1
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Bacon ER, Ihle K, Guo W, Egelston CA, Simons DL, Wei C, Tumyan L, Schmolze D, Lee PP, Waisman JR. Tumor heterogeneity and clinically invisible micrometastases in metastatic breast cancer-a call for enhanced surveillance strategies. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:81. [PMID: 38553598 PMCID: PMC10980766 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The biology of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is understudied, primarily due to the difficulty of procuring multiple samples from patients with oligometastatic breast cancer. We developed a rapid postmortem tissue procurement program that allows the collection and analysis of numerous metastatic lesions, subclinical locations, and potential pre-metastatic niches that fall within this scope. We conducted a rapid postmortem tissue collection study on 9 patients with MBC. Patients and their families consented to donate tissues immediately after death in an IRB-approved study. Various disease subtypes, progression histories, organ involvement, and final causes of death are reported. In patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) disease, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and Ki-67 expression were heterogeneous across metastatic lesions within individual patients. Disease phenotype at the end of life trended toward complete loss of HR expression. Nearly all (n = 7) patients exhibited extensive tumor involvement of additional organs that had not been previously diagnosed clinically and were not retrospectively visible on recent imaging. Of these seven individuals, three included organs uncommonly associated with MBC: kidney, spleen, pancreas, and ovary. Finally, we identified clinically undetectable micrometastases in several organs uncommonly involved in MBC. Our findings raise several clinically relevant questions regarding the mechanisms of metastatic progression. Insights from this study argue for better surveillance strategies for monitoring MBC. We highlight the need to capture more accurate biomarker information in the context of heterogeneous disease and urge the consideration of treatment strategies that combine multiple targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza R Bacon
- The Center for Precision Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Kena Ihle
- The Center for Precision Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Colt A Egelston
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Diana L Simons
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Christina Wei
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lusine Tumyan
- Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Daniel Schmolze
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - James R Waisman
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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2
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Abstract
SignificanceThe study provided a long-sought molecular mechanism that could explain the link between fatty acid metabolism and cancer metastasis. Further understanding may lead to new strategies to inhibit cancer metastasis. The chemical proteomic approach developed here will be useful for discovering other regulatory mechanisms of protein function by small molecule metabolites.
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3
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Gupta A, Sinha KM, Abdin MZ, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. NDK/NME proteins: a host-pathogen interface perspective towards therapeutics. Curr Genet 2021; 68:15-25. [PMID: 34480234 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
No effective vaccine is available for any parasitic disease. The treatment to those is solely dependent on chemotherapy, which is always threatened due to development of drug resistance in bugs. This warrants identification of new drug targets. Here, we discuss Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDKs) of pathogens that alter host's intra and extracellular environment, as novel drug targets to simultaneously tackle multiple pathogens. NDKs having diverse functions, are highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes (the mammal NDKs are called NMEs [non-metastatic enzymes]). However, NDKs and NMEs have been separately analysed in the past for their structure and functions. The role of NDKs of pathogen in modulation of inflammation, phagocytosis, apoptosis, and ROS generation in host is known. Conversely, its combined contribution in host-pathogen interaction has not been studied yet. Through the sequence and domain analysis, we found that NDKs can be classified in two groups. One group comprised NMEs 1-4 and few NDKs of select essential protozoan parasites and the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The other group included NME7 and the other NDKs of those parasites, posing challenges in the development of drugs specifically targeting pathogen NDKs, without affecting NME7. However, common drugs targeting group 2 NDKs of pathogens can be designed, as NME7 of group 2 is expressed only in ciliated host cells. This review thus analyses comparatively for the first time the structures and functions of human NMEs and pathogen NDKs and predicts the possibilities of NDKs as drug targets. In addition, pathogen NDKs have been now provided a nomenclature in alignment with the NMEs of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Gupta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Krishna Murari Sinha
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122413, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Angamuthu Selvapandiyan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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4
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Riggio AI, Varley KE, Welm AL. The lingering mysteries of metastatic recurrence in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:13-26. [PMID: 33239679 PMCID: PMC7782773 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being the hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the highest number of deaths, very little is known about the biology of metastasis. Metastatic disease typically manifests after a protracted period of undetectable disease following surgery or systemic therapy, owing to relapse or recurrence. In the case of breast cancer, metastatic relapse can occur months to decades after initial diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the known key factors that influence metastatic recurrence, with the goal of highlighting the critical unanswered questions that still need to be addressed to make a difference in the mortality of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra I Riggio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katherine E Varley
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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5
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Das SK, Maji S, Wechman SL, Bhoopathi P, Pradhan AK, Talukdar S, Sarkar D, Landry J, Guo C, Wang XY, Cavenee WK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP): Novel gene and therapeutic target for cancer metastasis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104695. [PMID: 32061839 PMCID: PMC7551653 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary cause of cancer-related death from solid tumors is metastasis. While unraveling the mechanisms of this complicated process continues, our ability to effectively target and treat it to decrease patient morbidity and mortality remains disappointing. Early detection of metastatic lesions and approaches to treat metastases (both pharmacological and genetic) are of prime importance to obstruct this process clinically. Metastasis is complex involving both genetic and epigenetic changes in the constantly evolving tumor cell. Moreover, many discrete steps have been identified in metastatic spread, including invasion, intravasation, angiogenesis, attachment at a distant site (secondary seeding), extravasation and micrometastasis and tumor dormancy development. Here, we provide an overview of the metastatic process and highlight a unique pro-metastatic gene, melanoma differentiation associated gene-9/Syntenin (MDA-9/Syntenin) also called syndecan binding protein (SDCBP), which is a major contributor to the majority of independent metastatic events. MDA-9 expression is elevated in a wide range of carcinomas and other cancers, including melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme and neuroblastoma, suggesting that it may provide an appropriate target to intervene in metastasis. Pre-clinical studies confirm that inhibiting MDA-9 either genetically or pharmacologically profoundly suppresses metastasis. An additional benefit to blocking MDA-9 in metastatic cells is sensitization of these cells to a second therapeutic agent, which converts anti-invasion effects to tumor cytocidal effects. Continued mechanistic and therapeutic insights hold promise to advance development of truly effective therapies for metastasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Santanu Maji
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephen L Wechman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPK) are nucleotide metabolism enzymes encoded by NME genes (also called NM23). Given the fact that not all NME-encoded proteins are catalytically active NDPKs and that NM23 generally refers to clinical studies on metastasis, we use here NME/NDPK to denote the proteins. Since their discovery in the 1950's, NMEs/NDPKs have been shown to be involved in multiple physiological and pathological cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully determined. Recent progress in elucidating these underlying mechanisms has been presented by experts in the field at the 10th International Congress on the NDPK/NME/AWD protein family in October 2016 in Dubrovnik, Croatia, and is summarized in review articles or original research in this and an upcoming issue of Laboratory Investigation. Within this editorial, we discuss three major cellular processes that involve members of the multi-functional NME/NDPK family: (i) cancer and metastasis dissemination, (ii) membrane remodeling and nucleotide channeling, and iii) protein histidine phosphorylation.
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7
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Comparison of immunophenotypes of primary breast carcinomas and multiple corresponding distant metastases: an autopsy study of 25 patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 34:103-113. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Pan V, Siva PN, Modery-Pawlowski CL, Singh Sekhon UD, Gupta AS. Targeted killing of metastatic cells using a platelet-inspired drug delivery system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-metastatic tumor cells in circulation interact with active platelets that mediate various mechanisms of hematologic metastasis. Elucidating and utilizing these interactions on delivery vehicles can provide unique ways of metastasis-targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Preethi N. Siva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | | | | | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
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9
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Terwisscha van Scheltinga AG, Lub-de Hooge MN, Hinner MJ, Verheijen RB, Allersdorfer A, Hülsmeyer M, Nagengast WB, Schröder CP, Kosterink JG, de Vries EG, Audoly L, Olwill SA. In Vivo Visualization of MET Tumor Expression and Anticalin Biodistribution with the MET-Specific Anticalin 89Zr-PRS-110 PET Tracer. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:665-71. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Kang Y, Pantel K. Tumor cell dissemination: emerging biological insights from animal models and cancer patients. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:573-81. [PMID: 23680145 PMCID: PMC3667710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are increasingly recognized for their potential utility in disease monitoring and therapeutic targeting. The clinical application of CTC/DTC requires better understanding of the biological mechanisms behind tumor dissemination, the survival of DTCs, and their activation to aggressive growth from dormancy. Recent research using animal models of DTCs and CTCs have provided novel insights into these processes. Here, we discuss these findings in the context of results obtained from the clinical analyses of CTCs and DTCs, which demonstrate that the animal models mimic, in many aspects, the complex situation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumour Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to surrounding tissues and to distant organs and is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. In order to complete the metastatic cascade, cancer cells must detach from the primary tumor, intravasate into the circulatory and lymphatic systems, evade immune attack, extravasate at distant capillary beds, and invade and proliferate in distant organs. Currently, several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the origin of cancer metastasis. These involve an epithelial mesenchymal transition, an accumulation of mutations in stem cells, a macrophage facilitation process, and a macrophage origin involving either transformation or fusion hybridization with neoplastic cells. Many of the properties of metastatic cancer cells are also seen in normal macrophages. A macrophage origin of metastasis can also explain the long-standing "seed and soil" hypothesis and the absence of metastasis in plant cancers. The view of metastasis as a macrophage metabolic disease can provide novel insight for therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Seyfried
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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12
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Knowles SM, Wu AM. Advances in immuno-positron emission tomography: antibodies for molecular imaging in oncology. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:3884-92. [PMID: 22987087 PMCID: PMC3478579 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.42.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of cancer cell-surface biomarkers and advances in antibody engineering have led to a sharp increase in the development of therapeutic antibodies. These same advances have led to a new generation of radiolabeled antibodies and antibody fragments that can be used as cancer-specific imaging agents, allowing quantitative imaging of cell-surface protein expression in vivo. Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) imaging with intact antibodies has shown success clinically in diagnosing and staging cancer. Engineered antibody fragments, such as diabodies, minibodies, and single-chain Fv (scFv) -Fc, have been successfully employed for immunoPET imaging of cancer cell-surface biomarkers in preclinical models and are poised to bring same-day imaging into clinical development. ImmunoPET can potentially provide a noninvasive approach for obtaining target-specific information useful for titrating doses for radioimmunotherapy, for patient risk stratification and selection of targeted therapies, for evaluating response to therapy, and for predicting adverse effects, thus contributing to the ongoing development of personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Knowles
- All authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna M. Wu
- All authors: David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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13
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Chen G, Davies MA. Emerging insights into the molecular biology of brain metastases. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:305-14. [PMID: 21946085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the foremost challenges in oncology is developing improved therapies for preventing and treating metastases to the brain. Recent research in this area is bringing about a shift in the understanding of brain metastases. Previously, the occurrence and poor outcomes associated with brain metastases have been largely attributed to the exclusion of anticancer drugs from the brain by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, studies in multiple tumor types have also demonstrated that brain metastases have significant molecular differences from primary tumors and extracranial metastases. These molecular differences may not only promote the formation of brain metastases, but they may also contribute to these tumors' poor responsiveness to therapies. Such changes may be intrinsic to the cancer cells or driven by unique interactions with the brain microenvironment. An improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of brain metastases that contribute to their aggressive behaviors will facilitate the development of rational, more effective treatments for these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Wang S, Huang X, Li Y, Lao H, Zhang Y, Dong H, Xu W, Li JL, Li M. RN181 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth by inhibition of the ERK/MAPK pathway. Hepatology 2011; 53:1932-42. [PMID: 21391225 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by mutations or chronic hepatitis virus infections play key roles in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we report that RN181, a really interesting new gene finger domain-containing protein, was down-regulated in highly malignant cell lines and in tumor cells of 139 HCC clinical samples in comparison with adjacent normal liver tissues. The expression of RN181 was strongly associated with the pathological grade of HCC. Alterations of the expression of RN181 by retrovirus-transduced up-regulation and short hairpin RNA-mediated down-regulation demonstrated the function of RN181 as a tumor suppressor because it decreased the proliferation and colony formation of HCC cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo by suppressing cell proliferation and enhancing cell apoptosis in xenografted tumors. Proteomic analyses showed that RN181 regulates the expression of many proteins that are important in many cellular processes. Statistical analyses identified 33 proteins with consistent changes (≥2-fold) in RN181-transformed cells. Ten of these proteins were up-regulated by RN181, and 23 were down-regulated. Representative proteins were validated by western blotting. Interaction network investigations revealed that 20 RN181-regulated proteins could integrate several key biological processes such as survival, metabolism, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Remarkably, 11 of the 33 proteins are associated with MAPK signaling in one or more ways. RN181 suppressed the tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in cell lines and in tumor cells of xenografts and HCC clinical samples, and removing the suppression increased tumor growth. CONCLUSION We have shown that RN181 suppresses the tumorigenesis of HCC through the inhibition of ERK/MAPK signaling in the liver. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of HCC and may help with the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suihai Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that many metastatic cancers arise from cells of the myeloid/macrophage lineage regardless of the primary tissue of origin. A myeloid origin of metastatic cancer stands apart from origins involving clonal evolution or epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Evidence is reviewed demonstrating that numerous human cancers express multiple properties of macrophages including phagocytosis, fusogenicity, and gene/protein expression. It is unlikely that the macrophage properties expressed in metastatic cancers arise from sporadic random mutations in epithelial cells, but rather from damage to an already existing mesenchymal cell, e.g., a myeloid/macrophage-type cell. Such cells would naturally embody the capacity to express the multiple behaviors of metastatic cells. The view of metastasis as a myeloid/macrophage disease will impact future cancer research and anti-metastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne C. Huysentruyt
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
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16
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Sleeman J, Steeg PS. Cancer metastasis as a therapeutic target. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1177-80. [PMID: 20307970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of basic and clinical research aimed at curbing tumour growth, metastasis remains the prime reason why cancer patients succumb to their disease. Effective translational research is urgently required, yet is not always easy to achieve. Here we review reasons why metastasis as a disease process has proven difficult to control, and suggest ways in which translational research in this area can be strengthened and advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sleeman
- Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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17
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Staflin K, Krueger JS, Hachmann J, Forsyth JS, Lorger M, Steiniger SCJ, Mee J, Pop C, Salvesen GS, Janda KD, Felding-Habermann B. Targeting activated integrin alphavbeta3 with patient-derived antibodies impacts late-stage multiorgan metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:217-31. [PMID: 20225083 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advanced metastatic disease is difficult to manage and specific therapeutic targets are rare. We showed earlier that metastatic breast cancer cells use the activated conformer of adhesion receptor integrin alphavbeta3 for dissemination. We now investigated if targeting this form of the receptor can impact advanced metastatic disease, and we analyzed the mechanisms involved. Treatment of advanced multi-organ metastasis in SCID mice with patient-derived scFv antibodies specific for activated integrin alphavbeta3 caused stagnation and regression of metastatic growth. The antibodies specifically localized to tumor lesions in vivo and inhibited alphavbeta3 ligand binding at nanomolar levels in vitro. At the cellular level, the scFs associated rapidly with high affinity alphavbeta3 and dissociated extremely slowly. Thus, the scFvs occupy the receptor on metastatic tumor cells for prolonged periods of time, allowing for inhibition of established cell interaction with natural alphavbeta3 ligands. Potential apoptosis inducing effects of the antibodies through interaction with caspase-3 were studied as potential additional mechanism of treatment response. However, in contrast to a previous concept, neither the RGD-containing ligand mimetic scFvs nor RGD peptides bound or activated caspase-3 at the cellular or molecular level. This indicates that the treatment effects seen in the animal model are primarily due to antibody interference with alphavbeta3 ligation. Inhibition of advanced metastatic disease by treatment with cancer patient derived single chain antibodies against the activated conformer of integrin alphavbeta3 identifies this form of the receptor as a suitable target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Staflin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Seyfried TN, Shelton LM. Cancer as a metabolic disease. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:7. [PMID: 20181022 PMCID: PMC2845135 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that impaired cellular energy metabolism is the defining characteristic of nearly all cancers regardless of cellular or tissue origin. In contrast to normal cells, which derive most of their usable energy from oxidative phosphorylation, most cancer cells become heavily dependent on substrate level phosphorylation to meet energy demands. Evidence is reviewed supporting a general hypothesis that genomic instability and essentially all hallmarks of cancer, including aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), can be linked to impaired mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. A view of cancer as primarily a metabolic disease will impact approaches to cancer management and prevention.
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19
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Huysentruyt LC, Shelton LM, Seyfried TN. Influence of methotrexate and cisplatin on tumor progression and survival in the VM mouse model of systemic metastatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 126:65-72. [PMID: 19536778 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified a new tumor (VM-M3), which arose spontaneously in the brain of an inbred VM mouse. When grown outside the brain, the VM-M3 tumor expresses all major biological processes of metastasis to include local invasion, intravasation, immune system survival, extravasation, and secondary tumor formation involving lung, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. The VM-M3 tumor also expresses multiple properties of macrophage-like cells similar to those described previously in numerous human metastatic cancers suggesting that the VM-M3 model will be useful for studying most types of metastatic cancer, regardless of tissue origin. VM-M3 tumor cells, expressing firefly luciferase (VM-M3/Fluc), were grown subcutaneously in the immunocompetent and syngeneic VM mouse host. The antimetastatic effects of methotrexate (MTX; 25 mg/kg) and cisplatin (10-15 mg/kg) were evaluated following i.p. injections administered once/wk for 3 weeks. Bioluminescent imaging was used to measure VM-M3/Fluc growth and metastasis. All (12/12) control mice developed systemic cancer within 21 days of subcutaneous VM-M3/Fluc implantation. Although methotrexate did not inhibit VM-M3/Fluc primary tumor growth, it reduced lung and liver metastasis by 50% and completely inhibited metastasis to kidneys, spleen and brain. Cisplatin significantly reduced primary tumor growth, blocked metastasis to lung, liver, kidneys, spleen and brain, and significantly increased survival in all treated animals. Our findings show that the response of the VM-M3/Fluc tumor to MTX and cisplatin is similar to that reported in humans with metastatic disease. These findings indicate that the VM-M3/Fluc tumor is a reliable preclinical model for evaluating antimetastatic cancer therapies and underlying control pathways.
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Phan JH, Moffitt RA, Stokes TH, Liu J, Young AN, Nie S, Wang MD. Convergence of biomarkers, bioinformatics and nanotechnology for individualized cancer treatment. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:350-8. [PMID: 19409634 PMCID: PMC3779321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomarker discovery, biocomputing and nanotechnology have raised new opportunities in the emerging fields of personalized medicine (in which disease detection, diagnosis and therapy are tailored to each individual's molecular profile) and predictive medicine (in which genetic and molecular information is used to predict disease development, progression and clinical outcome). Here, we discuss advanced biocomputing tools for cancer biomarker discovery and multiplexed nanoparticle probes for cancer biomarker profiling, in addition to the prospects for and challenges involved in correlating biomolecular signatures with clinical outcome. This bio-nano-info convergence holds great promise for molecular diagnosis and individualized therapy of cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Phan
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building 4106, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Richard A. Moffitt
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building 4106, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd H. Stokes
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building 4106, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle Suite 2001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew N. Young
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and the Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shuming Nie
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 101 Woodruff Circle Suite 2001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - May D. Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, UA Whitaker Building 4106, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Dunphy MPS, Lewis JS. Radiopharmaceuticals in preclinical and clinical development for monitoring of therapy with PET. J Nucl Med 2009; 50 Suppl 1:106S-21S. [PMID: 19380404 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.057281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article discusses PET agents, other than (18)F-FDG, with the potential to monitor the response to therapy before, during, or after therapeutic intervention. This review deals primarily with non-(18)F-FDG PET tracers that are in the final stages of preclinical development or in the early stages of clinical application for monitoring the therapeutic response. Four sections related to the nature of the tracers are included: radiotracers of DNA synthesis, such as the 2 most promising agents, the thymidine analogs 3'-(18)F-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and (18)F-1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl)thymine; agents for PET imaging of hypoxia within tumors, such as (60/62/64)Cu-labeled diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) and (18)F-fluoromisonidazole; amino acids for PET imaging, including the most popular such agent, l-[methyl-(11)C]methionine; and agents for the imaging of tumor expression of androgen and estrogen receptors, such as 16beta-(18)F-fluoro-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 16alpha-(18)F-fluoro-17beta-estradiol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P S Dunphy
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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