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Kutryb-Zając B, Kawecka A, Nasadiuk K, Braczko A, Stawarska K, Caiazzo E, Koszałka P, Cicala C. Drugs targeting adenosine signaling pathways: A current view. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115184. [PMID: 37506580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. It is derived from either the intracellular or extracellular dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate and interacts with cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine plays a substantial role in protecting against cell damage in areas of increased tissue metabolism and preventing organ dysfunction in pathological states. Targeting adenosine metabolism and receptor signaling may be an effective therapeutic approach for human diseases, including cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, renal diseases, and cancer. Several lines of evidence have shown that many drugs exert their beneficial effects by modulating adenosine signaling pathways but this knowledge urgently needs to be summarized, and most importantly, actualized. The present review collects pharmaceuticals and pharmacological or diagnostic tools that target adenosine signaling in their primary or secondary mode of action. We overviewed FDA-approved drugs as well as those currently being studied in clinical trials. Among them are already used in clinic A2A adenosine receptor modulators like istradefylline or regadenoson, but also plenty of anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, or immunosuppressive, and anti-cancer drugs. On the other hand, we investigated dozens of specific adenosine pathway regulators that are tested in clinical trials to treat human infectious and noninfectious diseases. In conclusion, targeting purinergic signaling represents a great therapeutic challenge. The actual knowledge of the involvement of adenosinergic signaling as part of the mechanism of action of old drugs has open a path not only for drug-repurposing but also for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zając
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ada Kawecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Khrystyna Nasadiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Braczko
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Stawarska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elisabetta Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naple Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrycja Koszałka
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naple Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Kawakita E, Koya D, Kanasaki K. CD26/DPP-4: Type 2 Diabetes Drug Target with Potential Influence on Cancer Biology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092191. [PMID: 34063285 PMCID: PMC8124456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor is widely used for type 2 diabetes. Although DPP-4/CD26 has been recognized as both a suppressor and inducer in tumor biology due to its various functions, how DPP-4 inhibitor affects cancer progression in diabetic patients is still unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize one unfavorable aspect of DPP-4 inhibitor in cancer-bearing diabetic patients. Abstract DPP-4/CD26, a membrane-bound glycoprotein, is ubiquitously expressed and has diverse biological functions. Because of its enzymatic action, such as the degradation of incretin hormones, DPP-4/CD26 is recognized as the significant therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes (T2DM); DPP-4 inhibitors have been used as an anti-diabetic agent for a decade. The safety profile of DPP-4 inhibitors for a cardiovascular event in T2DM patients has been widely analyzed; however, a clear association between DPP-4 inhibitors and tumor biology is not yet established. Previous preclinical studies reported that DPP-4 suppression would impact tumor progression processes. With regard to this finding, we have shown that the DPP-4 inhibitor induces breast cancer metastasis and chemoresistance via an increase in its substrate C-X-C motif chemokine 12, and the consequent induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the tumor. DPP-4/CD26 plays diverse pivotal roles beyond blood glucose control; thus, DPP-4 inhibitors can potentially impact cancer-bearing T2DM patients either favorably or unfavorably. In this review, we primarily focus on the possible undesirable effect of DPP-4 inhibition on tumor biology. Clinicians should note that the safety of DPP-4 inhibitors for diabetic patients with an existing cancer is an unresolved issue, and further mechanistic analysis is essential in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kawakita
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan;
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
- Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2183
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Shao S, Wang C, Tian J, Zhang H, Wang S, Du Y. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum CD26 level in Asian women with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Future Oncol 2019; 15:1863-1871. [PMID: 31140312 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to reveal the diagnostic and prognostic significance of serum CD26 level in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma women in China. Methods: There were 229 high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma women and 365 controls. Baseline serum CD26 level was measured using ELISA. A 36-month post-operation follow-up was performed. Results: Baseline serum CD26 level ≤601.5 pg/ml was associated with the increased risk of ovarian carcinoma (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.20-2.32). Baseline serum level of CD26 ≤589.7 pg/ml was related to the elevated risk of cancer death (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.04-1.69). Conclusion: Baseline serum CD26 level might be an independent diagnostic and prognostic marker for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Shao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shelian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yaowu Du
- Laboratory for Nanomedicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan Province, PR China
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Abstract
PURPOSE Meniscus contains heterogeneous populations of cells that have not been fully characterized. Cell phenotype is often lost during culture; however, culture expansion is typically required for tissue engineering. We examined and compared cell-surface molecule expression levels on human meniscus cells from the vascular and avascular regions and articular chondrocytes while documenting changes during culture-induced dedifferentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expressions of 16 different surface molecules were examined by flow cytometry after monolayer culture for 24 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Menisci were also immunostained to document the spatial distributions of selected surface molecules. RESULTS Meniscus cells and chondrocytes exhibited several similarities in surface molecule profiles with dynamic changes during culture. A greater percentage of meniscal cells were positive for CD14, CD26, CD49c, and CD49f compared to articular chondrocytes. Initially, more meniscal cells from the vascular region were positive for CD90 compared to cells from the avascular region or chondrocytes. Cells from the vascular region also expressed higher levels of CD166 and CD271 compared to cells from the avascular region. CD90, CD166, and CD271-positive cells were predominately perivascular in location. However, CD166-positive cells were also located in the superficial layer and in the adjacent synovial and adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS These surface marker profiles provide a target phenotype for differentiation of progenitors in tissue engineering. The spatial location of progenitor cells in meniscus is consistent with higher regenerative capacity of the vascular region, while the surface progenitor subpopulations have potential to be utilized in tears created in the avascular region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P. Grogan
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chantal Pauli
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Martin K. Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Darryl D. D’Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA
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Mehde AA, Yusof F, Mehdi WA, Zainulabdeen JA. CD26: A Prognostic Marker of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children in the Post Remission Induction Phase. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:5059-62. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.12.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Jona A, Szodoray P, Illés A. Immunologic pathomechanism of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:995-1004. [PMID: 24099823 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a lymphoid malignancy of the immune system. The pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells (HRS) are derived mainly from monoclonal, preapoptotic B cells, and they carry rearranged, somatically mutated immunoglobulin heavy chains. In an appropriate microenvironment, HRS cells escape from apoptosis by several mechanisms, including single mutations, aberrant signaling pathways. Eventually, weakened immune surveillance leads to uncontrolled, disproportional B cell proliferation. This review summarizes the latest findings on the pathogenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma, with a special emphasis on immunologic processes, and depicts current and future immunotherapeutic regimens, which improve treatment outcomes and reduce late toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jona
- Department of Hematology, Institute for Internal Medicine; University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Kapoor S. CD26: A prognostic marker of other systemic malignancies besides colo-rectal carcinomas. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3:126-7. [PMID: 22905339 PMCID: PMC3421025 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v3.i8.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
I read with great interest the recent article by Cordero et al in a recent issue of your esteemed journal. Interestingly, the past few years have seen the emergence of CD26 as an important diagnostic and prognostic marker for a number of systemic malignancies besides colo-rectal carcinomas. For instance, serum CD26 levels are an important emerging marker of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). In fact, Molica et al have recently reported shorter time to first treatment in B-CLL which exhibit higher serum CD26 levels and simultaneously demonstrate absence of mutation in IgV (H). Similarly, CD26 serves as a marker of poor prognosis in T cell lymphomas. Simultaneously, a poor response to 2’-deoxycoformycin is seen T cell lymphomas expressing CD26. Similarly, breast carcinomas exhibit decreased CD26 mean fluorescence intensity and a decreased percentage of CD26 positive lymphocytes in comparison to benign breast tumors and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Kapoor
- Shailendra Kapoor, Private practice, 7487 Sherwood Crossing place # 302, Mechanicsville, VA 23111, United States
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Aldinucci D, Gloghini A, Pinto A, De Filippi R, Carbone A. The classical Hodgkin's lymphoma microenvironment and its role in promoting tumour growth and immune escape. J Pathol 2010; 221:248-63. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Rodríguez J, Gutiérrez A, Martínez-Delgado B, Perez-Manga G. Current and future aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma treatment paradigms, biological features and therapeutic molecular targets. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 71:181-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Dickinson JD, Gilmore J, Iqbal J, Sanger W, Lynch JC, Chan J, Bierman PJ, Joshi SS. 11q22.3 deletion in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia is specifically associated with bulky lymphadenopathy and ZAP-70 expression but not reduced expression of adhesion/cell surface receptor molecules. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 47:231-44. [PMID: 16321852 DOI: 10.1080/10428190500254141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of chromosome abnormalities promotes tumor progression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the molecular pathways that are relevant to tumor progression remain unclear. In this study, we screened for common chromosome abnormalities [13q14 del, 11q22.3 (ATM) del, 17p13 (p53) del and trisomy 12] by fluorescent in situ hybridization in 40 B-CLL patients. Each of the four chromosome abnormality groups was compared to several clinical factors related to lymphocyte behaviour in CLL. The 11q22.3 (ATM) deletion group was significantly associated with the presence of bulky abdominal/mediastinal lymphadenopathy (P = 0.014). We hypothesized that this phenotype would be associated with an altered transcription pattern of genes. Class comparison analysis by significance analysis of microarrays on a subset of CLL samples (n = 14) indicated that a number of cell surface receptor and adhesion related genes were under-expressed in the 11q22.3 deletion group (CD44, CD11a, PTPRC, CD79a, chemokine ligand 17 and chemokine receptor type 6). The presence of additional prognostic factors, such as CD38 and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutational status, may also influence the transcriptional pathways between the two groups. Therefore, we employed a novel analysis technique for the correlation of log(2) gene expression ratios with the percentage of each tumor that carried the 11q22.3 deletion. Using Spearman's correlation, ZAP-70, chemokine ligand 17, BSAP (PAX5), CD7, LAG3 and PTPR6 were significantly correlated with the percentage of cells with the 11q22.3 deletion. However, the down-regulation of cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules observed by class comparison could not be confirmed to be specific for the 11q22.3 deletion by this method.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphatic Diseases/complications
- Lymphatic Diseases/genetics
- Male
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Trisomy
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/biosynthesis
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Dickinson
- Department of Genetics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-6395, USA
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Robak T, Korycka A, Lech-Maranda E, Robak P. Current status of older and new purine nucleoside analogues in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases. Molecules 2009; 14:1183-226. [PMID: 19325518 PMCID: PMC6253893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past few years more and more new cytotoxic agents active in the treatment of hematological malignancies have been synthesized and become available for either in vitro studies or clinical trials. Among them the class of antineoplastic drugs belonging to the purine nucleoside analogues group (PNAs) plays an important role. Three of them: pentostatin (DCF), cladribine (2-CdA) and fludarabine (FA) were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Recently three novel PNAs: clofarabine (CAFdA), nelarabine (ara-G) and forodesine (immucillin H, BCX-1777) have been synthesized and introduced into preclinical studies and clinical trials. These agents seem to be useful mainly for the treatment of human T-cell proliferative disorders and they are currently undergoing clinical trials in lymphoid malignancies. However, there are also several studies suggesting the role of these drugs in B-cell malignancies. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, clinical activity and toxicity of PNAs accepted for use in clinical practice, as well as new agents available for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz and Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Ciolkowskiego 2 Str., Poland.
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Diaz-Romero J, Nesic D, Grogan SP, Heini P, Mainil-Varlet P. Immunophenotypic changes of human articular chondrocytes during monolayer culture reflect bona fide dedifferentiation rather than amplification of progenitor cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:75-83. [PMID: 17559082 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a time-course comparison of human articular chondrocytes (HAC) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) immunophenotype was performed in order to determine similarities/differences between both cell types during monolayer culture, and to identify HAC surface markers indicative of dedifferentiation. Our results show that dedifferentiated HAC can be distinguished from MSC by combining CD14, CD90, and CD105 expression, with dedifferentiated HAC being CD14+/CD90bright/CD105dim and MSC being CD14-/CD90dim/CD105bright. Surface markers on MSC showed little variation during the culture, whereas HAC showed upregulation of CD90, CD166, CD49c, CD44, CD10, CD26, CD49e, CD151, CD51/61, and CD81, and downregulation of CD49a, CD54, and CD14. Thus, dedifferentiated HAC appear as a bona fide cell population rather than a small population of MSC amplified during monolayer culture. While most of the HAC surface markers showed major changes at the beginning of the culture period (Passage 1-2), CD26 was upregulated and CD49a downregulated at later stages of the culture (Passage 3-4). To correlate changes in HAC surface markers with changes in extracellular matrix gene expression during monolayer culture, CD14 and CD90 mRNA levels were combined into a new differentiation index and compared with the established differentiation indices based on the ratios of mRNA levels of collagen type II to I (COL2/COL1) and of aggrecan to versican (AGG/VER). A correlation of CD14/CD90 ratio at the mRNA and protein level with the AGG/VER ratio during HAC dedifferentiation in monolayer culture validated CD14/CD90 as a new membrane and mRNA based HAC differentiation index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Diaz-Romero
- Osteoarticular Research Group, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Wang XM, Yu DMT, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. Extra-enzymatic roles of DPIV and FAP in cell adhesion and migration on collagen and fibronectin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:213-22. [PMID: 16700525 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin M Wang
- A. W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and the University of Sydney Discipline of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Dourado M, Sarmento AB, Pereira SV, Alves V, Silva T, Pinto AM, Rosa MS. CD26/DPPIV expression and 8-azaguanine response in T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines in culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 14:3-10. [PMID: 17055708 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a cell membrane surface protease also known as CD26 (CD26/DPPIV), is known to play multiple functions in human organism, where it is largely expressed, for instance, in the development of human cancer and metastasis as well as in chemotherapy response. The objective of this work was to study the CD26 membrane expression and DPPIV activity in T-acute leukaemia cell lines (CEM and MOLT3) in culture, in order to observe the modification of its expression under the 8-azaguanine treatment. Cell line samples were incubated, some without different azaguanine concentration and others with, ranging from 10 to 100muM. Cell surface CD26 expression has been identified by flow cytometry and DPPIV activity, in cultured medium, was fluorimetrically measured. Results we have observed showed that 8-azaguanine induced a decrease in cell viability in a dose, time and cell type dependent manner with MOLT3 cells being the most sensitive to 8-azaguanine citotoxic effects (24h IC50: +/-10muM) when compared with CEM cells (24h IC50: +/-100muM). In the same experimental conditions, MOLT3 cell treated with 8-azaguanine shows an increase in CD26 expression (MIF) compared with that of CEM cell submitted to the same conditions (65.4+/-1.3 versus 18.7+/-1.7). DPPIV activity in culture medium supernatant of CEM versus MOLT3 controls cells (1.91+/-0.43 versus 2.06+/-0.50) and of CEM versus MOLT3 treated cells (2.10+/-0.16 versus 1.89+/-0.04) did not show a significant difference. These preliminary results suggest that 8-azaguanine stimulates CD26 expression which may be related to cellular sensitivity to 8-azaguanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Dourado
- Institute of General Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Discipline of Pathophysiology of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Yu DMT, Wang XM, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. Extraenzymatic functions of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV-related proteins DP8 and DP9 in cell adhesion, migration and apoptosis. FEBS J 2006; 273:2447-60. [PMID: 16704418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene family contains the four peptidases dipeptidyl peptidase IV, fibroblast activation protein, dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and fibroblast activation protein are involved in cell-extracellular matrix interactions and tissue remodeling. Fibroblast activation protein is upregulated and dipeptidyl peptidase IV is dysregulated in chronic liver disease. The effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 on cell adhesion, cell migration, wound healing and apoptosis were measured by using green fluorescent protein fusion proteins to identify transfected cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9-overexpressing cells exhibited impaired cell adhesion, migration in transwells and monolayer wound healing on collagen I, fibronectin and Matrigel. Dipeptidyl peptidase 8-overexpressing cells exhibited impaired cell migration on collagen I and impaired wound healing on collagen I and fibronectin in comparison to the green fluorescent protein-transfected controls. Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 enhanced induced apoptosis, and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 overexpression increased spontaneous apoptosis. Mechanistic investigations showed that neither the catalytic serine of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 or dipeptidyl peptidase 9 nor the Arg-Gly-Asp integrin-binding motif in dipeptidyl peptidase 9 were required for the impairment of cell survival, cell adhesion or wound healing. We have previously shown that the in vitro roles of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and fibroblast activation protein in cell-extracellular matrix interactions and apoptosis are similarly independent of catalytic activity. Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 overexpression reduced beta-catenin, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and discoidin domain receptor 1 expression. This is the first demonstration that dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9 influence cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and thus may regulate tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M T Yu
- A. W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and the University of Sydney Discipline of Medicine, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Robak T. Current treatment options in hairy cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia variant. Cancer Treat Rev 2006; 32:365-76. [PMID: 16781083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by splenomegaly, pancytopenia and circulating lymphocytes displaying prominent cytoplasmic projections. HCL has usually an indolent course and the patients with asymptomatic disease do not require therapy. Treatment of progressive symptomatic HCL includes a variety of pharmacological approaches such as interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), pentostatin (DCF) and cladribine (2-CdA), which have significantly improved the disease prognosis. 2-CdA and DCF seem to induce a similar high response rate and a long overall survival. They are also active in relapsed patients. More recently high activity of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) and anti-CD25 (LMB-2) and anti-CD22 (BL-22) immunotoxins have increased the number of therapeutic options for HCL. Splenectomy may be still indicated in patients with massive, symptomatic splenomegaly or results in severe cytopenia. IFN-alpha may have a place in patients with very severe cytopenia, in HCL in pregnancy and in patients who have failed prior therapy with purine nucleoside analogs. HCL variant (HCL-V) is a distinct clinico-pathological entity which seems to be resistant to IFN-alpha and purine nucleoside analogs - DCF and 2-CdA. However, preliminary observations suggest that monoclonal antibodies - rituximab and BL-22 immunotoxin are highly active in this disorder even refractory to 2-CdA. In this review current therapeutic strategies in HCL and HCL-V are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz and Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Ciołkowskiego 2, Poland.
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Abstract
Immunophenotyping was introduced into diagnostic pathology over 30 years ago to assist in the diagnosis and classification of lymphoproliferative disorders. Today the role of immunophenotyping has been expanded beyond this to include the detection of markers of prognosis, determination of disease phenotypes associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities, detection of targets for immunotherapy and to monitor residual disease. Immunoperoxidase detection methods remain the most popular in histopathology, whilst flow cytometry is most commonly applied for haematological samples. The range of monoclonal antibodies available, including those which work in routinely performed tissue specimens, continues to increase. This is in part a result of gene expression studies identifying precise genetic signatures for certain lymphoproliferative disorders and the generation of new protein markers to gene products of upregulated genes. This review summarises the current status and applications of immunophenotyping in the assessment of many of the lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Gudgin
- Haematology Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wang XM, Yu DMT, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. Fibroblast activation protein increases apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration by the LX-2 human stellate cell line. Hepatology 2005; 42:935-45. [PMID: 16175601 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Injury and repair in chronic liver disease involve cell adhesion, migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and a wound healing response. In liver, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has both collagenase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV) activities and is expressed only by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and myofibroblasts, which produce and degrade extracellular matrix (ECM). FAP was colocalized with collagen fibers, fibronectin, and collagen type I in human liver. FAP function was examined in vitro by expressing green fluorescent protein FAP fusion protein in cell lines cultured on collagen-I, fibronectin, and Matrigel. Glutamates at 203 and 204 as well as serine624 of FAP were essential for peptidase activity. Human embryonic kidney 293T cells overexpressing FAP showed reduced adhesion and migration. FAP overexpression in the human HSC line LX-2 caused increased cell adhesion and migration on ECM proteins as well as invasion across transwells in the absence or presence of transforming growth factor beta-1. FAP overexpression enhanced staurosporine streptomyces-stimulated apoptosis in both cell lines. Interestingly, the enzyme activity of FAP was not required for these functions. Overexpressing FAP increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and CD44 and reduced integrin-beta1 expression in 293T cells, suggesting potential pathways of FAP-mediated impairment of cell adhesion and migration in this epithelial cell line. In conclusion, these findings further support a pro-fibrogenic role for FAP by indicating that, in addition to its enzymatic functions, FAP has important nonenzymatic functions that in chronic liver injury may facilitate tissue remodeling through FAP-mediated enhancement of HSC cell adhesion, migration, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Maggie Wang
- A. W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and The Discipline of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a neoplastic disease of unknown aetiology characterised by an absolute lymphocytosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow. The disease is diagnosed most commonly in the elderly with the median age at diagnosis being about 65 years. The purine nucleoside analogues (PNAs) fludarabine, cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) and pentostatin (2'-deoxycoformycin) are highly active in CLL, both in previously treated and in refractory or relapsed patients. These three agents share similar chemical structures and mechanisms of action such as induction of apoptosis. However, they also exhibit significant differences, especially in their interactions with enzymes involved in adenosine and deoxyadenosine metabolism. Recent randomised studies suggest that fludarabine and cladribine have similar activity in CLL. However, clinical observations indicate the existence of cross-resistance between fludarabine and cladribine. Patients who received PNAs as their initial therapy and achieved long-lasting response can be successfully retreated with the same agent. PNAs administered in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents and/or monoclonal antibodies may produce higher response rates, including complete response (CR) or molecular CR, compared with PNAs alone or other treatment regimens. Management decisions are more difficult in elderly patients because of the apparent increase in toxicity of PNAs in this population. In elderly patients, we recommend chlorambucil as the first-line treatment, with PNAs in lower doses in refractory or relapsed patients. Myelosuppression and infections, including opportunistic varieties, are the most frequent adverse effects in patients with CLL treated with PNAs. Therefore, some investigators recommend routine antibacterial and antiviral prophylaxis during and after PNA treatment. This review presents current results and treatment strategies with the use of PNAs in CLL, especially in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Lodz, 93-513, Poland.
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