1
|
Tao Y, Li P, Feng C, Cao Y. New Insights into Immune Cells and Immunotherapy for Thyroid Cancer. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:1039-1064. [PMID: 37846977 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2268656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide, and the incidence of TC has gradually increased in recent decades. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common subtype and has a good prognosis. However, advanced DTC patients with recurrence, metastasis and iodine refractoriness, as well as more aggressive subtypes such as poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), still pose a great challenge for clinical management. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to explore the inherent molecular heterogeneity of different TC subtypes and the global landscape of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to find new potential therapeutic targets. Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that can be used alone or in combination with drugs targeting tumor-driven genes. This article focuses on the genomic characteristics, tumor-associated immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression of different subtypes of TC patients to provide guidance for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Tao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The 960th Hospital of the PLA, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mori Y, Nishikawa SG, Fratiloiu AR, Tsutsui M, Kataoka H, Joh T, Johnston RN. Modulation of Reoviral Cytolysis (I): Combination Therapeutics. Viruses 2023; 15:1472. [PMID: 37515160 PMCID: PMC10385176 DOI: 10.3390/v15071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with stage IV gastric cancer suffer from dismal outcomes, a challenge especially in many Asian populations and for which new therapeutic options are needed. To explore this issue, we used oncolytic reovirus in combination with currently used chemotherapeutic drugs (irinotecan, paclitaxel, and docetaxel) for the treatment of gastric and other gastrointestinal cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse model. Cell viability in vitro was quantified by WST-1 assays in human cancer cell lines treated with reovirus and/or chemotherapeutic agents. The expression of reovirus protein and caspase activity was determined by flow cytometry. For in vivo studies, athymic mice received intratumoral injections of reovirus in combination with irinotecan or paclitaxel, after which tumor size was monitored. In contrast to expectations, we found that reoviral oncolysis was only poorly correlated with Ras pathway activation. Even so, the combination of reovirus with chemotherapeutic agents showed synergistic cytopathic effects in vitro, plus enhanced reovirus replication and apoptosis. In vivo experiments showed that reovirus alone can reduce tumor size and that the combination of reovirus with chemotherapeutic agents enhances this effect. Thus, we find that oncolytic reovirus therapy is effective against gastric cancer. Moreover, the combination of reovirus and chemotherapeutic agents synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity in human gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Our data support the use of reovirus in combination with chemotherapy in further clinical trials, and highlight the need for better biomarkers for reoviral oncolytic responsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mori
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Sandra G Nishikawa
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andreea R Fratiloiu
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mio Tsutsui
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Randal N Johnston
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng X, Shen Y, Yi M, Zhang C, Zhao B, Zhong G, Xue D, Leng Q, Ding J, Zhao R, Jia W, Dong C, Dai Z. Combination of novel oncolytic herpesvirus with paclitaxel as an efficient strategy for breast cancer therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28768. [PMID: 37212336 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New strategies are needed to improve the treatment of patients with breast cancer (BC). Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising new tool for cancer treatment but still has a limited overall durable antitumor response. A novel replicable recombinant oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 called VG161 has been developed and has demonstrated antitumor effects in several cancers. Here, we explored the efficacy and the antitumor immune response of VG161 cotreatment with paclitaxel (PTX) which as a novel oncolytic viral immunotherapy for BC. METHODS The antitumor effect of VG161 and PTX was confirmed in a BC xenograft mouse model. The immunostimulatory pathways were tested by RNA-seq and the remodeling of tumor microenvironment was detected by Flow cytometry analysis or Immunohistochemistry. Pulmonary lesions were analyzed by the EMT6-Luc BC model. RESULTS In this report, we demonstrate that VG161 can significantly represses BC growth and elicit a robust antitumor immune response in a mouse model. The effect is amplified when combined with PTX treatment. The antitumor effect is associated with the infiltration of lymphoid cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells (expressing TNF and IFN-γ), and myeloid cells, including macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and dendritic cell cells. Additionally, VG161 cotreatment with PTX showed a significant reduction in BC lung metastasis, which may result from the enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses. CONCLUSIONS The combination of PTX and VG161 is effective for repressing BC growth by inducing proinflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment and reducing BC pulmonary metastasis. These data will provide a new strategy and valuable insight for oncolytic virus therapy applications in primary solid or metastatic BC tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Deng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinan Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaomei Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guansheng Zhong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dixuan Xue
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Leng
- Department of Geriatics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Zhao
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Jia
- Shanghai Virogin Biotech Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- CNBG-Virogin Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Xu J, Yao T, Ding J, Li S, Su R, Zhang H, Li H, Yue Q, Gao X. Cryo-Shocked Cancer Cells as an Oncolytic Adenovirus Reservoir for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:67-76. [PMID: 36508395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common type of primary brain tumor, which has a high recurrence rate and a high mortality rate. Immunotherapy shows promise in cancer therapy due to its capacity to manipulate the immune system to attack tumor cells with less toxic and durable immune responses. However, the low immunogenicity and limited immune cell infiltration in a glioblastoma lead to a weakened antitumor immune response, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic efficacy. A compelling solution is provided by oncolytic adenovirus (OAs), which can selectively replicate within tumor cells while simultaneously promoting antitumor immunity. Herein, we constructed an oncolytic adenovirus reservoir (OAR) by shocking OA-loaded tumor cells in liquid nitrogen to eliminate proliferation and pathogenicity. OARs showed sustained OAs release and effectively lysed tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In a mouse intracranial glioblastoma model, OARs could efficiently induce dendritic cells' maturation, facilitate the tumor recruitment, and promote the infiltration of cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes via a single treatment, resulting in specific antitumor immune responses and long-term animal survival. Taken together, these results demonstrated that OAR is a promising synergistic therapeutic strategy for treating glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tingting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junqiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education and PLA, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Runping Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Qi Yue
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xihui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zou H, Mou X, Zhu B. Combining of Oncolytic Virotherapy and Other Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Cancer: A Powerful Functionalization Tactic. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200094. [PMID: 36618103 PMCID: PMC9818137 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have found a good place in the treatment of cancer. Administering oncolytic viruses directly or by applying genetic changes can be effective in cancer treatment through the lysis of tumor cells and, in some cases, by inducing immune system responses. Moreover, oncolytic viruses induce antitumor immune responses via releasing tumor antigens in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affect tumor cell growth and metabolism. Despite the success of virotherapy in cancer therapies, there are several challenges and limitations, such as immunosuppressive TME, lack of effective penetration into tumor tissue, low efficiency in hypoxia, antiviral immune responses, and off-targeting. Evidence suggests that oncolytic viruses combined with cancer immunotherapy-based methods such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies can effectively overcome these challenges. This review summarizes the latest data on the use of oncolytic viruses for the treatment of cancer and the challenges of this method. Additionally, the effectiveness of mono, dual, and triple therapies using oncolytic viruses and other anticancer agents has been discussed based on the latest findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zou
- Department of Critical CareFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Xiao‐Zhou Mou
- General SurgeryCancer CenterDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Minimally Invasive SurgeryZhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College)Hangzhou310014China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Therapy of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhou310014China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Department of Critical CareFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naumenko VA, Stepanenko AA, Lipatova AV, Vishnevskiy DA, Chekhonin VP. Infection of non-cancer cells: A barrier or support for oncolytic virotherapy? MOLECULAR THERAPY - ONCOLYTICS 2022; 24:663-682. [PMID: 35284629 PMCID: PMC8898763 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are designed to specifically target cancer cells, sparing normal cells. Although numerous studies demonstrate the ability of oncolytic viruses to infect a wide range of non-tumor cells, the significance of this phenomenon for cancer virotherapy is poorly understood. To fill the gap, we summarize the data on infection of non-cancer targets by oncolytic viruses with a special focus on tumor microenvironment and secondary lymphoid tissues. The review aims to address two major questions: how do attenuated viruses manage to infect normal cells, and whether it is of importance for oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Naumenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Corresponding author Victor A. Naumenko, PhD, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia.
| | - Aleksei A. Stepanenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasiia V. Lipatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Vishnevskiy
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spiesschaert B, Angerer K, Park J, Wollmann G. Combining Oncolytic Viruses and Small Molecule Therapeutics: Mutual Benefits. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3386. [PMID: 34298601 PMCID: PMC8306439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of treating cancer with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has increasingly shifted towards achieving efficacy through the induction and augmentation of an antitumor immune response. However, innate antiviral responses can limit the activity of many OVs within the tumor and several immunosuppressive factors can hamper any subsequent antitumor immune responses. In recent decades, numerous small molecule compounds that either inhibit the immunosuppressive features of tumor cells or antagonize antiviral immunity have been developed and tested for. Here we comprehensively review small molecule compounds that can achieve therapeutic synergy with OVs. We also elaborate on the mechanisms by which these treatments elicit anti-tumor effects as monotherapies and how these complement OV treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6063 Rum, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Park
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang E, Bu J, Ding L, Lou JWH, Valic MS, Cheng MHY, Rosilio V, Chen J, Zheng G. Porphyrin-lipid stabilized paclitaxel nanoemulsion for combined photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:154. [PMID: 34034749 PMCID: PMC8147067 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyrin-lipids are versatile building blocks that enable cancer theranostics and have been applied to create several multimodal nanoparticle platforms, including liposome-like porphysome (aqueous-core), porphyrin nanodroplet (liquefied gas-core), and ultrasmall porphyrin lipoproteins. Here, we used porphyrin-lipid to stabilize the water/oil interface to create porphyrin-lipid nanoemulsions with paclitaxel loaded in the oil core (PLNE-PTX), facilitating combination photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy in one platform. Results PTX (3.1 wt%) and porphyrin (18.3 wt%) were loaded efficiently into PLNE-PTX, forming spherical core–shell nanoemulsions with a diameter of 120 nm. PLNE-PTX demonstrated stability in systemic delivery, resulting in high tumor accumulation (~ 5.4 ID %/g) in KB-tumor bearing mice. PLNE-PTX combination therapy inhibited tumor growth (78%) in an additive manner, compared with monotherapy PDT (44%) or chemotherapy (46%) 16 days post-treatment. Furthermore, a fourfold reduced PTX dose (1.8 mg PTX/kg) in PLNE-PTX combination therapy platform demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy to Taxol at a dose of 7.2 mg PTX/kg, which can reduce side effects. Moreover, the intrinsic fluorescence of PLNE-PTX enabled real-time tracking of nanoparticles to the tumor, which can help inform treatment planning. Conclusion PLNE-PTX combining PDT and chemotherapy in a single platform enables superior anti-tumor effects and holds potential to reduce side effects associated with monotherapy chemotherapy. The inherent imaging modality of PLNE-PTX enables real-time tracking and permits spatial and temporal regulation to improve cancer treatment. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00898-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enling Chang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, PMCRT 5-354, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jiachuan Bu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lili Ding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jenny W H Lou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael S Valic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, PMCRT 5-354, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Miffy H Y Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, PMCRT 5-354, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiong L, Lin XM, Nie JH, Ye HS, Liu J. Resveratrol and its Nanoparticle suppress Doxorubicin/Docetaxel-resistant anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells in vitro and in vivo. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:143-154. [PMID: 33457193 PMCID: PMC7806457 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.53844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Docetaxel and doxorubicin combination has been widely used in anaplastic thyroid cancer/ATC treatment but often results in serious adverse effects and drug resistance. Resveratrol effectively inhibits ATC cell proliferation in vitro without affecting the corresponding normal cells, while its in vivo anti-ATC effects especially on the ones with docetaxel/doxorubicin-resistance have not been reported due to its low bioavailability. Nanoparticles with sustained-release and cancer-targeting features may overcome this therapeutic bottleneck. Methods: The resveratrol nanoparticles with sustained-release and IL-13Rα2-targeting capacities (Pep-1-PEG3.5k-PCL4k@Res) were prepared to improve the in vivo resveratrol bioavailability. Human THJ-16T ATC cell line was employed to establish nude mice subcutaneous transplantation model. The tumor-bearing mice were divided into four groups as Group-1, without treatment, Group-2, treated by 30 mg/kg free resveratrol, Group-3, treated by 30 mg/kg Pep-1-PEG3.5k-PCL4k@Res and Group-4, treated by 5 mg/kg docetaxel/5 mg/kg doxorubicin combination. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells in the tumor tissues. Docetaxel/doxorubicin resistant xenografts named as THJ-16T/R were isolated and subjected to 2D and 3D culture. The docetaxel/doxorubicin and resveratrol sensitivities of the original THJ-16T and THJ-16T/R cells were analyzed by multiple methods. Results: Docetaxel/doxorubicin and Pep-1-PEG3.5k-PCL4k@Res but not free resveratrol significantly delayed tumor growth (P < 0.01) and caused extensive apoptosis. The mice in docetaxel/doxorubicin-treated group suffered from weight loss (> 10%) and 2/3 of them died within 3 times of treatment and the chemotherapy was stop to avoid further animal loss. One week after drug withdrawal, the subcutaneous tumors regrew and the tumor volume increased 55.28% within 14 days. The cells isolated from the regrowing tumors (THJ-16T/R) were successfully cultured under 2D and 3D condition and underwent drug treatments. Compared with THJ-16T, the death rate of docetaxel/doxorubicin-treated THJ-16T/R population was lower (39.3% vs 18.0%), which remained almost unchanged in resveratrol-treated group (45.3% vs 49.3%). Conclusion: Resveratrol sustained-release targeting nanoparticles effectively inhibit in vivo ATC growth. Docetaxel/doxorubicin suppresses ATC xenografts but causes obvious side effects and secondary drug resistance that can be overcome by resveratrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Xiong
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Nie
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Shan Ye
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510180, China
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Crespo-Rodriguez E, Bergerhoff K, Bozhanova G, Foo S, Patin EC, Whittock H, Buus R, Haider S, Muirhead G, Thway K, Newbold K, Coffin RS, Vile RG, Kim D, McLaughlin M, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ, Pedersen M. Combining BRAF inhibition with oncolytic herpes simplex virus enhances the immune-mediated antitumor therapy of BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000698. [PMID: 32759235 PMCID: PMC7445339 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggressive clinical behavior of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers (PDTC and ATC) has proven challenging to treat, and survival beyond a few months from diagnosis is rare. Although 30%-60% of these tumors contain mutations in the BRAF gene, inhibitors designed specifically to target oncogenic BRAF have shown limited and only short-lasting therapeutic benefits as single agents, thus highlighting the need for improved treatment strategies, including novel combinations. METHODS Using a BRAFV600E-driven mouse model of ATC, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the combination of BRAF inhibition and oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV). Analyses of samples from tumor-bearing mice were performed to immunologically characterize the effects of different treatments. These immune data were used to inform the incorporation of immune checkpoint inhibitors into triple combination therapies. RESULTS We characterized the immune landscape in vivo following BRAF inhibitor treatment and detected only modest immune changes. We, therefore, hypothesized that the addition of oncolytic virotherapy to BRAF inhibition in thyroid cancer would create a more favorable tumor immune microenvironment, boost the inflammatory status of tumors and improve BRAF inhibitor therapy. First, we showed that thyroid cancer cells were susceptible to infection with oHSV and that this process was associated with activation of the immune tumor microenvironment in vivo. Next, we showed improved therapeutic responses when combining oHSV and BRAF inhibition in vivo, although no synergistic effects were seen in vitro, further confirming that the dominant effect of oHSV in this context was likely immune-mediated. Importantly, both gene and protein expression data revealed an increase in activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells in the tumor in combination-treated samples. The benefit of combination oHSV and BRAF inhibitor therapy was abrogated when T cells or NK cells were depleted in vivo. In addition, we showed upregulation of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 following combined treatment and demonstrated that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis or CTLA-4 further improved combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS The combination of oHSV and BRAF inhibition significantly improved survival in a mouse model of ATC by enhancing immune-mediated antitumor effects, and triple combination therapies, including either PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade, further improved therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Galabina Bozhanova
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Foo
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Whittock
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Buus
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Muirhead
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khin Thway
- Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Newbold
- Head and Neck/Thyroid Oncology Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Dae Kim
- Head and Neck Department, St George's University Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin McLaughlin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin B, Lu B, Hsieh IY, Liang Z, Sun Z, Yi Y, Lv W, Zhao W, Li J. Synergy of GSK-J4 With Doxorubicin in KRAS-Mutant Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:632. [PMID: 32477122 PMCID: PMC7239034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the most aggressive thyroid cancer and has a poor prognosis. At present, there is no effective treatment for it. Methods Here, we used different concentrations of GSK-J4 or a combination of GSK-J4 and doxorubicin to treat human Cal-62, 8505C, and 8305C anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell lines. The in vitro experiments were performed using cell viability assays, cell cycle assays, annexin-V/PI binding assays, Transwell migration assays, and wound-healing assays. Tumor xenograft models were used to observe effects in vivo. Results The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of GSK-J4 in Cal-62 cells was 1.502 μM, and as the dose of GSK-J4 increased, more ATC cells were blocked in the G2-M and S stage. The combination of GSK-J4 and doxorubicin significantly increased the inhibitory effect on proliferation, especially in KRAS-mutant ATC cells in vivo (inhibition rate 38.0%) and in vitro (suppresses rate Fa value 0.624, CI value 0.673). The invasion and migration abilities of the KRAS-mutant cell line were inhibited at a low concentration (p < 0.05). Conclusions The combination of GSK-J4 with doxorubicin in KRAS-mutant ATC achieved tumor-suppressive effects at a low dose. The synergy of the combination of GSK-J4 and doxorubicin may make it an effective chemotherapy regimen for KRAS-mutant ATC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Institute of Urology of Shenzhen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - I-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicheng Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Lv
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hossain E, Habiba U, Yanagawa-Matsuda A, Alam A, Ahmed I, Towfik Alam M, Yasuda M, Higashino F. Advantages of Using Paclitaxel in Combination with Oncolytic Adenovirus Utilizing RNA Destabilization Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051210. [PMID: 32408515 PMCID: PMC7281177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel approach to cancer therapy. Ad-fosARE is a conditionally replicative adenovirus engineered by inserting AU-rich elements (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region of the E1A gene. In this study, we examined the oncolytic activity of Ad-fosARE and used it in a synergistic combination with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (PTX) for treating cancer cells. The expression of E1A was high in cancer cells due to stabilized E1A-ARE mRNA. As a result, the efficiency of its replication and cytolytic activity in cancer cells was higher than in normal cells. PTX treatment increased the cytoplasmic HuR relocalization in cancer cells, enhanced viral replication through elevated E1A expression, and upregulated CAR (Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor) required for viral uptake. Furthermore, PTX altered the instability of microtubules by acetylation and detyrosination, which is essential for viral internalization and trafficking to the nucleus. These results indicate that PTX can provide multiple advantages to the efficacy of Ad-fosARE both in vitro and in vivo, and provides a basis for designing novel clinical trials. Thus, this virus has a lot of benefits that are not found in other oncolytic viruses. The virus also has the potential for treating PXT-resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elora Hossain
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (E.H.); (I.A.)
| | - Umma Habiba
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;
| | - Aya Yanagawa-Matsuda
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; (A.Y.-M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Arefin Alam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan;
| | - Ishraque Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (E.H.); (I.A.)
| | - Mohammad Towfik Alam
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; (A.Y.-M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Motoaki Yasuda
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan;
| | - Fumihiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (E.H.); (I.A.)
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; (A.Y.-M.); (M.T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)11-706-4237
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Virotherapy as a Potential Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Aggressive Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101532. [PMID: 31636245 PMCID: PMC6826611 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy is a novel cancer treatment based on oncolytic viruses (OVs), which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells, without harming normal cells or tissues. Several viruses, either naturally occurring or developed through genetic engineering, are currently under investigation in clinical studies. Emerging reports suggesting the immune-stimulatory property of OVs against tumor cells further support the clinical use of OVs for the treatment of lesions lacking effective therapies. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Therefore, several groups investigated the therapeutic potential of OVs in PDTC/ATC models producing experimental data sustaining the potential clinical efficacy of OVs in these cancer models. Moreover, the presence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment further supports the potential use of OVs in ATC. In this review, we present the results of the studies evaluating the efficacy of OVs alone or in combination with other treatment options. In particular, their potential therapeutic combination with multiple kinases inhibitors (MKIs) or immune checkpoint inhibitors are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fu H, Huang L, Xu C, Zhang J, Li D, Ding L, Liu L, Dong Y, Wang W, Duan Y. Highly biocompatible thermosensitive nanocomposite gel for combined therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma via the enhancement of mitochondria related apoptosis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102062. [PMID: 31344501 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor. Surgery is the main treatment, but HCC patients have a potential risk of tumor recurrence. Besides, many limitations arise during the application of single first-line antitumor drugs. Here, we selected Pluronic F-127 and sodium alginate (SA) to prepare a thermosensitive gel (Gel). The optimal synergistic ratio of PTX and DOX on the SMMC-7721 cells was 1: 2 (w/w), calculated by the Chou-Talalay analysis. Then, PTX and DOX coloaded liposomes (PD-LPs) with such drugs ratios presented enhanced anticancer ability in vitro. Upon local injection, the PD-LPs Gel formed a nanoparticles reservoir at tumor via sol-gel transformation, while exhibiting a long-term effective anti-tumor ability in vivo. The relative tumor volume after the PD-LPs Gel treatment was reduced over 62%. Effective mitochondria related apoptosis induction was observed. Therefore, the local delivery of PD-LPs Gel can be a promising alternative method for the HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miyagawa Y, Araki K, Yamashita T, Tanaka S, Tanaka Y, Tomifuji M, Ueda Y, Yonemitsu Y, Shimada H, Shiotani A. Induction of cell fusion/apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in orthotopic mouse model by urokinase‐specific oncolytic Sendai virus. Head Neck 2019; 41:2873-2882. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Koji Araki
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryKitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Masayuki Tomifuji
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Yasuji Ueda
- Section of Gene Medicine, R&D CenterID Pharma Co., Ltd. Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yonemitsu
- R&D Laboratory for Innovative Biotherapeutics Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of SurgeryToho University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiotani
- Department of Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck SurgeryNational Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lal G, Rajala MS. Combination of Oncolytic Measles Virus Armed With BNiP3, a Pro-apoptotic Gene and Paclitaxel Induces Breast Cancer Cell Death. Front Oncol 2019; 8:676. [PMID: 30697531 PMCID: PMC6340943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer related mortality in women worldwide. Limitations of conventional anti-cancer therapies such as severe systemic side effects, narrow therapeutic index, non-specificity, and non-availability of drugs for all types of cancers has resulted in the development of various novel and targeted approaches. The use of viruses as oncolytic agents has gained momentum for the development of an efficient therapeutic platform. In this study, we have developed recombinant measles virus armed with BNiP3, a pro-apoptotic gene of human origin, as an oncolytic agent, and have demonstrated its ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells in vitro. Studies have demonstrated the potential of using oncolytic viruses in combination with conventional therapies as an efficient anti-cancer regimen. We also have explored the synergistic potential of this virus in combination with paclitaxel, and a hydrazone derivative, H2 compound as an anti-cancer agent. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, human breast cancer cell lines were used for in vitro studies to evaluate toxic effects of armed virus, rMV-BNiP3 both as a standalone therapy and in combination with paclitaxel or H2 compound, a hydrazone derivative. Generation of armed virus was confirmed by detecting the viral transcript and protein expression, while its oncolytic potential by cell viability assays. Induction of apoptosis was demonstrated by fluorescence based caspase 3 activity and flow cytometry based Annexin V/PI staining. In the current study we have demonstrated the successful generation of an oncolytic measles virus armed with BNiP3 (rMV-BNiP3) and the induction of toxic effects in rMV-BNiP3 infected cells with a curious bias toward MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to MCF-7. Infection of breast cancer cells with rMV-BNiP3 caused induction of cell death, but the combination of rMV-BNiP3 with sub-lethal doses of both paclitaxel and H2 lowered the overall viability of cancer cells. As triple negative breast tumors are highly aggressive and resistant subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis, comparative sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells toward this virus may potentially be used to develop a targeted therapy against triple negative breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Lal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Maitreyi S Rajala
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mooney R, Majid AA, Batalla-Covello J, Machado D, Liu X, Gonzaga J, Tirughana R, Hammad M, Lesniak MS, Curiel DT, Aboody KS. Enhanced Delivery of Oncolytic Adenovirus by Neural Stem Cells for Treatment of Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 12:79-92. [PMID: 30719498 PMCID: PMC6350263 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising approach for treating recurrent and/or drug-resistant ovarian cancer. However, its successful application in the clinic has been hampered by rapid immune-mediated clearance or neutralization of the virus, which reduces viral access to tumor foci. To overcome this barrier, patient-derived mesenchymal stem cells have been used to deliver virus to tumors, but variability associated with autologous cell isolations prevents this approach from being broadly clinically applicable. Here, we demonstrate the ability of an allogeneic, clonal neural stem cell (NSC) line (HB1.F3.CD21) to protect oncolytic viral cargo from neutralizing antibodies within patient ascites fluid and to deliver it to tumors within preclinical peritoneal ovarian metastases models. The viral payload used is a conditionally replication-competent adenovirus driven by the survivin promoter (CRAd-S-pk7). Because the protein survivin is highly expressed in ovarian cancer, but not in normal differentiated cells, viral replication should occur selectively in ovarian tumor cells. We found this viral agent was effective against cisplatin-resistant ovarian tumors and could be used as an adjunct treatment with cisplatin to decrease tumor burden without increasing toxicity. Collectively, our data suggest NSC-delivered CRAd-S-pk7 virotherapy holds promise for improving clinical outcome, reducing toxicities, and improving quality of life for patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Mooney
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Asma Abdul Majid
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jennifer Batalla-Covello
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Diana Machado
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xueli Liu
- Department of Information Sciences, Division of Biostatistics at the Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joanna Gonzaga
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Revathiswari Tirughana
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mohamed Hammad
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N. St. Clair Street, Suite 2210, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Division of Cancer Biology and Biologic Therapeutic Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8224, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Karen S Aboody
- Department of Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Passaro C, Somma SD, Malfitano AM, Portella G. Oncolytic virotherapy for anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer: a promise or a clinical reality? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2017-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) selectively infect and lyse cancer cells. A direct lytic effect of OVs has been theorized in the initial studies; however, the antineoplastic effect of OVs is also due to the induction of an immune response against cancer cells. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with a short survival time of about 6–12 months from the diagnosis. The lack of effective therapies has prompted to investigate the efficacy of OVs in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Different OVs have been tested in preclinical studies, either as single agents or in combinatorial treatments. In this review, the results of these studies are summarized and future perspective discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Passaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Phan M, Watson MF, Alain T, Diallo JS. Oncolytic Viruses on Drugs: Achieving Higher Therapeutic Efficacy. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1448-1467. [PMID: 30152676 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic expansion in the testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) for the treatment of cancer. OVs are unique biotherapeutics that induce multimodal responses toward tumors, from direct cytopathic effects on cancer cells, to tumor associated blood vessel disruption, and ultimately potent stimulation of anti-tumor immune activation. These agents are highly targeted and can be efficacious as cancer treatments resulting in some patients experiencing complete tumor regression and even cures from OV monotherapy. However, most patients have limited responses with viral replication in tumors often found to be modest and transient. To augment OV replication, increase bystander killing of cancer cells, and/or stimulate stronger targeted anti-cancer immune responses, drug combination approaches have taken center stage for translation to the clinic. Here we comprehensively review drugs that have been combined with OVs to increase therapeutic efficacy, examining the proposed mechanisms of action, and we discuss trends in pharmaco-viral immunotherapeutic approaches currently being investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phan
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Margaret F. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road Research Building 2, Second Floor, Room 2119, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li K, Liang J, Lin Y, Zhang H, Xiao X, Tan Y, Cai J, Zhu W, Xing F, Hu J, Yan G. A classical PKA inhibitor increases the oncolytic effect of M1 virus via activation of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48443-48455. [PMID: 27374176 PMCID: PMC5217030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging and promising treatment modality that uses replicating viruses as selective antitumor agents. Here, we report that a classical protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, synergizes with oncolytic virus M1 in various cancer cells through activation of Epac1 (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1). H89 substantially increases viral replication in refractory cancer cells, leading to unresolvable Endoplasmic Reticulum stress, and cell apoptosis. Microarray analysis indicates that H89 blunts antiviral response in refractory cancer cells through retarding the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Importantly, in vivo studies show significant antitumor effects during M1/H89 combination treatment. Overall, this study reveals a previously unappreciated role for H89 and demonstrates that activation of the Epac1 activity can improve the responsiveness of biotherapeutic agents for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yaqian Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fan Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Combination of Paclitaxel and MG1 oncolytic virus as a successful strategy for breast cancer treatment. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:83. [PMID: 27503504 PMCID: PMC4977613 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease amongst Western women. The lack of treatment options for patients with chemotherapy-resistant or recurrent cancers is pushing the field toward the rapid development of novel therapies. The use of oncolytic viruses is a promising approach for the treatment of disseminated diseases like breast cancer, with the first candidate recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in patients. In this report, we demonstrate the compatibility of oncolytic virotherapy and chemotherapy using various murine breast cancer models. This one-two punch has been explored in the past by several groups with different viruses and drugs and was shown to be a successful approach. Our strategy is to combine Paclitaxel, one of the most common drugs used to treat patients with breast cancer, and the oncolytic Rhabdovirus Maraba-MG1, a clinical trial candidate in a study currently recruiting patients with late-stage metastatic cancer. Methods We used the EMT6, 4 T1 and E0771 murine breast cancer models to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the effects of co-treatment with MG1 and Paclitaxel. Treatment-induced cytotoxicity was assessed and plaque assays, flow cytometry, microscopy and immunocytochemistry analysis were performed to quantify virus production and transgene expression. Orthotopically implanted tumors were measured during and after treatment to evaluate efficacy and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated. Results Our data demonstrate not only the compatibility of the treatments, but also their synergistic cytopathic activity. With Paclitaxel, EMT6 and 4 T1 tumors demonstrated increased virus production both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also show that Paclitaxel does not impair the safety profile of the virus treatment. Importantly, when combined, MG1 and the drug controlled tumor growth and prolonged survival. Conclusions The combination of MG1 and Paclitaxel improved efficacy in all of the breast cancer models we tested and thus is a promising alternative approach for the treatment of patients with refractory breast cancer. Our strategy has potential for rapid translation to the clinic, given the current clinical status of both agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0744-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kuryk L, Haavisto E, Garofalo M, Capasso C, Hirvinen M, Pesonen S, Ranki T, Vassilev L, Cerullo V. Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of immunogenic adenovirus ONCOS-102 (Ad5/3-D24-GM-CSF) and standard of care chemotherapy in preclinical mesothelioma model. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1883-93. [PMID: 27287512 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare cancer type caused mainly by asbestos exposure. The median overall survival time of a mesothelioma cancer patient is less than 1-year from diagnosis. Currently there are no curative treatment modalities for malignant mesothelioma, however treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can help to improve patient prognosis and increase life expectancy. Pemetrexed-Cisplatin is the only standard of care (SoC) chemotherapy for malignant mesothelioma, but the median PFS/OS (progression-free survival/overall survival) from the initiation of treatment is only up to 12 months. Therefore, new treatment strategies against malignant mesothelioma are in high demand. ONCOS-102 is a dual targeting, chimeric oncolytic adenovirus, coding for human GM-CSF. The safety and immune activating properties of ONCOS-102 have already been assessed in phase 1 study (NCT01598129). In this preclinical study, we evaluated the antineoplastic activity of combination treatment with SoC chemotherapy (Pemetrexed, Cisplatin, Carboplatin) and ONCOS-102 in xenograft BALB/c model of human malignant mesothelioma. We demonstrated that ONCOS-102 is able to induce immunogenic cell death of human mesothelioma cell lines in vitro and showed anti-tumor activity in the treatment of refractory H226 malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) xenograft model. While chemotherapy alone showed no anti-tumor activity in the mesothelioma mouse model, ONCOS-102 was able to slow down tumor growth. Interestingly, a synergistic anti-tumor effect was seen when ONCOS-102 was combined with chemotherapy regimens. These findings give a rationale for the clinical testing of ONCOS-102 in combination with first-line chemotherapy in patients suffering from malignant mesothelioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuryk
- Targovax Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research (CDR), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, 00790, Finland.,Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24 Str, Warsaw, 00-791, Poland
| | | | - Mariangela Garofalo
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research (CDR), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research (CDR), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Mari Hirvinen
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research (CDR), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Sari Pesonen
- Targovax Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Ranki
- Targovax Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Vassilev
- Oncos Therapeutics Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of ImmunoViroTherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research (CDR), University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a cancer treatment in which replication-competent viruses are used that specifically infect, replicate in and lyse malignant tumour cells, while minimizing harm to normal cells. Anecdotal evidence of the effectiveness of this strategy has existed since the late nineteenth century, but advances and innovations in biotechnological methods in the 1980s and 1990s led to a renewed interest in this type of therapy. Multiple clinical trials investigating the use of agents constructed from a wide range of viruses have since been performed, and several of these enrolled patients with urological malignancies. Data from these clinical trials and from preclinical studies revealed a number of challenges to the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy that have prompted the development of further sophisticated strategies. Urological cancers have a range of distinctive features, such as specific genetic mutations and cell surface markers, which enable improving both effectiveness and safety of oncolytic virus treatments. The strategies employed in creating advanced oncolytic agents include alteration of the virus tropism, regulating transcription and translation of viral genes, combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or gene therapy, arming viruses with factors that stimulate the immune response against tumour cells and delivery technologies to ensure that the viral agent reaches its target tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Delwar
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Prostate Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Simpson GR, Relph K, Harrington K, Melcher A, Pandha H. Cancer immunotherapy via combining oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy: recent advances. Oncolytic Virother 2016; 5:1-13. [PMID: 27579292 PMCID: PMC4996257 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are multifunctional anticancer agents with huge clinical potential, and have recently passed the randomized Phase III clinical trial hurdle. Both wild-type and engineered viruses have been selected for targeting of specific cancers, to elicit cytotoxicity, and also to generate antitumor immunity. Single-agent oncolytic virotherapy treatments have resulted in modest effects in the clinic. There is increasing interest in their combination with cytotoxic agents, radiotherapy and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Similarly to oncolytic viruses, the benefits of chemotherapeutic agents may be that they induce systemic antitumor immunity through the induction of immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. Combining these two treatment modalities has to date resulted in significant potential in vitro and in vivo synergies through various mechanisms without any apparent additional toxicities. Chemotherapy has been and will continue to be integral to the management of advanced cancers. This review therefore focuses on the potential for a number of common cytotoxic agents to be combined with clinically relevant oncolytic viruses. In many cases, this combined approach has already advanced to the clinical trial arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy R Simpson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - Kate Relph
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Targeted Therapy, The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London
| | - Alan Melcher
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Oncology and Clinical Research, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
New therapies for metastatic breast cancer patients are urgently needed. The long-term survival rates remain unacceptably low for patients with recurrent disease or disseminated metastases. In addition, existing therapies often cause a variety of debilitating side effects that severely impact quality of life. Oncolytic viruses constitute a developing therapeutic modality in which interest continues to build due to their ability to spare normal tissue while selectively destroying tumor cells. A number of different viruses have been used to develop oncolytic agents for breast cancer, including herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, vaccinia virus, measles virus, reovirus, and others. In general, clinical trials for several cancers have demonstrated excellent safety records and evidence of efficacy. However, the impressive tumor responses often observed in preclinical studies have yet to be realized in the clinic. In order for the promise of oncolytic virotherapy to be fully realized for breast cancer patients, effectiveness must be demonstrated in metastatic disease. This review provides a summary of oncolytic virotherapy strategies being developed to target metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang JN, Xu LH, Zeng WG, Hu P, Rabkin SD, Liu RR. Treatment of Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells with the G47delta Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1241-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.3.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
27
|
Passaro C, Portella G. Oncolytic virotherapy for thyroid cancer: will it translate to the clinic? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Passaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
McKenzie BA, Zemp FJ, Pisklakova A, Narendran A, McFadden G, Lun X, Kenchappa RS, Kurz EU, Forsyth PA. In vitro screen of a small molecule inhibitor drug library identifies multiple compounds that synergize with oncolytic myxoma virus against human brain tumor-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1086-94. [PMID: 25605818 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) are stem-like cells hypothesized to form a disease reservoir that mediates tumor recurrence in high-grade gliomas. Oncolytic virotherapy uses replication-competent viruses to target and kill malignant cells and has been evaluated in clinic for glioma therapy with limited results. Myxoma virus (MyxV) is a safe and highly effective oncolytic virus (OV) in conventional glioma models but, as seen with other OVs, is only modestly effective for patient-derived BTICs. The objective of this study was to determine whether MyxV treatment against human BTICs could be improved by combining chemotherapeutics and virotherapy. METHODS A 73-compound library of drug candidates in clinical use or preclinical development was screened to identify compounds that sensitize human BTICs to MyxV treatment in vitro, and synergy was evaluated mathematically in lead compounds using Chou-Talalay analyses. The effects of combination therapy on viral gene expression and viral replication were also assessed. RESULTS Eleven compounds that enhance MyxV efficacy were identified, and 6 were shown to synergize with the virus using Chou-Talalay analyses. Four of the synergistic compounds were shown to significantly increase viral gene expression, indicating a potential mechanism for synergy. Three highly synergistic compounds (axitinib, a VEGFR inhibitor; rofecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor; and pemetrexed, a folate anti-metabolite) belong to classes of compounds that have not been previously shown to synergize with oncolytic viruses in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study has identified multiple novel drug candidates that synergistically improve MyxV efficacy in a preclinical BTIC glioma model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brienne A McKenzie
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Franz J Zemp
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra Pisklakova
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Aru Narendran
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Grant McFadden
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Xueqing Lun
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Rajappa S Kenchappa
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Ebba U Kurz
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (B.A.M., F.J.Z., A.N., X.L, E.U.K, P.A.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N.); Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.N., P.A.F.); Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (E.U.K.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida (A.P., R.S.K, P.A.F.); Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Progress in oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of thyroid malignant neoplasm. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:91. [PMID: 25366264 PMCID: PMC4242545 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid malignant neoplasm develops from follicular or parafollicular thyroid cells. A higher proportion of anaplastic thyroid cancer has an adverse prognosis. New drugs are being used in clinical treatment. However, for advanced thyroid malignant neoplasm such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, the major impediment to successful control of the disease is the absence of effective therapies. Oncolytic virotherapy has significantly progressed as therapeutics in recent years. The advance is that oncolytic viruses can be designed with biological specificity to infect, replicate and lyse tumor cells. Significant advances in virotherapy have being achieved to improve the accessibility, safety and efficacy of the treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and bring together the main areas covered by these investigations for the virotherapy of thyroid malignant neoplasm. We provide an overview of the progress in virotherapy research and clinical trials, which employ virotherapy for thyroid malignant neoplasm as well as the future prospect for virotherapy of thyroid malignant neoplasms.
Collapse
|
30
|
Model-based rational design of an oncolytic virus with improved therapeutic potential. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1974. [PMID: 23764612 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are complex biological agents that interact at multiple levels with both tumour and normal tissues. Antiviral pathways induced by interferon are known to have a critical role in determining tumour cell sensitivity and normal cell resistance to infection with oncolytic viruses. Here we pursue a synthetic biology approach to identify methods that enhance antitumour activity of oncolytic viruses through suppression of interferon signalling. On the basis of the mathematical analysis of multiple strategies, we hypothesize that a positive feedback loop, established by virus-mediated expression of a soluble interferon-binding decoy receptor, increases tumour cytotoxicity without compromising normal cells. Oncolytic rhabdoviruses engineered to express a secreted interferon antagonist have improved oncolytic potential in cellular cancer models, and display improved therapeutic potential in tumour-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate the potential of this methodology in evaluating potential caveats of viral immune-evasion strategies and improving the design oncolytic viruses.
Collapse
|
31
|
Braidwood L, Graham SV, Graham A, Conner J. Oncolytic herpes viruses, chemotherapeutics, and other cancer drugs. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 2:57-74. [PMID: 27512658 PMCID: PMC4918355 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s52601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are emerging as a potential new way of treating cancers. They are selectively replication-competent viruses that propagate only in actively dividing tumor cells but not in normal cells and, as a result, destroy the tumor cells by consequence of lytic infection. At least six different oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have undergone clinical trials worldwide to date, and they have demonstrated an excellent safety profile and intimations of efficacy. The first pivotal Phase III trial with an oHSV, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec [OncoVex(GM-CSF)]), is almost complete, with extremely positive early results reported. Intuitively, therapeutically beneficial interactions between oHSV and chemotherapeutic and targeted therapeutic drugs would be limited as the virus requires actively dividing cells for maximum replication efficiency and most anticancer agents are cytotoxic or cytostatic. However, combinations of such agents display a range of responses, with antagonistic, additive, or, perhaps most surprisingly, synergistic enhancement of antitumor activity. When synergistic interactions in cancer cell killing are observed, chemotherapy dose reductions that achieve the same overall efficacy may be possible, resulting in a valuable reduction of adverse side effects. Therefore, the combination of an oHSV with "standard-of-care" drugs makes a logical and reasonable approach to improved therapy, and the addition of a targeted oncolytic therapy with "standard-of-care" drugs merits further investigation, both preclinically and in the clinic. Numerous publications report such studies of oncolytic HSV in combination with other drugs, and we review their findings here. Viral interactions with cellular hosts are complex and frequently involve intracellular signaling networks, thus creating diverse opportunities for synergistic or additive combinations with many anticancer drugs. We discuss potential mechanisms that may lead to synergistic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Braidwood
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Jarrett Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex Graham
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Atherton MJ, Lichty BD. Evolution of oncolytic viruses: novel strategies for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1191-206. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many viruses have documented oncolytic activity, with the first evidence observed clinically over a decade ago. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the field of oncolytic viruses. Viruses may be innately oncotropic, lacking the ability to cause disease in people or they may require engineering to allow selective tumor targeting and attenuation of pathogenicity. Following infection of a neoplastic cell, several events may occur, including direct viral oncolysis, apoptosis, necrotic cell death and autophagic cellular demise. Of late, a large body of work has recognized the ability of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to activate the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as directly killing tumors. The production of viruses expressing transgenes encoding for cytokines, colony-stimulating factors, costimulatory molecules and tumor-associated antigens has been able to further incite immune responses against target tumors. Multiple OVs are now in the advanced stages of clinical trials, with several individual viruses having completed their respective trials with positive results. This review introduces the multiple mechanisms by which OVs are able to act as an antineoplastic therapy, either on their own or in combination with other more traditional treatment modalities. The full benefit and the place where OVs will be integrated into standard-of-care therapies will be determined with ongoing studies ranging from the laboratory to the patient. With various different viruses now in the clinic this therapeutic option is beginning to prove its worth, and the versatility of these agents means further innovative and novel applications will continue to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Passaro C, Abagnale A, Libertini S, Volpe M, Botta G, Cella L, Pacelli R, Halldèn G, Gillespie D, Portella G. Ionizing radiation enhances dl922-947-mediated cell death of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:633-47. [PMID: 23839822 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
dl922-947 is an oncolytic adenovirus potentially suitable for the treatment of aggressive localized tumors, such as anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). In this study, we have analyzed the effects of dl922-947 in combination with ionizing radiations, testing different schedules of administration and observing synergistic effects only when ATC cells were irradiated 24 h prior to viral infection. Cells undergoing combined treatment exhibited a marked increase in cell death and viral replication, suggesting that irradiation blocks cells in a more permissive state for viral life cycle. We also show that dl922-947 triggers a DNA damage response, characterized by mobilization of the MRN complex (composed by Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1), accumulation of γH2AX, and activation of the checkpoint kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Chk1. Based on these observations, we speculate that the DNA damage response acts as a cellular protective mechanism to hinder viral infection and replication. To confirm this hypothesis, we demonstrate that the ATM inhibitor KU55933 increased the oncolytic activity of dl922-947 and its replication. Finally, we validate the potential therapeutic use of this approach by showing in vivo that the combined treatment slows tumor xenograft growth more potently than either irradiation or infection alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Passaro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wennier ST, Liu J, McFadden G. Bugs and drugs: oncolytic virotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2013; 13:1817-33. [PMID: 21740354 DOI: 10.2174/138920112800958850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single agent therapies are rarely successful in treating cancer, particularly at metastatic or end stages, and survival rates with monotherapies alone are generally poor. The combination of multiple therapies to treat cancer has already driven significant improvements in the standard of care treatments for many types of cancers. The first combination treatments exploited for cancer therapy involved the use of several cytotoxic chemotherapy agents. Later, with the development of more targeted agents, the use of novel, less toxic drugs, in combination with the more classic cytotoxic drugs has proven advantageous for certain cancer types. Recently, the combination of oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy has shown that the use of these two therapies with very distinct anti-tumor mechanisms may also lead to synergistic interactions that ultimately result in increased therapeutic effects not achievable by either therapy alone. The mechanisms of synergy between oncolytic viruses (OVs) and chemotherapeutic agents are just starting to be elucidated. It is evident, however, that the success of these OV-drug combinations depends greatly on the particular OV, the drug(s) selected, and the cancer type targeted. This review summarizes the different OV-drug combinations investigated to date, including the use of second generation armed OVs, which have been studied with the specific purpose of generating synergistic interactions with particular chemotherapy agents. The known mechanisms of synergy between these OV-drug combinations are also summarized. The importance of further investigating these mechanisms of synergy will be critical in order to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of OV-drug combination therapies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tusell Wennier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, P.O. Box 100266 Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Passer BJ, Cheema T, Wu S, Wu CL, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Combination of vinblastine and oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector expressing IL-12 therapy increases antitumor and antiangiogenic effects in prostate cancer models. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 20:17-24. [PMID: 23138870 PMCID: PMC3810211 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV)-1-based vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells causing direct killing, that is, oncolysis, while sparing normal cells. The oHSVs are promising anticancer agents, but their efficacy, when used as single agents, leaves room for improvement. We hypothesized that combining the direct oncolytic and antiangiogenic activities of the interleukin (IL)-12-secreting NV1042 oHSV with microtubule disrupting agents (MDAs) would be an effective means to enhance antitumor efficacy. Vinblastine (VB) was identified among several MDAs screened, which displayed consistent and potent cytotoxic killing of both prostate cancer and endothelial cell lines. In matrigel tube-forming assays, VB was found to be highly effective at inhibiting tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The combination of VB with NV1023 (the parental virus lacking IL-12) or NV1042 showed additive or synergistic activity against prostate cancer cell lines, and was not due to increased oHSV replication by VB. In athymic mice bearing CWR22 prostate tumors, VB in combination with NV1042 was superior to the combination of VB plus NV1023 in reducing tumor burden, appeared to be nontoxic and resulted in a statistically significant diminution in the number of CD31(+) cells as compared with other treatment groups. In human organotypic cultures using surgical samples from radical prostatectomies, both NV1023 and NV1042 were localized specifically to the epithelial cells of prostatic glands but not to the surrounding stroma. These data highlight the therapeutic advantage of combining the dual-acting antitumor and antiangiogenic activities of oHSVs and MDAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Passer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Preclinical efficacy of the oncolytic measles virus expressing the sodium iodide symporter in iodine non-avid anaplastic thyroid cancer: a novel therapeutic agent allowing noninvasive imaging and radioiodine therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:659-65. [PMID: 22790962 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an extremely aggressive disease resistant to radioiodine treatment because of loss of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expression. To enhance prognosis of this fatal cancer, we validated the preclinical efficacy of measles virus (MV)-NIS, the vaccine strain of the oncolytic MV (MV-Edm), modified to include the NIS gene. Western blotting analysis confirmed that a panel of eight anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC)-derived cell lines do not express NIS protein, but do express CD46, the MV receptor. In vitro cell death assays and in vivo xenograft studies demonstrate the oncolytic efficacy of MV-NIS in BHT-101 and KTC-3, ATC-derived cell lines. Radioactive iodine uptake along with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-computed tomography imaging of KTC-3 xenografts after (99)Tc(m) administration confirmed NIS expression in vitro and in vivo, respectively, after virus treatment. Adjuvant administration of RAI, to MV-NIS-treated KTC-3 tumors showed a trend for increased tumor cell killing. As current treatment for ATC is only palliative, and MV-NIS is currently Food and Drug Administration approved for human clinical trials in myeloma, our data indicate that targeting ATC with MV-NIS could prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy for effective treatment of iodine-resistant ATC and will expedite its testing in clinical trials for this aggressive disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Tsuji T, Nakamori M, Iwahashi M, Nakamura M, Ojima T, Iida T, Katsuda M, Hayata K, Ino Y, Todo T, Yamaue H. An armed oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing thrombospondin-1 has an enhanced in vivo antitumor effect against human gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:485-94. [PMID: 22729516 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Advanced gastric cancer is a common disease, but the conventional treatments are unsatisfactory because of the high recurrence rate. One of the promising new therapies is oncolytic virotherapy, using oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs). Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) suppresses tumor progression via multiple mechanisms including antiangiogenesis. Our approach to enhance the effects of oncolytic HSVs is to generate an armed oncolytic HSV that combines the direct viral oncolysis with TSP-1-mediated function for gastric cancer treatment. Using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system, a 3rd generation oncolytic HSV (T-TSP-1) expressing human TSP-1 was constructed for human gastric cancer treatment. The enhanced efficacy of T-TSP-1 was determined in both human gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and subcutaneous tumor xenografts of human gastric cancer cells in vivo. In addition, we examined the apoptotic effect of T-TSP-1 in vitro, and the antiangiogenic effect of T-TSP-1 in vivo compared with a non-armed 3rd generation oncolytic HSV, T-01. No apparent apoptotic induction by T-TSP-1 was observed for human gastric cancer cell lines TMK-1 cells but for MKN1 cells in vitro. Arming the viruses with TSP-1 slightly inhibited their replication in some gastric cancer cell lines, but the viral cytotoxicity was not attenuated. In addition, T-TSP-1 exhibited enhanced therapeutic efficacy and inhibition of angiogenesis compared with T-01 in vivo. In this study, we established a novel armed oncolytic HSV, T-TSP-1, which enhanced the antitumor efficacy by providing a combination of direct viral oncolysis with antiangiogenesis. Arming oncolytic HSVs may be a useful therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tsuji
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sahin TT, Kasuya H, Nomura N, Shikano T, Yamamura K, Gewen T, Kanzaki A, Fujii T, Sugae T, Imai T, Nomoto S, Takeda S, Sugimoto H, Kikumori T, Kodera Y, Nishiyama Y, Nakao A. Impact of novel oncolytic virus HF10 on cellular components of the tumor microenviroment in patients with recurrent breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 19:229-37. [PMID: 22193629 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a promising method of cancer therapy, even for advanced malignancies. HF10, a spontaneously mutated herpes simplex type 1, is a potent oncolytic agent. The interaction of oncolytic herpes viruses with the tumor microenvironment has not been well characterized. We injected HF10 into tumors of patients with recurrent breast carcinoma, and sought to determine its effects on the tumor microenvironment. Six patients with recurrent breast cancer were recruited to the study. Tumors were divided into two groups: saline-injected (control) and HF10-injected (treatment). We investigated several parameters including neovascularization (CD31) and tumor lymphocyte infiltration (CD8, CD4), determined by immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis, determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Median apoptotic cell count was lower in the treatment group (P=0.016). Angiogenesis was significantly higher in treatment group (P=0.032). Count of CD8-positive lymphocytes infiltrating the tumors was higher in the treatment group (P=0.008). We were unable to determine CD4-positive lymphocyte infiltration. An effective oncolytic viral agent must replicate efficiently in tumor cells, leading to higher viral counts, in order to aid viral penetration. HF10 seems to meet this criterion; furthermore, it induces potent antitumor immunity. The increase in angiogenesis may be due to either viral replication or the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T T Sahin
- Department of Surgery II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chung YS, Cho S, Ryou HJ, Jee HG, Choi JY, Yoon K, Choi HJ, Lee KE, Suh YJ, Oh SK, Youn YK. Is there a treatment advantage when paclitaxel and lovastatin are combined to dose anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell lines? Thyroid 2011; 21:735-44. [PMID: 21568723 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2010.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most aggressive type of thyroid carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel and lovastatin in ATC cell lines. METHODS ATC cells were treated with paclitaxel and lovastatin, separately or together, and the cytotoxicity of the compounds was determined by quantifying cell viability and apoptosis. We conducted an isobologram analysis to investigate the combined effect of the two drugs. RESULTS In 8505C cells, cellular viability was inhibited by lovastatin and paclitaxel in a concentration-dependent manner (p = 0.002 and p = 0.020, respectively). The IC(50) of lovastatin was 3.53 μM and that of paclitaxel was 5.98 nM. In BHT-101 cells, cellular viability was also inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by lovastatin and paclitaxel (p = 0.020 and p = 0.032, respectively). The IC(50) of lovastatin was 17.13 μM and that of paclitaxel was 35.26 nM. In 8505C cells, paclitaxel and lovastatin alone induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. However, both an isobologram analysis on inhibition of viability and an analysis of apoptosis demonstrated antagonism between paclitaxel and lovastatin. In BHT-101 cells, however, neither drug had an apoptotic effect when used individually. There was a variable effect when used in combination, depending on the drug concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Paclitaxel and lovastatin were cytotoxic in two ATC cell lines and increased apoptosis in 8505C cells. However, in these cells, the combination of drugs resulted in antagonism that affected both the cytotoxicity of the compounds and the apoptosis of 8505C cells. The combination of paclitaxel and lovastatin did not enhance the treatment effect in ATC cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seung Chung
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wood LW, Shillitoe EJ. Effect of a caspase inhibitor, zVADfmk, on the inhibition of breast cancer cells by herpes simplex virus type 1. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:685-94. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
41
|
Kojic SL, Strugnell SS, Wiseman SM. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of novel therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:387-402. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
42
|
Kanai R, Wakimoto H, Cheema T, Rabkin SD. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors and chemotherapy: are combinatorial strategies more effective for cancer? Future Oncol 2010; 6:619-34. [PMID: 20373873 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, cancers often recur owing to resistance to conventional therapies. Oncolytic viruses such as oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) represent an exciting biological approach to cancer therapy. A range of viral mutations has been engineered into HSV to engender oncolytic activity. While oHSV as a single agent has been tested in a number of cancer clinical trials, preclinical studies have demonstrated enhanced efficacy when it is combined with cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Among the strategies that will be discussed in this article are combinations with standard-of-care chemotherapeutics, expression of prodrug-activating enzymes to enhance chemotherapy and small-molecule inhibitors. The combination of oHSV and chemotherapy can achieve much more efficient cancer cell killing than either single agent alone, often through synergistic interactions. This can be clinically important not just for improving efficacy but also for permitting lower and less toxic chemotherapeutic doses. The viral mutations in an oHSV vector often determine the favorability of its interactions with chemotherapy, just as different cancer cells, due to genetic alterations, vary in their response to chemotherapy. As chemotherapeutics are often the standard of care, combining them with an investigational new drug, such as oHSV, is clinically easier than combining multiple novel agents. As has become clear for most cancer therapies, multimodal treatments are usually more effective. In this article, we will discuss the recent progress of these combinatorial strategies between virotherapy and chemotherapy and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kanai
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Eisenberg DP, Carpenter SG, Adusumilli PS, Chan MK, Hendershott KJ, Yu Z, Fong Y. Hyperthermia potentiates oncolytic herpes viral killing of pancreatic cancer through a heat shock protein pathway. Surgery 2010; 148:325-34. [PMID: 20633729 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is designed to specifically infect, replicate in, and lyse cancer cells. This study investigates a novel therapeutic regimen, combining the effects of NV1066 (a recombinant HSV-1) and hyperthermia in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. METHODS NV1066 is an attenuated HSV-1 that replicates in cells resistant to apoptosis. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is a member of a family of proteins that is upregulated after hyperthermic insult, lending cellular protection by inhibiting apoptosis. In these experiments, we test the hypothesis that increased Hsp72 expression in response to hyperthermia enhances anti-apoptotic mechanisms, thereby increasing viral replication and tumor cell kill. Hs 700T pancreatic cancer cells were treated with hyperthermia alone (42 degrees C), NV1066 alone, and combination therapy. Cell survival and viral growth were measured. The effect of siRNA-directed Hsp72 knockdown was also measured. RESULTS Combining hyperthermia and viral treatment produced a synergistic effect on cell kill. Viral growth increased greater than 6-fold in the presence of hyperthermia (P < .05). Hyperthermia alone showed minimal cytotoxic activity against Hs 700T cells, while NV1066 infection resulted in approximately 50% cell kill. The combination of hyperthermia and viral infection significantly increased cell kill to approximately 80% (P < .01). Hsp72 knockdown attenuated this synergistic effect. CONCLUSION Hyperthermia enhances NV1066 replication, thereby potentiating the viral oncolytic response against pancreatic cancer cells. This finding has potential clinical application in the use of heated perfusion or permissive hyperthermia for delivery of oncolytic viral therapies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Passer BJ, Cheema T, Zhou B, Wakimoto H, Zaupa C, Razmjoo M, Sarte J, Wu S, Wu CL, Noah JW, Li Q, Buolamwini JK, Yen Y, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Identification of the ENT1 antagonists dipyridamole and dilazep as amplifiers of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 replication. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3890-5. [PMID: 20424118 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells, where they kill through oncolysis while sparing normal cells. One of the drawbacks of oHSV vectors is their limited replication and spread to neighboring cancer cells. Here, we report the outcome of a high-throughput chemical library screen to identify small-molecule compounds that augment the replication of oHSV G47Delta. Of the 2,640-screened bioactives, 6 compounds were identified and subsequently validated for enhanced G47Delta replication. Two of these compounds, dipyridamole and dilazep, interfered with nucleotide metabolism by potently and directly inhibiting the equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (ENT1). Replicative amplification promoted by dipyridamole and dilazep were dependent on HSV mutations in ICP6, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. Our results indicate that ENT1 antagonists augment oHSV replication in tumor cells by increasing cellular ribonucleoside activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Passer
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jensen K, Patel A, Larin A, Hoperia V, Saji M, Bauer A, Yim K, Hemming V, Vasko V. Human herpes simplex viruses in benign and malignant thyroid tumours. J Pathol 2010; 221:193-200. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
46
|
Ishida D, Nawa A, Tanino T, Goshima F, Luo CH, Iwaki M, Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Yamamoto E, Ino K, Tsurumi T, Nishiyama Y, Kikkawa F. Enhanced cytotoxicity with a novel system combining the paclitaxel-2'-ethylcarbonate prodrug and an HSV amplicon with an attenuated replication-competent virus, HF10 as a helper virus. Cancer Lett 2009; 288:17-27. [PMID: 19604626 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that HF10, which is a natural, non-engineered HSV-1, has potent oncolytic activity in the treatment of solid malignant tumors in vitro and in vivo [H. Takakuwa, F. Goshima, N. Nozawa, T. Yoshikawa, H. Kimata, A. Nakao, et al., Oncolytic viral therapy using a spontaneously generated herpes simplex virus type 1 variant for disseminated peritoneal tumor in immunocompetent mice, Arch. Virol. 148 (2003) 813-825; S. Kohno, C. Lou, F. Goshima, Y. Nishiyama, T. Sata, Y. Ono, Herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant HF10 oncolytic viral therapy for bladder cancer, Urology 66 (2005) 1116-1121; D. Watanabe, F. Goshima, I. Mori, Y. Tamada, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Nishiyama, Oncolytic virotherapy for malignant melanoma with herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant HF10, J. Dermatol. Sci. 50 (2008) 185-196; A. Nawa, C. Luo, L. Zhang, Y. Ushijima, D. Ishida, M. Kamakura, et al., Non-engineered, naturally oncolytic herpes simplex virus HSV1 HF10: applications for cancer gene therapy, Curr. Gene. Ther. 8 (2008) 208-221]. Previous reports have also shown that a combination of HF10 and paclitaxel (TAX) was more efficacious than either regimen alone for some types of malignant tumors [S. Shimoyama, F. Goshima, O. Teshigahara, H. Kasuya, Y. Kodera, A. Nakao, et al., Enhanced efficacy of herpes simplex virus mutant HF10 combined with paclitaxel in peritoneal cancer dissemination models, Hepatogastroenterology 54 (2007) 1038-1042]. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) using a novel system that combines the paclitaxel-2'-ethylcarbonate prodrug (TAX-2'-Et) and an HSV amplicon expressing rabbit-carboxylesterase (CES) with HF10 as a helper virus. This GDEPT system aims to produce high level of CES at the tumor site, resulting in efficient local conversion of the TAX-2'-Et prodrug into the active drug TAX [A. Nawa, T. Tanino, C. Lou, M. Iwaki, H. Kajiyama, K. Shibata, et al., Gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy for ovarian cancer: could GDEPT become a promising treatment against ovarian cancer?, Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem 8 (2008) 232-239]. We demonstrated that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, as a trace maker, was more efficiently introduced by the HSV amplicon compared to the expression vector, pHGCX, and that the HSV amplicon system expressed an active CES enzyme that could convert TAX-2'-Et to TAX in Cos7 cells. Furthermore, although the cytotoxicity of this amplicon system was not enhanced in virus-sensitive tumor cells, it was significantly enhanced in low virus-sensitive tumor cells in the presence of the prodrug in a concentration-dependent manner, compared to the control virus alone (p<0.05). These results indicate that the addition of a prodrug converting enzyme may be a feasible approach to further enhance the efficacy of HF10 as a cancer therapeutics in low HF10-sensitive malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors and taxanes synergize to promote killing of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:551-60. [PMID: 19197321 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells causing direct killing whereas sparing normal cells. One clinical limitation of using oncolytic HSV vectors is their attenuated growth. We hypothesized that the appropriately chosen chemotherapeutic agent combined with an oncolytic HSV could be an effective means to promote augmented prostate cancer cell killing both in vitro and in vivo. Here we have identified that G47Delta synergizes with the microtubule-stabilizing taxane agents docetaxel and paclitaxel to enhance the in vitro killing of prostate cancer cells. In vivo efficacy studies show that when combined with docetaxel, G47Delta could be reduced at least 10-fold. Immunoblot analysis revealed that docetaxel-induced accumulation of the phospho-specific mitotic markers op18/stathmin or histone-H3 was markedly reduced by G47Delta, which correlated with enhanced apoptosis and required active viral replication. Furthermore, cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that in the presence of G47Delta, the majority of 4N cells arrested in mitosis were MPM-2-negative, indicative of cells exiting mitosis prematurely. These findings suggest that G47Delta may act in part, on mitotically blocked cells to enhance cell death, which may account for the enhanced antitumor efficacy observed in vivo.
Collapse
|