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Dayton TL, Alcala N, Moonen L, den Hartigh L, Geurts V, Mangiante L, Lap L, Dost AFM, Beumer J, Levy S, van Leeuwaarde RS, Hackeng WM, Samsom K, Voegele C, Sexton-Oates A, Begthel H, Korving J, Hillen L, Brosens LAA, Lantuejoul S, Jaksani S, Kok NFM, Hartemink KJ, Klomp HM, Borel Rinkes IHM, Dingemans AM, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Buikhuisen W, van den Berg J, Tesselaar M, Derks J, Speel EJ, Foll M, Fernández-Cuesta L, Clevers H. Druggable growth dependencies and tumor evolution analysis in patient-derived organoids of neuroendocrine neoplasms from multiple body sites. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:2083-2099.e9. [PMID: 38086335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Treatment options for patients with NENs are limited, in part due to lack of accurate models. We establish patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) from pulmonary NETs and derive PDTOs from an understudied subtype of NEC, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), arising from multiple body sites. PDTOs maintain the gene expression patterns, intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and evolutionary processes of parental tumors. Through hypothesis-driven drug sensitivity analyses, we identify ASCL1 as a potential biomarker for response of LCNEC to treatment with BCL-2 inhibitors. Additionally, we discover a dependency on EGF in pulmonary NET PDTOs. Consistent with these findings, we find that, in an independent cohort, approximately 50% of pulmonary NETs express EGFR. This study identifies an actionable vulnerability for a subset of pulmonary NETs, emphasizing the utility of these PDTO models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya L Dayton
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Nicolas Alcala
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laura Moonen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne den Hartigh
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Veerle Geurts
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lise Mangiante
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lisa Lap
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Antonella F M Dost
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Levy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van Leeuwaarde
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wenzel M Hackeng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kris Samsom
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandra Sexton-Oates
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Harry Begthel
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Lantuejoul
- Department of Biopathology, Pathology Research Platform- Synergie Lyon Cancer- CRCL, Centre Léon Bérard Unicancer, 69008 Lyon, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sridevi Jaksani
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - Niels F M Kok
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Koen J Hartemink
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Houke M Klomp
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Department of Endocrine Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Dingemans
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, the Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Menno R Vriens
- Department of Endocrine Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Buikhuisen
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - José van den Berg
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Margot Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jules Derks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ernst Jan Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Foll
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lynnette Fernández-Cuesta
- Rare Cancers Genomics Team (RCG), Genomic Epidemiology Branch (GEM), International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organisation (IARC/WHO), 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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2
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Dicitore A, Gaudenzi G, Carra S, Cantone MC, Oldani M, Saronni D, Borghi MO, Grotteschi J, Persani L, Vitale G. Antitumor Activity of Axitinib in Lung Carcinoids: A Preclinical Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5375. [PMID: 38001635 PMCID: PMC10669991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoids (LCs) comprise well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors classified as typical (TCs) and atypical (ACs) carcinoids. Unfortunately, curative therapies remain elusive for metastatic LCs, which account for 25-30% of cases. This study evaluated the antitumor activity of axitinib (AXI), a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor selectively targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3) in human lung TC (NCI-H727, UMC-11, NCI-H835) and AC (NCI-H720) cell lines. In vitro and in vivo (zebrafish) assays were performed following AXI treatment to gather several read-outs about cell viability, cell cycle, the secretion of proangiogenic factors, apoptosis, tumor-induced angiogenesis and migration. AXI demonstrated relevant antitumor activity in human LC cells, with pronounced effects observed in UMC-11 and NCI-H720, characterized by cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis induction. AXI significantly hindered tumor induced-angiogenesis in Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 zebrafish embryos implanted with all LC cell lines and also reduced the invasiveness of NCI-H720 cells, as well as the secretion of several proangiogenic factors. In conclusion, our study provides initial evidence supporting the potential anti-tumor activity of AXI in LC, offering a promising basis for future investigations in mammalian animal models and, eventually, progressing to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dicitore
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (D.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Silvia Carra
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy;
| | - Maria Celeste Cantone
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Monica Oldani
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Davide Saronni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (D.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Experimental Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Grotteschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (D.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (D.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.D.); (D.S.); (J.G.); (L.P.)
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (M.C.C.); (M.O.)
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Chen YQ, Li YF, Zhang CY, Zhang SL, Lv ZY, Dong S, Chen HJ, Zhang XC, Wu YL, Yang JJ. Response to Icotinib Plus Chemotherapy in Pulmonary Atypical Carcinoid Harboring the EGFR L858R Mutation: A Brief Report. JTO Clin Res Rep 2021; 2:100258. [PMID: 34917992 PMCID: PMC8668983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary atypical carcinoid (PAC) is a rare subtype of pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasm. Although EML4-ALK fusion has been detected in PAC, EGFR mutations have not been reported before. Methods We performed hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and next-generation sequencing on tissues at baseline and after surgery. Results The patient was diagnosed with having advanced PAC harboring the EGFR L858R mutation and then received a combination of icotinib and irinotecan plus cisplatin chemotherapy, achieving a partial response before the operation. Postoperative histology results revealed SCLC harboring the EGFR L858R mutation. Surprisingly, both the KRAS amplification and the RB1 deletion disappeared. Conclusions EGFR tyrosine inhibitors plus irinotecan plus cisplatin chemotherapy might be a potential treatment option for advanced pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms harboring EGFR mutations.
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Krishnamurthy K, Kochiyil J, Alghamdi S, Poppiti R. Bronchiolar adenomas (BA) - A detailed radio-pathologic analysis of six cases and review of literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 55:151837. [PMID: 34626934 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bronchiolar adenomas (BAs)/ciliated muco-nodular papillary tumors (CMPTs), are small, peripheral lung nodules arising predominantly in the elderly that follow a benign course. They can be mistaken for adenocarcinomas on frozen section. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for basal cell markers highlights the continuous layer of basal cells underlying the tumor cells in BAs. BAs are further subdivided into proximal-type and distal type. Six BAs were retrieved from the pathology archives. The cases were classified based on morphology into proximal and distal BAs. The clinical and radiological features were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry and special stains were performed. The most common radiological picture of BA/CMPT was of a solid nodule with SUVmax < 3 as seen in 60% cases. 40% cases showed cavitation on CT. On histological examination, four cases were morphologically classified as proximal BAs and two as distal BAs. In proximal BAs, TTF1 was focally positive only in the basal cells in three of four. The mucin stained acidic. In distal BAs, TTF1 was diffusely positive in both basal and luminal cells. There was scant intracellular neutral mucin. Both the distal BAs had concomitant neuroendocrine tumors in the same lobe. Though the number of cases evaluated in this study is too low to be statistically significant, this study provides additional evidence to the concept of BA classification based on site specific histology and supplementary immunohistochemistry and reiterates the radiological features that may help distinguish it from malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Krishnamurthy
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA.
| | - Jyotsna Kochiyil
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA
| | - Sarah Alghamdi
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert Poppiti
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA; Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Sarode P, Mansouri S, Karger A, Schaefer MB, Grimminger F, Seeger W, Savai R. Epithelial cell plasticity defines heterogeneity in lung cancer. Cell Signal 2019; 65:109463. [PMID: 31693875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women and accounts for almost 18.4% of all deaths due to cancer worldwide, with the global incidence increasing by approximately 0.5% per year. Lung cancer is regarded as a devastating type of cancer owing to its high prevalence, reduction in the health-related quality of life, frequently delayed diagnosis, low response rate, high toxicity, and resistance to available therapeutic options. The highly heterogeneous nature of this cancer with a proximal-to-distal distribution throughout the respiratory tract dramatically affects its diagnostic and therapeutic management. The diverse composition and plasticity of lung epithelial cells across the respiratory tract are regarded as significant factors underlying lung cancer heterogeneity. Therefore, definitions of the cells of origin for different types of lung cancer are urgently needed to understand lung cancer biology and to achieve early diagnosis and develop cell-targeted therapies. In the present review, we will discuss the current understanding of the cellular and molecular alterations in distinct lung epithelial cells that result in each type of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sarode
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Siavash Mansouri
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Annika Karger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Martina Barbara Schaefer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, 35390, Germany.
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Torniai M, Scortichini L, Tronconi F, Rubini C, Morgese F, Rinaldi S, Mazzanti P, Berardi R. Systemic treatment for lung carcinoids: from bench to bedside. Clin Transl Med 2019; 8:22. [PMID: 31273555 PMCID: PMC6609661 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-019-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the huge spectrum of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms, typical and atypical carcinoids should be considered as a separate biological entity from poorly differentiated forms, harboring peculiar molecular alterations. Despite their indolent behavior, lung carcinoids correlate with a worse survival. To date, only limited therapeutic options are available and novel drugs are strongly needed. In this work, we extensively reviewed scientific literature exploring available therapeutic options, new molecular targets and future perspectives in the management of well differentiated neoplasms of bronchopulmonary tree. Systemic therapy represents the main option in advanced and unresectable disease; accepted choices are somatostatin analogs, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, everolimus and chemotherapy. To date, an univocal treatment strategy has not been identified yet, thus tailored therapeutic algorithms should consider treatment efficacy as well as safety profiles. Several molecular alterations found in carcinoid tumors might act as molecular targets leading to development of new therapeutic options. Further studies are necessary to identify new potential “druggable” molecular targets in the selected subset of low-grade lung carcinoids. Furthermore, evaluating the available therapies in more homogeneous population might improve their efficacy through a perfect tailoring of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Torniai
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Scortichini
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tronconi
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Corrado Rubini
- Section of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, Department of Neuroscience, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Morgese
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Rinaldi
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Mazzanti
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Clinica Oncologica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Via Conca 71, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Hofland LJ, Gálvez Moreno MA, Castaño JP, de Herder WW, Feelders RA. Neuroendocrine neoplasms: current and potential diagnostic, predictive and prognostic markers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R157-R179. [PMID: 30615596 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some biomarkers for functioning and non-functioning neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are currently available. Despite their application in clinical practice, results should be interpreted cautiously. Considering the variable sensitivity and specificity of these parameters, there is an unmet need for novel biomarkers to improve diagnosis and predict patient outcome. Nowadays, several new biomarkers are being evaluated and may become future tools for the management of NENs. These biomarkers include (1) peptides and growth factors; (2) DNA and RNA markers based on genomics analysis, for example, the so-called NET test, which has been developed for analyzing gene transcripts in circulating blood; (3) circulating tumor/endothelial/progenitor cells or cell-free tumor DNA, which represent minimally invasive methods that would provide additional information for monitoring treatment response and (4) improved imaging techniques with novel radiolabeled somatostatin analogs or peptides. Below we summarize some future directions in the development of novel diagnostic and predictive/prognostic biomarkers in NENs. This review is focused on circulating and selected tissue markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - María A Gálvez Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Erlotinib for coexisting typical bronchial carcinoid and advanced lung adenocarcinoma: does the epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status matter? Anticancer Drugs 2017; 29:281-285. [PMID: 29280916 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most common type of primary pulmonary malignancy. Lung carcinoid, however, is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. Their coexistence is extremely uncommon. We report the unique case of synchronous advanced lung AC of the right upper lobe (stage IIIB) and typical endobronchial carcinoid tumor in the contralateral lower lobe in a 49-year-old white female who had never smoked. PET-computed tomography scan revealed a fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid AC lesion, whereas the carcinoid tumor was fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose occult. After two lines of platinum-based combination chemotherapies and radiotherapy, the AC progressed, and oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy with erlotinib was initiated in third line. On erlotinib, the AC remained stable for 50 months until disease progression, whereas the carcinoid completely regressed. Molecular testing of the rebronchoscopied AC revealed an exon 19 deletion mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, whereas the carcinoid was retrospectively EGFR mutation negative. The patient eventually succumbed to ileus caused by intra-abdominal spread of disease, surviving a remarkable 80 months with good performance status throughout most of the follow-up period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of synchronous primary lung cancers with different EGFR mutation status, describing an unexpected response of an EGFR-wild-type carcinoid to third-line erlotinib.
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9
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Rossi G, Bertero L, Marchiò C, Papotti M. Molecular alterations of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung. Histopathology 2017; 72:142-152. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Rossi
- Pathology Unit; Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta; Regional Hospital ‘Parini’; Aosta Italy
| | - Luca Bertero
- Department of Oncology; University of Turin and Pathology Unit; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin and Pathology Unit; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology; University of Turin and Pathology Unit; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza; Torino Italy
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Perez-Rivas LG, Oßwald A, Knösel T, Lucia K, Schaaf C, Hristov M, Fazel J, Kirchner T, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Theodoropoulou M. Expression and mutational status of USP8 in tumors causing ectopic ACTH secretion syndrome. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:L73-L77. [PMID: 28710116 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Perez-Rivas
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Oßwald
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Knösel
- Institute of PathologyLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristin Lucia
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of EndocrinologyMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schaaf
- Institute of PathologyLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hristov
- Institute for Cardiovascular PreventionLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Fazel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of PathologyLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of EndocrinologyMax Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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11
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Lattanzio R, Veschi S, Aceto GM, Curia MC, Cama A, DE Lellis L, Fantini F, Angelucci D, Iacobelli S, Piantelli M, Battista P. Overexpression of PY1289-HER3 in sporadic pulmonary carcinoid from patients bearing MEN1 gene variants. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:453-458. [PMID: 27347164 PMCID: PMC4906803 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptors (HERs) (HER1/HER2/HER3/HER4) and their phosphorylated forms (p-HER1/p-HER2/p-HER3/p-HER4) in pulmonary carcinoids (PCs). HER and p-HER protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays in 37 specimens of sporadic PCs, 29 typical carcinoids (TCs) and 8 atypical carcinoids (ACs). When compared with the ACs, the TCs did not exhibit any differences in terms of HER/p-HER expression. The tumors of this study have previously been characterized for the expression of menin and the mutational status of menin 1 (MEN1), a gene strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of PCs. In the present study, it was found that the cytoplasmic (‘disarrayed’), but not nuclear (‘arrayed’) expression of menin was positively correlated with HER3 (P=0.004), HER4 (P=0.015), p-HER1 (P=0.005), p-HER3 (P<0.001), and p-HER4 (P=0.001) expression. Moreover, HER3 and p-HER3 were found to be significantly more expressed in PCs with MEN1 variants, than in tumors with MEN1 wild-type (P=0.000 and P=0.025, respectively). These findings suggest the potential clinical use of HER inhibitors in the treatment of patients with PCs, particularly for individuals with p-HER3-positive PCs harboring MEN1 gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Lattanzio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy; Center of Excellence on Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Foundation, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Serena Veschi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy; Center of Excellence on Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Foundation, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gitana Maria Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura DE Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabiana Fantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Iacobelli
- Center of Excellence on Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Foundation, I-66010 Chieti, Italy; Mediapharma s.r.l., I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Piantelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy; Center of Excellence on Aging, University 'G. d'Annunzio' Foundation, I-66010 Chieti, Italy; Mediapharma s.r.l., I-66010 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Battista
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio' - Chieti-Pescara, I-66010 Chieti, Italy
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12
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Kim JI. Analysis of an EGFR mutation by PNA clamping method in lung carcinoid tumors. KOSIN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.7180/kmj.2015.30.2.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary carcinoid tumors consisting of typical carcinoid tumors (TC) and atypical carcinoid tumors (AC) are rare, accounting for 2–5% of all lung tumors. TC is considered a low-grade tumor with a rate of distant metastasis up to 12%. In contrast, ACs are more aggressive tumors, displaying a metastatic rate up to 70%. Surgery is the treatment of choice; however, the current treatment outcomes of metastatic lung carcinoids are discouraging. This study aimed to investigate the EGFR mutation using the PNA-mediated clamping method and to provide basic data for using EGFR-TK1 and its clinical implications. Materials and Methods A total of 14 cases that underwent surgery were diagnosed as carcinoid tumors and pathologically classified as TC and AC. The paraffin-embedded tissues were analyzed for EGFR mutations using the PNA-mediated PCR clamping technique. The mutant type was noted in the cases with a△Ct greater than 2.0. Result Of 14 cases, eight were AC and six cases were TC. No known EGFR mutation was detected with a△Ct less than 2.0. Conclusion The EGFR genotype determined using the PNA-mediated PCR clamping method was wild-type in all pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Therefore, the application of EGFR-TK1 is limited in pulmonary carcinoid tumors.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary carcinoid tumors account for approximately 5% of all lung malignancies in adults, and comprise 30% of all carcinoid tumors. There are limited reagents available to study these rare tumors, and consequently no major advances have been made for patient treatment. We report the generation and characterization of human pulmonary carcinoid tumor cell lines to study underlying biology, and to provide models for testing novel chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Tissue was harvested from three patients with primary pulmonary typical carcinoid tumors undergoing surgical resection. The tumor was dissociated and plated onto dishes in culture media. The established cell lines were characterized by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and cell proliferation assays. Tumorigenicity was confirmed by soft agar growth and the ability to form tumors in a mouse xenograft model. Exome and RNA sequencing of patient tumor samples and cell lines was performed using standard protocols. RESULTS Three typical carcinoid tumor lines grew as adherent monolayers in vitro, expressed neuroendocrine markers consistent with the primary tumor, and formed colonies in soft agar. A single cell line produced lung tumors in nude mice after intravenous injection. Exome and RNA sequencing of this cell line showed lineage relationship with the primary tumor, and demonstrated mutations in a number of genes related to neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSION Three human pulmonary typical carcinoid tumor cell lines have been generated and characterized as a tool for studying the biology and novel treatment approaches for these rare tumors.
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Masroor M, Javid J, Mir R, Y P, A I, Z M, Mohan A, Ray PC, Saxena A. Prognostic significance of serum ERBB3 and ERBB4 mRNA in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:857-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Døssing KBV, Binderup T, Kaczkowski B, Jacobsen A, Rossing M, Winther O, Federspiel B, Knigge U, Kjær A, Friis-Hansen L. Down-Regulation of miR-129-5p and the let-7 Family in Neuroendocrine Tumors and Metastases Leads to Up-Regulation of Their Targets Egr1, G3bp1, Hmga2 and Bach1. Genes (Basel) 2014; 6:1-21. [PMID: 25546138 PMCID: PMC4377830 DOI: 10.3390/genes6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of miRNAs in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) is poorly characterized. We therefore wanted to examine the miRNA expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs), and identify their targets and importance in NET carcinogenesis. miRNA expression in six NEN primary tumors, six NEN metastases and four normal intestinal tissues was characterized using miRNA arrays, and validated by in-situ hybridization and qPCR. Among the down-regulated miRNAs miR-129-5p and the let-7f/let-7 family, were selected for further characterization. Transfection of miR-129-5p inhibited growth of a pulmonary and an intestinal carcinoid cell line. Analysis of mRNA expression changes identified EGR1 and G3BP1 as miR-129-5p targets. They were validated by luciferase assay and western blotting, and found robustly expressed in NETs by immunohistochemistry. Knockdown of EGR1 and G3BP1 mimicked the growth inhibition induced by miR-129-5p. let-7 overexpression inhibited growth of carcinoid cell lines, and let-7 inhibition increased protein content of the transcription factor BACH1 and its targets MMP1 and HMGA2, all known to promote bone metastases. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that let-7 targets are highly expressed in NETs and metastases. We found down-regulation of miR-129-5p and the let-7 family, and identified new neuroendocrine specific targets for these miRNAs, which contributes to the growth and metastatic potential of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina B V Døssing
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tina Binderup
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bogumil Kaczkowski
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology and Biotech and Research Innovation Centre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Jacobsen
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology and Biotech and Research Innovation Centre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Maria Rossing
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ole Winther
- DTU Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Federspiel
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ulrich Knigge
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Kjær
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lennart Friis-Hansen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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De Dosso S, Grande E, Barriuso J, Castellano D, Tabernero J, Capdevila J. The targeted therapy revolution in neuroendocrine tumors: in search of biomarkers for patient selection and response evaluation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:465-77. [PMID: 23589060 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular events of tumorigenesis in neuroendocrine tumors are poorly understood. Understanding of the molecular alterations will lead to the identification of molecular markers, providing new targets for therapeutics. The purpose of this review was to critically analyze the genetic abnormalities in neuroendocrine tumors, with the aim of identifying biomarkers that indicate a response to agents developed against these targets and to serve as an understanding for the combinations of different active compounds. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 1/2 (EGFR and HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), platelet-derived growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and heat shock proteins are all interesting candidate biomarkers with involvement in carcinogenesis and tumor evolution of several neoplasms, including neuroendocrine tumors. Some of them have already been evaluated both as targets and also as biomarkers in clinical trials conducted in advanced neuroendocrine tumor settings, and others should encourage further investigations into innovative therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Dosso
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Kerkentzes K, Lagani V, Tsamardinos I, Vyberg M, Røe OD. Hidden treasures in "ancient" microarrays: gene-expression portrays biology and potential resistance pathways of major lung cancer subtypes and normal tissue. Front Oncol 2014; 4:251. [PMID: 25325012 PMCID: PMC4178426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Novel statistical methods and increasingly more accurate gene annotations can transform “old” biological data into a renewed source of knowledge with potential clinical relevance. Here, we provide an in silico proof-of-concept by extracting novel information from a high-quality mRNA expression dataset, originally published in 2001, using state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches. Methods: The dataset consists of histologically defined cases of lung adenocarcinoma (AD), squamous (SQ) cell carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer, carcinoid, metastasis (breast and colon AD), and normal lung specimens (203 samples in total). A battery of statistical tests was used for identifying differential gene expressions, diagnostic and prognostic genes, enriched gene ontologies, and signaling pathways. Results: Our results showed that gene expressions faithfully recapitulate immunohistochemical subtype markers, as chromogranin A in carcinoids, cytokeratin 5, p63 in SQ, and TTF1 in non-squamous types. Moreover, biological information with putative clinical relevance was revealed as potentially novel diagnostic genes for each subtype with specificity 93–100% (AUC = 0.93–1.00). Cancer subtypes were characterized by (a) differential expression of treatment target genes as TYMS, HER2, and HER3 and (b) overrepresentation of treatment-related pathways like cell cycle, DNA repair, and ERBB pathways. The vascular smooth muscle contraction, leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, and actin cytoskeleton pathways were overexpressed in normal tissue. Conclusion: Reanalysis of this public dataset displayed the known biological features of lung cancer subtypes and revealed novel pathways of potentially clinical importance. The findings also support our hypothesis that even old omics data of high quality can be a source of significant biological information when appropriate bioinformatics methods are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kerkentzes
- Department of Computer Science, University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece ; Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology - Hellas , Heraklion , Greece
| | - Vincenzo Lagani
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology - Hellas , Heraklion , Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsamardinos
- Department of Computer Science, University of Crete , Heraklion , Greece ; Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology - Hellas , Heraklion , Greece
| | - Mogens Vyberg
- Institute of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Oluf Dimitri Røe
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ; Department of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark ; Cancer Clinic, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Health Trust , Levanger , Norway
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18
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Zhang M, Yang Q, Zhang L, Zhou S, Ye W, Yao Q, Li Z, Huang C, Wen Q, Wang J. miR-302b is a potential molecular marker of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting ErbB4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:10. [PMID: 24438167 PMCID: PMC3898821 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background ErbB4 expression has been noted in various tumors, but its regulatory mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether miR-302b regulates the expression of ErbB4 at the post-transcriptional level and to determine its expression, significance, and function in ESCC. Methods We used real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to quantify the expression of miR-302b in 50 ESCC tissues and analyzed its relationship with clinicopathological factors and survival. Then, we investigated the post-transcriptional regulation of ErbB4 expression using immunoblot analysis and luciferase reporter assays. Finally, the effects of miR-302b on proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion of ESCC cells was detected using MTT, flow cytometric analysis, and transwell invasion assays, respectively. Results miR-302b was significantly down-regulated and correlated with tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis in ESCC. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that low miR-302b expression might be a poor prognostic factor. Further studies demonstrated that miR-302b post-transcriptionally down-regulated the expression of ErbB4 in vitro. Moreover, miR-302b inhibited proliferation by inducing apoptosis and repressed invasion in the ESCC cell lines. Conclusions miR-302b is a potential molecular marker of ESCC and functions as a tumor suppressor by post-transcriptionally regulating ErbB4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038 Shaanxi Province, China.
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Abstract
Bronchial typical carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine bronchopulmonary tumors with a low-grade malignancy, and an atypical carcinoid is an intermediate form of these tumors. There is a lack of knowledge on the optimal treatment for these tumors. The surgical treatment of choice consists of a lobectomy supplemented by dissection. The benefit of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is unclear. Targeted therapy could be used in this condition, but there is a lack of research recommending it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Noel-Savina
- Pulmonary Service, Hospital de la Cavale Blanche, CHU - Brest, Brest, France
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20
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Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Beasley MB, Chitale DA, Dacic S, Giaccone G, Jenkins RB, Kwiatkowski DJ, Saldivar JS, Squire J, Thunnissen E, Ladanyi M, College of American Pathologists International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer and Association for Molecular Pathology. Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn 2013; 15:415-53. [PMID: 23562183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish evidence-based recommendations for the molecular analysis of lung cancers that are required to guide EGFR- and ALK-directed therapies, addressing which patients and samples should be tested, and when and how testing should be performed. PARTICIPANTS Three cochairs without conflicts of interest were selected, one from each of the 3 sponsoring professional societies: College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. Writing and advisory panels were constituted from additional experts from these societies. EVIDENCE Three unbiased literature searches of electronic databases were performed to capture published articles from January 2004 through February 2012, yielding 1533 articles whose abstracts were screened to identify 521 pertinent articles that were then reviewed in detail for their relevance to the recommendations. EVIDENCE was formally graded for each recommendation. CONSENSUS PROCESS Initial recommendations were formulated by the cochairs and panel members at a public meeting. Each guideline section was assigned to at least 2 panelists. Drafts were circulated to the writing panel (version 1), advisory panel (version 2), and the public (version 3) before submission (version 4). CONCLUSIONS The 37 guideline items address 14 subjects, including 15 recommendations (evidence grade A/B). The major recommendations are to use testing for EGFR mutations and ALK fusions to guide patient selection for therapy with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, respectively, in all patients with advanced-stage adenocarcinoma, regardless of sex, race, smoking history, or other clinical risk factors, and to prioritize EGFR and ALK testing over other molecular predictive tests. As scientific discoveries and clinical practice outpace the completion of randomized clinical trials, evidence-based guidelines developed by expert practitioners are vital for communicating emerging clinical standards. Already, new treatments targeting genetic alterations in other, less common driver oncogenes are being evaluated in lung cancer, and testing for these may be addressed in future versions of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA.
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21
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Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Beasley MB, Chitale DA, Dacic S, Giaccone G, Jenkins RB, Kwiatkowski DJ, Saldivar JS, Squire J, Thunnissen E, Ladanyi M. Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 8:823-59. [PMID: 23552377 PMCID: PMC4159960 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318290868f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish evidence-based recommendations for the molecular analysis of lung cancers that are that are required to guide EGFR- and ALK-directed therapies, addressing which patients and samples should be tested, and when and how testing should be performed. PARTICIPANTS Three cochairs without conflicts of interest were selected, one from each of the 3 sponsoring professional societies: College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. Writing and advisory panels were constituted from additional experts from these societies. EVIDENCE Three unbiased literature searches of electronic databases were performed to capture articles published published from January 2004 through February 2012, yielding 1533 articles whose abstracts were screened to identify 521 pertinent articles that were then reviewed in detail for their relevance to the recommendations. Evidence was formally graded for each recommendation. CONSENSUS PROCESS Initial recommendations were formulated by the cochairs and panel members at a public meeting. Each guideline section was assigned to at least 2 panelists. Drafts were circulated to the writing panel (version 1), advisory panel (version 2), and the public (version 3) before submission (version 4). CONCLUSIONS The 37 guideline items address 14 subjects, including 15 recommendations (evidence grade A/B). The major recommendations are to use testing for EGFR mutations and ALK fusions to guide patient selection for therapy with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, respectively, in all patients with advanced-stage adenocarcinoma, regardless of sex, race, smoking history, or other clinical risk factors, and to prioritize EGFR and ALK testing over other molecular predictive tests. As scientific discoveries and clinical practice outpace the completion of randomized clinical trials, evidence-based guidelines developed by expert practitioners are vital for communicating emerging clinical standards. Already, new treatments targeting genetic alterations in other, less common driver oncogenes are being evaluated in lung cancer, and testing for these may be addressed in future versions of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6110, USA.
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22
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Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Beasley MB, Chitale DA, Dacic S, Giaccone G, Jenkins RB, Kwiatkowski DJ, Saldivar JS, Squire J, Thunnissen E, Ladanyi M. Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 137:828-60. [PMID: 23551194 PMCID: PMC4162344 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0720-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish evidence-based recommendations for the molecular analysis of lung cancers that are required to guide EGFR- and ALK-directed therapies, addressing which patients and samples should be tested, and when and how testing should be performed. PARTICIPANTS Three cochairs without conflicts of interest were selected, one from each of the 3 sponsoring professional societies: College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. Writing and advisory panels were constituted from additional experts from these societies. EVIDENCE Three unbiased literature searches of electronic databases were performed to capture articles published from January 2004 through February 2012, yielding 1533 articles whose abstracts were screened to identify 521 pertinent articles that were then reviewed in detail for their relevance to the recommendations. Evidence was formally graded for each recommendation. CONSENSUS PROCESS Initial recommendations were formulated by the cochairs and panel members at a public meeting. Each guideline section was assigned to at least 2 panelists. Drafts were circulated to the writing panel (version 1), advisory panel (version 2), and the public (version 3) before submission (version 4). CONCLUSIONS The 37 guideline items address 14 subjects, including 15 recommendations (evidence grade A/B). The major recommendations are to use testing for EGFR mutations and ALK fusions to guide patient selection for therapy with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, respectively, in all patients with advanced-stage adenocarcinoma, regardless of sex, race, smoking history, or other clinical risk factors, and to prioritize EGFR and ALK testing over other molecular predictive tests. As scientific discoveries and clinical practice outpace the completion of randomized clinical trials, evidence-based guidelines developed by expert practitioners are vital for communicating emerging clinical standards. Already, new treatments targeting genetic alterations in other, less common driver oncogenes are being evaluated in lung cancer, and testing for these may be addressed in future versions of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115-6110, USA.
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Cervino AR, Burei M, Mansi L, Evangelista L. Molecular pathways and molecular imaging in breast cancer: an update. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:581-91. [PMID: 23602603 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogenic cancer being characterized by a variability of somatic mutations and in particular by different receptor expressions, such as estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal receptor. These phenotype characteristics play a crucial role in determining tumour response to various chemotherapies and other treatments and in the development of resistance to therapies. Positron emission tomography (PET) as a nuclear medicine technique, has recently demonstrated the advantages in determining the severity of disease and in evaluating the efficacy of treatments in a variety of neoplasm, including breast cancer. Because this procedure is able to pinpoint molecular activity within the body, it offers the potential to identify disease in its earliest stages as well as a patient's immediate response to therapeutic interventions in a non-invasive way. In this paper we performed an extended view about the correlation between molecular factors of breast cancer and PET tracers; in particular, we focalized our attention on their possible advantages in terms of 1) early detection of primary or recurrent cancer; 2) as a guide for target therapies and 3) for the evaluation of response to specific and now-available molecular treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Cervino
- Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64 35128 Padova, Italy
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Kidd M, Schimmack S, Lawrence B, Alaimo D, Modlin IM. EGFR/TGFα and TGFβ/CTGF Signaling in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Theoretical Therapeutic Targets. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:35-44. [PMID: 22710195 PMCID: PMC3684083 DOI: 10.1159/000334891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous family of malignancies whose proliferation is partially dependent on growth factors secreted by the microenvironment and the tumor itself. Growth factors which were demonstrated to be important in experimental models of NENs include EGF (epidermal growth factor), TGF (transforming growth factor) α, TGFβ and CTGF (connective tissue growth factor). EGF and TGFα bind to the EGF receptor to stimulate an intact RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, leading to the transcription of genes associated with cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Theoretically, TGFα stimulation can be inhibited at several points of the MAPK pathway, but success is limited to NEN models and is not evident in the clinical setting. TGFβ1 stimulates TGFβ receptors (TGFβRI and TGFβRII) resulting in inhibition of neuroendocrine cell growth through SMAD-mediated activation of the growth inhibitor P21(WAF1/CIP1). Although some NENs are inhibited by TGFβ1, paradoxical growth is seen in experimental models of gastric and small intestinal (SI) NENs. Therapeutic targeting of TGFβ1 in NENs is therefore complicated by uncertainty of the effect of TGFβ1 secretion on the direction of proliferative regulation. CTGF expression is associated with more malignant clinical phenotypes in a variety of cancers, including NENs. CTGF promotes growth in gastric and SI-NEN models, and is implicated as a mediator of local and distant fibrosis caused by NENs of enterochromaffin cell origin. CTGF inhibitors are available, but their anti-proliferative effect has not been tested in NENs. In summary, growth factors are essential for NEN proliferation, and although interventions targeting these proteins are effective in experimental models, only limited clinical efficacy has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kidd
- Gastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA
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Serracino HS, Franklin WA, Aisner DL. Molecular Pathology of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Surg Pathol Clin 2012; 5:903-18. [PMID: 26838508 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview of the molecular pathology of lung cancer, with a focus on analyses that are most commonly part of the current clinical testing paradigm. Molecular testing of lung cancer has proved integral to the success of new targeted therapies, and their use is now commonplace in treatment selection. Traditional pathologic evaluation, however, plays a major role in these advances and serves an equally critical role to aid in determining optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Serracino
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B216, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wilbur A Franklin
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B216, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dara L Aisner
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop B216, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Aisner DL, Marshall CB. Molecular pathology of non-small cell lung cancer: a practical guide. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 138:332-46. [PMID: 22912349 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpfr12wjkceezz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional distinction between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is no longer sufficient for treatment planning. It is advised to handle small diagnostic specimens prudently because they are often the only specimen available for molecular analysis. Pathologists are experiencing pressure to subclassify lung carcinoma based on extremely small tumor samples, because NSCLC tumor subtyping is now essential to determine molecular testing strategies. Evaluation for EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements are now considered to be the standard of care in advanced-stage pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical stains can aid in subclassifying NSCLC, but performing these ancillary studies can significantly reduce the quantity of tissue available for molecular tests, requiring careful balancing of these 2 needs. The pathologist plays a pivotal role in facilitating clear and timely communication between the clinical oncology care team and the molecular laboratory to ensure that the appropriate tests are ordered and optimal material is submitted for testing.
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Gridelli C, Rossi A, Airoma G, Bianco R, Costanzo R, Daniele B, Chiara GD, Grimaldi G, Irtelli L, Maione P, Morabito A, Piantedosi FV, Riccardi F. Treatment of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours: state of the art and future developments. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 39:466-72. [PMID: 22818212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The current classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours includes four subtypes: low-grade typical carcinoid tumour (TC), intermediate-grade atypical carcinoid tumour (AC), and two high-grade malignancies: large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Unfortunately, with the exclusion of SCLC, no large phase II and III trials for pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours have been published. Thus, several treatment approaches are available for their treatment but none of them has been validated in appropriately designed and adequately sized clinical trials. The main problem of the published studies is that they include neuroendocrine tumours from various sites of origin with different clinical behaviour. It is important that future studies consider these tumours separately. In this regard, increased awareness and referral of these patients to tertiary centres, in which a multidisciplinary management is available, may be of value. The aim of this review is to evaluate the state of the art and discuss future developments in the management of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours excluding SCLC which we consider should be addressed in a different issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy.
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Karpathakis A, Caplin M, Thirlwell C. Hitting the target: where do molecularly targeted therapies fit in the treatment scheduling of neuroendocrine tumours? Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:R73-92. [PMID: 22474226 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumours whose incidence is increasing and their prevalence is now greater than that of any other upper gastrointestinal tumour. Diagnosis can be challenging, and up to 25% of patients present with metastatic disease. Following the recent FDA approval of two new molecularly targeted therapies for the treatment of advanced pancreatic NETs (pNETs), the first in 25 years, we review all systemic therapies and suggest where these newer targeted therapies fit in the treatment schedule for these challenging tumours. Clinical trial data relating to the routine use of sunitinib and everolimus in low-intermediate-grade pNETs are summarised alongside newer molecularly targeted agents undergoing clinical assessment in NETs. We particularly focus on the challenge of optimal scheduling of molecularly targeted treatments around existing systemic and localised treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotargeted therapy. We also discuss application of current evidence to subgroups of patients who have not so far been directly addressed such as those with poorer performance status or patients receiving radical surgery who may benefit from adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karpathakis
- University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Molecular and cellular biology of neuroendocrine lung tumors: evidence for separate biological entities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:255-71. [PMID: 22579738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are traditionally described as comprising a spectrum of neoplasms, ranging from low grade typical carcinoids (TCs) via the intermediate grade atypical carcinoids (ACs) to the highly malignant small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNECs). Recent data, however, suggests that two categories can be distinguished on basis of molecular and clinical data, i.e. the high grade neuroendocrine (NE) carcinomas and the carcinoid tumors. Bronchial carcinoids and SCLCs may originate from the same pulmonary NE precursor cells, but a precursor lesion has only been observed in association with carcinoids, termed diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. The occurrence of mixed tumors exclusively comprising high grade NE carcinomas also supports a different carcinogenesis for these two groups. Histopathologically, high grade NE lung tumors are characterized by high mitotic and proliferative indices, while carcinoids are defined by maximally 10 mitoses per 2mm(2) (10 high-power fields) and rarely have Ki67-proliferative indices over 10%. High grade NE carcinomas are chemosensitive tumors, although they usually relapse. Surgery is often not an option due to extensive disease at presentation and early metastasis, especially in SCLC. Conversely, carcinoids are often insensitive to chemo- and radiation therapy, but cure can usually be achieved by surgery. A meta-analysis of comparative genomic hybridization studies performed for this review, as well as gene expression profiling data indicates separate clustering of carcinoids and carcinomas. Chromosomal aberrations are much more frequent in carcinomas, except for deletion of 11q, which is involved in the whole spectrum of NE lung tumors. Deletions of chromosome 3p are rare in carcinoids but are a hallmark of the high grade pulmonary NE carcinomas. On the contrary, mutations of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene are restricted to carcinoid tumors. Many of the differences between carcinoids and high grade lung NETs can be ascribed to tobacco consumption, which is strongly linked to the occurrence of high grade NE carcinomas. Smoking causes p53 mutations, very frequently present in SCLCs and LCNECs, but rarely in carcinoids. It further results in other early genetic events in SCLCs and LCNECs, such as 3p and 17p deletions. Smoking induces downregulation of E-cadherin and associated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Also, high grade lung NETs display higher frequencies of aberrations of the Rb pathway, and of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic routes. Carcinoid biology on the other hand is not depending on cigarette smoke intake but rather characterized by aberrations of other specific genetic events, probably including Menin or its targets and interaction partners. This results in a gradual evolution, most likely from proliferating pulmonary NE cells via hyperplasia and tumorlets towards classical carcinoid tumors. We conclude that carcinoids and high grade NE lung carcinomas are separate biological entities and do not comprise one spectrum of pulmonary NETs. This implies the need to reconsider both diagnostic as well as therapeutic approaches for these different groups of malignancies.
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Zahel T, Krysa S, Herpel E, Stenzinger A, Goeppert B, Schirmacher P, Hoffmann H, Schnabel PA, Warth A. Phenotyping of pulmonary carcinoids and a Ki-67-based grading approach. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:299-308. [PMID: 22293945 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary carcinoids (PC) are separated into typical (TC) and atypical carcinoids (ATC). However, the biological behavior cannot be reliably predicted, and in small biopsies differential diagnosis can be challenging. To provide a basis for a grading approach, we analyzed mitoses and the proliferative index (PI; Ki-67) of 200 PC specimens (TC: n = 114; ATC: n = 86). To define suitable diagnostic and to screen for putative therapeutic markers, CD56, CD57, CD99, CD117, TTF-1, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CK 18, KL-1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/neu), somatostatin receptor subtype 2A (SSTR2A), thymidylate synthase (TS), and excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC-1) expression was analyzed. A combination of synaptophysin and cytokeratins is the most sensitive marker panel for PC with unclear histomorphology. Predictive phenotyping revealed that SSTR2A is expressed in >80% of all PC and may be used both, as a diagnostic marker for imaging approaches and as a predictive marker for octreotide-based therapies. We introduced a grading system distinguishing between PC with low and highly aggressive biological behavior similar to the grading system for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. The system is superior to the classical separation into TC and ATC. This study indicates that PI in addition to mitotic count may improve prediction of the biological behavior of PC and should be validated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zahel
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yu Q, Zhou CX, Chen NS, Zheng SD, Shen LM, Zhang JK. A polymorphism within ErbB4 is associated with risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:383-7. [PMID: 22294845 PMCID: PMC3261534 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i4.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility and a 12-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (rs6147150) in the 3’UTR of ErbB4.
METHODS: Using a case-control design, the rs6147150 genotypes in 270 patients with HCC and 270 healthy controls were determined by direct polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the polymorphism and cancer risk.
RESULTS: Computational modeling suggested that rs6147150 was located in the seed region of hsa-let-7c, a potential target sequence in ErbB4 3’UTR. Logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with individuals homozygous for wild-type, heterozygotes [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-2.17, P = 0.034] and individuals homozygous for 12-bp del/del (OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.37-4.56, P = 0.001) were at significantly higher risk of HCC. Carriers of the “del” allele of rs6147150 had a 1.59-fold increased risk for HCC (95% CI = 1.22-2.07, P = 0.003).
CONCLUSION: rs6147150 may be associated with HCC risk, in part through let-7c-mediated regulation, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC in Chinese populations.
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Thunnissen E, Kerr KM, Herth FJF, Lantuejoul S, Papotti M, Rintoul RC, Rossi G, Skov BG, Weynand B, Bubendorf L, Katrien G, Johansson L, López-Ríos F, Ninane V, Olszewski W, Popper H, Jaume S, Schnabel P, Thiberville L, Laenger F. The challenge of NSCLC diagnosis and predictive analysis on small samples. Practical approach of a working group. Lung Cancer 2011; 76:1-18. [PMID: 22138001 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the division of pulmonary carcinomas into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was adequate for therapy selection. Due to the emergence of new treatment options subtyping of NSCLC and predictive testing have become mandatory. A practical approach to the new requirements involving interaction between pulmonologist, oncologist and molecular pathology to optimize patient care is described. The diagnosis of lung cancer involves (i) the identification and complete classification of malignancy, (ii) immunohistochemistry is used to predict the likely NSCLC subtype (squamous cell vs. adenocarcinoma), as in small diagnostic samples specific subtyping is frequently on morphological grounds alone not feasible (NSCLC-NOS), (iii) molecular testing. To allow the extended diagnostic and predictive examination (i) tissue sampling should be maximized whenever feasible and deemed clinically safe, reducing the need for re-biopsy for additional studies and (ii) tissue handling, processing and sectioning should be optimized. Complex diagnostic algorithms are emerging, which will require close dialogue and understanding between pulmonologists and others who are closely involved in tissue acquisition, pathologists and oncologists who will ultimately, with the patient, make treatment decisions. Personalized medicine not only means the choice of treatment tailored to the individual patient, but also reflects the need to consider how investigative and diagnostic strategies must also be planned according to individual tumour characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Thunnissen
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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PET imaging of EGF receptors using [18F]FBEM-EGF in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 39:300-8. [PMID: 22109665 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare and evaluate a new radiotracer for molecular imaging of cell surface receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF). METHODS Cys-tagged EGF (cEGF) was labeled with (18)F by coupling the free thiol group of the Cys tag with N-[2-(4-[(18)F]fluorobenzamido)ethyl]maleimide ([(18)F]FBEM) to form [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF. Cell uptake, internalization and efflux of [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF were tested in human head and neck squamous carcinoma UM-SCC1 cells. In vivo tumor targeting and pharmacokinetics of the radiotracers were evaluated in UM-SCC1 tumor-bearing athymic nude mice by static and dynamic microPET imaging. Ex vivo biodistribution assays were performed to confirm the noninvasive imaging results. RESULTS The radiolabeling yield for [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF was over 60%, based on starting [(18)F]FBEM. [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF exhibited rapid blood clearance through both hepatobiliary and renal excretion. UM-SCC1 tumors were clearly visualized and showed modest tracer uptake of 2.60 ± 0.59 %ID/g at 30 min after injection. Significantly higher tumor uptake of [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF (5.99 ± 1.61%ID/g at 30 min after injection, p < 0.01) and tumor/nontumor ratio were achieved by coinjection of 50 μg of unlabeled EGF. Decreased liver uptake of [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF was observed when unlabeled EGF was coadministered. CONCLUSION With optimized liver blocking, [(18)F]FBEM-cEGF has the potential to be used in a noninvasive and quantitative manner for detection of malignant lesions and evaluation of EGFR activity.
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Swarts DRA, Claessen SMH, Jonkers YMH, van Suylen RJ, Dingemans AMC, de Herder WW, de Krijger RR, Smit EF, Thunnissen FBJM, Seldenrijk CA, Vink A, Perren A, Ramaekers FCS, Speel EJM. Deletions of 11q22.3-q25 are associated with atypical lung carcinoids and poor clinical outcome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1129-37. [PMID: 21763262 PMCID: PMC3157200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoids are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors that, in the lung, can be subclassified as typical (TC) or atypical (AC). To identify genetic alterations that improve the prediction of prognosis, we investigated 34 carcinoid tumors of the lung (18 TCs, 15 ACs, and 1 unclassified) by using array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) on 3700 genomic bacterial artificial chromosome arrays (resolution ≤1 Mb). When comparing ACs with TCs, the data revealed: i) a significant difference in the average number of chromosome arms altered (9.6 versus 4.2, respectively; P = 0.036), with one subgroup of five ACs having more than 15 chromosome arms altered; ii) chromosomal changes in 30% of ACs or more with additions at 9q (≥1 Mb) and losses at 1p, 2q, 10q, and 11q; and iii) 11q deletions in 8 of 15 ACs versus 1 of 18 TCs (P = 0.004), which was confirmed via fluorescence in situ hybridization. The four critical regions of interest in 45% ACs or more comprised 11q14.1, 11q22.1-q22.3, 11q22.3-q23.2, and 11q24.2-q25, all telomeric of MEN1 at 11q13. Results were correlated with patient clinical data and long-term follow-up. Thus, there is a strong association of 11q22.3-q25 loss with poorer prognosis, alone or in combination with absence of 9q34.11 alterations (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.00026, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian R A Swarts
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sun JZ, Lu Y, Xu Y, Liu F, Li FQ, Wang QL, Wu CT, Hu XW, Duan HF. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in acute myelogenous leukaemia is associated with clinical prognosis. Hematol Oncol 2011; 30:89-97. [PMID: 22674781 DOI: 10.1002/hon.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family belongs to type I receptor tyrosine kinases. Overexpression or mutation of EGFR/ErbB1 gene has been detected in a large number of human solid tumours. According to some previous report, this gene is not expressed in hematological malignancies. However, two recent clinical case reports showed that erlotinib caused complete remission of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)-M1 in patients who had both AML-M1 and non-small-cell lung cancer. These results are supported by preclinical studies in which EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have anti-proliferative effects on AML. These findings prompted us to determine whether EGFR is expressed in human AML, through a large-scale screening of both leukaemic cell lines and clinical samples. Our results show that EGFR is expressed by about 33% of human AML (containing M1 to M7 subtypes) and by some human leukaemia cell lines (K562, MEG-01, CEM and SKO-007). Its expression is not limited to certain AML types but has been detected in many leukaemic cells. In addition, EGFR expression was intimately associated with the poor clinical outcomes. Finally, we find that only EGFR-positive leukaemic cells respond to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of cetuximab, the monoclonal antibodies against EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Zhong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
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Cakir M, Grossman A. The molecular pathogenesis and management of bronchial carcinoids. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:457-91. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.555403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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The role of HER3, the unpretentious member of the HER family, in cancer biology and cancer therapeutics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:944-50. [PMID: 20816829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many types of human cancer are characterized by deregulation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of tyrosine kinase receptors. In some cancers, genomic events causing overactivity of individual HER family members are etiologically linked with the pathogenesis of these cancers, and constitute the driving signaling function underlying their tumorigenic behavior. HER3 stands out among this family as the only member lacking catalytic kinase function. Cancers with driving HER3 amplifications or mutations have not been found, and studies of its expression in tumors have been only weakly provocative. However, substantial evidence, predominantly from experimental models, now suggest that its non-catalytic functions are critically important in many cancers driven by its' HER family partners. Furthermore, new insights into the mechanism of activation in the HER family has provided clear evidence of functionality in the HER3 kinase domain. The convergence of structural, mechanistic, and experimental evidence highlighting HER3 functions that may be critical in tumorigenesis have now led to renewed efforts towards identification of cancers or subtypes of cancers wherein HER3 function may be important in tumor progression or drug resistance. It appears now that its failure to earn the traditional definition of an oncogene has allowed the tumor promoting functions of HER3 to elude the effects of cancer therapeutics. But experimental science has now unmasked the unpretentious role of HER3 in cancer biology, and the next generation of cancer therapies will undoubtedly perform much better because of it.
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Olszewski U, Zeillinger R, Geissler K, Hamilton G. Genome-wide gene expression analysis of chemoresistant pulmonary carcinoid cells. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2010; 1:107-117. [PMID: 28210111 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carcinoids are highly chemoresistant tumors associated with a dismal prognosis. This study involved a comparison of the genome-wide gene expression pattern of a chemoresistant and a chemosensitive pulmonary carcinoid cell line to reveal factors that contribute to the resistant phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression of UMC-11 chemoresistant carcinoid cells as assessed by 32 K microarray was compared with H835 chemosensitive carcinoid cells, and the genes that were differentially expressed and expected to be related to chemoresistance were selected. RESULTS Drug-resistant UMC-11 cells exhibited increased expression of transcripts known to confer resistance to different cytostatics such as P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated proteins 2 and 3, effectors of the glutathione detoxification and xenobiotics degradation pathways, and ion transporters including Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase. In addition, enhanced transcription of several S100 proteins, capable of suppressing apoptosis, regulation of topoisomerase I (topo I) expression by antisense transcripts from TOPO1 pseudogenes, and alterations of the cytoskeleton seem to contribute to the multidrug-resistant phenotype. A multitude of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-related and neuropeptide growth factors, overexpression of proteases, and appearance of aerobic glycolytic metabolism complement the malignant phenotype of the UMC-11 cells. CONCLUSION The multidrug-resistant phenotype of the UMC-11 pulmonary carcinoid cell line seems to be mediated by classical efflux pumps, drug metabolization or conjugation systems, and, possibly, modulation of apoptotic cell death by S100 proteins and topo I expression by pseudogene transcripts. Autocrine or paracrine stimulation by a host of EGF-related and neuropeptide growth factors, as well as high metastatic potency indicated by increased expression of components of aerobic glycolysis and proteolytic enzymes, may furthermore account for the failure of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Olszewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Geissler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hamilton
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster of Translational Oncology, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Antibodies targeting the extracellular domains of ErbB receptors have been extensively studied for cancer drug development. This work has led to clinical approval of monoclonal antibodies against the well-known oncogenes EGFR and ErbB2. Here we discuss the biological activities of ErbB4, a less-studied member of the EGFR/ErbB growth factor receptor family and speculate on the potential clinical relevance of antibodies targeting ErbB4. In addition to their significance as therapeutics, the role of ErbB4 antibodies in prognostic and predictive applications is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Hollmén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, and Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, and Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
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Campbell MR, Amin D, Moasser MM. HER3 comes of age: new insights into its functions and role in signaling, tumor biology, and cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1373-83. [PMID: 20179223 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth family (HER) of tyrosine kinase receptors underlies the pathogenesis of many types of human cancer. The oncogenic functions of three of the HER proteins can be unleashed through amplification, overexpression, or mutational activation. This has formed the basis for the development of clinically active targeted therapies. However, the third member HER3 is catalytically inactive, not found to be mutated or amplified in cancers, and its role and functions have remained shrouded in mystery. Recent evidence derived primarily from experimental models now seems to implicate HER3 in the pathogenesis of several types of cancer. Furthermore, the failure to recognize the central role of HER3 seems to underlie resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- or HER2-targeted therapies in some cancers. Structural and biochemical studies have now greatly enhanced our understanding of signaling in the HER family and revealed the previously unrecognized activating functions embodied in the catalytically impaired kinase domain of HER3. This renewed interest and mechanistic basis has fueled the development of new classes of HER3-targeting agents for cancer therapy. However, identifying HER3-dependent tumors presents a formidable challenge and the success of HER3-targeting approaches depends entirely on the development and power of predictive tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Campbell
- Department of Medicine & Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1387, USA
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