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Yan L, Shi J, Zhu J. Cellular and molecular events in colorectal cancer: biological mechanisms, cell death pathways, drug resistance and signalling network interactions. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:294. [PMID: 39031216 PMCID: PMC11265098 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, affecting millions each year. It emerges from the colon or rectum, parts of the digestive system, and is closely linked to both genetic and environmental factors. In CRC, genetic mutations such as APC, KRAS, and TP53, along with epigenetic changes like DNA methylation and histone modifications, play crucial roles in tumor development and treatment responses. This paper delves into the complex biological underpinnings of CRC, highlighting the pivotal roles of genetic alterations, cell death pathways, and the intricate network of signaling interactions that contribute to the disease's progression. It explores the dysregulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and other cell death mechanisms, underscoring the aberrant activation of these pathways in CRC. Additionally, the paper examines how mutations in key molecular pathways, including Wnt, EGFR/MAPK, and PI3K, fuel CRC development, and how these alterations can serve as both diagnostic and prognostic markers. The dual function of autophagy in CRC, acting as a tumor suppressor or promoter depending on the context, is also scrutinized. Through a comprehensive analysis of cellular and molecular events, this research aims to deepen our understanding of CRC and pave the way for more effective diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Medical Department, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang Affiliated to University of South China, Shaoyang, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Shaoyang Affiliated to University of South China, Shaoyang, China
| | - Jiazuo Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xuancheng City Central Hospital, No. 117 Tong Road, Xuancheng, Anhui, China.
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2
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Della Bona R, Giubilato S, Palmieri M, Benenati S, Rossini R, Di Fusco SA, Novarese F, Mascia G, Gasparetto N, Di Monaco A, Gatto L, Zilio F, Sorini Dini C, Borrello F, Geraci G, Riccio C, De Luca L, Colivicchi F, Grimaldi M, Giulizia MM, Porto I, Oliva FG. Aspirin in Primary Prevention: Looking for Those Who Enjoy It. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4148. [PMID: 39064188 PMCID: PMC11278396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on a wealth of evidence, aspirin is one of the cornerstones of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, despite several studies showing efficacy also in primary prevention, an unopposed excess risk of bleeding leading to a very thin safety margin is evident in subjects without a clear acute cardiovascular event. Overall, the variability in recommendations from different scientific societies for aspirin use in primary prevention is a classic example of failure of simple risk stratification models based on competing risks (atherothrombosis vs. bleeding), perceived to be opposed but intertwined at the pathophysiological level. Notably, cardiovascular risk is dynamic in nature and cannot be accurately captured by scores, which do not always consider risk enhancers. Furthermore, the widespread use of other potent medications in primary prevention, such as lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive drugs, might be reducing the benefit of aspirin in recent trials. Some authors, drawing from specific pathophysiological data, have suggested that specific subgroups might benefit more from aspirin. This includes patients with diabetes and those with obesity; sex-based differences are considered as well. Moreover, molecular analysis of platelet reactivity has been proposed. A beneficial effect of aspirin has also been demonstrated for the prevention of cancer, especially colorectal. This review explores evidence and controversies concerning the use of aspirin in primary prevention, considering new perspectives in order to provide a comprehensive individualized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Della Bona
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Simona Giubilato
- Cardiology Department, Cannizzaro Hospital, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Palmieri
- Department of Internal Medicine (Di.M.I.), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Stefano Benenati
- Department of Internal Medicine (Di.M.I.), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Roberta Rossini
- Division of Cardiology, Emergency Department and Critical Areas, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Stefania Angela Di Fusco
- Cardiology Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, 00135 Rome, Italy; (S.A.D.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Filippo Novarese
- Department of Internal Medicine (Di.M.I.), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Mascia
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.M.); (I.P.)
| | - Nicola Gasparetto
- Division of Cardiology, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Ca’ Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Antonio Di Monaco
- Department of Cardiology, General Regional Hospital “F. Miulli”, Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Laura Gatto
- Cardiology Department, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy;
| | - Filippo Zilio
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSS, 2, Largo Medaglie d’Oro, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Sorini Dini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Borrello
- Division of Cardiology and Intensive Care Unit, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Geraci
- Cardiology Unit, S. Antonio Abate Hospital, ASP Trapani, 91016 Erice, Italy;
| | - Carmine Riccio
- Cardiovascular Department, Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano Hospital, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Leonardo De Luca
- Division of Cardiology—Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Furio Colivicchi
- Cardiology Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, 00135 Rome, Italy; (S.A.D.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Massimo Grimaldi
- Department of Cardiology, General Regional Hospital “F. Miulli”, Acquaviva delle Fonti, 70021 Bari, Italy; (A.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Italo Porto
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.M.); (I.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine (Di.M.I.), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.B.); (F.N.)
| | - Fabrizio Giovanni Oliva
- “A. De Gasperis” Cardiovascular Department, Division of Cardiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy;
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3
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Caldas ÁMC, Nunes WA, Taboada R, Cesca MG, Germano JN, Riechelmann RP. Loss of CDX2 and high COX2 ( PTGS2) expression in metastatic colorectal cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2024; 18:1666. [PMID: 38439814 PMCID: PMC10911677 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2024.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lack of expression of the tumour suppressor gene caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2) associates with poor outcomes in early stage colorectal cancer (CRC). Yet its prognostic value in the context of other prognostic biomarkers in metastatic CRC (mCRC) is unknown. Overexpressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) has been reported in advanced CRC. However, CDX2 and COX2 relationship in mCRC remains undetermined. We aimed to assess their expression in mCRC tumours from a clinically characterised cohort and their influence on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in first line. Among 720 consecutive mCRC patients, 346 had tumour samples appropriate for tissue microarray assembly and immunohistochemistry analyses. Clinical and survival data were retrospectively assessed. Loss of CDX2 expression was detected in 27 (7.8%) samples, enriched in poorly differentiated tumours (20%; p < 0.01) and in those with the BRAF p.V600E variant (40%; p < 0.01). Most tumours (93.4%) expressed COX2. COX2-negative samples were enriched in poorly differentiated mCRC. In unadjusted analyses, median OS (p < 0.001) and median PFS (p < 0.05) were inferior for patients with CDX2-negative versus CDX2-positive tumours. In conclusion, loss of CDX2 was significantly associated with poorly differentiated mCRC and BRAF p.V600E allele and a prognostic marker of worse OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro M C Caldas
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Warley A Nunes
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Taboada
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelle G Cesca
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Janaína N Germano
- Statistic Group at the International Research Center (CIPE), AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
| | - Rachel P Riechelmann
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01509-900, Brazil
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4
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Sarabi PZ, Moradi M, Bagheri M, Khalili MR, Moradifard S, Jamialahmadi T, Ghasemi F, Sahebkar A. A Contemporary Review on the Critical Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents in Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:559-570. [PMID: 38275052 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206271583231206052403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely recognized as effective pain relievers and function by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COXs). Moreover, they have been found to participate in various cellular processes through different signaling pathways, such as WNT, MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. This makes them potential candidates for chemoprevention of several malignancies, particularly colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the use of NSAIDs in cancer prevention and treatment is a complex issue due to their adverse effects and gastrointestinal toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to explore combination therapies that can minimize side effects while maximizing synergistic effects with other agents and to evaluate the success rate of such approaches in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of NSAIDs in the prevention and treatment of CRC. We will focus on elucidating the possible mechanisms of action of these drugs, the signaling pathways involved in CRC, and the potential synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zia Sarabi
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, Campus Santiago Ramón y Cajal, University of Sevilla, 41018, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mohammad Moradi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Malihe Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khalili
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Moradifard
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Liu Y, Lu L, Yang H, Wu X, Luo X, Shen J, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Du F, Chen Y, Deng S, Cho CH, Li Q, Li X, Li W, Wang F, Sun Y, Gu L, Chen M, Li M. Dysregulation of immunity by cigarette smoking promotes inflammation and cancer: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 339:122730. [PMID: 37838314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a serious global health issue. Cigarette smoking contains over 7000 different chemicals. The main harmful components include nicotine, acrolein, aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, which play the key role for cigarette-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis. Growing evidences show that cigarette smoking and its components exert a remarkable impact on regulation of immunity and dysregulated immunity promotes inflammation and cancer. Therefore, this comprehensive and up-to-date review covers four interrelated topics, including cigarette smoking, inflammation, cancer and immune system. The known harmful chemicals from cigarette smoking were summarized. Importantly, we discussed in depth the impact of cigarette smoking on the formation of inflammatory or tumor microenvironment, primarily by affecting immune effector cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the main molecular mechanisms by which cigarette smoking induces inflammation and cancer, including changes in epigenetics, DNA damage and others were further summarized. This article will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of cigarette smoking on inducing inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Lu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyue Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianxiu Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Cell Therapy & Cell Drugs of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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6
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Bui Dang Minh T, Nghiem Duc T, Phan Nguyen Thanh V, Dinh Le T, Duc Tong M, Hoang Nguyen T, Tuan AL, Xuan Nguyen K, Tran Viet T, Ba Ta T, Tien Nguyen S, Anh Vu H, Van Nguyen B, Nguyen Thi Ngoc D, Tran Quoc V, Bui Duc T. Relationships of BRAF V600E Gene Mutation With Some Immunohistochemical Markers and Recurrence Rate in Patients With Thyroid Carcinoma. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231203503. [PMID: 37905233 PMCID: PMC10613351 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231203503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The B-type rafkinase (BRAF) V600E gene mutation plays an important role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of thyroid carcinoma. This study was conducted to investigate the rate of the BRAF V600E mutation, the relationships between the BRAF V600E gene mutation and some immunohistochemical markers, and recurrence rate in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Method The study was conducted by a descriptive and longitudinal follow-up method on 102 thyroid carcinoma patients at 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam. All patients were identified with the BRAF V600E gene mutation by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results The rate of BRAF V600E gene mutation in patients with thyroid cancer was 60.8%. Patients with BRAF V600E gene mutation had a significantly higher rate of positive cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and Ki67 markers than those without the mutation (COX-2: odds ratio [OR] = 2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27-6.74, P = .011; Ki67: OR = 3.41; 95% CI = 1.31-8.88, P = .01). A statistically significant relationship was identified between the rate of BRAF V600E mutation and the rate of positive Hector Battifora mesothelial 1 (HBME-1) (B = -1.040; P = .037) and COX-2 (B = -1.123; P = .023) markers. The recurrence rate in patients with BRAF V600E gene mutation was significantly higher than that in those without the mutation (P = .007). The mean of the recurrence time of patients with BRAF V600E mutation was significantly lower than that in those without the mutation (P = .011). Conclusions A high prevalence of BRAF V600E gene mutation was found in thyroid carcinoma patients. The rates of positive HBME-1, COX-2, and Ki67 markers were significantly correlated to BRAF V600E gene mutation. Patients with BRAF V600E gene mutation showed a significantly higher relapse rate and earlier relapse time than those without the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Bui Dang Minh
- Centre for Health Professionals Training, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Hochiminh, Vietnam
| | - Thuan Nghiem Duc
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vietnam Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Nguyen Thanh
- Department of Biochemistry, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Hochiminh, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Dinh Le
- Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Vietnam Military Hospital 103, Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Duc Tong
- Department of Military Hygiene, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Military Hygiene, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Le Tuan
- Department of Military Hygiene, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kien Xuan Nguyen
- Department of Military Medical Command and Organization, Vietnam Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Tran Viet
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thang Ba Ta
- Respiratory Center, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Son Tien Nguyen
- Department of Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Vietnam Military Hospital 103, Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Anh Vu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vietnam Military Hospital 103, Medical Military University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ba Van Nguyen
- Department of Oncology, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Nguyen Thi Ngoc
- Department of Military Science and Training, Military Hospital 175, Hochiminh, Vietnam
| | - Viet Tran Quoc
- Intensive Care Unit, Military Hospital 175, Hochiminh, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Bui Duc
- Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Military Hospital 175, Hochiminh, Vietnam
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7
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Cheng K, Chahdi A, Larabee SM, Tolaymat M, Sundel MH, Drachenberg CB, Zhan M, Hu S, Said AH, Shang AC, Xie G, Alizadeh M, Moura NS, Bafford AC, Williams RT, Hanna NN, Raufman JP. Muscarinic receptor agonist-induced βPix binding to β-catenin promotes colon neoplasia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16920. [PMID: 37805544 PMCID: PMC10560271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
M3 muscarinic receptors (M3R) modulate β-catenin signaling and colon neoplasia. CDC42/RAC guanine nucleotide exchange factor, βPix, binds to β-catenin in colon cancer cells, augmenting β-catenin transcriptional activity. Using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches, we explored whether these actions are regulated by M3R. At the invasive fronts of murine and human colon cancers, we detected co-localized nuclear expression of βPix and β-catenin in stem cells overexpressing M3R. Using immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, proximity ligand, and fluorescent cell sorting assays in human tissues and established and primary human colon cancer cell cultures, we detected time-dependent M3R agonist-induced cytoplasmic and nuclear association of βPix with β-catenin. βPix knockdown attenuated M3R agonist-induced human colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and expression of PTGS2, the gene encoding cyclooxygenase-2, a key player in colon neoplasia. Overexpressing βPix dose-dependently augmented β-catenin binding to the transcription factor TCF4. In a murine model of sporadic colon cancer, advanced neoplasia was attenuated in conditional knockout mice with intestinal epithelial cell deficiency of βPix. Expression levels of β-catenin target genes and proteins relevant to colon neoplasia, including c-Myc and Ptgs2, were reduced in colon tumors from βPix-deficient conditional knockout mice. Targeting the M3R/βPix/β-catenin axis may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ahmed Chahdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mazen Tolaymat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Margaret H Sundel
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Cinthia B Drachenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Min Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shien Hu
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Anan H Said
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Aaron C Shang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Guofeng Xie
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Madeline Alizadeh
- The Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 20201, USA
| | - Natalia Sampaio Moura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Andrea C Bafford
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Richelle T Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nader N Hanna
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- VA Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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8
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Lee H, Hwang M, Jang S, Um SW. Immune Regulatory Function of Cancer- Associated Fibroblasts in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2023; 86:304-318. [PMID: 37345462 PMCID: PMC10555526 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2022.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment and significantly contribute to immune evasion. We investigated the effects of CAFs on the immune function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We isolated CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) from tumors and normal lung tissues of NSCLC patients, respectively. CAFs were co-cultured with activated T cells to evaluate their immune regulatory function. We investigated the effect of CAF conditioned medium (CAF-CM) on the cytotoxicity of T cells. CAFs were also co-cultured with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and further incubated with cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX2) inhibitors to investigate the potential role of COX2 in immune evasion. RESULTS CAFs and NFs were isolated from the lung tissues (n=8) and lymph nodes (n=3) of NSCLC patients. Immune suppressive markers, such as COX2 and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), were increased in CAFs after co-culture with activated T cells. Interestingly, CAFs promoted the expression of programmed death-1 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and strongly inhibited T cell proliferation in allogenic and autologous pairs of CAFs and T cells. CAF-CM decreased the cytotoxicity of T cells. COX2 inhibitors partially restored the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and downregulated the expression of COX2, prostaglandin E synthase, prostaglandin E2, and PD-L1 in CAFs. CONCLUSION CAFs promote immune evasion by suppressing the function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells via their effects on COX2 and PD-L1 in NSCLC. The immunosuppressive function of CAFs could be alleviated by COX2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Hwang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonae Jang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Um
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zhong J, Li A, Wu Y, Guo Z. Expression and correlation of COX-2 and NUCB1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15774. [PMID: 37547718 PMCID: PMC10399562 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the expression and correlation of COX-2 and NUCB1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma and adjacent tissues. Methods The expression of COX-2 and NUCB1 and their effects on prognosis were predicted using bioinformatics. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the expression of two molecules in 56 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma and the surrounding tissues. The expression of two molecules and their association with clinicopathological variables were examined using the chi-square test. The association between COX-2 and NUCB1 was investigated using the Spearman correlation test. Results The STRING database revealed that COX-2 and NUCB1 were strongly linked. According to the UALCAN and HPA database, COX-2 was upregulated while NUCB1 was downregulated in colorectal adenocarcinoma, both at the protein and gene levels. The OS times for COX-2 and NUCB1 high expression, however, exhibited the same patterns. The rate of positive COX-2 immunohistochemical staining in cancer tissues was 69.64% (39/56), which was significantly higher than the rate in healthy tissues 28.57% (16/56). NUCB1 was expressed positively in cancer tissues at a rate of 64.29% (36/56) compared to just 19.64% (11/56) in neighboring tissues. The positive expression levels of COX-2 and NUCB1 were both closely related to clinical stage, differentiation degree, and lymphatic metastases (P < 0.05). In colorectal cancer, COX-2 and NUCB1 expression were significantly correlated (rs = 0.6312, P < 0.001). Conclusion Both COX-2 and NUCB1 are overexpressed and significantly associated in colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gai Zhang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Jinghua Zhong
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - An Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhenli Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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10
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Pereira VS, Alves BDCA, Waisberg J, Fonseca F, Gehrke F. Detection of COX-2 in liquid biopsy of patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:189-193. [PMID: 34782424 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the profile of COX-2 gene expression in patients with prostate cancer attended at the ABC University Health Center outpatient clinic and correlate the results with patients' anatomopathological examinations. Prostate cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide and the second in Brazil. COX-2 expression is associated with an unfavourable prognosis. METHODS 15.0 mL of peripheral blood were collected from 24 patients and 25 healthy men. RNA extraction was performed using the QIAamp RNA Blood Mini Kit. Complementary DNA synthesis was performed using SuperScript II RNAse Reverse Transcriptase. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed with specific COX-2 oligonucleotides and the endogenous GAPDH gene. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 69 years old. The Gleason scoring system showed 37.5% of patients with Gleason 6 (slow growth, low risk), 45.8% with Gleason 7 (intermediate risk) and 16.7% with Gleason 8 or 9 (risk of high-grade cancer). The median COX-2 expression in the study group was 0.97, while in the control group it was 0.11 (p<0.045). CONCLUSIONS Patients with prostate cancer showed higher COX-2 expression at diagnosis compared with the control group. Since COX-2 detection associated with prostate-specific antigen dosage shows promise as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with prostate cancer, further research is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaques Waisberg
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Cirúrgica Interdisciplinar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil.,Cirurgia, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fonseca
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil.,Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Flavia Gehrke
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Iamspe, São Paulo, Brazil .,Patologia, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
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11
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Hu W, Wang C, Gao D, Liang Q. Toxicity of transition metal nanoparticles: A review of different experimental models in the gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:32-46. [PMID: 35289422 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology is becoming a major trend nowadays. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in fields including food, biomedicine, and cosmetics, endowing NPs more opportunities to enter the human body. It is well-known that the gut microbiome plays a key role in human health, and the exposure of intestines to NPs is unavoidable. Accordingly, the toxicity of NPs has attracted more attention than before. This review mainly highlights recent advances in the evaluation of NPs' toxicity in the gastrointestinal system from the existing cell-based experimental models, such as the original mono-culture models, co-culture models, three-dimensional (3D) culture models, and the models established on microfluidic chips, to those in vivo experiments, such as mice models, Caenorhabditis elegans models, zebrafish models, human volunteers, as well as computer-simulated toxicity models. Owing to these models, especially those more biomimetic models, the outcome of the toxicity of NPs acting in the gastrointestinal tract can get results closer to what happened inside the real human microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Li J, Hu X, Zhang H, Peng Y, Li S, Xiong Y, Jiang W, Wang Z. N-2-(Phenylamino) Benzamide Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of COX-2 and Topo I Deter Gastrointestinal Cancers via Targeting Inflammation and Tumor Progression. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10481-10505. [PMID: 35868003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the close association between inflammation and cancer, combining anti-inflammation therapy is prominent to improve the anticancer effect. Based on I-1, a series of agents targeting COX-2 and Topo I were designed by combining fenamates and phenols. The optimal compound 1H-30 displayed an enhanced inhibitory effect on COX-2 compared to tolfenamic acid and I-1 and showed better inhibition of Topo I than I-1. Importantly, 1H-30 showed potential anticancer effects and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB pathway in cancer cells. 1H-30 inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and suppressed the production of NO, COX-2, and IL-1β in RAW264.7. In vivo, 1H-30 showed acceptable pharmacokinetic parameters, decreased the tumor growth without affecting the body weight, down-regulated COX-2 and MMP-9, and induced apoptosis in the CT26.WT tumor-bearing mice. Accordingly, 1H-30 as a potential Topo I/COX-2 inhibitor which possessed anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, with inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, is promising for gastrointestinal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yongxia Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Boyle AJ, Narvaez A, Tong J, Zoghbi SS, Pike VW, Innis RB, Vasdev N. Repurposing [ 11C]MC1 for PET Imaging of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mouse Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:365-370. [PMID: 34766247 PMCID: PMC9670325 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a target for inflammation and colorectal cancer (CRC). This study evaluated the COX-2 neuro-PET radiopharmaceutical, [11C]MC1, in CRC xenograft mice. PROCEDURES [11C]MC1 was evaluated in ICRscid mice with HT-29 and HCT-116 CRC xenografts, with high and low COX-2 expression, respectively, by immunohistochemistry, cellular uptake, dynamic PET/MR imaging, ex vivo biodistribution, and radiometabolite analysis. RESULTS HT-29 xenografts were well visualized with [11C]MC1 using PET/MR. Time-activity curves revealed steady tumor radioactivity accumulation in HT-29 xenografts that plateaued from 40 to 60 min (3.07 ± 0.65 %ID/g) and was significantly reduced by pre-treatment with MC1 or celecoxib (1.62 ± 0.29 and 1.18 ± 0.21 %ID/g, respectively, p = 0.045 and p = 0.005). Radiometabolite analysis showed that [11C]MC1 accounted for >90 % of tumor radioactivity, with <10 % in plasma, at 40 min post-injection of the radiotracer. CONCLUSIONS [11C]MC1 is a promising PET imaging agent for COX-2 in CRC and translation for cancer research should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Boyle
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Andrea Narvaez
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Junchao Tong
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Wei J, Zhang J, Wang D, Cen B, Lang JD, DuBois RN. The COX-2-PGE2 Pathway Promotes Tumor Evasion in Colorectal Adenomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:285-296. [PMID: 35121582 PMCID: PMC9064954 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the regulation of a checkpoint receptor, PD-1, in tumor-infiltrating immune cells during the development of colorectal cancer are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that COX-2-derived PGE2, an inflammatory mediator and tumor promoter, induces PD-1 expression by enhancing NFκB's binding to the PD-1 promoter via an EP4-PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in both CD8+ T cells and macrophages. Moreover, PGE2 suppresses CD8+ T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity against tumor cells and impairs macrophage phagocytosis of cancer cells via an EP4-PI3K-Akt-NFκB-PD-1 signaling pathway. In contrast, inhibiting the COX-2-PGE2-EP4 pathway increases intestinal CD8+ T-cell activation and proliferation and enhances intestinal macrophage phagocytosis of carcinoma cells accompanied by reduction of PD-1 expression in intestinal CD8+ T cells and macrophages in ApcMin/+ mice. PD-1 expression correlates well with COX-2 levels in human colorectal cancer specimens. Both elevated PD-1 and COX-2 are associated with poorer overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Our results uncover a novel role of PGE2 in tumor immune evasion. They may provide the rationale for developing new therapeutic approaches to subvert this process by targeting immune checkpoint pathways using EP4 antagonists. In addition, our findings reveal a novel mechanism explaining how NSAIDs reduce colorectal cancer risk by suppressing tumor immune evasion. PREVENTION RELEVANCE These findings provide a potential explanation underlying the chemopreventive effect of NSAIDs on reducing colorectal cancer incidence during premalignancy and provide a rationale for developing EP4 antagonists for colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Simply targeting PGE2 signaling alone may be efficacious in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment, avoiding side effects associated with NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Bo Cen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Jessica D. Lang
- Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
- Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259
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15
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Wilson DJ, DuBois RN. Role of prostaglandin E2 in the progression of gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:355-363. [PMID: 35288737 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for several diseases, including cancer. It influences tumor cell biology and the type and density of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting cancer development. While pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines modulate cancer development, emerging evidence has shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a known mediator connecting chronic inflammation to cancerization. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how the elevation of PGE2 production promotes gastrointestinal cancer initiation, progression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, including modulation of immune checkpoint signaling and the type and density of immune cells in the tumor/tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jay Wilson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Greenville, South Carolina, United States
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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16
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Das D, Karthik N, Taneja R. Crosstalk Between Inflammatory Signaling and Methylation in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:756458. [PMID: 34901003 PMCID: PMC8652226 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.756458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an intricate immune response against infection and tissue damage. While the initial immune response is important for preventing tumorigenesis, chronic inflammation is implicated in cancer pathogenesis. It has been linked to various stages of tumor development including transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Immune cells, through the production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, transforming growth factors, and adhesion molecules contribute to the survival, growth, and progression of the tumor in its microenvironment. The aberrant expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory and growth factors by the tumor cells result in the recruitment of immune cells, thus creating a mutual crosstalk. The reciprocal signaling between the tumor cells and the immune cells creates and maintains a successful tumor niche. Many inflammatory factors are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation and histone modifications. In particular, DNA and histone methylation are crucial forms of transcriptional regulation and aberrant methylation has been associated with deregulated gene expression in oncogenesis. Such deregulations have been reported in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. With technological advancements to study genome-wide epigenetic landscapes, it is now possible to identify molecular mechanisms underlying altered inflammatory profiles in cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of DNA and histone methylation in regulation of inflammatory pathways in human cancers and review the merits and challenges of targeting inflammatory mediators as well as epigenetic regulators in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanwita Das
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nandini Karthik
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Emerging Therapeutic Agents for Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247463. [PMID: 34946546 PMCID: PMC8707340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are promising new therapeutic agents for CRC patients, including novel small-molecule inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockers. We focused on emerging CRC’s therapeutic agents that have shown the potential for progress in clinical practice. This review provides an overview of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting VEGF and KIT, BRAF and MEK inhibitors, TLR9 agonist, STAT3 inhibitors, and immune checkpoint blockers (PD1/PDL-1 inhibitors), for which recent advances have been reported. These new agents have the potential to provide benefits to CRC patients with unmet medical needs.
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18
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Wang D, Cabalag CS, Clemons NJ, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1813-1829. [PMID: 34606846 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a known risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer. The evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suppress the incidence, growth, and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer supports the concept that a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug target, cyclooxygenase, and its downstream bioactive lipid products may provide one of the links between inflammation and cancer. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway can promote gastrointestinal cancer development. Although the role of this pathway in cancer has been investigated extensively for 2 decades, only recent studies have described its effects on host defenses against transformed epithelial cells. Overcoming tumor-immune evasion remains one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the impacts of the cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway on gastrointestinal cancer development. Our focus was to highlight recent advances in our understanding of how this pathway induces tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carlos S Cabalag
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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19
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Masato M, Miyata Y, Kurata H, Ito H, Mitsunari K, Asai A, Nakamura Y, Araki K, Mukae Y, Matsuda T, Harada J, Matsuo T, Ohba K, Sakai H. Oral administration of E-type prostanoid (EP) 1 receptor antagonist suppresses carcinogenesis and development of prostate cancer via upregulation of apoptosis in an animal model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20279. [PMID: 34645904 PMCID: PMC8514456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 plays an important role in carcinogenesis and malignant potential of prostate cancer (PC) cells by binding to its specific receptors, E-type prostanoid (EP) receptors. However, anti-carcinogenic effects of the EP receptor antagonist are unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of PC. The mice were provided standard feed (control) or feed containing the EP1 receptor antagonist and were sacrificed at 10, 15, 30, and 52 weeks of age. Apoptosis was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis using a cleaved caspase-3 assay. The incidence of cancer in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 15, 30, and 52 weeks of age. The percentage of poorly differentiated PC cells was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group at 30 and 52 weeks of age. The percentage of apoptotic cells in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 15, 30, and 52 weeks of age. These findings indicate that feeding with the addition of EP1 receptor antagonist delayed PC progression via the upregulation of apoptosis. We suggest that the EP1 receptor antagonist may be a novel chemopreventive agent for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Masato
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kurata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kyohei Araki
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Mukae
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsuda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Junki Harada
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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Corulli LR, Cecil DL, Gad E, Koehnlein M, Coveler AL, Childs JS, Lubet RA, Disis ML. Multi-Epitope-Based Vaccines for Colon Cancer Treatment and Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729809. [PMID: 34526999 PMCID: PMC8437302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of nonmutated proteins involved in oncogenesis is a mechanism by which such proteins become immunogenic. We questioned whether overexpressed colorectal cancer associated proteins found at higher incidence and associated with poor prognosis could be effective vaccine antigens. We explored whether vaccines targeting these proteins could inhibit the development of intestinal tumors in the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon model and APC Min mice. Methods Humoral immunity was evaluated by ELISA. Web-based algorithms identified putative Class II binding epitopes of the antigens. Peptide and protein specific T-cells were identified from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using IFN-gamma ELISPOT. Peptides highly homologous between mouse and man were formulated into vaccines and tested for immunogenicity in mice and in vivo tumor challenge. Mice treated with AOM and APC Min transgenic mice were vaccinated and monitored for tumors. Results Serum IgG for CDC25B, COX2, RCAS1, and FASCIN1 was significantly elevated in colorectal cancer patient sera compared to volunteers (CDC25B p=0.002, COX-2 p=0.001, FASCIN1 and RCAS1 p<0.0001). Epitopes predicted to bind to human class II MHC were identified for each protein and T-cells specific for both the peptides and corresponding recombinant protein were generated from human lymphocytes validating these proteins as human antigens. Some peptides were highly homologous between mouse and humans and after immunization, mice developed both peptide and protein specific IFN-γ-secreting cell responses to CDC25B, COX2 and RCAS1, but not FASCIN1. FVB/nJ mice immunized with CDC25B or COX2 peptides showed significant inhibition of growth of the syngeneic MC38 tumor compared to control (p<0.0001). RCAS1 peptide vaccination showed no anti-tumor effect. In the prophylactic setting, after immunization with CDC25B or COX2 peptides mice treated with AOM developed significantly fewer tumors as compared to controls (p<0.0002) with 50% of mice remaining tumor free in each antigen group. APC Min mice immunized with CDC25B or COX2 peptides developed fewer small bowel tumors as compared to controls (p=0.01 and p=0.02 respectively). Conclusions Immunization with CDC25B and COX2 epitopes consistently suppressed tumor development in each model evaluated. These data lay the foundation for the development of multi-antigen vaccines for the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Corulli
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Denise L. Cecil
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ekram Gad
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marlese Koehnlein
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew L. Coveler
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Childs
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ronald A. Lubet
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mary L. Disis
- University of Washington (UW) Medicine, Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Urinary PGE-M in Men with Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164073. [PMID: 34439226 PMCID: PMC8391815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Elevated levels of urinary prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M), a marker of inflammation, have previously been associated with cancer incidence and metastasis. Studies investigating PGE-M in prostate cancer are lacking even though chronic inflammation is a candidate risk factor for the disease. We investigated the association of PGE-M with lethal prostate cancer. We measured PGE-M in the urine of men with prostate cancer and in men without prostate cancer (population controls). Our participants included African American and European American men. Because African American men die more frequently from prostate cancer than European American men, we investigated whether high PGE-M may contribute to the increased mortality among African American prostate cancer patients. We did not observe a relationship between PGE-M and prostate cancer aggressiveness or prostate cancer-specific mortality in our study population, neither in the combined cohort nor in the race/ethnicity stratified analysis. Interestingly, however, we observed a significant relationship between high PGE-M and all-cause mortality in African American men with prostate cancer. Yet, there was no association between high PGE-M and all-cause mortality when these men were regular aspirin users. Abstract Urinary PGE-M is a stable metabolite of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 is a product of the inflammatory COX signaling pathway and has been associated with cancer incidence and metastasis. Its synthesis can be inhibited by aspirin. We investigated the association of PGE-M with lethal prostate cancer in a case–control study of African American (AA) and European American men. We measured urinary PGE-M using mass-spectrometry. Samples were obtained from 977 cases and 1022 controls at the time of recruitment. We applied multivariable logistic and Cox regression modeling to examine associations of PGE-M with prostate cancer and participant survival. Median survival follow-up was 8.4 years, with 246 deaths among cases. Self-reported aspirin use over the past 5 years was assessed with a questionnaire. Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Urinary PGE-M levels did not differ between men with prostate cancer and population-based controls. We observed no association between PGE-M and aggressive disease nor prostate-cancer-specific survival. However, we observed a statistically significant association between higher (>median) PGE-M and all-cause mortality in AA cases who did not regularly use aspirin (HR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.23–3.37). Among cases who reported using aspirin, there was no association. Our study does not support a meaningful association between urinary PGE-M and prostate cancer. Moreover, PGE-M levels were not associated with aggressive prostate cancer. However, the observed association between elevated PGE-M and all-cause mortality in AA non-aspirin users reinforces the potential benefit of aspirin to reduce mortality among AA men with prostate cancer.
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22
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Cao W, Ma X, Fischer JV, Sun C, Kong B, Zhang Q. Immunotherapy in endometrial cancer: rationale, practice and perspectives. Biomark Res 2021; 9:49. [PMID: 34134781 PMCID: PMC8207707 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy has attracted more and more attention nowadays, and multiple clinical trials have confirmed its effect in a variety of solid tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer vaccines, adoptive cell transfer (ACT), and lymphocyte-promoting cytokines are the main immunotherapy methods. Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequent tumors in women and the prognosis of recurrent or metastatic EC is poor. Since molecular classification has been applied to EC, immunotherapy for different EC subtypes (especially POLE and MSI-H) has gradually attracted attention. In this review, we focus on the expression and molecular basis of the main biomarkers in the immunotherapy of EC firstly, as well as their clinical application significance and limitations. Blocking tumor immune checkpoints is one of the most effective strategies for cancer treatment in recent years, and has now become the focus in the field of tumor research and treatment. We summarized clinical date of planned and ongoing clinical trials and introduced other common immunotherapy methods in EC, such as cancer vaccine and ACT. Hormone aberrations, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and p53 mutant and that affect the immunotherapy of endometrial cancer will also be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jean Victoria Fischer
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine, Gynecologic Pathology Fellow, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 West Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China. .,Gynecology Oncology Key Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
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23
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Dalle Fratte C, Mezzalira S, Polesel J, De Mattia E, Palumbo A, Buonadonna A, Palazzari E, De Paoli A, Belluco C, Canzonieri V, Toffoli G, Cecchin E. A panel of tumor biomarkers to predict complete pathological response to neo-adjuvant treatment in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Oncol Res 2021; 28:847-855. [PMID: 34108073 PMCID: PMC8790137 DOI: 10.3727/096504021x16232280278813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer patients is related to a favorable prognosis. The identification of early biomarkers predictive of pathological complete response would help optimize the multimodality management of the patients. A panel of 11 tumor-related proteins was investigated by immunohistochemistry in the pretreatment biopsy of a group of locally advanced rectal cancer patients to identify early biomarkers of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A mono-institutional retrospective cohort of 95 stage II/III locally advanced rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery was selected based on clinical–pathological characteristics and the availability of a pretreatment tumor biopsy. Eleven selected protein marker expression (MLH1, GLUT1, Ki67, CA-IX, CXCR4, COX2, CXCL12, HIF1α, VEGF, CD44, and RAD51) was investigated. The optimal cutoff values were calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Classification and regression tree analysis was performed to investigate the biomarker interaction. Patients presenting either Ki-67 or HIF1α or RAD51 below the cutoff value, or CXCR4 or COX2 above the cutoff value, were more likely to get a pathological complete response. Classification and regression tree analysis identified three groups of patients resulting from the combination of Ki-67 and CXCR4 expression. Patients with high expression of Ki-67 had the lowest chance to get a pathological complete response (18%), as compared to patients with low expression of both Ki-67 and CXCR4 (29%), and patients with low Ki-67 and high CXCR4 expression (70%). Pretreatment Ki-67, CXCR4, COX2, HIF1α, and RAD51 in tumor biopsies are associated with pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. A combined evaluation of Ki-67 and CXCR4 would increase their predictive potential. If validated, their optimal cutoff could be used to select patients for a tailored multimodality treatment.
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24
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Dagallier C, Avry F, Touchefeu Y, Buron F, Routier S, Chérel M, Arlicot N. Development of PET Radioligands Targeting COX-2 for Colorectal Cancer Staging, a Review of in vitro and Preclinical Imaging Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675209. [PMID: 34169083 PMCID: PMC8217454 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death, making early diagnosis a major public health challenge. The role of inflammation in tumorigenesis has been extensively explored, and among the identified markers of inflammation, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression seems to be linked to lesions with a poor prognosis. Until now, COX-2 expression could only be accessed by invasive methods, mainly by biopsy. Imaging techniques such as functional Positron Emission Tomography (PET) could give access to in vivo COX-2 expression. This could make the staging of the disease more accurate and would be of particular interest in the exploration of the first metastatic stages. In this paper, we review recent progress in the development of COX-2 specific PET tracers by comparing the radioligands' characteristics and highlighting the obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to achieve the clinical development of such a radiotracer, and its evaluation in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dagallier
- Unité de Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - François Avry
- Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yann Touchefeu
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Buron
- ICOA, Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans, France
| | | | - Michel Chérel
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Arlicot
- Unité de Radiopharmacie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France.,Inserm UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM CIC 1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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25
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Jimenez-Luna C, González-Flores E, Ortiz R, Martínez-González LJ, Antúnez-Rodríguez A, Expósito-Ruiz M, Melguizo C, Caba O, Prados J. Circulating PTGS2, JAG1, GUCY2C and PGF mRNA in Peripheral Blood and Serum as Potential Biomarkers for Patients with Metastatic Colon Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2248. [PMID: 34067294 PMCID: PMC8196898 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in the angiogenic process have been proposed for the diagnosis and therapeutic response of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to investigate the value of PTGS2, JAG1, GUCY2C and PGF-circulating RNA as biomarkers in metastatic CRC. Blood cells and serum mRNA from 59 patients with metastatic CRC and 47 healthy controls were analyzed by digital PCR. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to estimate the diagnostic value of each mRNA alone or mRNA combinations. A significant upregulation of the JAG1, PTGS2 and GUCY2C genes in blood cells and serum samples from metastatic CRC patients was detected. Circulating mRNA levels in the serum of all genes were significantly more abundant than in blood. The highest discrimination ability between metastatic CRC patients and healthy donors was obtained with PTGS2 (AUC of 0.984) and GUCY2C (AUC of 0.896) in serum samples. Biomarker combinations did not improve the discriminatory capacity of biomarkers separately. Analyzed biomarkers showed no correlation with overall survival or progression-free survival, but GUCY2C and GUCY2C/PTGS2 expression in serum correlated significantly with the response to antiangiogenic agents. These findings demonstrate that assessment of genes involved in the angiogenic process may be a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool for metastatic CRC and its response to antiangiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jimenez-Luna
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (R.O.); (O.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Encarnación González-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Raul Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (R.O.); (O.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Luis J. Martínez-González
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.J.M.-G.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Alba Antúnez-Rodríguez
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain; (L.J.M.-G.); (A.A.-R.)
| | - Manuela Expósito-Ruiz
- Unit of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics and Operations Research, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (R.O.); (O.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Octavio Caba
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (R.O.); (O.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jose Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; (C.J.-L.); (R.O.); (O.C.); (J.P.)
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
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The Ketogenic Diet Reduces the Harmful Effects of Stress on Gut Mitochondrial Biogenesis in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073498. [PMID: 33800646 PMCID: PMC8037144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional alterations in irritable bowel syndrome have been associated with defects in bioenergetics and the mitochondrial network. Effects of high fat, adequate-protein, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) involve oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, and biogenesis. The aim was to evaluate the KD efficacy in reducing the effects of stress on gut mitochondria. Newborn Wistar rats were exposed to maternal deprivation to induce IBS in adulthood. Intestinal inflammation (COX-2 and TRL-4); cellular redox status (SOD 1, SOD 2, PrxIII, mtDNA oxidatively modified purines); mitochondrial biogenesis (PPAR-γ, PGC-1α, COX-4, mtDNA content); and autophagy (Beclin-1, LC3 II) were evaluated in the colon of exposed rats fed with KD (IBD-KD) or standard diet (IBS-Std), and in unexposed controls (Ctrl). IBS-Std rats showed dysfunctional mitochondrial biogenesis (PPAR-γ, PGC-1α, COX-4, and mtDNA contents lower than in Ctrl) associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress (higher levels of COX-2 and TLR-4, SOD 1, SOD 2, PrxIII, and oxidatively modified purines than in Ctrl). Loss of autophagy efficacy appeared from reduced levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 II. Feeding of animals with KD elicited compensatory mechanisms able to reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, restore mitochondrial function, and baseline autophagy, possibly via the upregulation of the PPAR-γ/PGC-1α axis.
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Parvathareddy SK, Siraj AK, Annaiyappanaidu P, Al-Sobhi SS, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. Prognostic Significance of COX-2 Overexpression in BRAF-Mutated Middle Eastern Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249498. [PMID: 33327467 PMCID: PMC7764962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway has been implicated in carcinogenesis, with BRAF mutation shown to promote PGE2 synthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate COX-2 expression in a large cohort of Middle Eastern papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and further evaluate the prognostic significance of COX-2 expression in strata of BRAF mutation status. BRAF mutation analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing, and COX-2 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarray (TMA). COX-2 overexpression, noted in 43.2% (567/1314) of cases, was significantly associated with poor prognostic markers such as extra-thyroidal extension, lymph-node metastasis, and higher tumor stage. COX-2 was also an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival (DFS). Most notably, the association of COX-2 expression with DFS differed by BRAF mutation status. COX-2 overexpression was associated with poor DFS in BRAF-mutant but not BRAF wild-type PTCs, with a multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of 2.10 (95% CI = 1.52–2.92; p < 0.0001) for COX-2 overexpressed tumors in BRAF-mutant PTC. In conclusion, the current study shows that COX-2 plays a key role in prognosis of PTC patients, especially in BRAF-mutated tumors. Our data suggest the potential therapeutic role of COX-2 inhibition in patients with BRAF-mutated PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Abdul K. Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Padmanaban Annaiyappanaidu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Saif S. Al-Sobhi
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khawla S. Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia; (S.K.P.); (A.K.S.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-205-5167
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Network Pharmacology-Based Study on the Mechanism of Gegen Qinlian Decoction against Colorectal Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8897879. [PMID: 33294000 PMCID: PMC7714584 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD) has been used to treat gastrointestinal diseases, such as diarrhea and ulcerative colitis (UC). A recent study demonstrated that GQD enhanced the effect of PD-1 blockade in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study used network pharmacology analysis to investigate the mechanisms of GQD as a potential therapeutic approach against CRC. Materials and Methods Bioactive chemical ingredients (BCIs) of GQD were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. CRC-specific genes were obtained using the gene expression profile GSE110224 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Target genes related to BCIs of GQD were then screened out. The GQD-CRC ingredient-target pharmacology network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape software. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was subsequently constructed and analyzed with BisoGenet and CytoNCA plug-in in Cytoscape. Gene Ontology (GO) functional and the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis for target genes were then performed using the R package of clusterProfiler. Results One hundred and eighteen BCIs were determined to be effective on CRC, including quercetin, wogonin, and baicalein. Twenty corresponding target genes were screened out including PTGS2, CCNB1, and SPP1. Among these genes, CCNB1 and SPP1 were identified as crucial to the PPI network. A total of 212 GO terms and 6 KEGG pathways were enriched for target genes. Functional analysis indicated that these targets were closely related to pathophysiological processes and pathways such as biosynthetic and metabolic processes of prostaglandins and prostanoids, cytokine and chemokine activities, and the IL-17, TNF, Toll-like receptor, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Conclusion The study elucidated the “multiingredient, multitarget, and multipathway” mechanisms of GQD against CRC from a systemic perspective, indicating GQD to be a candidate therapy for CRC treatment.
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29
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Jindal S, Pennock ND, Klug A, Narasimhan J, Calhoun A, Roberts MR, Tamimi RM, Eliassen AH, Weinmann S, Borges VF, Schedin P. S-nitrosylated and non-nitrosylated COX2 have differential expression and distinct subcellular localization in normal and breast cancer tissue. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:62. [PMID: 33298921 PMCID: PMC7686348 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in breast cancer shows both gain and loss of COX2 expression with disease risk and progression. We investigated four common COX2 antibody clones and found high specificity for purified human COX2 for three clones; however, recognition of COX2 in cell lysates was clone dependent. Biochemical characterization revealed two distinct forms of COX2, with SP21 recognizing an S-nitrosylated form, and CX229 and CX294 recognizing non-nitrosylated COX2 antigen. We found S-nitrosylated and non-nitrosylated COX2 occupy different subcellular locations in normal and breast cancer tissue, implicating distinct synthetic/trafficking pathways and function. Dual stains of ~2000 breast cancer cases show early-onset breast cancer had increased expression of both forms of COX2 compared to postmenopausal cases. Our results highlight the strengths of using multiple, highly characterized antibody clones for COX2 IHC studies and raise the prospect that S-nitrosylation of COX2 may play a role in breast cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-CDCB, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-ADM, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Nathan D Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-CDCB, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Alex Klug
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-CDCB, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jayasri Narasimhan
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-CDCB, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Andrea Calhoun
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-CDCB, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Michelle R Roberts
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 200, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sheila Weinmann
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, 3800 N. Interstate Ave., Portland, OR, 97227, USA
| | - Virginia F Borges
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-CDCB, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 SW Moody Ave., Mailing Code: KR-ADM, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, MS8117, RC-1S, 8401K, 12801 E 17th Ave., Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Yang C, Zhang ZC, Liu TB, Xu Y, Xia BR, Lou G. E2F1/2/7/8 as independent indicators of survival in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:500. [PMID: 33061852 PMCID: PMC7552358 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death in women 20–39 years old. Because coverage for cervical cancer screening is low, and the vaccination rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) is poor in some countries, potential markers to detect the disease at early stages are needed. E2F transcription factors (E2Fs) are a family of transcription factors that function in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. As abnormal activation and regulation of E2Fs are related to tumor development and poor prognosis, we performed bioinformatic analyses and in vitro assays to evaluate the role of E2Fs in cervical cancer. Methods Transcriptional expression of E2Fs was initially evaluated in silico using ONCOMINE and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), followed by evaluation of E2F1/2/7/8 protein levels using immunohistochemistry in 88 patient tissues. E2F2 and E2F7 mRNA levels were measured by RT-qPCR. LinkedOmics and Metascape were used to predict functions of E2Fs, and in vitro experiments were performed to assess the tumorigenic role of E2F2 and E2F7. Results In silico analysis showed that E2F1/2/7/8 were significantly overexpressed in cervical cancer, findings which were confirmed at the protein level using immunohistochemistry. Further, upregulation of E2F1/2/7/8 was associated with different clinicopathological prognostic factors, including positivity for lymph vessel invasion and deep invasion of cervical stroma. Increased expression of E2F1/2/7/8 was also related to shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with cervical cancer. Using multivariate analysis, we confirmed E2F1/2/7/8 as independent prognostic factors for shorter OS of patients with cervical cancer. Finally, in vitro experiments showed that E2F2 and E2F7 are involved in cell proliferation and migration and cell cycle regulation in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical cancer cells. Conclusions E2F1/2/7/8 may be prognostic biomarkers for survival of patients with cervical cancer. E2F2 and E2F7 are involved in cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086 P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Cong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086 P.R. China
| | - Tian-Bo Liu
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086 P.R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086 P.R. China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086 P.R. China
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086 P.R. China
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31
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Hull R, Francies FZ, Oyomno M, Dlamini Z. Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Incidence and Risk Factors: In Search for Targeted Therapies. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:9869-9882. [PMID: 33116845 PMCID: PMC7553623 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s251223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, colorectal cancers (CRCs) affect over a quarter of a million people. The risk of developing CRC in industrialized nations is approximately 5%. When the disease is localised, treatment success rates range from 70-90%; however, advanced CRC has a high mortality rate, consistently ranking in the top three causes of cancer-related deaths. There is a large geographic difference in global distribution, and CRC is predominantly associated with developed countries and a Western lifestyle and diet. As such, the developed world accounts for more than 63% of all cases of CRC. Geographic variations also predict cancer outcomes, which differ between racial and ethnic groups. This variation is due to inequalities in wealth, differences in the exposure to risk factors and barriers to high-quality cancer prevention, early detection and treatment. The aim of this paper was to review CRC in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa, India, Brazil and China, and compare them with high-income countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It is important to note that these economically less developed countries, with historically low CRC rates, are experiencing an increased frequency of CRC. The review also discusses biological markers and genetic pathways involved in the development of colorectal cancer. Genes known to be responsible for the most common forms of inherited CRCs have also been identified but more remain to be identified. This would provide more candidate genes to be added to known biomarkers. CRC burden can be controlled through the widespread application of existing knowledge, such as reduced smoking habits, vaccination, early detection and promoting physical activity, accompanied by a healthy diet. An increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms and events underlying colorectal carcinogenesis will enable the development of new targets and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Hull
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Flavia Zita Francies
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Meryl Oyomno
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and the University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC/UP Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers (PPNDTHAC) Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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32
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Iwamoto K, Takahashi H, Okuzaki D, Osawa H, Ogino T, Miyoshi N, Uemura M, Matsuda C, Yamamoto H, Mizushima T, Mori M, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Syntenin-1 promotes colorectal cancer stem cell expansion and chemoresistance by regulating prostaglandin E2 receptor. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:955-964. [PMID: 32595209 PMCID: PMC7492211 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein syntenin-1 is expressed by a variety of cell types, and is upregulated in various malignancies, including melanoma, breast cancer and glioma. Although the mechanism by which elevated syntenin-1 expression contributes to cancer has been described, the exact pathway has not been elucidated. Methods To investigate the involvement of syntenin-1 in colorectal cancer (CRC), we performed immunohistochemical analysis of 139 CRC surgical specimens. We also examined syntenin-1 knockdown in CRC cell lines. Results High syntenin-1 expression was associated with less differentiated histologic grade and poor prognosis, and was an independent prognostic indicator in CRC. Syntenin-1 knockdown in CRC cells reduced the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), oxaliplatin chemoresistance and migration. DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed decreased prostaglandin E2 receptor 2 (PTGER2) expression in syntenin-1-knockdown cells. PTGER2 knockdown in CRC cells yielded the same phenotype as syntenin-1 knockdown. Celecoxib, which has anti-inflammatory effects by targeting cyclooxygenase-2, reduced CSCs and decreased chemoresistance, while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) had the opposite effect. Conclusions Our findings suggested that syntenin-1 enhanced CSC expansion, oxaliplatin chemoresistance and migration capability through regulation of PTGER2 expression. Syntenin-1 may be a promising new prognostic factor and target for anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikatsu Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chu Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Microarray analysis of the expression profile of immune-related gene in rapid recurrence early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2299-2310. [PMID: 32556504 PMCID: PMC7382661 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Although much progress has been made in the diagnosis of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (ES-LUAD), the prognosis for ES-LUAD patients with rapid recurrence is still poor. Importantly, there is currently no effective and precise method to screen patients who may develop rapid recurrence. Therefore, it is necessary to identify potential differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ES-LUAD patients with rapid recurrence and non-rapid recurrence. Methods Affymetrix GeneChip Human Transcriptome Array was used to identify DEGs between ES-LUAD patients with rapid recurrence and non-rapid recurrence. Rapid recurrence was defined as recurrence-free survival (RFS) ≦ 1 year and non-rapid recurrence was defined as RFS ≧ 3 years. The biological functions of the DEGs were analyzed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of identified DEGs was conducted by STRING and Cytoscape software. The expression level of crucial hub genes and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was verified by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results A total of 416 DEGs were identified between ES-LUAD patients with and without rapid recurrence. The results of GO analysis revealed that 2 of the top 10 categories in the domain of cellular component, 2 of the top 10 in the domain of molecular function, and 9 of the top 10 in the domain of biological process were functionally related to immunity. The results of KEGG analysis showed that 6 of the top 8 pathways were functionally involved in immune regulation and inflammatory response. The PPI network analysis identified ten crucial nodal protein, including EGFR, MMP9, IL-1β, PTGS2, MMP1, and 5 histone proteins, which constituted 25 key interactions. IL-1β and PTGS2 expression were closely related to immunity and IHC analysis further revealed that low expression of IL-1β and PTGS2 is associated with rapid recurrence. Kaplan–Meier analysis further revealed that LUAD patients with lower IL-1β or PTGS2 expression had a worse RFS. When the TIL density of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD20+ subsets was less than 20%, ES-LUAD patients have a higher probability of rapid recurrence. Conclusion There were significant differences in the expression of immune-related genes between patients with rapid recurrence and patient with non-rapid recurrence. Immune-related genes such as IL-1β and PTGS2 and TIL density (20%) play important roles in rapid recurrence of ES-LUAD. This study provided a theoretical basis for distinguishing the two types of patients from an immunological perspective. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-020-03287-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The Role of VEGFA, COX2, HUR and CUGBP2 in Predicting the Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56040192. [PMID: 32331433 PMCID: PMC7230171 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy, which is commonly used for stage II-III rectal cancer (RC) treatment, is limited. Genes associated with the pathogenesis of RC could determine response to this treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential predictive value of VEGFA, COX2, HUR and CUGBP2 genes and the associations between post-treatment changes in gene expression and the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy. Materials and Methods: Biopsies from RC and healthy rectal tissue of 28 RC patients were collected before neoadjuvant therapy and 6-8 weeks after neoadjuvant therapy. The expression levels of VEGFA, COX2, HUR, CUGBP2 genes were evaluated using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results reveal a significantly higher expression of VEGFA, COX2 and HUR mRNA in RC tissue compared to healthy rectal tissue (p < 0.05), and elevated VEGFA gene expression in pre-treatment tissues was associated with a better response to neoadjuvant therapy based on T-stage downstaging (p < 0.05). The expression of VEGFA, HUR and CUGBP2 genes significantly decreased after neoadjuvant therapy (p < 0.05). Responders to treatment demonstrated a significantly stronger decrease of VEGFA and COX2 expression after neoadjuvant therapy than non-responders (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that the pre-treatment VEGFA gene expression might have predictive value for the response to neoadjuvant therapy, while the post-treatment decrease in VEGFA and COX2 gene expression could indicate the effectiveness of neoadjuvant therapy in RC patients.
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Haruki K, Kosumi K, Li P, Arima K, Väyrynen JP, Lau MC, Twombly TS, Hamada T, Glickman JN, Fujiyoshi K, Chen Y, Du C, Guo C, Väyrynen SA, Dias Costa A, Song M, Chan AT, Meyerhardt JA, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Liu L, Zhang X, Wu K, Giannakis M, Nowak JA, Ogino S. An integrated analysis of lymphocytic reaction, tumour molecular characteristics and patient survival in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1367-1377. [PMID: 32157241 PMCID: PMC7188805 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histological lymphocytic reaction is regarded as an independent prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Considering the lack of adequate statistical power, adjustment for selection bias and comprehensive tumour molecular data in most previous studies, we investigated the strengths of the prognostic associations of lymphocytic reaction in colorectal carcinoma by utilising an integrative database of two prospective cohort studies. METHODS We examined Crohn's-like reaction, intratumoural periglandular reaction, peritumoural reaction and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in 1465 colorectal carcinoma cases. Using covariate data of 4420 colorectal cancer cases in total, inverse probability-weighted Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to control for selection bias (due to tissue availability) and potential confounders, including stage, MSI status, LINE-1 methylation, PTGS2 and CTNNB1 expression, KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations, and tumour neoantigen load. RESULTS Higher levels of each lymphocytic reaction component were associated with better colorectal cancer-specific survival (Ptrend < 0.002). Compared with cases with negative/low intratumoural periglandular reaction, multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.55 (95% CI, 0.42-0.71) in cases with intermediate reaction and 0.20 (95% CI, 0.12-0.35) in cases with high reaction. These relationships were consistent in strata of MSI status or neoantigen loads (Pinteraction > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS The four lymphocytic reaction components are prognostic biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Haruki
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kota Arima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler S Twombly
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MS, USA
| | - Kenji Fujiyoshi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunxia Du
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunguang Guo
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andressa Dias Costa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Oplawski M, Dziobek K, Zmarzły N, Grabarek BO, Kiełbasiński R, Kieszkowski P, Januszyk P, Talkowski K, Schweizer M, Kras P, Plewka A, Boroń D. Variances in the Level of COX-2 and iNOS in Different Grades of Endometrial Cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:52-59. [PMID: 31533599 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190918104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many experimental studies have demonstrated the importance of COX-2 in the tumor angiogenesis. Inducible iNOS is responsible for a high and stable level of nitric oxide and is expressed in response to pro-inflammatory factors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of COX-2 and iNOS at the protein level and to assess their potential prognostic significance in patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS The study group consisted of 45 women with endometrial cancer divided according to the degree of histological differentiation i.e. G1, 17; G2, 15; G3, 13. The control group consisted of 15 women without neoplastic changes. The expression of studied proteins was determined immunohistochemically with specific polyclonal antibodies. RESULTS Analysis of the COX-2 expression showed that the optical density of the reaction product in G1 reached 186% in the control group, while the values in G2 and G3 reached 243% and 293%, respectively. In the case of iNOS, the optical density of the reaction product reached the following percentages in the control group: 147% in G1, 243% in G2, and 241% in G3. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that changes in the expression of COX-2 and iNOS may be potentially useful in predicting the progression of endometrial cancer and treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Oplawski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland.,Katowice School of Technology, The University of Science and Art in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Konrad Dziobek
- Center of Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Katowice School of Technology, The University of Science and Art in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin O Grabarek
- Katowice School of Technology, The University of Science and Art in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.,Center of Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Kiełbasiński
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Ward, Health Center in Mikołów, Mikołów, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Januszyk
- Katowice School of Technology, The University of Science and Art in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Karol Talkowski
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Psychiatry, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Schweizer
- Center of Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Kras
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plewka
- Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland.,Katowice School of Technology, The University of Science and Art in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.,Faculty of Health Science, Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Opole, Poland
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Song JL, Lee JS, Kim HY, Jeong BJ, Jeong JS, Huh TG, Park KY. Dietary Mixed Cereal Grains Ameliorate the Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colonic Carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J Mice. J Med Food 2020; 23:440-452. [PMID: 32186945 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemopreventive effects of various mixed cereal grain (MCG) samples on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 0.02 g/mL)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in C57BL/6J mice were studied. The main MCG preparation consisted of fermented brown rice (FBR), glutinous brown rice, glutinous Sorghum bicolor, glutinous Panicum miliaceum, Coix lacryma-jobi, and black soybean at an appropriate mixing ratio. Other MCG preparations contained rice coated with 5% Phellinus linteus and 5% Curcuma longa (MCG-PC) or 10% Phellinus linteus (MCG-P) or 10% Curcuma longa (MCG-C). Consumption of dietary MCG-PC by CRC mice significantly increased colon length, decreased the ratio of colon weight to length, and reduced the number of colon tumors. Similar effects, although to a lower extent, were observed in CRC mice fed with MCG-P, followed by those fed with MCG-C, MCG, FBR, or white rice. MCG-PC significantly suppressed colonic neoplasia and decreased the levels of various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor: Tnf, interleukin 1 beta: Il1b, interleukin 6: Il6, and interferon gamma: Ifnγ) in serum and colon tissue of the CRC mice. In addition, MCG-PC increased the mRNA expressions of tumor suppressor protein p53 (Tp53) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (Cdkn1a), activated pro-apoptotic caspase 3 (Casp3), and reduced expressions of both mRNA and protein of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) in colon tissue. These findings suggest that compared with other cereal grain preparations, MCG-PC had a greater activity against AOM/DSS-induced CRC by reducing intestinal inflammation and modulating the expression of certain carcinogenesis related factors (Nos2, Ptgs2, Tp53, Cdkn1a, Ccnd1, and Casp3) in colon tissue of CRC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jung-Sook Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kun-Young Park
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Venè R, Costa D, Augugliaro R, Carlone S, Scabini S, Casoni Pattacini G, Boggio M, Zupo S, Grillo F, Mastracci L, Pitto F, Minghelli S, Ferrari N, Tosetti F, Romairone E, Mingari MC, Poggi A, Benelli R. Evaluation of Glycosylated PTGS2 in Colorectal Cancer for NSAIDS-Based Adjuvant Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030683. [PMID: 32168749 PMCID: PMC7140631 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational/retrospective studies indicate that prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2) inhibitors could positively affect colorectal cancer (CRC) patients' survival after diagnosis. To obtain an acceptable cost/benefit balance, the inclusion of PTGS2 inhibitors in the adjuvant setting needs a selective criterion. We quantified the 72 kDa, CRC-associated, glycosylated form of PTGS2 in 100 frozen CRC specimens and evaluated PTGS2 localization by IHC in the same tumors, scoring tumor epithelial-derived and stroma-derived fractions. We also investigated the involvement of interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) in PTGS2 induction, both in vitro and in CRC lysates. Finally, we used overall survival (OS) as a criterion for patient selection. Glycosylated PTGS2 can be quantified with high sensibility in tissue lysates, but the expression in both tumor and stromal cells limits its use for predictive purposes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis indicates that stromal PTGS2 expression could exert a protective role on patient OS. Stromal PTGS2 was prevalently expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts exerting a barrier function near the gut lumen, and it apparently favored the antitumor M1 macrophage population. IL1β was directly linked to gPTGS2 expression both in vitro and in tumors, but its activity was apparently prevalent on the stromal cell population. We suggest that stromal PTGS2 could exert a positive effect on patients OS when expressed in the luminal area of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Venè
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Delfina Costa
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaella Augugliaro
- OU Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Carlone
- OU Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Scabini
- OU Oncologic Surgery and Implantable Systems, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Casoni Pattacini
- OU Oncologic Surgery and Implantable Systems, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Boggio
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Zupo
- OU Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Science and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pitto
- OU Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Minghelli
- Clinical and Experimental Immunology lab, Ospedale G. Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ferrari
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Tosetti
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Romairone
- Department of General Surgery, Asl3, Ospedale Villa Scassi, 16149 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria C Mingari
- OU Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poggi
- OU Molecular Oncology & Angiogenesis, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Benelli
- OU Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Cen B, Lang JD, Du Y, Wei J, Xiong Y, Bradley N, Wang D, DuBois RN. Prostaglandin E 2 Induces miR675-5p to Promote Colorectal Tumor Metastasis via Modulation of p53 Expression. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:971-984.e10. [PMID: 31734182 PMCID: PMC7062589 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes colorectal tumor formation and progression by unknown mechanisms. We sought to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that might mediate the effects of PGE2 on colorectal cancer (CRC) development. METHODS We incubated LS174T colorectal cancer cells with PGE2 or without (control) and used miRNA-sequencing technology to compare expression patterns of miRNAs. We knocked down levels of specific miRNAs or proteins in cells using small interfering RNAs or genome editing. Cells were analyzed by immunoblot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, chromosome immunoprecipitation, cell invasion, and luciferase reporter assays; we measured gene expression, binding activity, cell migration and invasion, and transcriptional activity of transcription factors. NOD-scidIL-2Rg-/- mice were given injections of LS174T cells, and growth of primary tumors and numbers of liver and lung metastases were quantified and analyzed by histology. We used public databases to identify correlations in gene expression pattern with patient outcomes. RESULTS We identified miRNA 675-5p (miR675-5p) as the miRNA most highly up-regulated by incubation of colorectal cancer cells with PGE2. PGE2 increased expression of miR675-5p by activating expression of Myc, via activation of protein kinase B, also known as (AKT), nuclear factor κB, and β-catenin. PGE2 increased the invasive activities of cultured CRC cells. LS174T cells incubated with PGE2 formed more liver and lung metastases in mice than control LS174T cells. We identified a 3' untranslated region in the TP53 messenger RNA that bound miR675-5p; binding resulted in loss of the p53 protein. Expression of miR675-5p or its precursor RNA, H19, correlated with expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 and shorter survival times of patients with CRC. CONCLUSIONS We found that treatment of mice with PGE2 increased CRC cells invasive activity and ability to form liver and lung metastases. PGE2 down-regulates expression of p53 by increasing expression of miR675-5p, which binds to and prevents translation of TP53 messenger RNA. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which PGE2 promotes tumor development and progression. Strategies to target PGE2 might be developed for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Jessica D. Lang
- Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287, and Integrated Cancer Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ 85004
| | - Yuchen Du
- Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287 (current address: Department of Pediatrics-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030)
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Norma Bradley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, Charleston, SC 29425.,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259,Correspondence to: Raymond N. DuBois, MD. Ph.D., 601 Clinical Science Building, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 601, Charleston, SC 29425, Tel: 843-792-2842 and Fax: 843-792-2967,
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40
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Cai Y, Yousef A, Grandis JR, Johnson DE. NSAID therapy for PIK3CA-Altered colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2020; 75:100653. [PMID: 31594701 PMCID: PMC7056575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence indicates that regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provides a protective effect against the development of colorectal, breast, and head and neck cancers. Genomic characterization of these cancers has lent considerable insight into the subpopulations of cancer patients who are most likely to benefit from NSAID therapy. The PIK3CA gene encodes the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and is among the most frequently mutated genes in solid tumor malignancies. Cancer-associated mutations in PIK3CA promote signaling via the PI3K pathway and stimulate tumor cell growth. In addition, activation of the PI3K pathway leads to induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and production of immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Notably, in both colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer the subpopulation of patients that benefit from NSAID use is restricted to those whose tumors exhibit PIK3CA genomic alterations. Preclinical studies, particularly in models of head and neck cancer, support the hypothesis that the chemopreventive impact of NSAIDs may be due, in part, to inhibition of COX-2 and reduction of PGE2 levels in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Yousef
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Sharma A, Lee MG, Won M, Koo S, Arambula JF, Sessler JL, Chi SG, Kim JS. Targeting Heterogeneous Tumors Using a Multifunctional Molecular Prodrug. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15611-15618. [PMID: 31509395 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is a molecular construct (K1) designed to overcome hurdles associated with delivering active drugs to heterogeneous tumor environments. Construct K1 relies on two cancer environment triggers (GSH and H2O2) to induce prodrug activation. It releases an active drug form (SN-38) under conditions of both oxidative and reductive stress in vitro. Specific uptake of K1 in COX-2 positive aggressive colon cancer cells (SW620 and LoVo) was seen, along with enhanced anticancer activity compared with the control agent SN-38. These findings are attributed to environmentally triggered drug release, as well as simultaneous scavenging of species giving rise to intracellular redox stress. K1 serves to downregulate various cancer survival signaling pathways (AKT, p38, IL-6, VEGF, and TNF-α) and upregulate an anti-inflammatory response (IL-10). Compared with SN-38 and DMSO as controls, K1 also displayed an improved in vivo therapeutic efficacy in a xenograft tumor regrowth model with no noticeable systematic toxicity at the administrated dose. We believe that the strategy described here presents an attractive approach to addressing solid tumors characterized by intratumoral heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Min-Goo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 Korea
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-1224 , United States
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Institute for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis , Shanghai University , Shanghai 200444 , China.,Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712-1224 , United States
| | - Sung-Gil Chi
- Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Korea University , Seoul 02841 Korea
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Moradi K, Barneh F, Irian S, Amini M, Moradpoor R, Amanzadeh A, Choopani S, Rahimi H, Ghodselahi T, Boujar MM, Salimi M. Two Novel Tri-Aryl Derivatives Attenuate the Invasion-Promoting Effects of Stromal Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:1002-1011. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190212123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:The concept of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) to promote carcinoma progression has been recognized as a venue for research on novel anticancer drugs. Triaryl template-based structures are one of the pivotal structural features found in a number of compounds with a wide variety of biological properties including anti-breast cancer. Among the various factors triggering EMT program, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-κB as well as the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) have been widely investigated.Objective:Here, we aim to investigate the effect of two novel compounds A and B possessing triaryl structures, which interact with both COX-2 and TGF-β active sites and suppress NF-κB activation, on EMT in a co-culture system with breast cancer and stromal cells.Methods:MDA-MB-231 and bone-marrow mesenchymal stem (BM-MS) cells were co-cultured in a trans-well plate. Migration, matrigel-based invasion and colony formation in soft agar assays along with Real- time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to examine the effect of compounds A and B on the invasive properties of MDA-MB-231 cells after 72 hours of co-culturing with BM-MSCs. In addition, TGF-beta interaction was investigated by Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR).Results:BM-MSCs enhanced migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth of the co-cultured MDAMB- 231 cells. A reduction in E-cadherin level concomitant with an increase in vimentin and N-cadherin levels following the co-culture implied EMT as the underlying process. Compounds A and B inhibited invasion and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells co-cultured with BM-MSCs at 10µM. The observed inhibitory effects along with an increase in E-cadherin and a reduction in vimentin and ZEB2 levels suggest that the anti-invasive properties of compounds A and B might proceed through the blockade of stromal cell-induced EMT, mediated by their interaction with TGF-beta.Conclusion:These findings introduce compounds A and B as novel promising agents, which prevent EMT in invasive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moradi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Irian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Moradpoor
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Choopani
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Massoud M. Boujar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Salimi
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Chen Y, Liu J. The prognostic roles of cyclooxygenase-2 for patients with basal cell carcinoma. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3053-3057. [PMID: 31334675 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1643731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is critical for tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and poor prognosis in many human cancers. It was reported to be an abnormal expression in many human malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC). However, the prognostic significance of cox-2 in BCC was still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic roles of cox-2 for patients with BCC. Methods: We detected the expression of cox-2 both at mRNA and protein level in tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissues from 180 patients with BCC by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Results: Cox-2 expression was significantly increased in BCC tissues compared with the adjacent normal cohorts (p < .001). Its expression was significantly associated with angiogenesis (p < .001) and depth of invasion (p < .001). Kaplan-Meier analysis suggested patients with high expression of cox-2 had a shorter overall survival rate than those with low expression (log rank test, p < .001). Conclusions: The expression of cox-2 was up-regulated in BCC and it could be used as a bio-marker for the prognosis of BCC patients with a high risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- a Department of Oncology, Chuiyangliu Hospital affiliated to Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Jilong Liu
- a Department of Oncology, Chuiyangliu Hospital affiliated to Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
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Bagheri M, Tabatabae Far MA, Mirzaei H, Ghasemi F. Evaluation of antitumor effects of aspirin and LGK974 drugs on cellular signaling pathways, cell cycle and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines compared to oxaliplatin drug. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:51-64. [PMID: 31233627 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies. Despite recent advances in the treatment for CRC, resistance to chemotherapy drugs and recurrence of the tumor are among the main problems for treatment in this cancer. The MTT assay was performed to assess the cytotoxic effects of drugs on CRC cell lines (SW742 and SW480) and normal colon cells. Three-dimensional culture (spheroid) was also used to evaluate the effect of drugs on tumor cell masses. The rate of expression of genes was also evaluated using Real-Time PCR. The analysis of the results demonstrated that aspirin and LGK974 have cytotoxic effects on CRC cell lines, and in the IC50 dose, they disintegrate the cancerous cell masses. These drugs reduce the invasion and increase apoptosis in SW742 and SW480 cell lines. A decrease in the expression of WNT, AXIN, TCF and APC genes and an increase in the expression of β-catenin gene in the WNT signaling pathway were revealed. The genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway such as ERK, JNK, KRAS and MEK showed a decrease in expression and a increase in expression of RAF gene. In the apoptotic pathway, increased expression of BAX and decreased expression of BCL-2 were reported. Also, decreased expression of P53, cyclin D1 and COX-2 was observed. This study demonstrates that aspirin and LGK974 could be effective in inhibiting the signaling pathways of WNT and MAPK, arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in CRC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran
| | - Mohamad Amin Tabatabae Far
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 8415683111, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-88141, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, 1497716316, Iran
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Joanna B, Jolanta B, Agnieszka G, Diana HZ, Krystyna S. Vitamin D, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and COX-2 in colorectal cancer patients in relation to disease stage, tumour localisation and disease progression. Arab J Gastroenterol 2019; 20:121-126. [PMID: 31272909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Evidence shows that vitamin D and cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) might play role in aetiology/progression of cancer. It is suggested that antitumour effect of vitamin D depends on vitamin D-receptor (VDR) expression. Aim of the study was to determine vitamin D and polyunsaturated fatty acids in colorectal cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 39 patients with colorectal cancer (mean ± SD age: 65.5 ± 6.8 years) and 25 controls (mean ± SD age: 51.0 ± 6.9 years) were studied. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-25(OH)D3 in serum was quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) of serum phospholipids were measured by gas-chromatography (GC). Expression of VDR and COX-2 in normal colonic mucosa and tumour tissue was measured by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The mean value of 25(OH)D3 was significantly lower in the colorectal cancer patients with early stages of the disease and in patients with tumour confined to the rectum compared to control group (p < 0.02, p < 0.03, respectively). The higher concentration of AA (patients with early stages of the disease) and lower concentration of LA (patients with the advanced stages of the disease) was noticed compared to the control group. For the patients with the early stages of the disease the higher mean fold change of mRNA VDR and the lower mean fold change of mRNA COX-2 was noticed (p < 0.03, p < 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION The assessment of vitamin D status in patients with colorectal cancer should include measurement of mRNA VDR expression in tumour tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berska Joanna
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland.
| | - Bugajska Jolanta
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Grabowska Agnieszka
- Department of Medical Genetics, Chair of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
| | - Hodorowicz-Zaniewska Diana
- First Department of Surgery, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Krakow, Kopernika St. 40, Krakow 31-501, Poland
| | - Sztefko Krystyna
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Wielicka St. 265, Krakow 30-663, Poland
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Szweda M, Rychlik A, Babińska I, Pomianowski A. Significance of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Oncogenesis. J Vet Res 2019; 63:215-224. [PMID: 31276061 PMCID: PMC6598184 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme catalyses the first stage of biosynthesis of prostanoids, proteins that are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes in humans and animals. The expression of COX-2 increases significantly during pathological processes accompanied by inflammation, pain and fever. Overexpression of COX-2 was determined in tumour tissues, which suggests that this enzyme participates in oncogenesis. In this paper the topics discussed are mechanisms regulating COX-2 expression, COX isoforms, their role in the body and the oncogenic mechanisms triggered by the overexpression of COX-2, including inhibition of apoptosis, intensification of neoangiogenesis, increased metastatic capacity, and weakening of the immune system. The significance of and the mechanisms by which COX-2 participates in oncogenesis have been studied intensively in recent years. The results are highly promising, and they expand our understanding of the complex processes and changes at the molecular, cellular and tissue level that promote oncogenesis and cancer progression. Notwithstanding the knowledge already gleaned, many processes and mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in human medicine and, in particular, in veterinary medicine. Further research is required to develop effective tumour diagnostic methods and treatment procedures for humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szweda
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Izabella Babińska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Medicine, and Administration Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
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Negi RR, Rana SV, Gupta V, Gupta R, Chadha VD, Prasad KK, Dhawan DK. Over-Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1675-1681. [PMID: 31244287 PMCID: PMC7021602 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.6.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. COX-2 plays an important role in CRC development and is a key target for the regression of colorectal tumorigenesis by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study was conducted to examine the relationship of the levels of COX-2 in CRC patients with the clinico-pathological parameters and also to assess its usefulness as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of CRC. Methods: Prior to surgery, 30 CRC patients were enrolled and the samples from colon tumors and surrounding tissues were taken after they underwent surgical intervention at PGIMER, Chandigarh. mRNA expression levels of COX-2 were examined in 30 CRC and adjacent normal colonic mucosa by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The expression of COX-2 was assessed by immunohistochemical method using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against human COX-2 protein. Results: The quantitative relative expression of COX-2 mRNA was observed to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in colorectal cancer tissues as compared to adjacent normal colon tissues. Also, female CRC patients showed significantly higher (p<0.009) expression of COX-2 mRNA vis-a-vis male colorectal cancer patients. This is the first study which has reported a direct relationship between COX-2 mRNA expressions in male colorectal cancer patients versus females. Further, immunohistochemistry of COX-2 confirmed the quantitative real time-PCR findings. Conclusion: Our study shows that COX-2 over expression in colorectal carcinoma patients is closely associated with clinico-pathological parameters and is more pronounced in males versus females. Further, COX-2 mRNA expression can serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Rattan Negi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Satya Vati Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kaushal Kishor Prasad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Ismail NI, Othman I, Abas F, H Lajis N, Naidu R. Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2454. [PMID: 31108984 PMCID: PMC6566943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the top three cancer with higher incident and mortality rate worldwide. It is estimated that about over than 1.1 million of death and 2.2 million new cases by the year 2030. The current treatment modalities with the usage of chemo drugs such as FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, surgery and radiotherapy, which are usually accompanied with major side effects, are rarely cured along with poor survival rate and at higher recurrence outcome. This trigger the needs of exploring new natural compounds with anti-cancer properties which possess fewer side effects. Curcumin, a common spice used in ancient medicine was found to induce apoptosis by targeting various molecules and signaling pathways involved in CRC. Disruption of the homeostatic balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis could be one of the promoting factors in colorectal cancer progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of apoptosis regulation by curcumin in CRC with regard to molecular targets and associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Isnida Ismail
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- UniKL MESTECH, A1-1 Jalan TKS1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia.
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 434000 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Nordin H Lajis
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Rakesh Naidu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Post-cancer diagnosis dietary inflammatory potential is associated with survival among women diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:965-977. [PMID: 30955051 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary factors may influence colorectal cancer (CRC) survival through effects on inflammation. We examined the association between post-CRC diagnosis inflammatory potential of diet and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. METHODS The study included 463 postmenopausal women who developed CRC during follow-up and completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), on average 1.7 years after diagnosis. Women were followed from CRC diagnosis until death, censoring, or the end of follow-up in October 2014. Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII)® scores were calculated from the FFQ and dietary supplement inventory. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, total cancer, and CRC-specific mortality with the most pro-inflammatory E-DII scores (tertile 3) as referent. RESULTS After a median 11.6 years of follow-up, 162 deaths occurred, including 77 from CRC. Lowest tertile (i.e., most anti-inflammatory) E-DII scores from diet plus supplements were associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality (HRT1vsT3 = 0.49; 95% CI 0.31-0.79) compared to the most pro-inflammatory E-DII tertile. Modest associations with total cancer mortality or CRC-specific mortality were observed, though 95% CIs included 1. CONCLUSIONS Consuming a dietary pattern and supplements with more anti-inflammatory potential after CRC diagnosis may improve overall survival among postmenopausal women.
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Tupá V, Drahošová S, Grendár M, Adamkov M. Expression and association of carbonic anhydrase IX and cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:705-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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