM with DTIC resulted in tumor regression and greatly increased survival in this mouse xenograft model in comparison to DTIC or SLT-1A IYSNKLM treatment alone (115 day median survival versus 46 and 47 days respectively; P values < 0.001). SLT-1A IYSNKLM is stable in serum and its intravenous administration resulted in modest immune responses following repeated injections in CD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the evolution of a scRIP template can lead to the discovery of novel cancer cell-targeted compounds and in the case of SLT-1A IYSNKLM can specifically kill human melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Cheung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3 M2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goto Y, Arigami T, Murali R, Scolyer RA, Tanemura A, Takata M, Turner RR, Nguyen L, Nguyen T, Morton DL, Ferone S, Hoon DSB. High molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen as a biomarker of desmoplastic melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 23:137-40. [PMID: 19968820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
25
|
Kitago M, Koyanagi K, Nakamura T, Goto Y, Faries M, O'Day SJ, Morton DL, Ferrone S, Hoon DSB. mRNA expression and BRAF mutation in circulating melanoma cells isolated from peripheral blood with high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen-specific monoclonal antibody beads. Clin Chem 2009; 55:757-64. [PMID: 19233913 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis correlates with a poor prognosis. The assessment of CTCs from blood has been difficult because of lack of a good monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against surface cell antigens to capture melanoma cells. METHODS Blood was collected prospectively from 57 melanoma patients (43 test and 14 test-development cases) and 5 healthy donors. High molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA)-specific mAbs bound to immunomagnetic beads were used to isolate CTCs. mRNA and/or DNA were extracted from CTCs. Testing for the expression of a melanoma-associated gene panel (MLANA, MAGEA3, and MITF) with qRT-PCR and for the presence of BRAFmt (a BRAF gene variant encoding the V600E mutant protein) verified the beads-isolated CTCs to be melanoma cells. A peptide nucleic acid-clamping PCR assay was used for BRAFmt analysis. RESULTS Spiking of peripheral blood cells (PBCs) with melanoma cells showed that the beads-based detection assay can detect approximately 1 melanoma cell in 5 x 10(6) PBCs. qRT-PCR analysis detected MLANA, MAGEA3, and MITF expression in 19 (44%), 29 (67%), and 19 (44%) of the patients, respectively. At least one biomarker of the panel was positive in 40 (93%) of the 43 melanoma patients. BRAFmt was detected in 17 (81%) of the 21 assessed stage IV melanoma patients. CONCLUSION The assay of bead capture coupled with the PCR has utility for assessing CTCs in melanoma patients, which can then be characterized for both genomic and transcriptome expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kitago
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang SK, Darfler MM, Nicholl MB, You J, Bemis KG, Tegeler TJ, Wang M, Wery JP, Chong KK, Nguyen L, Scolyer RA, Hoon DSB. LC/MS-based quantitative proteomic analysis of paraffin-embedded archival melanomas reveals potential proteomic biomarkers associated with metastasis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4430. [PMID: 19221597 PMCID: PMC2637971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma metastasis status is highly associated with the overall survival of patients; yet, little is known about proteomic changes during melanoma tumor progression. To better understand the changes in protein expression involved in melanoma progression and metastasis, and to identify potential biomarkers, we conducted a global quantitative proteomic analysis on archival metastatic and primary melanomas. Methodology and Findings A total of 16 metastatic and 8 primary cutaneous melanomas were assessed. Proteins were extracted from laser captured microdissected formalin fixed paraffin-embedded archival tissues by liquefying tissue cells. These preparations were analyzed by a LC/MS-based label-free protein quantification method. More than 1500 proteins were identified in the tissue lysates with a peptide ID confidence level of >75%. This approach identified 120 significant changes in protein levels. These proteins were identified from multiple peptides with high confidence identification and were expressed at significantly different levels in metastases as compared with primary melanomas (q-Value<0.05). Conclusions and Significance The differentially expressed proteins were classified by biological process or mapped into biological system networks, and several proteins were implicated by these analyses as cancer- or metastasis-related. These proteins represent potential biomarkers for tumor progression. The study successfully identified proteins that are differentially expressed in formalin fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of metastatic and primary melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Huang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Marlene M. Darfler
- Expression Pathology, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Nicholl
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Jinsam You
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kerry G. Bemis
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tony J. Tegeler
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mu Wang
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Wery
- Monarch LifeSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kelly K. Chong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Linhda Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Scolyer
- Sydney Melanoma Unit, Sydney Cancer Center, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Dave S. B. Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|