1
|
Funderburk K, Bang-Christensen SR, Miller BF, Tan H, Margolin G, Petrykowska HM, Baugher C, Farney SK, Grimm SA, Jameel N, Holland DO, Altman NS, Elnitski L. Evaluating Stacked Methylation Markers for Blood-Based Multicancer Detection. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4826. [PMID: 37835520 PMCID: PMC10571530 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect several types of cancer using a non-invasive, blood-based test holds the potential to revolutionize oncology screening. We mined tumor methylation array data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) covering 14 cancer types and identified two novel, broadly-occurring methylation markers at TLX1 and GALR1. To evaluate their performance as a generalized blood-based screening approach, along with our previously reported methylation biomarker, ZNF154, we rigorously assessed each marker individually or combined. Utilizing TCGA methylation data and applying logistic regression models within each individual cancer type, we found that the three-marker combination significantly increased the average area under the ROC curve (AUC) across the 14 tumor types compared to single markers (p = 1.158 × 10-10; Friedman test). Furthermore, we simulated dilutions of tumor DNA into healthy blood cell DNA and demonstrated increased AUC of combined markers across all dilution levels. Finally, we evaluated assay performance in bisulfite sequenced DNA from patient tumors and plasma, including early-stage samples. When combining all three markers, the assay correctly identified nine out of nine lung cancer plasma samples. In patient plasma from hepatocellular carcinoma, ZNF154 alone yielded the highest combined sensitivity and specificity values averaging 68% and 72%, whereas multiple markers could achieve higher sensitivity or specificity, but not both. Altogether, this study presents a comprehensive pipeline for the identification, testing, and validation of multi-cancer methylation biomarkers with a considerable potential for detecting a broad range of cancer types in patient blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Funderburk
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara R. Bang-Christensen
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brendan F. Miller
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hua Tan
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gennady Margolin
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hanna M. Petrykowska
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Baugher
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S. Katie Farney
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara A. Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nader Jameel
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David O. Holland
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naomi S. Altman
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Laura Elnitski
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu J, Wang X, Zhang M, Mathews P, Kang Y. RXR Agonists Enhance Lenalidomide Anti-Myeloma Activity and T Cell Functions while Retaining Glucose-Lowering Effect. Cells 2023; 12:1993. [PMID: 37566072 PMCID: PMC10417536 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimerizes with the PPAR nuclear hormone receptor and regulates its downstream events. We investigated the effects of RXR agonists (LG100754, bexarotene, AGN194204, and LG101506) on lenalidomide's anti-myeloma activity, T cell functions, and the level of glucose and lipids in vivo. Genetic overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments were conducted in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and Jurkat T cell lines to determine the roles of CRBN in RXR-agonist mediated effects. A xenograft mouse model of MM was established to determine the combination effect of LG100754 and lenalidomide. The combination of RXR agonists and lenalidomide demonstrated synergistic activity in increasing CRBN expression and killing myeloma cells. Mechanistically, the RXR agonists reduced the binding of PPARs to the CRBN promoter, thereby relieving the repressor effect of PPARs on CRBN transcription. RXR agonists downregulated the exhaustion markers and increased the activation markers of Jurkat T cells and primary human T cells. Co-administration of LG100754 and lenalidomide showed enhanced anti-tumor activity in vivo. LG100754 retained its glucose- and lipid-lowering effects. RXR agonists demonstrate potential utility in enhancing drug sensitivity and T-cell function in the treatment of myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yubin Kang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (J.W.); (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu J, Chu E, Paul B, Kang Y. Mechanistic Studies and a Retrospective Cohort Study: The Interaction between PPAR Agonists and Immunomodulatory Agents in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215272. [PMID: 36358696 PMCID: PMC9657746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists downregulated cereblon (CRBN) expression and reduced the anti-myeloma activity of lenalidomide in vitro and in vivo. We aimed to determine whether DNA methylation and protein degradation contribute to the effects of PPAR agonists. CRBN promoter methylation status was detected using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The CRBN protein degradation rate was measured using a cycloheximide chase assay. Metabolomic analysis was performed in multiple myeloma (MM) cells treated with PPAR agonists and/or lenalidomide. Our retrospective study determined the effect of co-administration of PPAR agonists with immunomodulatory drugs on the outcomes of patients with MM. CpG islands of the CRBN promoter region became highly methylated upon treatment with PPAR agonists, whereas treatment with PPAR antagonists resulted in unmethylation. The CRBN protein was rapidly degraded after treatment with PPAR agonists. Lenalidomide and fenofibrate showed opposite effects on acylcarnitines and amino acids. Co-administration of immunomodulatory drugs and PPAR agonists was associated with inferior treatment responses and poor survival. Our study provides the first evidence that PPAR agonists reduce CRBN expression through various mechanisms including inducing methylation of CRBN promoter CpG island, enhancing CRBN protein degradation, and affecting metabolomics of MM cells.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sánchez ML, Coveñas R. The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3755. [PMID: 35954419 PMCID: PMC9367524 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to show the involvement of the galaninergic system in neuroendocrine (phaeochromocytomas, insulinomas, neuroblastic tumors, pituitary tumors, small-cell lung cancer) and non-neuroendocrine (gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioma) tumors. The galaninergic system is involved in tumorigenesis, invasion/migration of tumor cells and angiogenesis, and this system has been correlated with tumor size/stage/subtypes, metastasis and recurrence rate. In the galaninergic system, epigenetic mechanisms have been related with carcinogenesis and recurrence rate. Galanin (GAL) exerts both proliferative and antiproliferative actions in tumor cells. GAL receptors (GALRs) mediate different signal transduction pathways and actions, depending on the particular G protein involved and the tumor cell type. In general, the activation of GAL1R promoted an antiproliferative effect, whereas the activation of GAL2R induced antiproliferative or proliferative actions. GALRs could be used in certain tumors as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for treatment, prognosis and surgical outcome. The current data show the importance of the galaninergic system in the development of certain tumors and suggest future potential clinical antitumor applications using GAL agonists or antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía de los Sistema Peptidérgicos (Lab. 14), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía de los Sistema Peptidérgicos (Lab. 14), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Grupo GIR USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gu S, Qian S, Lin S, Ye D, Li Q, Yang J, Ying X, Li Z, Tang M, Wang J, Chen K, Jin M. Promoter hypermethylation of GALR1 acts as an early epigenetic susceptibility event in colorectal carcinogenesis. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:519-525. [PMID: 35606503 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics play an essential role in colorectal neoplasia process. There is a need to determine the appropriateness of epigenetic biomarkers for early detection as well as expand our understanding of the carcinogenic process. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess how DNA methylation pattern of GALR1 gene evolves in a sample set representing colorectal neoplastic progression. The study was designed into three phases. Firstly, Methylation status of GALR1 was assessed with genome-wide DNA methylation beadchip and pyrosequencing assays in colorectal lesions and paired normal tissues. Then, linear mixed-effects modeling analyses were applied to describe the trend of DNA methylation during the progression of colorectal neoplasia. In the third phase, quantitative RT-PCR was used to examine GALR1 expression in patients with precursor lesion and colorectal cancer. We found that significant hypermethylation of GALR1 promoter was a widely existent modification in CRCs (P < 0.001). When further examined methylation pattern of GALR1 during neoplastic progression of CRC, we found that DNA methylation level of GALR1 showed a significant stepwise increase from normal to hyperplastic polyps, to adenomas and to carcinoma samples (P < 0.001). Besides, loss of mRNA expression is a common accompaniment to adenomas and carcinomas. Public omics data analyses showed an inverse correlation between gene expression and DNA methylation (P < 0.001). Our findings indicate that epigenetic alteration of GALR1 promoter is gradually accumulated during the colorectal neoplastic progression. It can potentially be a promising biomarker used for screening and surveillance of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Gu
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Sangni Qian
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shujuan Lin
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ding Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University School of Public Health, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qilong Li
- Jiashan Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 345 Jiefangdong Road, Jiashan, 314100, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Jiashan Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 345 Jiefangdong Road, Jiashan, 314100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Ying
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhongxingbei Road, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, 568 Zhongxingbei Road, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Mengling Tang
- Department of Public Health, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianbing Wang
- Department of Public Health, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Mingjuan Jin
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Novel prognostic value and potential utility of opioid receptor gene methylation in liquid biopsy for oral cavity cancer. Curr Probl Cancer 2022; 46:100834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
7
|
Feng Y, Jiang Y, Feng Q, Xu L, Jiang Y, Meng F, Shu X. A novel prognostic biomarker for muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma based on 11 DNA methylation signature. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:1119-1127. [PMID: 33151129 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1833811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma (MIBC) is a highly invasive cancer, which leads to prevalent recurrence and poor prognosis. Exploring the association of DNA methylation and the prognosis of MIBC will thus be of important value in clinical management and treatment. Bumphunter method and adaptive lasso regression were used to explore the relationship between different methylation regions (DMRs) and the prognosis of MIBC. Next, we constructed a risk prognosis model and validated this model. Moreover, the performance of this risk model was examined by using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). We identified 58,449 different methylation sites and 490 different methylation regions. Among them, 11 DMRs were associated with the prognosis of MIBC through rigorous screening. Through the linear combination of 11 DMRs, a putative marker was developed, which can distinguish the survival risk in both the training dataset (HR = 2.58, 95% CI = (1.64, 4.05)) and the verification dataset (HR = 2.77, 95% CI = (1.25, 6.15)). Relatively high predictive values were observed from this model for training dataset (AUC = 0.791) and verification dataset (AUC = 0.668). Stratified analysis showed that the association was independent of gender. A nomogram was additionally generated to predict 5-year survival probability containing risk score and pathological stage. Its performance was evaluated by applying calibration curve. The methylation signature risk model based on 11 DMRs may be a reliable prognostic signature for MIBC, which provides new insights into development of individualized therapy for MIBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Harrison International Peace Hospital , Hengshui, China
| | - Qingting Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Lingkai Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Centre of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing, China.,Unit of Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine , Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Three Protein-Coding Gene Prognostic Model Predicts Overall Survival in Bladder Cancer Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7272960. [PMID: 33150179 PMCID: PMC7603549 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7272960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most common urinary tract tumor and is the 11th most malignant cancer worldwide. With the development of in-depth multisystem sequencing, an increasing number of prognostic molecular markers have been identified. In this study, we focused on the role of protein-coding gene methylation in the prognosis of BLCA. We downloaded BLCA clinical and methylation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and used this information to identify differentially methylated genes and construct a survival model using lasso regression. We assessed 365 cases, with complete information regarding survival status, survival time longer than 30 days, age, gender, and tumor characteristics (grade, stage, T, M, N), in our study. We identified 353 differentially methylated genes, including 50 hypomethylated genes and 303 hypermethylated genes. After annotation, a total of 227 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 165 were protein-coding genes. Three genes (zinc finger protein 382 (ZNF382), galanin receptor 1 (GALR1), and structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1)) were selected for the final risk model. Patients with higher-risk scores represent poorer survival than patients with lower-risk scores in the training set (HR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.43-3.94, p = 0.001), in the testing group (HR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.16-2.94, p = 0.01), and in the total cohort (HR = 2.06, 95% CI 1.46-2.90, p < 0.001). Further univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox regression method were conducted in these three groups, respectively. All the results indicated that risk score was an independent risk factor for BLCA. Our study screened the different methylation protein-coding genes in the BLCA tissues and constructed a robust risk model for predicting the outcome of BLCA patients. Moreover, these three genes may function in the mechanism of development and progression of BLCA, which should be fully clarified in the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Falkenstetter S, Leitner J, Brunner SM, Rieder TN, Kofler B, Weis S. Galanin System in Human Glioma and Pituitary Adenoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:155. [PMID: 32265844 PMCID: PMC7105811 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of neuropeptides and their corresponding receptors has been demonstrated in different cancer types, where they can play a role in tumor cell growth, invasion, and migration. Human galanin (GAL) is a 30-amino-acid regulatory neuropeptide which acts through three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1-R, GAL2-R, and GAL3-R that differ in their signal transduction pathways. GAL and galanin receptors (GALRs) are expressed by different tumors, and direct involvement of GAL in tumorigenesis has been shown. Despite its strong expression in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of GAL in CNS tumors has not been extensively studied. To date, GAL peptide expression, GAL receptor binding and mRNA expression have been reported in glioma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. However, data on the cellular distribution of GALRs are sparse. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of GAL and GALRs in different brain tumors by immunohistochemistry. Anterior pituitary gland (n = 7), pituitary adenoma (n = 9) and glioma of different WHO grades I-IV (n = 55) were analyzed for the expression of GAL and the three GALRs with antibodies recently extensively validated for specificity. While high focal GAL immunoreactivity was detected in up to 40% of cells in the anterior pituitary gland samples, only one pituitary adenoma showed focal GAL expression, at a low level. In the anterior pituitary, GAL1-R and GAL3-R protein expression was observed in up to 15% of cells, whereas receptor expression was not detected in pituitary adenoma. In glioma, diffuse and focal GAL staining was noticed in the majority of cases. GAL1-R was observed in eight out of nine glioma subtypes. GAL2-R immunoreactivity was not detected in glioma and pituitary adenoma, while GAL3-R expression was significantly associated to high-grade glioma (WHO grade IV). Most interestingly, expression of GAL and GALRs was observed in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils and glioma-associated macrophages/microglia. The presence of GALRs on tumor-associated immune cells, especially macrophages, indicates that GAL signaling contributes to homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Thus, our data indicate that GAL signaling in tumor-supportive myeloid cells could be a novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoma/genetics
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Adenoma/pathology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/pathology
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Pituitary Neoplasms/genetics
- Pituitary Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Galanin/genetics
- Receptors, Galanin/metabolism
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Falkenstetter
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Leitner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne M. Brunner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tim N. Rieder
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- *Correspondence: Barbara Kofler
| | - Serge Weis
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Neuromed, School of Medicine Campus, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Deng H, Xin S, Zhang K, Shi R, Bao X. Prognostic and Predictive Value of Three DNA Methylation Signatures in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2019; 10:349. [PMID: 31105737 PMCID: PMC6492637 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Molecular characterization-based methods hold great promise for improving the diagnostic accuracy and for predicting treatment response. The DNA methylation patterns of LUAD display a great potential as a specific biomarker that will complement invasive biopsy, thus improving early detection. Method: In this study, based on the whole-genome methylation datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and several machine learning methods, we evaluated the possibility of DNA methylation signatures for identifying lymph node metastasis of LUAD, differentiating between tumor tissue and normal tissue, and predicting the overall survival (OS) of LUAD patients. Using the regularized logistic regression, we built a classifier based on the 3616 CpG sites to identify the lymph node metastasis of LUAD. Furthermore, a classifier based on 14 CpG sites was established to differentiate between tumor and normal tissues. Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression, we built a 16-CpG-based model to predict the OS of LUAD patients. Results: With the aid of 3616-CpG-based classifier, we were able to identify the lymph node metastatic status of patients directly by the methylation signature from the primary tumor tissues. The 14-CpG-based classifier could differentiate between tumor and normal tissues. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for both classifiers achieved values close to 1, demonstrating the robust classifier effect. The 16-CpG-based model showed independent prognostic value in LUAD patients. Interpretation: These findings will not only facilitate future treatment decisions based on the DNA methylation signatures but also enable additional investigations into the utilization of LUAD DNA methylation pattern by different machine learning methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wang
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Haowen Deng
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shan Xin
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Run Shi
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Xuanwen Bao
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Misawa K, Kanazawa T, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Mima M, Yamada S, Morita K, Misawa Y, Shinmura K, Mineta H. Genes Located on 18q23 Are Epigenetic Markers and Have Prognostic Significance for Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030401. [PMID: 30901947 PMCID: PMC6468360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 18q23 is associated with significantly decreased survival in head and neck cancer. In agreement with such tumor suppressive roles, the loss of function of genes located in this region can be achieved through LOH and promotor hypermethylation. In this study, the methylation status of promoters of 18q23 genes in 243 head and neck cancer patients was assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Promoter methylation was then compared to various clinical characteristics and patient survival. GALR1 and SALL3 promoter methylation correlated with reduced disease-free survival (log-rank test, p = 0.018 and p = 0.013, respectively). Furthermore, based on multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, these methylation events were associated with poor disease-free survival, with hazard ratios of 1.600 (95% confidence interval: CI, 1.027–2.493; p = 0.038) and 1.911 (95% CI, 1.155–3.162; p = 0.012), respectively. By comparison, GALR1 and SALL3 methylation were not prognostic for overall survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Our findings suggest that the methylation status of 18q23 genes could serve as important biomarkers for the prediction of clinical outcomes in well-annotated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cohorts. GALR1 and SALL3 methylation could thus help to facilitate risk stratification for individualized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Voice Center, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Kotaro Morita
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Shinmura K, Misawa Y, Kusaka G, Maruta M, Sasaki T, Watanabe Y, Carey TE. Promoter methylation of galanin receptors as epigenetic biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:137-148. [PMID: 30640567 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1567334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While remarkable progress has been made in standard treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), the long-term survival remains at an unsatisfactory 40-50%. To improve the survival rate, biomarkers for optimal treatment selection and prognostic prediction, as well as novel, low-toxicity treatment strategies, are required. Galanin receptor (GALR) 1 and GALR2 are well-studied tumor suppressors in HNSCCs. Compared with other clinicopathological factors, the epigenetic variants of GALRs have been found to be the most powerful markers to predict the prognosis of HNSCC patients. Areas covered: This review outlines the functions and signaling pathways of GALRs and explains the potential of GALR promoter methylation as a biomarker for HNSCC prognosis. We also summarize recent developments in promoter methylation studies in HNSCC and indicate future directions for GALR promoter methylation studies. Expert commentary: GALR studies have highlighted two major aspects with implications in HNSCC - that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as tumor suppressor genes and that GALR promoter methylation is significantly related to the carcinogenesis of HNSCC. The findings of GALR studies can be applied to studies on other GPCRs and further in-depth DNA methylation studies. Deeper insights into GPCR epigenetics are expected to markedly improve HNSCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , International University of Health and Welfare , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- c Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- d Department of Tumor Pathology , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- c Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Gen Kusaka
- e Department of Neurosurgery , Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center , Saitama , Saitama , Japan
| | - Mikiko Maruta
- b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Toru Sasaki
- b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , International University of Health and Welfare , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- f Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , The University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Fukushima H, Misawa Y, Sato Y, Maruta M, Imayoshi S, Kusaka G, Kawabata K, Mineta H, Carey TE, Nishino H. Epigenetic inactivation of galanin receptors in salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland: Potential utility as biomarkers for prognosis. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9043-9050. [PMID: 29805635 PMCID: PMC5958682 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) constitutes one of the most aggressive cancers in the salivary gland and is associated with a poor prognosis; however, no established systemic therapy options are available. SDC exhibits biological similarity to prostate and breast cancers, therefore anti-hormone therapy and molecular target therapies are available, however with limited beneficial effects. Galanin and galanin receptors (GALRs) are well established as molecular biomarkers to predict the survival rate and risk of recurrence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The present study investigated the clinicopathological features of patients with SDC and the methylation status of their galanin and GALR genes to demonstrate the prognostic value for this disease. The median overall survival (OS) was 37.2 months. T-stage, N-stage, disease stage, tumor size, and preoperative facial paralysis were significantly associated with OS, whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression was not. GALR1 and GALR2 methylation rates in tumor tissues were significantly increased compared with normal tissues with 9.85- and 4.49-fold increase, respectively. p27kip1 and p57kip2 expression significantly inversely correlated with the methylation rate of GALR1 and GALR2. In addition, the observed GALR1 and/or GALR2 methylation rates were significantly correlated with a decrease in OS. These results suggest that GALR1 and GALR2 may serve as potential prognostic factors and therapeutic targets in SDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fukushima
- Division of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sato
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Mikiko Maruta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Imayoshi
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Gen Kusaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawabata
- Division of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation of Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nishino
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Misawa K, Misawa Y, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Endo S, Mima M, Ishikawa R, Kawasaki H, Yamatodani T, Kanazawa T. Epigenetic modification of SALL1 as a novel biomarker for the prognosis of early stage head and neck cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:941-949. [PMID: 29581773 PMCID: PMC5868161 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined Sal-like protein (SALL)1 methylation profiles in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients at diagnosis and follow-up, and evaluated their prognostic significance and value as a biomarker. SALL1 expression was examined in a panel of cell lines by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Promoter methylation was determined by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP) and was compared to the clinical characteristics of 205 samples. SALL1 promoter methylation was associated with transcriptional inhibition and was correlated with disease recurrence in 31.7% of cases, with an odds ratio of 1.694 (95% confidence interval: 1.093-2.626; P = 0.018) by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. SALL1 promoter hypermethylation showed highly discriminatory receiver operator characteristic curve profiles that clearly distinguished HNSCC from adjacent normal mucosal tissue, and was correlated with reduced disease-free survival in early stage T1 and T2 patients (log-rank test, P < 0.001). SALL1 methylation was significantly correlated with the methylation status of both SALL3 and CDH1. This study suggests that CpG hypermethylation is a likely mechanism of SALL1 gene inactivation, supporting the hypothesis that SALL1 might play a role in HNSCC tumorigenesis and could serve as an important biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Regenerative & Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamatodani
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Misawa K, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Endo S, Mima M, Misawa Y, Kanazawa T, Carey TE, Mineta H. Prognostic value of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor-related genes in early-stage head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26087-98. [PMID: 27027429 PMCID: PMC5041966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staging and pathological grading are useful, but imperfect predictors of recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Accordingly, molecular biomarkers that predict the risk of recurrence are necessary to improve clinical outcomes. The methylation statuses of the promoters of 11 tumor-related genes (p16, RASSF1A, E-cadherin, H-cadherin, MGMT, DAPK, DCC, COL1A2, TAC1, SST, and GALR1) were analyzed in 133 HNSCC cases using quantitative methylation-specific PCR. We detected frequent methylation of p16 (44%), RASSF1A (18%), E-cadherin (53%), H-cadherin (35%), MGMT (35%), DAPK (53%), DCC (42%), COL1A2 (44%), TAC1 (61%), SST (64%), and GALR1 (44%) in HNSCC. Disease-free survival was lower in patients with 6–11 methylated genes than in those with 0–5 methylated genes (log-rank test, P = 0.001). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the methylation of E-cadherin, COL1A2, TAC1, and GALR1 was associated with poor survival, with hazard ratios of 4.474 (95% CI, 1.241–16.124). In a joint analysis of these four genes, patients with 2–4 methylated genes had a significantly lower survival rate than those with 0–1 methylated genes in early-stage HNSCC. Importantly, the methylation of some genes was closely related to poor prognosis in early-stage HNSCC, providing strong evidence that these hypermethylated genes are valuable biomarkers for prognostic evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yoon D, Bae K, Lee MK, Kim JH, Yoon KA. Galanin is an epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193275. [PMID: 29462183 PMCID: PMC5819827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a 30 amino-acid active neuropeptide that acts via three G-protein coupled galanin receptors, GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3. Recently, GALR1 was also suggested as a tumor suppressor gene that was frequently silenced in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; moreover, galanin and GALR1 were reported to inhibit human oral cancer cell proliferation. However, the exact role of galanin in gastric cancer is unclear. Here, we describe the epigenetic silencing of galanin in human gastric cancer. Five gastric cancer cell lines (SNU-1, SNU-601, SNU-638, KATOIII, and AGS) showed a significant reduction in galanin expression that was restored by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. We confirmed the hypermethylation of CpG islands in the galanin promoter region by methylation-specific and bisulfate sequencing polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Interestingly, hypermethylated galanin did not affect galanin receptor expression. Exogenous galanin expression in silenced cells induced apoptosis and decreased phosphorylated Akt expression. Taken together, these data suggest that galanin hypermethylation impairs its tumor suppressor function in gastric cancer carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daseul Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kieun Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Misawa K, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Mima M, Misawa Y, Mineta H. Analysis of Site-Specific Methylation of Tumor-Related Genes in Head and Neck Cancer: Potential Utility as Biomarkers for Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010027. [PMID: 29361757 PMCID: PMC5789377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying the epigenetic regulation of tumor-related genes (TRGs) can provide insights into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and the risk for disease recurrence in HPV-negative head and neck cancers, originating in the hypopharynx, larynx, and oral cavity. We analyzed the methylation status of the promoters of 30 TRGs in 178 HPV-negative head and neck cancer patients using a quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Promoter methylation was correlated with various clinical characteristics and patient survival. The mean number of methylated TRGs was 14.2 (range, 2-25). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, the methylation of COL1A2 and VEGFR1 was associated with poor survival for hypopharyngeal cancer, with hazard ratios: 3.19; p = 0.009 and 3.07; p = 0.014, respectively. The methylation of p16 and COL1A2 were independent prognostic factors for poor survival in laryngeal cancer (hazard ratio: 4.55; p = 0.013 and 3.12; p = 0.035, respectively). In patients with oral cancer, the methylation of TAC1 and SSTR1 best correlated with poor survival (hazard ratio: 4.29; p = 0.005 and 5.38; p = 0.029, respectively). Our findings suggest that methylation status of TRGs could serve as important site-specific biomarkers for prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with HPV-negative head and neck cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Misawa Y, Misawa K, Kawasaki H, Imai A, Mochizuki D, Ishikawa R, Endo S, Mima M, Kanazawa T, Iwashita T, Mineta H. Evaluation of epigenetic inactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317711657. [PMID: 28718364 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317711657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the methylation status of the genes encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and to evaluate the usefulness of VEGFR methylation as a prognostic indicator in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. VEGFR messenger RNA expression and promoter methylation were examined in a panel of cell lines via quantitative reverse transcription and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Promoter methylation was compared with clinical characteristics in 128 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma samples. The normalized methylation values for the VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 promoters tended to be higher in the tumour cell lines than in normal tonsil samples, whereas amounts of VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 messenger RNA were significantly higher. Methylation of the VEGFR1 promoter (p = 0.003; 66/128 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma samples, 52%) and VEGFR3 promoter (p = 0.043; 53/128 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma samples, 41%) significantly correlated with recurrence, whereas methylation of the VEGFR2 promoter significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.046; 47/128 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma samples, 37%). Concurrent methylation of the VEGFR1 and VEGFR3 promoters significantly correlated with reduced disease-free survival (log-rank test, p = 0.009). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, methylation of the VEGFR1, VEGFR3 and both the VEGFR1 and VEGFR3 promoters independently predicted recurrence (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals: 3.19, 1.51-6.75 (p = 0.002); 2.24, 1.06-4.76 (p = 0.035); and 2.56, 1.09-6.05 (p = 0.032), respectively). Methylation of the VEGFR promoters predicts poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Misawa
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- 2 Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Toshihide Iwashita
- 2 Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Misawa K, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Misawa Y, Endo S, Mima M, Kawasaki H, Carey TE, Kanazawa T. Epigenetic silencing of SALL3 is an independent predictor of poor survival in head and neck cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:64. [PMID: 28616099 PMCID: PMC5469057 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined Sal-like protein (SALL)3 methylation profiles of head and neck cancer (HNSCC) patients at diagnosis and follow-up and evaluated their prognostic significance and value as a biomarker. SALL3 expression was examined in a panel of cell lines by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The methylation status of the SALL3 promoter was examined by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. Results SALL3 promoter methylation was associated with transcriptional inhibition and was correlated with disease recurrence in 64.8% of cases, with an odds ratio of 1.914 (95% confidence interval: 1.157–3.164; P = 0.011) by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. SALL3 promoter hypermethylation showed highly discriminatory receiver operator characteristic curve profiles that clearly distinguished HNSCC from adjacent normal mucosal tissue, and was correlated with reduced disease-free survival (DFS) (log-rank test, P = 0.01). Hypermethylation of tumor-related genes was higher among patients with SALL3 methylation than among those without methylation (P < 0.001). Furthermore, SALL3 hypermethylation was associated with expression of TET1, TET2, and DNMT3A genes. Conclusions This study suggests that CpG hypermethylation is a likely mechanism of SALL3 gene inactivation, supporting the hypothesis that the SALL3 gene may play a role in the tumorigenesis of HNSCC and may serve as an important biomarker. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0363-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ribeiro IP, Marques F, Barroso L, Miguéis J, Caramelo F, Santos A, Julião MJ, Melo JB, Carreira IM. Genetic and epigenetic characterization of the tumors in a patient with a tongue primary tumor, a recurrence and a pharyngoesophageal second primary tumor. Mol Cytogenet 2017; 10:13. [PMID: 28413448 PMCID: PMC5387319 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-017-0310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The choice of therapeutic modality for oral carcinoma in recurrent or second primary tumors remains controversial, as the treatment modalities available might be reduced by the treatment of the first tumor, and the overall survival is lower when compared with patients with a single or first tumor. Identifying biomarkers that predict the risk of relapse and the response to treatment is an emerging clinical issue. Case presentation A Caucasian 49-years-old man was treated with chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy for a primary left side tongue tumor, achieving a complete response. After 49-months of follow-up, a local recurrence was diagnosed. After 3 months, a second primary tumor at the pharyngoesophageal region was detected. Genomic and epigenetic characterization of these three tumors was performed using array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) and Methylation Specific MLPA. Results The three tumors of this patient shared several imbalances in all chromosomes excluding chromosomes 9, 20 and 22, where genes related to important functional mechanisms of tumorigenesis are mapped. The shared genomic imbalances, such as losses at 1p, 2p, 3p, 4q, 5q, 6q, 7q, 8p, 10p, 11q, 12p, 12q, 13q, 15q, 16p, 16q, 17p, 17q, 18q, 19p, 19q, 21q and Xp and gains at 3q, 7q, 14q and 15q showed a common clonal origin for the diagnosed relapses. We identified some chromosomal imbalances and genes mapped in the chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 17, 18 and 22 as putative linked to chemoradioresistance and chemoradiosensitivity. We also observed that gains in short arm of chromosomes 6, 7, 8 and 18 were acquired after treatment of the primary tumor. We identified losses of VHL gene and promoter methylation of WT1 and GATA5 genes, as predictors of relapses. Conclusions A common clonal origin for the diagnosed relapses was observed and we identified some putative candidate biomarkers of prognosis, relapse risk and treatment response that could guide the development of management strategies for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilda P Ribeiro
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal.,CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| | - Francisco Marques
- CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal.,Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-075 Portugal.,Stomatology Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, CHUC, Coimbra, 3000-075 EPE Portugal
| | - Leonor Barroso
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, CHUC, Coimbra, 3000-075 EPE Portugal
| | - Jorge Miguéis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, CHUC, Coimbra, EPE Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, IBILI - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| | - André Santos
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| | - Maria J Julião
- Department of Pathology, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, CHUC, Coimbra, 3000-075 EPE Portugal
| | - Joana B Melo
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal.,CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| | - Isabel M Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Polo Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal.,CIMAGO - Center of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354 Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Eshragh J, Dhruva A, Paul SM, Cooper BA, Mastick J, Hamolsky D, Levine JD, Miaskowski C, Kober KM. Associations Between Neurotransmitter Genes and Fatigue and Energy Levels in Women After Breast Cancer Surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 53:67-84.e7. [PMID: 27720787 PMCID: PMC5191954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fatigue is a common problem in oncology patients. Less is known about decrements in energy levels and the mechanisms that underlie both fatigue and energy. OBJECTIVES In patients with breast cancer, variations in neurotransmitter genes between lower and higher fatigue latent classes and between the higher and lower energy latent classes were evaluated. METHODS Patients completed assessments before and monthly for six months after surgery. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent classes for fatigue severity and energy levels. Thirty candidate genes involved in various aspects of neurotransmission were evaluated. RESULTS Eleven single-nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes (i.e., ADRB2 rs1042718, BDNF rs6265, COMT rs9332377, CYP3A4 rs4646437, GALR1 rs949060, GCH1 rs3783642, NOS1 rs9658498, NOS1 rs2293052, NPY1R Haplotype A04, SLC6A2 rs17841327, and 5HTTLPR + rs25531 in SLC6A4) were associated with latent class membership for fatigue. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes (i.e., NOS1 rs471871, SLC6A1 rs2675163, SLC6A1 Haplotype D01, SLC6A2 rs36027, SLC6A3 rs37022, SLC6A4 rs2020942, and TAC1 rs2072100) were associated with latent class membership for energy. Three of 13 genes (i.e., NOS1, SLC6A2, and SLC6A4) were associated with latent class membership for both fatigue and energy. CONCLUSIONS Molecular findings support the hypothesis that fatigue and energy are distinct, yet related symptoms. Results suggest that a large number of neurotransmitters play a role in the development and maintenance of fatigue and energy levels in breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Eshragh
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anand Dhruva
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven M Paul
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce A Cooper
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judy Mastick
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deborah Hamolsky
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kord M Kober
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alterations in the neuropeptide galanin system in major depressive disorder involve levels of transcripts, methylation, and peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8472-E8481. [PMID: 27940914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617824113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a substantial burden to patients, families, and society, but many patients cannot be treated adequately. Rodent experiments suggest that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) and its three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1-3, are involved in mood regulation. To explore the translational potential of these results, we assessed the transcript levels (by quantitative PCR), DNA methylation status (by bisulfite pyrosequencing), and GAL peptide by RIA of the GAL system in postmortem brains from depressed persons who had committed suicide and controls. Transcripts for all four members were detected and showed marked regional variations, GAL and galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) being most abundant. Striking increases in GAL and GALR3 mRNA levels, especially in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, in parallel with decreased DNA methylation, were found in both male and female suicide subjects as compared with controls. In contrast, GAL and GALR3 transcript levels were decreased, GALR1 was increased, and DNA methylation was increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of male suicide subjects, however, there were no changes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Thus, GAL and its receptor GALR3 are differentially methylated and expressed in brains of MDD subjects in a region- and sex-specific manner. Such an epigenetic modification in GALR3, a hyperpolarizing receptor, might contribute to the dysregulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons implicated in the pathogenesis of MDD. Thus, one may speculate that a GAL3 antagonist could have antidepressant properties by disinhibiting the firing of these neurons, resulting in increased release of noradrenaline and serotonin in forebrain areas involved in mood regulation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Site-specific methylation patterns of theGALandGALR1/2genes in head and neck cancer: Potential utility as biomarkers for prognosis. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1107-1116. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
24
|
High-definition CpG methylation of novel genes in gastric carcinogenesis identified by next-generation sequencing. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:182-93. [PMID: 26769141 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancers are the most frequent gastric malignancy and usually arise in the sequence of Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis. CpG methylation is a central mechanism of epigenetic gene regulation affecting cancer-related genes, and occurs early in gastric carcinogenesis. DNA samples from non-metaplastic gastric mucosa with variable levels of gastritis (non-metaplastic mucosa), intestinal metaplasia, or gastric cancer were screened with methylation arrays for CpG methylation of cancer-related genes and 30 gene targets were further characterized by high-definition bisulfite next-generation sequencing. In addition, data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed for correlation of methylation with gene expression. Overall, 13 genes had significantly increased CpG methylation in gastric cancer vs non-metaplastic mucosa (BRINP1, CDH11, CHFR, EPHA5, EPHA7, FGF2, FLI1, GALR1, HS3ST2, PDGFRA, SEZ6L, SGCE, and SNRPN). Further, most of these genes had corresponding reduced expression levels in gastric cancer compared with intestinal metaplasia, including novel hypermethylated genes in gastric cancer (FLI1, GALR1, SGCE, and SNRPN), suggesting that they may regulate neoplastic transformation from non-malignant intestinal metaplasia to cancer. Our data suggest a tumor-suppressor role for FLI1 in gastric cancer, consistent with recently reported data in breast cancer. For the genes with strongest methylation/expression correlation, namely FLI1, the expression was lowest in microsatellite-unstable tumors compared with other gastric cancer molecular subtypes. Importantly, reduced expression of hypermethylated BRINP1 and SGCE was significantly associated with favorable survival in gastric cancer. In summary, we report novel methylation gene targets that may have functional roles in discrete stages of gastric carcinogenesis and may serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
25
|
Misawa K, Misawa Y, Kanazawa T, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Endo S, Carey TE, Mineta H. Epigenetic inactivation of galanin and GALR1/2 is associated with early recurrence in head and neck cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:187-95. [PMID: 26572146 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of galanin (GAL) and galanin receptor (GALR) promoter hypermethylation in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The methylation status of three genes-GAL, GALR1, and GALR2 was examined in HNSCC patient tumors using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP). To determine the prognostic value of GAL, GALR1 and GALR2 methylation status, their associations with various clinical characteristics and patient survival were assessed in HNSCC patient tumors (n = 142). Aberrant methylation of at least one gene was observed in 84 of the 142 (59.2 %) primary tumors analyzed. The methylation index, defined as the ratio between the number of methylated genes and the number of genes examined, was positively correlated with larger tumor size (P = 0.034) and disease recurrence (P < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic-regression analysis, methylation of both GAL and GALR1 exhibited the highest association with poor survival (hazard ratio, 6.83, P = 0.002). Moreover, among patients without lymph node metastasis, a multivariate analysis showed a significant trend for poor survival as the number of hypermethylated genes increased (log-rank test, P = 0.003). CpG hypermethylation is a likely mechanism of GAL and GALR1/2 gene inactivation, indicating that GAL and its receptors play a role in HNSCC tumorigenesis. As such, GAL and GALR1/2 methylation status may serve as an important biomarker for clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shiori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Misawa Y, Uehara T, Fukushima H, Kusaka G, Maruta M, Carey TE. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Next Generation Therapeutic Targets in Head and Neck Cancer? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2959-84. [PMID: 26251921 PMCID: PMC4549734 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is poor in most advanced cases. To improve therapeutic efficiency, novel therapeutic targets and prognostic factors must be discovered. Our studies have identified several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as promising candidates. Significant epigenetic silencing of GPCR expression occurs in HNSCC compared with normal tissue, and is significantly correlated with clinical behavior. Together with the finding that GPCR activity can suppress tumor cell growth, this indicates that GPCR expression has potential utility as a prognostic factor. In this review, we discuss the roles that galanin receptor type 1 (GALR1) and type 2 (GALR2), tachykinin receptor type 1 (TACR1), and somatostatin receptor type 1 (SST1) play in HNSCC. GALR1 inhibits proliferation of HNSCC cells though ERK1/2-mediated effects on cell cycle control proteins such as p27, p57, and cyclin D1, whereas GALR2 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Hypermethylation of GALR1, GALR2, TACR1, and SST1 is associated with significantly reduced disease-free survival and a higher recurrence rate. Although their overall activities varies, each of these GPCRs has value as both a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target. These data indicate that further study of GPCRs is a promising strategy that will enrich pharmacogenomics and prognostic research in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-319, Japan.
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-319, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Uehara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Fukushima
- Department of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Gen Kusaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Maruta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vandin F, Papoutsaki A, Raphael BJ, Upfal E. Accurate computation of survival statistics in genome-wide studies. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004071. [PMID: 25950620 PMCID: PMC4423942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in genomics is to identify genetic variants that distinguish patients with different survival time following diagnosis or treatment. While the log-rank test is widely used for this purpose, nearly all implementations of the log-rank test rely on an asymptotic approximation that is not appropriate in many genomics applications. This is because: the two populations determined by a genetic variant may have very different sizes; and the evaluation of many possible variants demands highly accurate computation of very small p-values. We demonstrate this problem for cancer genomics data where the standard log-rank test leads to many false positive associations between somatic mutations and survival time. We develop and analyze a novel algorithm, Exact Log-rank Test (ExaLT), that accurately computes the p-value of the log-rank statistic under an exact distribution that is appropriate for any size populations. We demonstrate the advantages of ExaLT on data from published cancer genomics studies, finding significant differences from the reported p-values. We analyze somatic mutations in six cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), finding mutations with known association to survival as well as several novel associations. In contrast, standard implementations of the log-rank test report dozens-hundreds of likely false positive associations as more significant than these known associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vandin
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Funen, Denmark
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Papoutsaki
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Raphael
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BJR); (EU)
| | - Eli Upfal
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BJR); (EU)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scanlon CS, Banerjee R, Inglehart RC, Liu M, Russo N, Hariharan A, van Tubergen EA, Corson SL, Asangani IA, Mistretta CM, Chinnaiyan AM, D'Silva NJ. Galanin modulates the neural niche to favour perineural invasion in head and neck cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6885. [PMID: 25917569 PMCID: PMC4476386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is an indicator of poor survival in multiple cancers. Unfortunately, there is no targeted treatment for PNI since the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. PNI is an active process, suggesting that cancer cells communicate with nerves. However, nerve-tumour crosstalk is understudied due to the lack of in vivo models to investigate the mechanisms. Here, we developed an in vivo model of PNI to characterise this interaction. We show that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) initiates nerve-tumour crosstalk via activation of its G-protein-coupled receptor, GALR2. Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which GAL from nerves stimulates GALR2 on cancer cells to induce NFATC2-mediated transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 and GAL. Prostaglandin E2 promotes cancer invasion, and in a feedback mechanism, GAL released by cancer induces neuritogenesis, facilitating PNI. This study describes a novel in vivo model for PNI and reveals the dynamic interaction between nerve and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Springstead Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ronald C Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nickole Russo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amirtha Hariharan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth A van Tubergen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sara L Corson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- 1] Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tena-Campos M, Ramon E, Lupala CS, Pérez JJ, Koch KW, Garriga P. Zinc Is Involved in Depression by Modulating G Protein-Coupled Receptor Heterodimerization. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2003-2015. [PMID: 25855059 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor and galanin receptor 1 belong to the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily, and they have been described to heterodimerize triggering an anomalous physiological state that would underlie depression. Zinc supplementation has been widely reported to improve treatment against major depressive disorder. Our work has focused on the study and characterization of these receptors and its relationships with zinc both under purified conditions and in cell culture. To this aim, we have designed a strategy to purify the receptors in a conformationally active state. We have used receptors tagged with the monoclonal Rho-1D4 antibody and employed ligand-assisted purification in order to successfully purify both receptors in a properly folded and active state. The interaction between both purified receptors has been analyzed by surface plasmon resonance in order to determine the kinetics of dimerization. Zinc effect on heteromer has also been tested using the same methodology but exposing the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor to zinc before the binding experiment. These results, combined with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements, in the absence and presence of zinc, suggest that this ion is capable of disrupting this interaction. Moreover, molecular modeling suggests that there is a coincidence between zinc-binding sites and heterodimerization interfaces for the serotonin receptor. Our results establish a rational explanation for the role of zinc in the molecular processes associated with receptor-receptor interactions and its relationship with depression, in agreement with previously reported evidence for the positive effects of zinc in depression treatment, and the involvement of our target dimer in the same disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Tena-Campos
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Ramon
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecylia S Lupala
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan J Pérez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Avda. Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Karl-W Koch
- Department of Neurosciences, Biochemistry Group, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pere Garriga
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222, Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Misawa K, Misawa Y, Kondo H, Mochizuki D, Imai A, Fukushima H, Uehara T, Kanazawa T, Mineta H. Aberrant methylation inactivates somatostatin and somatostatin receptor type 1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118588. [PMID: 25734919 PMCID: PMC4348545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to define somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptor type 1 (SSTR1) methylation profiles for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors at diagnosis and follow up and to evaluate their prognostic significance and value as a biomarker. METHODS Gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Promoter methylation status was determined by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP) in HNSCC. RESULTS Methylation was associated with transcription inhibition. SST methylation in 81% of HNSCC tumor specimens significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.043), stage (P = 0.008), galanin receptor type 2 (GALR2) methylation (P = 0.041), and tachykinin-1 (TAC1) (P = 0.040). SSTR1 hypermethylation in 64% of cases was correlated with tumor size (P = 0.037), stage (P = 0.037), SST methylation (P < 0.001), and expression of galanin (P = 0.03), GALR2 (P = 0.014), TAC1 (P = 0.023), and tachykinin receptor type 1 (TACR1) (P = 0.003). SST and SSTR1 promoter hypermethylation showed highly discriminating receiver operator characteristic curve profiles, which clearly distinguished HNSCC from adjacent normal mucosal tissues. Concurrent hypermethylation of galanin and SSTR1 promoters correlated with reduced disease-free survival (log-rank test, P = 0.0001). Among patients with oral cavity and oropharynx cancer, methylation of both SST and SSTR1 promoters correlated with reduced disease-free survival (log-rank test, P = 0.028). In multivariate logistic-regression analysis, concomitant methylation of galanin and SSTR1 was associated with an odds ratio for recurrence of 12.53 (95% CI, 2.62 to 59.8; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS CpG hypermethylation is a likely mechanism of SST and SSTR1 gene inactivation, supporting the hypothesis that SST and SSTR1 play a role in the tumorigenesis of HNSCC and that this hypermethylation may serve as an important biomarker.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Female
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/mortality
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/mortality
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Odds Ratio
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/mortality
- Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Somatostatin/genetics
- Somatostatin/metabolism
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- Survival Analysis
- Tachykinins/genetics
- Tachykinins/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Haruki Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Imai
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fukushima
- Department of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uehara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate school of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Guo S, Yan F, Xu J, Bao Y, Zhu J, Wang X, Wu J, Li Y, Pu W, Liu Y, Jiang Z, Ma Y, Chen X, Xiong M, Jin L, Wang J. Identification and validation of the methylation biomarkers of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:3. [PMID: 25657825 PMCID: PMC4318209 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-014-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation was suggested as the promising biomarker for lung cancer diagnosis. However, it is a great challenge to search for the optimal combination of methylation biomarkers to obtain maximum diagnostic performance. Results In this study, we developed a panel of DNA methylation biomarkers and validated their diagnostic efficiency for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a large Chinese Han NSCLC retrospective cohort. Three high-throughput DNA methylation microarray datasets (458 samples) were collected in the discovery stage. After normalization, batch effect elimination and integration, significantly differentially methylated genes and the best combination of the biomarkers were determined by the leave-one-out SVM (support vector machine) feature selection procedure. Then, candidate promoters were examined by the methylation status determined single nucleotide primer extension technique (MSD-SNuPET) in an independent set of 150 pairwise NSCLC/normal tissues. Four statistical models with fivefold cross-validation were used to evaluate the performance of the discriminatory algorithms. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 86.3%, 95.7% and 91%, respectively, in Bayes tree model. The logistic regression model incorporated five gene methylation signatures at AGTR1, GALR1, SLC5A8, ZMYND10 and NTSR1, adjusted for age, sex and smoking, showed robust performances in which the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC) were 78%, 97%, 87%, and 0.91, respectively. Conclusions In summary, a high-throughput DNA methylation microarray dataset followed by batch effect elimination can be a good strategy to discover optimal DNA methylation diagnostic panels. Methylation profiles of AGTR1, GALR1, SLC5A8, ZMYND10 and NTSR1, could be an effective methylation-based assay for NSCLC diagnosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-014-0035-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China ; Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, 1 Yaocheng Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300 China
| | - Fengyang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jibin Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital of Shanghai, Fengyang Road 415, Shanghai, 200000 China
| | - Yang Bao
- Yangzhou No.1 People's Hospital, 368 Hanjiang Road, Yangzhou, 225001 China
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China ; Department of Pneumology, Changhai Hospital of Shanghai, Changhai Road 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Weilin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Center for Genetic & Genomic Analysis, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., 787 Kangqiao Road, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Zhengwen Jiang
- Center for Genetic & Genomic Analysis, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., 787 Kangqiao Road, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Momiao Xiong
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Herman Pressler, Houston, Texas 77030 USA
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China ; Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, 1 Yaocheng Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300 China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 China ; Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, 1 Yaocheng Road, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300 China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Koffler J, Sharma S, Hess J. Predictive value of epigenetic alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e954827. [PMID: 27308324 PMCID: PMC4905189 DOI: 10.1080/23723548.2014.954827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer collectively describes malignant tumors originating from the mucosal surface of the upper aerodigestive tract. These tumors pose a great threat to public health because of their high incidence and mortality. Traditional risk factors are tobacco and alcohol abuse. More recently, infection by high-risk types of human papilloma virus (HPV) has been identified as an additional risk factor, especially for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Moreover, HPV-positive OPSCC is considered a distinct tumor entity with an improved clinical outcome compared to HPV-negative OPSCC. Epigenetic alterations act as key events in the pathogenesis of cancer and are of special interest for basic and translational oncology because of their reversible nature. This review provides a comprehensive summary of alterations of the epigenome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with a focus on the methylome (hypomethylation and hypermethylation) and its predictive value in the evaluation of pathologic states and clinical outcome, or monitoring response rates to certain therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Koffler
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology; Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospital Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarika Sharma
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology; Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospital Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology; Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospital Heidelberg; Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
KANAZAWA TAKEHARU, MISAWA KIYOSHI, MISAWA YUKI, MARUTA MIKIKO, UEHARA TAKAYUKI, KAWADA KAZUMI, NAGATOMO TAKAFUMI, ICHIMURA KEIICHI. Galanin receptor 2 utilizes distinct signaling pathways to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in HNSCC. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1289-94. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
35
|
Visioli F, Wang Y, Alam GN, Ning Y, Rados PV, Nör JE, Polverini PJ. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) confers chemoresistance to tumor endothelial cells under acidic stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101053. [PMID: 24964091 PMCID: PMC4071032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in tumor associated endothelial cells (TECs) and its association with chemoresistance during acidic pH stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Endothelial cells from human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were excised by laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by analysis of UPR markers (Grp78, ATF4 and CHOP) using quantitative PCR. Grp78 expression was also determined by immunostaining. Acidic stress was induced in primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) by treatment with conditioned medium (CM) from tumor cells grown under hypoxic conditions or by adjusting medium pH to 6.4 or 7.0 using lactic acid or hydrochloric acid (HCl). HDMEC resistance to the anti-angiogenic drug Sunitinib was assessed with SRB assay. RESULTS UPR markers, Grp78, ATF4 and CHOP were significantly upregulated in TECs from OSCC compared to HDMECs. HDMECs cultured in acidic CM (pH 6.0-6.4) showed increased expression of the UPR markers. However, severe acidosis led to marked cell death in HDMECs. Alternatively, HDMECs were able to adapt when exposed to chronic acidosis at pH 7.0 for 7 days, with concomittant increase in Grp78 expression. Chronic acidosis also confers drug resistance to HDMECs against Sunitinib. Knockdown of Grp78 using shRNA resensitizes HDMECs to drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS UPR induction in ECs under acidic pH conditions is related to chemoresistance and may contribute to therapeutic failures in response to chemotherapy. Targeting Grp78, the key component of the UPR pathway, may provide a promising approach to overcome ECs resistance in cancer therapy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acidosis/drug therapy
- Acidosis/metabolism
- Acidosis/pathology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dermis/drug effects
- Dermis/metabolism
- Dermis/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Laser Capture Microdissection
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul School of Dentistry, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Goleeta N. Alam
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yu Ning
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pantelis V. Rados
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul School of Dentistry, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Polverini
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Arantes LMRB, de Carvalho AC, Melendez ME, Carvalho AL, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Methylation as a biomarker for head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:587-92. [PMID: 24656975 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a collective term that describes malignant tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx characterized by high incidence and mortality rates. Although most HNSCC originate from the mucosal surface of the upper aerodigestive tract, where they can be easily detected during a routine clinical examination. Often the definitive diagnosis is delayed because of the difficulty in differentiating from other similar lesions. Activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are the major molecular alterations involved in carcinogenesis. In addition, epigenetic changes can alter the expression of critical genes important in the development of a variety of cancers. The detection of aberrant gene promoter methylation as a tool for the detection of tumors or its use as prognostic marker have been described for many different cancers including HNSCC. The search for biomarkers has as its main aim the evaluation and measurement of the status of normal and pathological biological processes as well as pharmacological responses to certain treatments. The tracking of these biomarkers is an important part for the identification of individuals in the early stages of head and neck cancer for its diagnostic and prognostic relevance reflecting in high survival rates, better quality of life and less cost to the healthcare system. Therefore, assuming that cancer results from genetic and epigenetic changes, analyzes based on gene methylation profile in combination with the pathological diagnosis would be useful in predicting the behavior of these head and neck tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M R B Arantes
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil; Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - A C de Carvalho
- Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - M E Melendez
- Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - A L Carvalho
- Center for Research in Molecular Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital - Pio XII, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - E M Goloni-Bertollo
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Banerjee R, Van Tubergen EA, Scanlon CS, Vander Broek R, Lints JP, Liu M, Russo N, Inglehart RC, Wang Y, Polverini PJ, Kirkwood KL, D'Silva NJ. The G protein-coupled receptor GALR2 promotes angiogenesis in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1323-33. [PMID: 24568968 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is an aggressive disease with poor patient survival. Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that induces aggressive tumor growth in SCCHN. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which GALR2 promotes angiogenesis, a critical oncogenic phenotype required for tumor growth. The impact of GALR2 expression on secretion of proangiogenic cytokines in multiple SCCHN cell lines was investigated by ELISA and in vitro angiogenesis assays. Chemical inhibitor and genetic knockdown strategies were used to understand the key regulators. The in vivo impact of GALR2 on angiogenesis was investigated in mouse xenograft, chick chorioallantoic membrane, and the clinically relevant mouse orthotopic floor-of-mouth models. GALR2 induced angiogenesis via p38-MAPK-mediated secretion of proangiogenic cytokines, VEGF, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, GALR2 activated small-GTP-protein, RAP1B, thereby inducing p38-mediated inactivation of tristetraprolin (TTP), which functions to destabilize cytokine transcripts. This resulted in enhanced secretion of proangiogenic cytokines and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In SCCHN cells overexpressing GALR2, inactivation of TTP increased secretion of IL-6 and VEGF, whereas inhibition of p38 activated TTP and decreased cytokine secretion. Here, we report that GALR2 stimulates tumor angiogenesis in SCCHN via p38-mediated inhibition of TTP with resultant enhanced cytokine secretion. Given that p38 inhibitors are in clinical use for inflammatory disorders, GALR2/p38-mediated cytokine secretion may be an excellent target for new adjuvant therapy in SCCHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Banerjee
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Craniofacial Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tan Q, Wang G, Huang J, Ding Z, Luo Q, Mok T, Tao Q, Lu S. Epigenomic analysis of lung adenocarcinoma reveals novel DNA methylation patterns associated with smoking. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:1471-9. [PMID: 24204162 PMCID: PMC3818101 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s51041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of epigenetic regulation has been increasingly recognized in the development of cancer. In this study, we investigated the impact of smoking, a major risk factor of lung cancer, on DNA methylation by comparing the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns between lung adenocarcinoma samples from six smokers and six nonsmokers. We identified that smoking-induced DNA methylations were enriched in the calcium signaling and neuroactive ligand receptor signaling pathways, which are closely related to smoking-induced lung cancers. Interestingly, we discovered that two genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway (RPS6KA3 and ARAF) were hypomethylated in smokers but not in nonsmokers. In addition, we found that the smoking-induced lung cancer-specific DNA methylations were mostly enriched in nuclear activities, including regulation of gene expression and chromatin remodeling. Moreover, the smoking-induced hypermethylation could only be seen in lung adenocarcinoma tissue but not in adjacent normal lung tissue. We also used differentially methylated DNA loci to construct a diagnostic model to distinguish smoking-associated lung cancer from nonsmoking lung cancer with a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 83.2%. Our results provided novel evidence to support that smoking can cause dramatic changes in the DNA methylation landscape of lung cancer, suggesting that epigenetic regulation of specific oncogenic signaling pathways plays an important role in the development of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tan
- Department of Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Misawa Y, Misawa K, Kanazawa T, Uehara T, Endo S, Mochizuki D, Yamatodani T, Carey TE, Mineta H. Tumor suppressor activity and inactivation of galanin receptor type 2 by aberrant promoter methylation in head and neck cancer. Cancer 2013; 120:205-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
| | - Takayuki Uehara
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi Japan
| | - Shori Endo
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Daiki Mochizuki
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Takashi Yamatodani
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Thomas E. Carey
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Hiroyuki Mineta
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Farkas SA, Milutin-Gašperov N, Grce M, Nilsson TK. Genome-wide DNA methylation assay reveals novel candidate biomarker genes in cervical cancer. Epigenetics 2013; 8:1213-25. [PMID: 24030264 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are associated with precancerous cervical lesions and development of cervical cancer. The DNA methylation signatures of the host genome in normal, precancerous and cervical cancer tissue may indicate tissue-specific perturbation in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify new candidate genes that are differentially methylated in squamous cell carcinoma compared with DNA samples from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) and normal cervical scrapes. The Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip method identifies genome-wide DNA methylation changes in CpG islands, CpG shores and shelves. Our findings showed an extensive differential methylation signature in cervical cancer compared with the CIN3 or normal cervical tissues. The identified candidate biomarker genes for cervical cancer represent several types of mechanisms in the cellular machinery that are epigenetically deregulated by hypermethylation, such as membrane receptors, intracellular signaling and gene transcription. The results also confirm extensive hypomethylation of genes in the immune system in cancer tissues. These insights into the functional role of DNA methylome alterations in cervical cancer could be clinically applicable in diagnostics and prognostics, and may guide the development of new epigenetic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja A Farkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Magdalena Grce
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Torbjörn K Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Örebro University Hospital; Örebro, Sweden; School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
GALR1 Methylation in Vaginal Swabs Is Highly Accurate in Identifying Women With Endometrial Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:1050-5. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e3182959103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
42
|
Galanin has tumor suppressor activity and is frequently inactivated by aberrant promoter methylation in head and neck cancer. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:338-46. [PMID: 23730414 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is accumulating evidence that galanin receptors (GALRs) may be tumor suppressors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Promoter methylation status and gene expression were assessed in a large panel of primary tumors, based on the hypothesis that CpG hypermethylation might silence the galanin gene. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Galanin expression was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The methylation status of the galanin promoter was studied using bisulfate sequencing and methylation-specific PCR. UM-SCC-54 was stably transfected to express galanin. RESULTS Galanin expression was absent in 3/12 (25.0%) UM-SCC cell lines, whereas three nonmalignant cell lines had stable expression. Galanin methylation was found in 24/100 (24.0%) cases. HNSCC tumor specimens was significantly correlated with the GALR1 methylation status (P = 1.88E-06). The presence of galanin promoter hypermethylation was statistically correlated with a decrease in disease-free survival (log-rank test, P = 6.02E-05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that methylation of galanin and methylation of the gene pair galanin and GALR1 had an odds ratio for recurrence of 8.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.29-35.03] and 23.84 (95% CI, 2.74-207.17), respectively. UM-SCC-54 cells that are GALR1-proficient but have hypermethylated galanin exhibited suppressed cell proliferation following exogenous expression of galanin. CONCLUSIONS Association of frequent promoter hypermethylation and gene silencing with poor survival, combined with growth suppression of HNSCC cells after forced gene expression, supports the hypothesis that galanin acts as a tumor suppressor. These data suggest that galanin and GALR1 are potential therapeutic targets and prognostic factors.
Collapse
|
43
|
Misawa K, Kanazawa T, Misawa Y, Imai A, Uehara T, Mochizuki D, Endo S, Takahashi G, Mineta H. Frequent promoter hypermethylation of tachykinin-1 and tachykinin receptor type 1 is a potential biomarker for head and neck cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:879-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
44
|
Genomic profiles and CRTC1-MAML2 fusion distinguish different subtypes of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:213-22. [PMID: 23018873 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy, and includes a spectrum of lesions ranging from non-aggressive low-grade tumors to aggressive high-grade tumors. To further characterize this heterogeneous group of tumors we have performed a comprehensive analysis of copy number alterations and CRTC1-MAML2 fusion status in a series of 28 mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The CRTC1-MAML2 fusion was detected by RT-PCR or fluorescence in situ hybridization in 18 of 28 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (64%). All 15 low-grade tumors were fusion-positive whereas only 3 of 13 high-grade tumors were fusion-positive. High-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed that fusion-positive tumors had significantly fewer copy number alterations/tumor compared with fusion-negative tumors (1.5 vs 9.5; P=0.002). Twelve of 18 fusion-positive tumors had normal genomic profiles whereas only 1 out of 10 fusion-negative tumors lacked copy number alterations. The profiles of fusion-positive and fusion-negative tumors were very similar to those of low- and high-grade tumors. Thus, low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas had significantly fewer copy number alterations/tumor compared with high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas (0.7 vs 8.6; P<0.0001). The most frequent copy number alterations detected were losses of 18q12.2-qter (including the tumor suppressor genes DCC, SMAD4, and GALR1), 9p21.3 (including the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A/B), 6q22.1-q23.1, and 8pter-p12.1, and gains of 8q24.3 (including the oncogene MAFA), 11q12.3-q13.2, 3q26.1-q28, 19p13.2-p13.11, and 8q11.1-q12.2 (including the oncogenes LYN, MOS, and PLAG1). On the basis of these results we propose that mucoepidermoid carcinoma may be subdivided in (i) low-grade, fusion-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas with no or few genomic imbalances and favorable prognosis, (ii) high-grade, fusion-positive mucoepidermoid carcinomas with multiple genomic imbalances and unfavorable prognosis, and (iii) a heterogeneous group of high-grade, fusion-negative adenocarcinomas with multiple genomic imbalances and unfavorable outcome. Taken together, our studies indicate that molecular genetic analysis can be a useful adjunct to histologic scoring of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and may lead to development of new clinical guidelines for management of these patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
Stevenson L, Allen WL, Turkington R, Jithesh PV, Proutski I, Stewart G, Lenz HJ, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB, Johnston PG. Identification of galanin and its receptor GalR1 as novel determinants of resistance to chemotherapy and potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5412-26. [PMID: 22859720 PMCID: PMC3463501 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A major factor limiting the effective clinical management of colorectal cancer (CRC) is resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, the identification of novel, therapeutically targetable mediators of resistance is vital. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a CRC disease-focused microarray platform to transcriptionally profile chemotherapy-responsive and nonresponsive pretreatment metastatic CRC liver biopsies and in vitro samples, both sensitive and resistant to clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs (5-FU and oxaliplatin). Pathway and gene set enrichment analyses identified candidate genes within key pathways mediating drug resistance. Functional RNAi screening identified regulators of drug resistance. RESULTS Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, focal adhesion, cell cycle, insulin signaling, and apoptosis were identified as key pathways involved in mediating drug resistance. The G-protein-coupled receptor galanin receptor 1 (GalR1) was identified as a novel regulator of drug resistance. Notably, silencing either GalR1 or its ligand galanin induced apoptosis in drug-sensitive and resistant cell lines and synergistically enhanced the effects of chemotherapy. Mechanistically, GalR1/galanin silencing resulted in downregulation of the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor FLIP(L), resulting in induction of caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Galanin mRNA was found to be overexpressed in colorectal tumors, and importantly, high galanin expression correlated with poor disease-free survival of patients with early-stage CRC. CONCLUSION This study shows the power of systems biology approaches to identify key pathways and genes that are functionally involved in mediating chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, we have identified a novel role for the GalR1/galanin receptor-ligand axis in chemoresistance, providing evidence to support its further evaluation as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker in CRC.
Collapse
|
46
|
Tofighi R, Barde S, Palkovits M, Höög A, Hökfelt T, Ceccatelli S, Hulting AL. Galanin and its three receptors in human pituitary adenoma. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:195-201. [PMID: 22889491 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galanin, a 29-aminoacid peptide (30 in humans), is widely distributed in the nervous and endocrine systems and exerts its actions via three G-protein-coupled receptors, GalR1-3. The galanin system has, among others, been associated with tumorigenesis. Our objective was to assess the expression of galanin and its receptors in pituitary tumors. Transcript levels of galanin and galanin receptors 1-3 (GalR1-3) were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR) in pituitary tumors, surgically removed from thirteen patients, and twelve post mortem pituitaries. Galanin, GalR1 and GalR2 mRNA, but not GalR3 mRNA, were found in the twelve human post-mortem pituitaries. Expression of GalR1 was relatively increased in most, whereas GalR2 was decreased in some tumors. High levels of GalR3 were only found in tumors of five patients, who all relapsed shortly after surgical intervention. The results suggest that GalR3, a receptor for the neuroendocrine peptide galanin, is a potential marker for relapsing pituitary tumors. Thus, galanin receptors may play an important role in pituitary tumors, also for surgical outcome and prognosis, and may serve as a diagnostic tool. The association of GalR3 with tumor relapse suggests that antagonists to this receptor represent a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of pituitary tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Tofighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Poage GM, Butler RA, Houseman EA, McClean MD, Nelson HH, Christensen BC, Marsit CJ, Kelsey KT. Identification of an epigenetic profile classifier that is associated with survival in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2728-37. [PMID: 22507853 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4121-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Panels of prognostic biomarkers selected using candidate approaches often do not validate in independent populations, so additional strategies are needed to identify reliable classifiers. In this study, we used an array-based approach to measure DNA methylation and applied a novel method for grouping CpG dinucleotides according to well-characterized genomic sequence features. A hypermethylation profile among 13 CpG loci, characterized by polycomb group target genes, mammalian interspersed repeats, and transcription factor-binding sites (PcG/MIR/TFBS), was associated with reduced survival (HR, 3.98; P = 0.001) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This association was driven by CpGs associated with the TAP1 and ALDH3A1 genes, findings that were validated in an independent patient group (HR, 2.86; P = 0.04). Together, the data not only elucidate new potential targets for therapeutic intervention in head and neck cancer but also may aid in the identification of poor prognosis patients who may require more aggressive treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Poage
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Role of DNA methylation in head and neck cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:123-50. [PMID: 22704334 PMCID: PMC3365391 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogenous and complex entity including diverse anatomical sites and a variety of tumor types displaying unique characteristics and different etilogies. Both environmental and genetic factors play a role in the development of the disease, but the underlying mechanism is still far from clear. Previous studies suggest that alterations in the genes acting in cellular signal pathways may contribute to head and neck carcinogenesis. In cancer, DNA methylation patterns display specific aberrations even in the early and precancerous stages and may confer susceptibility to further genetic or epigenetic changes. Silencing of the genes by hypermethylation or induction of oncogenes by promoter hypomethylation are frequent mechanisms in different types of cancer and achieve increasing diagnostic and therapeutic importance since the changes are reversible. Therefore, methylation analysis may provide promising clinical applications, including the development of new biomarkers and prediction of the therapeutic response or prognosis. In this review, we aimed to analyze the available information indicating a role for the epigenetic changes in HNC.
Collapse
|
49
|
Jing F, Yuping W, Yong C, Jie L, Jun L, Xuanbing T, Lihua H. CpG island methylator phenotype of multigene in serum of sporadic breast carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2010; 31:321-31. [PMID: 20490964 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) involves methylation targeted toward the promoters of multiple genes. We determined a methylation profile of tumor-related genes in serum of sporadic breast cancer (SBC). The multigene methylation was examined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assay in serum of 50 SBCs and 50 paired nontumors, and CIMP+ was defined as having three genes that are concordantly methylated. The methylation frequency of ten genes in serum of 50 SBCs varied from 10% in FHIT to 74% in RASSF1A. The methylation status of RASSF1A, BRCA1, p16, CDH1, ER, RARbeta2, APC, and DAPK was significantly correlated with SBC and nontumor serum (P < 0.05). Methylation of at least one gene was found in 92% SBC; CIMP was more frequent in SBC than nontumor serum (P < 0.001). There was a significant association between CIMP and methylation of RASSF1A, BRCA1, p16, CDH1, ER, RARbeta2, APC, and DAPK (P < 0.05); the methylation link profile of CDH1, RASSF1A, BRCA1, and RARbeta2 as breast cancer marker may contribute high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (88%). ER and RARbeta2 methylation was associated with elevated serum CA153 levels in 39 SBC samples with CIMP+ (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that living area of patients was found to provide independent prognostic information associated with a relative risk of tumor recurrence of 5.3. Multigene-specific methylation profile in serum was association with the recurrence risk of rural SBC, and positive correlation of CIMP can serve as a promising molecular marker of SBC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/blood
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- CpG Islands/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/blood
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Phenotype
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Carey TE. Galanin receptor subtypes 1 and 2 as therapeutic targets in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:289-302. [PMID: 20148716 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003598922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite advances in the therapeutic approaches for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at some sites, no substantial improvement in treatment efficacy and survival has occurred over the past several decades. Recent application of molecular biology has focused on the importance of galanin and its receptors as potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to examine galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) and galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) as HNSCC therapeutic targets and explore opportunities and strategies for making use of GALR1 and GALR2 signaling. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides recent data about galanin receptor signaling and function in various cell types, especially HNSCC. Signaling through GALR1 induces cell cycle arrest and suppresses proliferation in HNSCC. Similar to GALR1, GALR2 not only induces cell cycle arrest but also apoptosis, which was not observed with GALR1. TAKE HOME MESSAGES GALR1 and GALR2 act as tumor suppressors in HNSCC, in a p53-independent manner. The current data suggest that GALR1 and GALR2 are potentially significant therapeutic targets and prognostic factors in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- The University of Michigan, Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|