1
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Oh KS, Mahalingam M. Melanoma and Glioblastoma-Not a Serendipitous Association. Adv Anat Pathol 2023; 30:00125480-990000000-00051. [PMID: 36624550 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we came across a patient with malignant melanoma and primary glioblastoma. Given this, we parsed the literature to ascertain the relationship, if any, between these 2 malignancies. We begin with a brief overview of melanoma and glioma in isolation followed by a chronologic overview of case reports and epidemiologic studies documenting both neoplasms. This is followed by studies detailing genetic abnormalities common to both malignancies with a view to identifying unifying genetic targets for therapeutic strategies as well as to explore the possibility of a putative association and an inherited cancer susceptibility trait. From a scientific perspective, we believe we have provided evidence favoring an association between melanoma and glioma. Future studies that include documentation of additional cases, as well as a detailed molecular analyses, will lend credence to our hypothesis that the co-occurrence of these 2 conditions is likely not serendipitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shing Oh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | - Meera Mahalingam
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA-Integrated-Service-Network-1 (VISN1), West Roxbury, MA
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2
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Sabbah M, Najem A, Krayem M, Awada A, Journe F, Ghanem GE. RTK Inhibitors in Melanoma: From Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 33918490 PMCID: PMC8038208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) and PI3K/AKT (Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase and Protein Kinase B) pathways play a key role in melanoma progression and metastasis that are regulated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Although RTKs are mutated in a small percentage of melanomas, several receptors were found up regulated/altered in various stages of melanoma initiation, progression, or metastasis. Targeting RTKs remains a significant challenge in melanoma, due to their variable expression across different melanoma stages of progression and among melanoma subtypes that consequently affect response to treatment and disease progression. In this review, we discuss in details the activation mechanism of several key RTKs: type III: c-KIT (mast/stem cell growth factor receptor); type I: EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor); type VIII: HGFR (hepatocyte growth factor receptor); type V: VEGFR (Vascular endothelial growth factor), structure variants, the function of their structural domains, and their alteration and its association with melanoma initiation and progression. Furthermore, several RTK inhibitors targeting the same receptor were tested alone or in combination with other therapies, yielding variable responses among different melanoma groups. Here, we classified RTK inhibitors by families and summarized all tested drugs in melanoma indicating the rationale behind the use of these drugs in each melanoma subgroups from preclinical studies to clinical trials with a specific focus on their purpose of treatment, resulted effect, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Sabbah
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Medical Oncolgy Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
| | - Ghanem E. Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (M.S.); (A.N.); (M.K.); (F.J.)
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3
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Campion CG, Verissimo T, Cossette S, Tremblay J. Does Subtelomeric Position of COMMD5 Influence Cancer Progression? Front Oncol 2021; 11:642130. [PMID: 33768002 PMCID: PMC7985453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COMMD proteins are a family of ten pleiotropic factors which are widely conserved throughout evolution and are involved in the regulation of many cellular and physiological processes. COMMD proteins are mainly expressed in adult tissue and their downregulation has been correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in cancer. Among this family, COMMD5 emerged as a versatile modulator of tumor progression. Its expression can range from being downregulated to highly up regulated in a variety of cancer types. Accordingly, two opposing functions could be proposed for COMMD5 in cancer. Our studies supported a role for COMMD5 in the establishment and maintenance of the epithelial cell phenotype, suggesting a tumor suppressor function. However, genetic alterations leading to amplification of COMMD5 proteins have also been observed in various types of cancer, suggesting an oncogenic function. Interestingly, COMMD5 is the only member of this family that is located at the extreme end of chromosome 8, near its telomere. Here, we review some data concerning expression and role of COMMD5 and propose a novel rationale for the potential link between the subtelomeric position of COMMD5 on chromosome 8 and its contrasting functions in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole G Campion
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Verissimo
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Cossette
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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4
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Kadioglu O, Saeed MEM, Mahmoud N, Hussein Azawi SS, Rincic M, Liehr T, Efferth T. Identification of metastasis-related genes by genomic and transcriptomic studies in murine melanoma. Life Sci 2020; 267:118922. [PMID: 33358905 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We systematically characterized metastatic murine B16-F10 melanoma, a sub-line derived from murine melanoma B16-F1 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS RNA-sequencing and network analyses (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis) were performed to identify novel potential metastasis mechanisms. Chromosomal aberrations were identified by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) using all 21 murine whole chromosome painting probes. KEY FINDINGS Numerous genes were overexpressed in B16-F10 cells, some of which have been already described as being metastasis-linked. Nr5a1/sf1, a known prognostic marker for adrenal tumors, was 177-fold upregulated in B16-F10 cells compared to B16-F1 cells. Hoxb8 was 75-fold upregulated, which was previously associated with gastric cancer progression and metastasis. Ptk7, which is linked with tumorigenesis and metastasis of esophageal squamous carcinoma, was 67-fold upregulated. B16-F10 cells acquired additional chromosomal aberrations compared to B16-F1 cells, including dic(4)(pter->qter:qter->pter), +dic(6;15), +der(10)t(10;?1;16). SIGNIFICANCE In addition to well-known metastatic genes, numerous novel genes and genomic aberrations were identified, which may serve as targets for treatment in the future. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses in B16-F10 cells unraveled a range of novel metastasis mechanisms, which may also have important implications for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shaymaa S Hussein Azawi
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Martina Rincic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Chen W, Cheng P, Jiang J, Ren Y, Wu D, Xue D. Epigenomic and genomic analysis of transcriptome modulation in skin cutaneous melanoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12703-12725. [PMID: 32639949 PMCID: PMC7377867 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is characterized by both epigenetic DNA methylation (MET) abnormalities and genomic copy number variations (CNVs). The resulting transcriptome dysregulation promotes progression of many cancers. In this study, DNA copy numbers and MET, as well as mRNA expression, were examined in 466 SKCM samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our results indicate that CNVs-correlated (CNVcor) genes and MET-correlated (METcor) genes are coregulated to a remarkable degree. In addition, integrative multi-omics analysis of both METcor and CNVcor genes revealed four SKCM subtypes with differing prognoses; these subtypes were validated with independent data. Immune cell scores were markedly elevated in the iC1 subtype, which had the best prognosis. Immune cell infiltration correlated with DNA MET or CNV level in SKCM. In the iC3 subtype, which was associated with the most aggressive SKCM cases, FAM135B gene mutation frequencies were increased, while CD8A, GBP5, KIAA0040, and SAMHD1 expression were downregulated, suggesting that these genes play important roles in cancer development and immune responses. Taken together, the results of our epigenetic and genomic transcriptome modulation analysis improve our understanding of SKCM pathobiology and may aid in the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhen Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pu Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqing Ren
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Dang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xue
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Braun AD, Mengoni M, Bonifatius S, Tüting T, Gaffal E. Activated Hgf-Met Signaling Cooperates with Oncogenic BRAF to Drive Primary Cutaneous Melanomas and Angiotropic Lung Metastases in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1410-1417.e2. [PMID: 31972251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the BRAF kinase gene represent the most frequent genomic driver in acquired melanocytic nevi and in cutaneous melanomas. It is currently thought that oncogene-induced senescence and cell cycle arrest limit the ability of oncogenic BRAF to promote melanocyte proliferation in benign nevi. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that allow an oncogenic BRAF mutation to fully transform melanocytes into invasively growing melanoma cells that are able to metastasize systemically are only partially understood. In this study, we show in a genetic mouse model that constitutively enhanced Hgf-Met signaling cooperates with oncogenic BRAF to drive tumor development and metastatic spread. Activation of oncogenic BRAF in mice with transgenic Hgf overexpression and an oncogenic CDK4 germline mutation accelerated and increased the development of primary cutaneous melanomas. Primary melanomas showed considerable phenotypic heterogeneity with frequent signs of dedifferentiation. BRAF activation in Hgf-CDK4 mice also increased the number of lung metastases. Melanoma cells showed a pronounced angiotropic growth pattern both at the invasive front in primary tumors and in metastatic lesions of the lung. Taken together, our work supports the notion that activated Hgf-Met signaling and oncogenic BRAF can cooperate in melanoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dominik Braun
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Mengoni
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Bonifatius
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Gaffal
- Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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7
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Liu Y, Song Y, Ye M, Hu X, Wang ZP, Zhu X. The emerging role of WISP proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. J Transl Med 2019; 17:28. [PMID: 30651114 PMCID: PMC6335850 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein (WISP) genes, which belong to members of the CCN growth factor family, play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis and progression of a broad spectrum of human cancers. Mounting studies have identified that WISP proteins (WISP1-3) exert different biological functions in various human malignancies. Emerging evidence indicates that WISP proteins are critically involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis in cancers. Because the understanding of a direct function of WISP proteins in cancer development and progression has begun to emerge, in this review article, we describe the physiological function of WISP proteins in a variety of human cancers. Moreover, we highlight the current understanding of how the WISP protein is involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss that targeting WISP proteins could be a promising strategy for the treatment of human cancers. Hence, the regulation of WISP proteins could improve treatments for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Peter Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China. .,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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HGF/c-MET Signaling in Melanocytes and Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123844. [PMID: 30513872 PMCID: PMC6321285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/ mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-MET) signaling is involved in complex cellular programs that are important for embryonic development and tissue regeneration, but its activity is also utilized by cancer cells during tumor progression. HGF and c-MET usually mediate heterotypic cell–cell interactions, such as epithelial–mesenchymal, including tumor–stroma interactions. In the skin, dermal fibroblasts are the main source of HGF. The presence of c-MET on keratinocytes is crucial for wound healing in the skin. HGF is not released by normal melanocytes, but as melanocytes express c-MET, they are receptive to HGF, which protects them from apoptosis and stimulates their proliferation and motility. Dissimilar to melanocytes, melanoma cells not only express c-MET, but also release HGF, thus activating c-MET in an autocrine manner. Stimulation of the HGF/c-MET pathways contributes to several processes that are crucial for melanoma development, such as proliferation, survival, motility, and invasiveness, including distant metastatic niche formation. HGF might be a factor in the innate and acquired resistance of melanoma to oncoprotein-targeted drugs. It is not entirely clear whether elevated serum HGF level is associated with low progression-free survival and overall survival after treatment with targeted therapies. This review focuses on the role of HGF/c-MET signaling in melanoma with some introductory information on its function in skin and melanocytes.
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9
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Herraiz C, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Sánchez-Laorden B, García-Borrón JC. Functional interplay between secreted ligands and receptors in melanoma. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 78:73-84. [PMID: 28676423 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, results from the malignant transformation of melanocytes located in the basement membrane separating the epidermal and dermal skin compartments. Cutaneous melanoma is often initiated by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced mutations. Melanocytes intimately interact with keratinocytes, which provide growth factors and melanocortin peptides acting as paracrine regulators of proliferation and differentiation. Keratinocyte-derived melanocortins activate melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) to protect melanocytes from the carcinogenic effect of UVR. Accordingly, MC1R is a major determinant of susceptibility to melanoma. Despite extensive phenotypic heterogeneity and high mutation loads, the molecular basis of melanomagenesis and the molecules mediating the crosstalk between melanoma and stromal cells are relatively well understood. Mutations of intracellular effectors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling, notably NRAS and BRAF, are major driver events more frequent than mutations in RTKs. Nevertheless, melanomas often display aberrant signalling from RTKs such as KIT, ERRB1-4, FGFR, MET and PDGFR, which contribute to disease progression and resistance to targeted therapies. Progress has also been made to unravel the role of the tumour secretome in preparing the metastatic niche. However, key aspects of the melanoma-stroma interplay, such as the molecular determinants of dormancy, remain poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Herraiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Celia Jiménez-Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Berta Sánchez-Laorden
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - José C García-Borrón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
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10
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Fluorescence in situ hybridisation as an ancillary tool in the diagnosis of acral melanoma: a review of 44 cases. Pathology 2017; 49:740-749. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Mahas A, Potluri K, Kent MN, Naik S, Markey M. Copy number variation in archival melanoma biopsies versus benign melanocytic lesions. Cancer Biomark 2017; 16:575-97. [PMID: 27002761 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin melanocytes can give rise to benign and malignant neoplasms. Discrimination of an early melanoma from an unusual/atypical benign nevus can represent a significant challenge. However, previous studies have shown that in contrast to benign nevi, melanoma demonstrates pervasive chromosomal aberrations. OBJECTIVE This substantial difference between melanoma and benign nevi can be exploited to discriminate between melanoma and benign nevi. METHODS Array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is an approach that can be used on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to assess the entire genome for the presence of changes in DNA copy number. In this study, high resolution, genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were utilized to perform comprehensive and detailed analyses of recurrent copy number aberrations in 41 melanoma samples in comparison with 21 benign nevi. RESULTS We found statistically significant copy number gains and losses within melanoma samples. Some of the identified aberrations are previously implicated in melanoma. Moreover, novel regions of copy number alterations were identified, revealing new candidate genes potentially involved in melanoma pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings can help improve melanoma diagnosis and introduce novel melanoma therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Keerti Potluri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael N Kent
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA.,Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Sameep Naik
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Michael Markey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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12
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Ratnikov BI, Scott DA, Osterman AL, Smith JW, Ronai ZA. Metabolic rewiring in melanoma. Oncogene 2016; 36:147-157. [PMID: 27270434 PMCID: PMC5140782 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogene-driven metabolic rewiring is an adaptation to low nutrient and oxygen conditions in the tumor microenvironment that enables cancer cells of diverse origin to hyperproliferate. Aerobic glycolysis and enhanced reliance on glutamine utilization are prime examples of such rewiring. However, tissue of origin as well as specific genetic and epigenetic changes determines gene expression profiles underlying these metabolic alterations in specific cancers. In melanoma, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway driven by mutant BRAF or NRAS is a primary cause of malignant transformation. Activity of the MAPK pathway, as well as other factors, such as HIF1α, Myc and MITF, are among those that control the balance between non-oxidative and oxidative branches of central carbon metabolism. Here, we discuss the nature of metabolic alterations that underlie melanoma development and affect its response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Ratnikov
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - D A Scott
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - A L Osterman
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - J W Smith
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Z A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla CA, USA
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13
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The HGF-cMET signaling pathway in conferring stromal-induced BRAF-inhibitor resistance in melanoma. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:470-8. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Bennett DC. Genetics of melanoma progression: the rise and fall of cell senescence. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 29:122-40. [PMID: 26386262 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are many links between cell senescence and the genetics of melanoma, meaning both familial susceptibility and somatic-genetic changes in sporadic melanoma. For example, CDKN2A, the best-known melanoma susceptibility gene, encodes two effectors of cell senescence, while other familial melanoma genes are related to telomeres and their maintenance. This article aimed to analyze our current knowledge of the genetic or epigenetic driver changes necessary to generate a cutaneous metastatic melanoma, the commonest order in which these occur, and the relation of these changes to the biology and pathology of melanoma progression. Emphasis is laid on the role of cell senescence and the escape from senescence leading to cellular immortality, the ability to divide indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
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15
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Hong DS, Rosen P, Lockhart AC, Fu S, Janku F, Kurzrock R, Khan R, Amore B, Caudillo I, Deng H, Hwang YC, Loberg R, Ngarmchamnanrith G, Beaupre DM, Lee P. A first-in-human study of AMG 208, an oral MET inhibitor, in adult patients with advanced solid tumors. Oncotarget 2015; 6:18693-706. [PMID: 26155941 PMCID: PMC4621921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This first-in-human study evaluated AMG 208, a small-molecule MET inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Three to nine patients were enrolled into one of seven AMG 208 dose cohorts (25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 mg). Patients received AMG 208 orally on days 1 and days 4-28 once daily. The primary objectives were to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of AMG 208. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were enrolled. Six dose-limiting toxicities were observed: grade 3 increased aspartate aminotransferase (200 mg), grade 3 thrombocytopenia (200 mg), grade 4 acute myocardial infarction (300 mg), grade 3 prolonged QT (300 mg), and two cases of grade 3 hypertension (400 mg). The MTD was not reached. The most frequent grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse event was anemia (n = 3) followed by hypertension, prolonged QT, and thrombocytopenia (two patients each). AMG 208 exposure increased linearly with dose; mean plasma half-life estimates were 21.4-68.7 hours. One complete response (prostate cancer) and three partial responses (two in prostate cancer, one in kidney cancer) were observed. CONCLUSIONS In this study, AMG 208 had manageable toxicities and showed evidence of antitumor activity, particularly in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Rosen
- Tower Cancer Research Foundation, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
| | | | - Siqing Fu
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Rabia Khan
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Lee
- Tower Cancer Research Foundation, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
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16
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van den Hurk K, Balint B, Toomey S, O'Leary PC, Unwin L, Sheahan K, McDermott EW, Murphy I, van den Oord JJ, Rafferty M, FitzGerald DM, Moran J, Cummins R, MacEneaney O, Kay EW, O'Brien CP, Finn SP, Heffron CCBB, Murphy M, Yela R, Power DG, Regan PJ, McDermott CM, O'Keeffe A, Orosz Z, Donnellan PP, Crown JP, Hennessy BT, Gallagher WM. High-throughput oncogene mutation profiling shows demographic differences in BRAF mutation rates among melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:189-99. [PMID: 25746038 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of advances in targeted therapies, the clinical evaluation of cutaneous melanoma is increasingly based on a combination of traditional histopathology and molecular pathology. Therefore, it is necessary to expand our knowledge of the molecular events that accompany the development and progression of melanoma to optimize clinical management. The central objective of this study was to increase our knowledge of the mutational events that complement melanoma progression. High-throughput genotyping was adapted to query 159 known single nucleotide mutations in 33 cancer-related genes across two melanoma cohorts from Ireland (n=94) and Belgium (n=60). Results were correlated with various clinicopathological characteristics. A total of 23 mutations in 12 genes were identified, that is--BRAF, NRAS, MET, PHLPP2, PIK3R1, IDH1, KIT, STK11, CTNNB1, JAK2, ALK, and GNAS. Unexpectedly, we discovered significant differences in BRAF, MET, and PIK3R1 mutations between the cohorts. That is, cases from Ireland showed significantly lower (P<0.001) BRAF(V600E) mutation rates (19%) compared with the mutation frequency observed in Belgian patients (43%). Moreover, MET mutations were detected in 12% of Irish cases, whereas none of the Belgian patients harbored these mutations, and Irish patients significantly more often (P=0.027) had PIK3R1-mutant (33%) melanoma versus 17% of Belgian cases. The low incidence of BRAF(V600E)(-) mutant melanoma among Irish patients was confirmed in five independent Irish cohorts, and in total, only 165 of 689 (24%) Irish cases carried mutant BRAF(V600E). Together, our data show that melanoma-driving mutations vary by demographic area, which has important implications for the clinical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van den Hurk
- aOncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD bDepartment of Medical Oncology, Royal College of Surgeons cUCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin Departments of dPathology eSurgery fMedical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital gDepartment of Histopathology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital hDepartment of Histopathology, St James's Hospital iDepartment of Histopathology, Trinity College, Dublin jDepartment of Pathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork Departments of kSurgery lMedical Oncology, University Hospital Galway mDepartment of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway nDepartment of Histopathology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland oDepartment of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands pLaboratory of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Shtivelman E, Davies MA, Hwu P, Yang J, Lotem M, Oren M, Flaherty KT, Fisher DE. Pathways and therapeutic targets in melanoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:1701-52. [PMID: 24743024 PMCID: PMC4039128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent years tremendous advances have been made in treatments. Chemotherapy provided little benefit in these patients, but development of targeted and new immune approaches made radical changes in prognosis. This would not have happened without remarkable advances in understanding the biology of disease and tremendous progress in the genomic (and other "omics") scale analyses of tumors. The big problems facing the field are no longer focused exclusively on the development of new treatment modalities, though this is a very busy area of clinical research. The focus shifted now to understanding and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies, and understanding the underlying causes of the heterogeneous responses to immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Yang
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michal Lotem
- Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David E. Fisher
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Kudchadkar R, Gibney G, Sondak VK. Integrating molecular biomarkers into current clinical management in melanoma. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:27-42. [PMID: 24258972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Personalized melanoma medicine has progressed from histopathologic features to serum markers to molecular profiles. Since the identification of activating BRAF mutations and subsequent development of drugs targeting the mutant BRAF protein, oncologists now need to incorporate prognostic and predictive biomarkers into treatment decisions for their melanoma patients. Examples include subgrouping patients by genotype profiles for targeted therapy and the development of serologic, immunohistochemical, and genotype profiles for the selection of patients for immunotherapies. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current status of BRAF mutation testing, as well as promising serologic and molecular profiles that will impact patient care. As further research helps clarify the roles of these factors, the clinical outcomes of melanoma patients promise to be greatly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Kudchadkar
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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19
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Durymanov MO, Sobolev AS. Malignant melanoma and melanocortin 1 receptor. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1228-37. [PMID: 24460937 PMCID: PMC4064721 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant melanoma still remains poorly efficient in most cases. Thus the use of specific features of these tumors for development of new therapeutic modalities is highly needed. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) overexpression on the cell surface of the vast majority of human melanomas, making MC1R a valuable marker of these tumors, is one of these features. Naturally, MC1R plays a key role in skin protection against damaging ultraviolet radiation by regulating eumelanin production. MC1R activation is involved in regulation of melanocyte cell division. This article reviews the peculiarities of regulation and expression of MC1R, melanocytes, and melanoma cells, along with the possible connection of MC1R with signaling pathways regulating proliferation of tumor cells. MC1R is a cell surface endocytic receptor, thus considered perspective for diagnostics and targeted drug delivery. A number of new therapeutic approaches that utilize MC1R, including endoradiotherapy with Auger electron and α- and β-particle emitters, photodynamic therapy, and gene therapy are now being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - T. A. Slastnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
| | - M. O. Durymanov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
| | - A. S. Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
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20
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Noonan FP, Zaidi MR, Wolnicka-Glubisz A, Anver MR, Bahn J, Wielgus A, Cadet J, Douki T, Mouret S, Tucker MA, Popratiloff A, Merlino G, De Fabo EC. Melanoma induction by ultraviolet A but not ultraviolet B radiation requires melanin pigment. Nat Commun 2012; 3:884. [PMID: 22673911 PMCID: PMC3621412 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the skin (CMM) is associated with ultraviolet radiation exposure, but the mechanisms and even the wavelengths responsible are unclear. Here we use a mammalian model to investigate melanoma formed in response to precise spectrally defined ultraviolet wavelengths and biologically relevant doses. We show that melanoma induction by ultraviolet A (320-400 nm) requires the presence of melanin pigment and is associated with oxidative DNA damage within melanocytes. In contrast, ultraviolet B radiation (280-320 nm) initiates melanoma in a pigment-independent manner associated with direct ultraviolet B DNA damage. Thus, we identified two ultraviolet wavelength-dependent pathways for the induction of CMM and describe an unexpected and significant role for melanin within the melanocyte in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances P. Noonan
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Photoimmunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
| | - M. Raza Zaidi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Photoimmunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
- Present address: Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-348, Poland (A.W.-G.)
| | - Miriam R. Anver
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jesse Bahn
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Photoimmunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
| | - Albert Wielgus
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
- Present address: Duke Eye Center, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA (A.W.)
| | - Jean Cadet
- DSM/INAC/SCIB UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF FRE CNRS 3200/Laboratoire 'Lésions des Acides Nucléiques', CEA-Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- DSM/INAC/SCIB UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF FRE CNRS 3200/Laboratoire 'Lésions des Acides Nucléiques', CEA-Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Stephane Mouret
- DSM/INAC/SCIB UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF FRE CNRS 3200/Laboratoire 'Lésions des Acides Nucléiques', CEA-Grenoble 38054, France
- Present address: Department of Toxicology and Chemical Risk, Army Institute for Biomedical Research, La Tronche 38700, France (S.M.)
| | - Margaret A. Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Office of the Vice-President, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Edward C. De Fabo
- Laboratory of Photobiology and Photoimmunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
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21
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Thu YM, Su Y, Yang J, Splittgerber R, Na S, Boyd A, Mosse C, Simons C, Richmond A. NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) modulates melanoma tumorigenesis by regulating expression of pro-survival factors through the β-catenin pathway. Oncogene 2012; 31:2580-92. [PMID: 21963849 PMCID: PMC3253179 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inducing kinase (NIK) is a MAP3K that regulates the activation of NF-κB. NIK is often highly expressed in tumor cells, including melanoma, but the significance of this in melanoma progression has been unclear. Tissue microarray analysis of NIK expression reveals that dysplastic nevi (n=22), primary (n=15) and metastatic melanoma (n=13) lesions showed a statistically significant elevation in NIK expression when compared with benign nevi (n=30). Moreover, when short hairpin RNA techniques were used to knock-down NIK, the resultant NIK-depleted melanoma cell lines exhibited decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, delayed cell cycle progression and reduced tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. As expected, when NIK was depleted there was decreased activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, whereas canonical NF-κB activation remained intact. NIK depletion also resulted in reduced expression of genes that contribute to tumor growth, including CXCR4, c-MYC and c-MET, and pro-survival factors such as BCL2 and survivin. These changes in gene expression are not fully explained by the attenuation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. Shown here for the first time is the demonstration that NIK modulates β-catenin-mediated transcription to promote expression of survivin. NIK-depleted melanoma cells exhibited downregulation of survivin as well as other β-catenin regulated genes including c-MYC, c-MET and CCND2. These data indicate that NIK mediates both β-catenin and NF-κB regulated transcription to modulate melanoma survival and growth. Thus, NIK may be a promising therapeutic target for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Mon Thu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Yingjun Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jinming Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ryan Splittgerber
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Songqing Na
- Oncology Research, Eli Lily and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Alan Boyd
- Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37204
| | - Claudio Mosse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christopher Simons
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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22
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Identification of MET and SRC activation in melanoma cell lines showing primary resistance to PLX4032. Neoplasia 2012; 13:1132-42. [PMID: 22241959 DOI: 10.1593/neo.111102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PLX4032/vemurafenib is a first-in-class small-molecule BRAF(V600E) inhibitor with clinical activity in patients with BRAF mutant melanoma. Nevertheless, drug resistance develops in treated patients, and strategies to overcome primary and acquired resistance are required. To explore the molecular mechanisms involved in primary resistance to PLX4032, we investigated its effects on cell proliferation and signaling in a panel of 27 genetically characterized patient-derived melanoma cell lines. Cell sensitivity to PLX4032 was dependent on BRAF(V600E) and independent from other gene alterations that commonly occur in melanoma such as PTEN loss, BRAF, and MITF gene amplification. Two cell lines lacking sensitivity to PLX4032 and harboring a different set of genetic alterations were studied as models of primary resistance. Treatment with the MEK inhibitor UO126 but not with PLX4032 inhibited cell growth and ERK activation. Resistance to PLX4032 was maintained after CRAF down-regulation by siRNA indicating alternative activation of MEK-ERK signaling. Genetic characterization by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and analysis of phosphotyrosine signaling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis revealed the activation of MET and SRC signaling, associated with the amplification of MET and of CTNNB1 and CCND1 genes, respectively. The combination of PLX4032 with drugs or siRNA targeting MET was effective in inhibiting cell growth and reducing cell invasion and migration in melanoma cells with MET amplification; similar effects were observed after targeting SRC in the other cell line, indicating a role for MET and SRC signaling in primary resistance to PLX4032. Our results support the development of classification of melanoma in molecular subtypes for more effective therapies.
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Abstract
The past decade has revealed that melanoma is comprised of multiple subclasses that can be categorized on the basis of key features, including the clinical stage of disease, the oncogenic molecular 'drivers', the anatomical location or the behaviour of the primary lesion and the expression of specific biomarkers. Although exercises in subclassification are not new in oncology, progress in this area has produced both conceptual and clinical breakthroughs, which, for melanoma, are unprecedented in the modern history of the disease. This Review focuses on these recent striking advances in the strategy of molecularly targeted approaches to the therapy of melanoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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24
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is sometimes difficult to distinguish from benign nevus, and ancillary confirmatory studies would be of value in selected cases. To accurately differentiate melanoma from benign nevus, we investigated the utility of chromosomal anomalies in skin biopsy specimens using multitargeted fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Skin biopsy specimens were retrospectively collected from 63 patients diagnosed with benign compound nevus (n=32) or malignant melanoma (n=31); each diagnosis was independently confirmed before study by a second dermatopathologist. Unstained tissue sections were hybridized for 30 min using fluorescence-labeled oligo-DNA probes for chromosomes 6, 7, 11, and 20. Fluorescent signals for each chromosome were enumerated in 30 cells per case. Numeric chromosomal anomalies were found in 0% (0 of 32) of normal epidermis, 6% (two of 32) of compound nevi, and 94% (29 of 31) of melanomas (nevus vs. melanoma, P<0.0001). The mean number of cells with chromosomal changes was 23 in melanoma specimens, significantly higher than that in compound nevi (P<0.0001). The most frequent chromosomal anomaly in melanoma was gain of chromosome 11, followed consecutively by gains of chromosomes 7, 20, and 6. Chromosomal anomalies detected by FISH had an overall sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 94% in the separation of nevus and melanoma. With the use of oligo-DNA probes, multitargeted FISH directed against chromosomes 6, 7, 11, and 20 is highly sensitive and specific for separation of nevus and melanoma. Unlike other traditional FISH probes, oligo-DNA probes required shorter hybridization time, allowing faster diagnostic evaluation.
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DNAJB6 chaperones PP2A mediated dephosphorylation of GSK3β to downregulate β-catenin transcription target, osteopontin. Oncogene 2012; 31:4472-83. [PMID: 22266849 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the oncoprotein, osteopontin (OPN), are associated with poor outcome of several types of cancers including melanoma. We have previously reported an important involvement of DNAJB6, a member of heat-shock protein 40 (HSP40) family, in negatively impacting tumor growth. The current study was prompted by our observations reported here which revealed a reciprocal relationship between DNAJB6 and OPN in melanoma specimens. The 'J domain' is the most conserved domain of HSP40 family of proteins. Hence, we assessed the functional role of the J domain in activities of DNAJB6. We report that the J domain of DNAJB6 is involved in mediating OPN suppression. Deletion of the J domain renders DNAJB6 incapable of impeding malignancy and suppressing OPN. Our mechanistic investigations reveal that DNAJB6 binds HSPA8 (heat-shock cognate protein, HSC70) and causes dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at Ser 9 by recruiting protein phosphatase, PP2A. This dephosphorylation activates GSK3β, leading to degradation of β-catenin and subsequent loss of TCF/LEF (T cell factor1/lymphoid enhancer factor1) activity. Deletion of the J domain abrogates assembly of this multiprotein complex and renders GSK3β inactive, thus, stabilizing β-catenin, a transcription co-activator for OPN expression. Our in-vitro and in-vivo functional analyses show that silencing OPN expression in the background of deletion of the J domain renders the resultant tumor cells less malignant despite the presence of stabilized β-catenin. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for regulation of GSK3β activity leading to inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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26
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Mitra A, Menezes ME, Pannell LK, Mulekar MS, Honkanen RE, Shevde LA, Samant RS. DNAJB6 chaperones PP2A mediated dephosphorylation of GSK3β to downregulate β-catenin transcription target, osteopontin. Oncogene 2012. [PMID: 22266849 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.623.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the oncoprotein, osteopontin (OPN), are associated with poor outcome of several types of cancers including melanoma. We have previously reported an important involvement of DNAJB6, a member of heat-shock protein 40 (HSP40) family, in negatively impacting tumor growth. The current study was prompted by our observations reported here which revealed a reciprocal relationship between DNAJB6 and OPN in melanoma specimens. The 'J domain' is the most conserved domain of HSP40 family of proteins. Hence, we assessed the functional role of the J domain in activities of DNAJB6. We report that the J domain of DNAJB6 is involved in mediating OPN suppression. Deletion of the J domain renders DNAJB6 incapable of impeding malignancy and suppressing OPN. Our mechanistic investigations reveal that DNAJB6 binds HSPA8 (heat-shock cognate protein, HSC70) and causes dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) at Ser 9 by recruiting protein phosphatase, PP2A. This dephosphorylation activates GSK3β, leading to degradation of β-catenin and subsequent loss of TCF/LEF (T cell factor1/lymphoid enhancer factor1) activity. Deletion of the J domain abrogates assembly of this multiprotein complex and renders GSK3β inactive, thus, stabilizing β-catenin, a transcription co-activator for OPN expression. Our in-vitro and in-vivo functional analyses show that silencing OPN expression in the background of deletion of the J domain renders the resultant tumor cells less malignant despite the presence of stabilized β-catenin. Thus, we have uncovered a new mechanism for regulation of GSK3β activity leading to inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitra
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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BRAF in Melanoma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Inhibition, and Resistance. J Skin Cancer 2011; 2011:423239. [PMID: 22175026 PMCID: PMC3235817 DOI: 10.1155/2011/423239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial discovery that a subset of patients with cutaneous melanoma harbor BRAF mutations, substantial research has been focused on determining the pathologic consequences of BRAF mutations, optimizing diagnostic techniques to identify these mutations, and developing therapeutic interventions to inhibit the function of this target in mutation-bearing tumors. Recently, advances have been made which are revolutionizing the standard of care for patients with BRAF mutant melanoma. This paper provides an overview on the pathogenic ramifications of mutant BRAF signaling, the latest molecular testing methods to detect BRAF mutations, and the most recent clinical data of BRAF pathway inhibitors in patients with melanoma and BRAF mutations. Finally, emerging mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibitors and ways of overcoming this resistance are discussed.
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28
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Moore MW, Gasparini R. FISH as an effective diagnostic tool for the management of challenging melanocytic lesions. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:76. [PMID: 21834951 PMCID: PMC3162533 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accuracy of melanoma diagnosis continues to challenge the pathology community, even today with sophisticated histopathologic techniques. Melanocytic lesions exhibit significant morphological heterogeneity. While the majority of biopsies can be classified as benign (nevus) or malignant (melanoma) using well-established histopathologic criteria, there exists a cohort for which the prediction of clinical behaviour and invasive or metastatic potential is difficult if not impossible to ascertain on the basis of morphological features alone. Multiple studies have shown that there is significant disagreement between pathologists and even expert dermatopathologists in the diagnosis of this subgroup of difficult melanocytic lesions. Methods A four probe FISH assay was utilized to analyse a cohort of 500 samples including 157 nevus, 176 dysplastic nevus and 167 melanoma specimens. Results Review of the lesions determined the assay identified genetic abnormalities in a total of 83.8% of melanomas, and 1.9% of nevus without atypia, while genetic abnormalities were identified in 6.3%, 6.7%, and 10.3% of nevus identified with mild, moderate and severe atypia, respectively. Conclusions Based on this study, inheritable genetic damage/instability identified by FISH testing is a hallmark of a progressive malignant process, and a valuable diagnostic tool for the identification of high risk lesions.
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Slovak ML, Bedell V, Hsu YH, Estrine DB, Nowak NJ, Delioukina ML, Weiss LM, Smith DD, Forman SJ. Molecular karyotypes of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells at disease onset reveal distinct copy number alterations in chemosensitive versus refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3443-54. [PMID: 21385932 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the recurring DNA copy number alterations (CNA) in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) using laser capture microdissected CD30(+) Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Archived tissues from 27 CD30(+) HL plus control samples were analyzed by DNA microarrays. The HL molecular karyotypes were compared with the genomic profiles of germinal center B cells and treatment outcome (chemotherapy responsive vs. primary refractory disease). RESULTS Gains and losses observed in more than 35% of HL samples were localized to 22 and 12 chromosomal regions, respectively. Frequent gains (>65%) were associated with growth and proliferation, NF-κB activation, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, and immune and lymphoid development. Frequent losses (>40%) observed encompassed tumor suppressor genes (SPRY1, NELL1, and ID4, inhibitor of DNA binding 4), transcriptional repressors (TXNIP, thioredoxin interacting protein), SKP2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2; ubiquitin ligase component), and an antagonist of NF-κB activation (PPARGC1A). In comparison to the germinal center profiles, the most frequent imbalances in HL were losses in 5p13 (AMACR, GDNF, and SKP2), and gains in 7q36 (SHH, sonic hedgehog homolog) and 9q34 (ABL1, CDK9, LCN2, and PTGES). Gains (>35%) in the HL chemoresponsive patients housed genes known to regulate T-cell trafficking or NF-κB activation (CCL22, CX3CL1, CCL17, DOK4, and IL10), whereas the refractory samples showed frequent loss of 4q27 (interleukin; IL21/IL2) and 17p12, and gain of 19q13.3 (BCL3/RELB). CONCLUSION We identified nonrandom CNAs in the molecular karyotypes of classical HL. Several recurring genetic lesions correlated with disease outcome. These findings may be useful prognostic markers in the counseling and management of patients and for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in primary refractory HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Slovak
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Hematology/Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Advani AS, Gundacker HM, Sala-Torra O, Radich JP, Lai R, Slovak ML, Lancet JE, Coutre SE, Stuart RK, Mims MP, Stiff PJ, Appelbaum FR. Southwest Oncology Group Study S0530: a phase 2 trial of clofarabine and cytarabine for relapsed or refractory acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2010; 151:430-4. [PMID: 21113977 PMCID: PMC3058291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Clofarabine and cytarabine target different steps in DNA synthesis and replication, are synergistic in vivo, and have non-overlapping toxicities, making this combination a potentially promising treatment for acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Thirty-seven patients were treated. The median age was 41 years, 44% of patients were either in ≥2nd relapse or had refractory disease and 59% of patients had poor risk cytogenetics. Six out of 36 patients (17%) achieved a complete remission with or without complete count recovery; median overall survival was 3 months. Nucleoside transporter expression did not predict outcome. This regimen lacked sufficient activity to warrant further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali S Advani
- Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Parris TZ, Danielsson A, Nemes S, Kovács A, Delle U, Fallenius G, Möllerström E, Karlsson P, Helou K. Clinical implications of gene dosage and gene expression patterns in diploid breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3860-74. [PMID: 20551037 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deregulation of key cellular pathways is fundamental for the survival and expansion of neoplastic cells. In cancer, regulation of gene transcription can be mediated in a variety of ways. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of gene dosage on gene expression patterns and the effect of other mechanisms on transcriptional levels, and to associate these genomic changes with clinicopathologic parameters. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We screened 97 invasive diploid breast tumors for DNA copy number alterations and changes in transcriptional levels using array comparative genomic hybridization and expression microarrays, respectively. RESULTS The integrative analysis identified an increase in the overall number of genetic alterations during tumor progression and 15 specific genomic regions with aberrant DNA copy numbers in at least 25% of the patient population, i.e., 1q22, 1q22-q23.1, 1q25.3, 1q32.1, 1q32.1-q32.2, 8q21.2-q21.3, 8q22.3, 8q24.3, and 16p11.2 were recurrently gained, whereas 11q25, 16q21, 16q23.3, and 17p12 were frequently lost (P < 0.01). An examination of the expression patterns of genes mapping within the detected genetic aberrations identified 47 unique genes and 1 Unigene cluster significantly correlated between the DNA and relative mRNA levels. In addition, more malignant tumors with normal gene dosage levels displayed a recurrent overexpression of UBE2C, S100A8, and CBX2, and downregulation of LOC389033, STC2, DNALI1, SCUBE2, NME5, SUSD3, SERPINA11, AZGP1, and PIP. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that the dysregulated genes identified here are critical for breast cancer initiation and progression, and could be used as novel therapeutic targets for drug development to complement classical clinicopathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshima Z Parris
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, and Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gula stråket 2, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ryan D, Rafferty M, Hegarty S, O'Leary P, Faller W, Gremel G, Bergqvist M, Agnarsdottir M, Strömberg S, Kampf C, Pontén F, Millikan RC, Dervan PA, Gallagher WM. Topoisomerase I amplification in melanoma is associated with more advanced tumours and poor prognosis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:542-53. [PMID: 20465595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to examine genetic aberrations in melanoma cell lines and tissues. Array-comparative genomic hybridization revealed that the most frequent genetic changes found in melanoma cell lines were amplifications on chromosomes 7p and 20q, along with disruptions on Chr 9, 10, 11, 12, 22 and Y. Validation of the results using FISH on tissue microarrays (TMAs) identified TOP1 as being amplified in melanoma tissues. TOP1 amplification was detected in a high percentage (33%) of tumours and was associated with thicker, aggressive tumours. These results show that TOP1 amplification is associated with advanced tumours and poor prognosis in melanoma. These observations open the possibility that TOP1-targeted therapeutics may be of benefit in a particular subgroup of advanced stage melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Ryan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Tikhmyanova N, Little JL, Golemis EA. CAS proteins in normal and pathological cell growth control. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1025-48. [PMID: 19937461 PMCID: PMC2836406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CAS (Crk-associated substrate) family (BCAR1/p130Cas, NEDD9/HEF1/Cas-L, EFS/SIN and CASS4/HEPL) are integral players in normal and pathological cell biology. CAS proteins act as scaffolds to regulate protein complexes controlling migration and chemotaxis, apoptosis, cell cycle, and differentiation, and have more recently been linked to a role in progenitor cell function. Reflecting these complex functions, over-expression of CAS proteins has now been strongly linked to poor prognosis and increased metastasis in cancer, as well as resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics in multiple tumor types including breast and lung cancers, glioblastoma, and melanoma. Further, CAS proteins have also been linked to additional pathological conditions including inflammatory disorders, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as developmental defects. This review will explore the roles of the CAS proteins in normal and pathological states in the context of the many mechanistic insights into CAS protein function that have emerged in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Tikhmyanova
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Joy L. Little
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Erica A. Golemis
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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Hanna JA, Bordeaux J, Rimm DL, Agarwal S. The function, proteolytic processing, and histopathology of Met in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2009; 103:1-23. [PMID: 19854350 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(09)03001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, form a signaling network promoting cell proliferation, invasion, and survival in normal and cancer cells. Improper regulation of this pathway is attributed to many cancer types through overexpression, activating mutations, or autocrine loop formation. Many studies describe the localization of Met as membranous/cytoplasmic, but some studies using antibodies targeted to the C-terminal domain of Met report nuclear localization. This chapter seeks to highlight the histopathology and expression of Met in cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics. We also discuss recent studies of the proteolytic processing of Met and effects of the processing on the subcellular localization of Met. Finally, we comment on Met as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Vanbrocklin MW, Robinson JP, Whitwam T, Guilbeault AR, Koeman J, Swiatek PJ, Vande Woude GF, Khoury JD, Holmen SL. Met amplification and tumor progression in Cdkn2a-deficient melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:454-60. [PMID: 19422607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While many genetic alterations have been identified in melanoma, the relevant molecular events that contribute to disease progression are poorly understood. Most primary human melanomas exhibit loss of expression of the CDKN2A locus in addition to activation of the canonical mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In this study, we used a Cdkn2a-deficient mouse melanocyte cell line to screen for secondary genetic events in melanoma tumor progression. Upon investigation, intrachromosomal gene amplification of Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in melanoma progression, was identified in Cdkn2a-deficient tumors. RNA interference targeting Met in these tumor cells resulted in a significant delay in tumor growth in vivo compared with the control cells. MET expression is rarely detected in primary human melanoma but is frequently observed in metastatic disease. This study validates a role for Met activation in melanoma tumor progression in the context of Cdkn2a deficiency.
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Suzuki M, Nagura K, Igarashi H, Tao H, Midorikawa Y, Kitayama Y, Sugimura H. Copy number estimation algorithms and fluorescencein situhybridization to describe copy number alterations in human tumors. Pathol Int 2009; 59:218-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2009.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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