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Peach CJ, Tonello R, Gomez K, Calderon-Rivera A, Bruni R, Bansia H, Maile L, Manu AM, Hahn H, Thomsen ARB, Schmidt BL, Davidson S, des Georges A, Khanna R, Bunnett NW. Neuropilin-1 is a co-receptor for NGF and TrkA-evoked pain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.06.570398. [PMID: 38106002 PMCID: PMC10723411 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are one of the few patient-validated non-opioid treatments for chronic pain, despite failing to gain FDA approval due to worsened joint damage in some osteoarthritis patients. Herein, we demonstrate that neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a nociceptor-enriched co-receptor for NGF that is necessary for tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) signaling of pain. NGF binds NRP1 with nanomolar affinity. NRP1 and G Alpha Interacting Protein C-terminus 1 (GIPC1), a NRP1/TrkA adaptor, are coexpressed with TrkA in human and mouse nociceptors. NRP1 small molecule inhibitors and blocking mAb prevent NGF-stimulated action potential firing and activation of Na+ and Ca2+ channels in human and mouse nociceptors and abrogate NGF-evoked and inflammatory nociception in mice. NRP1 knockdown blunts NGF-stimulated TrkA phosphorylation, kinase signaling and transcription, whereas NRP1 overexpression enhances NGF and TrkA signaling. As well as interacting with NGF, NRP1 forms a heteromeric complex with TrkA. NRP1 thereby chaperones TrkA from the biosynthetic pathway to the plasma membrane and then to signaling endosomes, which enhances NGF-induced TrkA dimerization, endocytosis and signaling. Knockdown of GIPC1, a PDZ-binding protein that scaffolds NRP1 and TrkA to myosin VI, abrogates NGF-evoked excitation of nociceptors and pain-like behavior in mice. We identify NRP1 as a previously unrecognized co-receptor necessary for NGF/TrkA pain signaling by direct NGF binding and by chaperoning TrkA to the plasma membrane and signaling endosomes via the adaptor protein GIPC1. Antagonism of NRP1 and GIPC1 in nociceptors offers a long-awaited alternative to systemic sequestration of NGF with mAbs for the treatment of pain.
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LI TINGTING, ZHONG WEI, YANG LIU, ZHAO ZHIYU, WANG LI, LIU CONG, LI WANYUN, LV HAIYAN, WANG SHENGYU, YAN JIANGHUA, WU TING, SONG GANG, LUO FANGHONG. GIPC1 promotes tumor growth and migration in gastric cancer via activating PDGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling. Oncol Res 2023; 32:361-371. [PMID: 38186571 PMCID: PMC10765124 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.043807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The high mortality rate associated with gastric cancer (GC) has resulted in an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic targets for GC. This study aimed to investigate whether GAIP interacting protein, C terminus 1 (GIPC1) represents a therapeutic target and its regulating mechanism in GC. GIPC1 expression was elevated in GC tissues, liver metastasis tissues, and lymph node metastases. GIPC1 knockdown or GIPC1 blocking peptide blocked the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and inhibited the proliferation and migration of GC cells. Conversely, GIPC1 overexpression markedly activated the PDGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and promoted GC cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, platelet-derived growth factor subunit BB (PDGF-BB) cytokines and the AKT inhibitor attenuated the effect of differential GIPC1 expression. Moreover, GIPC1 silencing decreased tumor growth and migration in BALB/c nude mice, while GIPC1 overexpression had contrasting effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that GIPC1 functions as an oncogene in GC and plays a central role in regulating cell proliferation and migration via the PDGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- TINGTING LI
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - WEI ZHONG
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - LIU YANG
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - ZHIYU ZHAO
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - LI WANG
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - CONG LIU
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - WANYUN LI
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - HAIYAN LV
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiamen Mental Health Center, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - SHENGYU WANG
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - JIANGHUA YAN
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - TING WU
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - GANG SONG
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - FANGHONG LUO
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
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Siegel F, Schmidt H, Juneja M, Smith J, Herrmann P, Kobelt D, Sharma K, Fichtner I, Walther W, Dittmar G, Volkmer R, Rathjen FG, Schlag PM, Stein U. GIPC1 regulates MACC1-driven metastasis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1280977. [PMID: 38144523 PMCID: PMC10748395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1280977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of cancer metastasis-relevant molecular networks is desired to provide the basis for understanding and developing intervention strategies. Here we address the role of GIPC1 in the process of MACC1-driven metastasis. MACC1 is a prognostic indicator for patient metastasis formation and metastasis-free survival. MACC1 controls gene transcription, promotes motility, invasion and proliferation of colon cancer cells in vitro, and causes tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Methods By using yeast-two-hybrid assay, mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation and peptide array we analyzed GIPC1 protein binding partners, by using the MACC1 gene promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay we probed for GIPC1 as transcription factor. We employed GIPC1/MACC1-manipulated cell lines for in vitro and in vivo analyses, and we probed the GIPC1/MACC1 impact using human primary colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue. Results We identified MACC1 and its paralogue SH3BP4 as protein binding partners of the protein GIPC1, and we also demonstrated the binding of GIPC1 as transcription factor to the MACC1 promoter (TSS to -60 bp). GIPC1 knockdown reduced endogenous, but not CMV promoter-driven MACC1 expression, and diminished MACC1-induced cell migration and invasion. GIPC1 suppression reduced tumor growth and metastasis in mice intrasplenically transplanted with MACC1-overexpressing CRC cells. In human primary CRC specimens, GIPC1 correlates with MACC1 expression and is of prognostic value for metastasis formation and metastasis-free survival. Combination of MACC1 and GIPC1 expression improved patient survival prognosis, whereas SH3BP4 expression did not show any prognostic value. Conclusions We identified an important, dual function of GIPC1 - as protein interaction partner and as transcription factor of MACC1 - for tumor progression and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Siegel
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Department Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manisha Juneja
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janice Smith
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Herrmann
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kobelt
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kamal Sharma
- Department Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- Experimental Pharmacology and Oncology, GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Department Mass Spectrometry, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institute for Medicinal Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G. Rathjen
- Department Developmental Neurobiology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Stein
- Department Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Institute, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ram AK, Vairappan B. Role of zonula occludens in gastrointestinal and liver cancers. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3647-3661. [PMID: 35647143 PMCID: PMC9100728 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i12.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that tight junction (TJ) proteins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TJ proteins primarily maintain the epithelial and endothelial cells intact together through integral proteins however, recent reports suggest that they also regulate gene expression necessary for cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis through adapter proteins such as zonula occludens (ZO). ZO proteins are membrane-associated cytosolic scaffolding proteins that modulate cell proliferation by interacting with several transcription factors. Reduced ZO proteins in GI cancer and HCC are correlated with tumor development and poor prognosis. Pubmed has searched for using the keyword ZO and gastric cancer, ZO and cancer, and ZO and HCC for the last ten years to date. This review summarized the role of ZO proteins in cell proliferation and their expression in GI cancer and HCC. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions targeting ZO in GI and liver cancers are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Ram
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
| | - Balasubramaniyan Vairappan
- Liver Diseases Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
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5
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GIPC2 interacts with Fzd7 to promote prostate cancer metastasis by activating WNT signaling. Oncogene 2022; 41:2609-2623. [PMID: 35347223 PMCID: PMC9054671 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) causes significant mortality and morbidity, with advanced metastasis. WNT signaling is a promising therapeutic target for metastatic PCa. GIPC2 is a GIPC1 paralog involved in WNT signaling pathways associated with tumor progression, but its role in PCa metastasis remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that high GIPC2 expression in PCa tissues was significantly associated with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Functional studies demonstrated that high GIPC2 expression due to CpG-island demethylation promoted increased metastatic capabilities of PCa cells. Conversely, silencing GIPC2 expression significantly inhibited PCa metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GIPC2 directly bound the WNT co-receptor Fzd7 through its PDZ domain, which enabled activation of WNT-β-catenin cascades, thereby stimulating PCa metastasis. Interestingly, GIPC2 protein was also identified as a component of exosomes and that it robustly stimulated PCa adhesion, invasion, and migration. The presence of GIPC2 in tumor-derived exosomes and ability to impact the behavior of tumor cells suggest that GIPC2 is a novel epigenetic oncogene involved in PCa metastasis. Our findings identified GIPC2 as a novel exosomal molecule associated with WNT signaling and may represent a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for metastatic PCa.
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Ramonett A, Kwak EA, Ahmed T, Flores PC, Ortiz HR, Lee YS, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes T, Kashatus DF, Langlais PR, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Regulation of mitochondrial fission by GIPC-mediated Drp1 retrograde transport. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 33:ar4. [PMID: 34705526 PMCID: PMC8886816 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, a large cytoplasmic GTPase recruited to the mitochondrial surface via transmembrane adaptors to initiate scission. While Brownian motion likely accounts for the local interactions between Drp1 and the mitochondrial adaptors, how this essential enzyme is targeted from more distal regions like the cell periphery remains unknown. Based on proteomic interactome screening and cell-based studies, we report that GAIP/RGS19-interacting protein (GIPC) mediates the actin-based retrograde transport of Drp1 toward the perinuclear mitochondria to enhance fission. Drp1 interacts with GIPC through its atypical C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. Loss of this interaction abrogates Drp1 retrograde transport resulting in cytoplasmic mislocalization and reduced fission despite retaining normal intrinsic GTPase activity. Functionally, we demonstrate that GIPC potentiates the Drp1-driven proliferative and migratory capacity in cancer cells. Together, these findings establish a direct molecular link between altered GIPC expression and Drp1 function in cancer progression and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ramonett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Eun-A Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tasmia Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Paola Cruz Flores
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hannah R Ortiz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Todd W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | | | - Nam Y Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.,Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Raudenska M, Balvan J, Masarik M. Crosstalk between autophagy inhibitors and endosome-related secretory pathways: a challenge for autophagy-based treatment of solid cancers. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:140. [PMID: 34706732 PMCID: PMC8549397 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is best known for its role in organelle and protein turnover, cell quality control, and metabolism. The autophagic machinery has, however, also adapted to enable protein trafficking and unconventional secretory pathways so that organelles (such as autophagosomes and multivesicular bodies) delivering cargo to lysosomes for degradation can change their mission from fusion with lysosomes to fusion with the plasma membrane, followed by secretion of the cargo from the cell. Some factors with key signalling functions do not enter the conventional secretory pathway but can be secreted in an autophagy-mediated manner.Positive clinical results of some autophagy inhibitors are encouraging. Nevertheless, it is becoming clear that autophagy inhibition, even within the same cancer type, can affect cancer progression differently. Even next-generation inhibitors of autophagy can have significant non-specific effects, such as impacts on endosome-related secretory pathways and secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies suggest that cancer cells release higher amounts of EVs compared to non-malignant cells, which makes the effect of autophagy inhibitors on EVs secretion highly important and attractive for anticancer therapy. In this review article, we discuss how different inhibitors of autophagy may influence the secretion of EVs and summarize the non-specific effects of autophagy inhibitors with a focus on endosome-related secretory pathways. Modulation of autophagy significantly impacts not only the quantity of EVs but also their content, which can have a deep impact on the resulting pro-tumourigenic or anticancer effect of autophagy inhibitors used in the antineoplastic treatment of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, CZ-252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Ahmed T, Mythreye K, Lee NY. Strength and duration of GIPC-dependent signaling networks as determinants in cancer. Neoplasia 2021; 23:181-188. [PMID: 33360508 PMCID: PMC7773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
GIPC is a PDZ-domain containing adaptor protein that regulates the cell surface expression and endocytic trafficking of numerous transmembrane receptors and signaling complexes. Interactions with over 50 proteins have been reported to date including VEGFR, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), GPCRs, and APPL, many of which have essential roles in neuronal and cardiovascular development. In cancer, a major subset of GIPC-binding receptors and cytoplasmic effectors have been shown to promote tumorigenesis or metastatic progression, while other subsets have demonstrated strong tumor-suppressive effects. Given that these diverse pathways are widespread in normal tissues and human malignancies, precisely how these opposing signals are integrated and regulated within the same tumor setting likely depend on the strength and duration of their interactions with GIPC. This review highlights the major pathways and divergent mechanisms of GIPC signaling in various cancers and provide a rationale for emerging GIPC-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmia Ahmed
- Deparment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Deparment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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9
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Moeng S, Son SW, Lee JS, Lee HY, Kim TH, Choi SY, Kuh HJ, Park JK. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and Pancreatic Cancer: From the Role of EVs to the Interference with EV-Mediated Reciprocal Communication. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080267. [PMID: 32756339 PMCID: PMC7459718 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is malignant and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are—at most—moderately effective, indicating the need for new and different kinds of therapies to manage this disease. It has been proposed that the biologic properties of pancreatic cancer cells are finely tuned by the dynamic microenvironment, which includes extracellular matrix, cancer-associated cells, and diverse immune cells. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in communication between heterogeneous subpopulations of cells by transmitting multiplex biomolecules. EV-mediated cell–cell communication ultimately contributes to several aspects of pancreatic cancer, such as growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. In this review, we discuss the role of extracellular vesicles and their cargo molecules in pancreatic cancer. We also present the feasibility of the inhibition of extracellular biosynthesis and their itinerary (release and uptake) for a new attractive therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokviseth Moeng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Seung Wan Son
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Jong Sun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Han Yeoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Tae Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
| | - Hyo Jeong Kuh
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon 24252, Korea; (S.M.); (S.W.S.); (J.S.L.); (H.Y.L.); (T.H.K.); (S.Y.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2114
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10
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Borchardt H, Schulz A, Datta K, Muders MH, Aigner A. Silencing of Neuropilins and GIPC1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma exerts multiple cellular and molecular antitumor effects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15471. [PMID: 31664117 PMCID: PMC6820541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, with new treatment options urgently needed. Neuropilins-1/-2 (NRP1, NRP2) are receptors for semaphorins and angiogenic growth factors, while the GAIP interacting protein C-terminus 1 (GIPC1, aka Synectin) interacts with the neuropilins. They are overexpressed in PDAC and associated with poor survival as well as tumor-promoting activities. Thus, neuropilin and/or GIPC1 silencing may inhibit PDAC growth. In this study, we directly compare the various tumor-inhibitory effects of transient RNAi-mediated depletion of NRP1, NRP2 and GIPC1, alone or in combination, in a set of cell lines with different expression levels. Inhibition of anchorage-dependent and –independent proliferation, colony formation and cell migration, alterations of 3D-spheroid size and shape as well as retardation of cell cycle and induction of apoptosis have been analyzed and found to vary between cell lines. The observed effects are independent of initial expression levels. Knocking down NRP1, NRP2, and GIPC1 alone demonstrates significant effects. Only small additive effects upon combined knockdown and no counter-upregulation of the respective other genes could be detected. Making the study more translational, we show that systemic treatment of PDAC xenograft-bearing mice with polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of specific siRNAs results in tumor inhibition, reduces proliferation, and induces apoptosis. In conclusion, NRP and GIPC1 inhibition emerges as a promising avenue in PDAC treatment due to pleiotropic tumor-inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Borchardt
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. .,Rudolf-Becker-Laboratory for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Liu X, Fuentes EJ. Emerging Themes in PDZ Domain Signaling: Structure, Function, and Inhibition. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 343:129-218. [PMID: 30712672 PMCID: PMC7185565 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-synaptic density-95, disks-large and zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) domains are small globular protein-protein interaction domains widely conserved from yeast to humans. They are composed of ∼90 amino acids and form a classical two α-helical/six β-strand structure. The prototypical ligand is the C-terminus of partner proteins; however, they also bind internal peptide sequences. Recent findings indicate that PDZ domains also bind phosphatidylinositides and cholesterol. Through their ligand interactions, PDZ domain proteins are critical for cellular trafficking and the surface retention of various ion channels. In addition, PDZ proteins are essential for neuronal signaling, memory, and learning. PDZ proteins also contribute to cytoskeletal dynamics by mediating interactions critical for maintaining cell-cell junctions, cell polarity, and cell migration. Given their important biological roles, it is not surprising that their dysfunction can lead to multiple disease states. As such, PDZ domain-containing proteins have emerged as potential targets for the development of small molecular inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Recent data suggest that the critical binding function of PDZ domains in cell signaling is more than just glue, and their binding function can be regulated by phosphorylation or allosterically by other binding partners. These studies also provide a wealth of structural and biophysical data that are beginning to reveal the physical features that endow this small modular domain with a central role in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ernesto J. Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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12
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Association of cytosolic sialidase Neu2 with plasma membrane enhances Fas-mediated apoptosis by impairing PI3K-Akt/mTOR-mediated pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:210. [PMID: 29434218 PMCID: PMC5833727 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of sialylation by sialyltransferases and sialidases plays essential role in carcinogenesis. There are few reports on sialyltransferase, however, the contribution of cytosolic sialidase (Neu2) remains unexplored in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We observed lower expression of Neu2 in different PDAC cells, patient tissues, and a significant strong association with clinicopathological characteristics. Neu2 overexpression guided drug-resistant MIAPaCa2 and AsPC1 cells toward apoptosis as evidenced by decreased Bcl2/Bax ratio, activation of caspase-3/caspase-6/caspase-8, PARP reduction, reduced CDK2/CDK4/CDK6, and cyclin-B1/cyclin-E with unaffected caspase-9. Neu2-overexpressed cells exhibited higher expression of Fas/CD95-death receptor, FasL, FADD, and Bid cleavage confirming extrinsic pathway-mediated apoptosis. α2,6-linked sialylation of Fas helps cancer cells to survive, which is a substrate for Neu2. Therefore, their removal should enhance Fas-mediated apoptosis. Neu2-overexpressed cells indeed showed increased enzyme activity even on membrane. Interestingly, this membrane-bound Neu2 exhibited enhanced association with Fas causing its desialylation and activation as corroborated by decreased association of Fas with α2,6-sialic acid-binding lectin. Additionally, enhanced cytosolic Neu2 inhibited the expression of several growth factor-mediated signaling molecules involved in PI3K/Akt–mTOR pathway probably through desialylation which in turn also causes Fas activation. Furthermore, Neu2-overexpressed cells exhibited reduced cell migration, invasion with decreased VEGF, VEGFR, and MMP9 levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cytosolic Neu2 on membrane, its association with Fas, enhanced desialylation, activation, and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, our study ascertains a novel concept by which the function of Fas/CD95 could be modulated indicating a critical role of upstream Neu2 as a promising target for inducing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer.
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13
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Schellenburg S, Schulz A, Poitz DM, Muders MH. Role of neuropilin-2 in the immune system. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:239-244. [PMID: 28843905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are single transmembrane receptors with short cytoplasmic tails and are dependent on receptors like VEGF receptors or Plexins for signal transduction. NRPs are known to be important in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and axon guidance. The Neuropilin-family consists of two members, Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Neuropilin-2 (NRP2). They are up to 44 % homologous and conserved in all vertebrates. High levels of NRP2 are found on immune cells. Current research is very limited regarding the functions of NRP2 on these cells. Recent evidence suggests that NRP2 is important for migration, antigen presentation, phagocytosis and cell-cell contact within the immune system. Additionally, posttranslational NRP2 modifications like polysialylation are crucial for the function of some immune cells. This review is an overview about expression and functions of NRP2 in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schellenburg
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Schulz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - D M Poitz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - M H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Zhang G, Chen L, Sun K, Khan AA, Yan J, Liu H, Lu A, Gu N. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1)/GIPC1 pathway mediates glioma progression. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13777-13788. [PMID: 27481513 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma occurs due to multi-gene abnormalities. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), as a transmembrane protein, involves in glioma proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as tumor angiogenesis. The cytoplasmic protein, GAIP/RGS19-interacting protein (GIPC1), could regulate the clathrin-vesicles trafficking and recycling. Here, we show that NRP-1 co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with GIPC1, and the C-terminal SEA-COOH motif of NRP-1 interacts specially with the named from three proteins: PSD-95 (a 95 kDa protein involved in signaling at the post-synaptic density), DLG (the Drosophila melanogaster Discs Large protein) and ZO-1 (the zonula occludens 1 protein involved in maintenance of epithelial polarity) (PDZ) domain of GIPC1 in glioma cells. Knockdown of GIPC1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduces the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells in vitro and increases its apoptosis. Furthermore, si-GIPC1 prevents the action of adaptor proteins adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interaction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1) and p130Cas and inhibits the downstream kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-ERK signaling pathway. This study demonstrated that NRP-1/GIPC1 pathway plays a vital role in glioma progression, and it is a potential important target for multi-gene combined therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kouhong Sun
- Nanjing Zoonbio Biotechnology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ahsan Ali Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianghua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ailin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ning Gu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Yoshida A, Shimizu A, Asano H, Kadonosono T, Kondoh SK, Geretti E, Mammoto A, Klagsbrun M, Seo MK. VEGF-A/NRP1 stimulates GIPC1 and Syx complex formation to promote RhoA activation and proliferation in skin cancer cells. Biol Open 2015. [PMID: 26209534 PMCID: PMC4582117 DOI: 10.1242/bio.010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) has been identified as a VEGF-A receptor. DJM-1, a human skin cancer cell line, expresses endogenous VEGF-A and NRP1. In the present study, the RNA interference of VEGF-A or NRP1 suppressed DJM-1 cell proliferation. Furthermore, the overexpression of the NRP1 wild type restored shNRP1-treated DJM-1 cell proliferation, whereas NRP1 cytoplasmic deletion mutants did not. A co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that VEGF-A induced interactions between NRP1 and GIPC1, a scaffold protein, and complex formation between GIPC1 and Syx, a RhoGEF. The knockdown of GIPC1 or Syx reduced active RhoA and DJM-1 cell proliferation without affecting the MAPK or Akt pathway. C3 exoenzyme or Y27632 inhibited the VEGF-A-induced proliferation of DJM-1 cells. Conversely, the overexpression of the constitutively active form of RhoA restored the proliferation of siVEGF-A-treated DJM-1 cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of VEGF-A/NRP1 signaling upregulated p27, a CDK inhibitor. A cell-penetrating oligopeptide that targeted GIPC1/Syx complex formation inhibited the VEGF-A-induced activation of RhoA and suppressed DJM-1 cell proliferation. In conclusion, this new signaling pathway of VEGF-A/NRP1 induced cancer cell proliferation by forming a GIPC1/Syx complex that activated RhoA to degrade the p27 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yoshida
- Division of Engineering (Biotechnology), Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Asano
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kadonosono
- Biofunctional Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shinae Kizaka Kondoh
- Biofunctional Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 226-8503, Japan
| | - Elena Geretti
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Surgery and Pathology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Surgery and Pathology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Klagsbrun
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Surgery and Pathology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Misuzu Kurokawa Seo
- Division of Engineering (Biotechnology), Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan
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16
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La Torre A, Hoshino A, Cavanaugh C, Ware CB, Reh TA. The GIPC1-Akt1 Pathway Is Required for the Specification of the Eye Field in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2674-85. [PMID: 26013465 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During early patterning of the neural plate, a single region of the embryonic forebrain, the eye field, becomes competent for eye development. The hallmark of eye field specification is the expression of the eye field transcription factors (EFTFs). Experiments in fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals have demonstrated largely conserved roles for the EFTFs. Although some of the key signaling events that direct the synchronized expression of these factors to the eye field have been elucidated in fish and frogs, it has been more difficult to study these mechanisms in mammalian embryos. In this study, we have used two different methods for directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to generate eye field cells and retina in vitro to test for a role of the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC1 in the specification of the mammalian eye primordia. We find that the overexpression of a dominant-negative form of GIPC1 (dnGIPC1), as well as the downregulation of endogenous GIPC1, is sufficient to inhibit the development of eye field cells from mESCs. GIPC1 interacts directly with IGFR and participates in Akt1 activation, and pharmacological inhibition of Akt1 phosphorylation mimics the dnGIPC1 phenotype. Our data, together with previous studies in Xenopus, support the hypothesis that the GIPC1-PI3K-Akt1 pathway plays a key role in eye field specification in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna La Torre
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Akina Hoshino
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Cavanaugh
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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17
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Walther C, Ferguson SSG. Minireview: Role of intracellular scaffolding proteins in the regulation of endocrine G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:814-30. [PMID: 25942107 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of hormones stimulates and mediates their signal transduction via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The signal is transmitted into the cell due to the association of the GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins, which in turn activates an extensive array of signaling pathways to regulate cell physiology. However, GPCRs also function as scaffolds for the recruitment of a variety of cytoplasmic protein-interacting proteins that bind to both the intracellular face and protein interaction motifs encoded by GPCRs. The structural scaffolding of these proteins allows GPCRs to recruit large functional complexes that serve to modulate both G protein-dependent and -independent cellular signaling pathways and modulate GPCR intracellular trafficking. This review focuses on GPCR interacting PSD95-disc large-zona occludens domain containing scaffolds in the regulation of endocrine receptor signaling as well as their potential role as therapeutic targets for the treatment of endocrinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Walther
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology (C.W., S.S.G.F.), Robarts Research Institute, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.S.G.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- J. Allyn Taylor Centre for Cell Biology (C.W., S.S.G.F.), Robarts Research Institute, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.S.G.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
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18
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Woodard GE, Jardín I, Berna-Erro A, Salido GM, Rosado JA. Regulators of G-protein-signaling proteins: negative modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:97-183. [PMID: 26008785 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G-protein-signaling (RGS) proteins are a category of intracellular proteins that have an inhibitory effect on the intracellular signaling produced by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). RGS along with RGS-like proteins switch on through direct contact G-alpha subunits providing a variety of intracellular functions through intracellular signaling. RGS proteins have a common RGS domain that binds to G alpha. RGS proteins accelerate GTPase and thus enhance guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis through the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. As a result, they inactivate the G protein and quickly turn off GPCR signaling thus terminating the resulting downstream signals. Activity and subcellular localization of RGS proteins can be changed through covalent molecular changes to the enzyme, differential gene splicing, and processing of the protein. Other roles of RGS proteins have shown them to not be solely committed to being inhibitors but behave more as modulators and integrators of signaling. RGS proteins modulate the duration and kinetics of slow calcium oscillations and rapid phototransduction and ion signaling events. In other cases, RGS proteins integrate G proteins with signaling pathways linked to such diverse cellular responses as cell growth and differentiation, cell motility, and intracellular trafficking. Human and animal studies have revealed that RGS proteins play a vital role in physiology and can be ideal targets for diseases such as those related to addiction where receptor signaling seems continuously switched on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isaac Jardín
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - A Berna-Erro
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Juan A Rosado
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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19
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Nissen KB, Andersen JJ, Haugaard-Kedström LM, Bach A, Strømgaard K. Design, synthesis, and characterization of fatty acid derivatives of a dimeric peptide-based postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) inhibitor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1575-80. [PMID: 25590984 DOI: 10.1021/jm501755d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric peptide-based inhibitors of postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95) can reduce ischemic brain damage and inflammatory pain in rodents. To modify the pharmacokinetic profile, we designed a series of fatty acid linked dimeric ligands, which potently inhibits PSD-95 and shows improved in vitro blood plasma stability. Subcutaneous administration in rats showed extended stability and sustained release of these ligands. This can facilitate new pharmacological uses of PSD-95 inhibitors and further exploration of PSD-95 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus B Nissen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Bhattacharya S, Pal K, Sharma AK, Dutta SK, Lau JS, Yan IK, Wang E, Elkhanany A, Alkharfy KM, Sanyal A, Patel TC, Chari ST, Spaller MR, Mukhopadhyay D. GAIP interacting protein C-terminus regulates autophagy and exosome biogenesis of pancreatic cancer through metabolic pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114409. [PMID: 25469510 PMCID: PMC4255029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GAIP interacting protein C terminus (GIPC) is known to play an important role in a variety of physiological and disease states. In the present study, we have identified a novel role for GIPC as a master regulator of autophagy and the exocytotic pathways in cancer. We show that depletion of GIPC-induced autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells, as evident from the upregulation of the autophagy marker LC3II. We further report that GIPC regulates cellular trafficking pathways by modulating the secretion, biogenesis, and molecular composition of exosomes. We also identified the involvement of GIPC on metabolic stress pathways regulating autophagy and microvesicular shedding, and observed that GIPC status determines the loading of cellular cargo in the exosome. Furthermore, we have shown the overexpression of the drug resistance gene ABCG2 in exosomes from GIPC-depleted pancreatic cancer cells. We also demonstrated that depletion of GIPC from cancer cells sensitized them to gemcitabine treatment, an avenue that can be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Krishnendu Pal
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Sharma
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shamit K. Dutta
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julie S. Lau
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Irene K. Yan
- Departments of Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Elkhanany
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Khalid M. Alkharfy
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arunik Sanyal
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tushar C. Patel
- Departments of Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suresh T. Chari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Spaller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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21
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Wang W, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Wang MH, Sharma H, Patil S, Zhou J, Wang H, Mukhopadhyay D, Buolamwini JK, Zhang R. Identification of a new class of MDM2 inhibitor that inhibits growth of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:893-902.e2. [PMID: 25016295 PMCID: PMC4170027 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The oncogene MDM2, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is overexpressed in pancreatic cancers and is therefore a therapeutic target. Current inhibitors of MDM2 target the interaction between MDM2 and P53; these would have no effect on cancer cells that do not express full-length P53, including many pancreatic cancer cells. We searched for a compound that specifically inhibits MDM2 itself. METHODS We performed a virtual screen and structure-based design to identify specific inhibitors of MDM2. We tested the activities of compounds identified on viability, proliferation, and protein levels of HPAC, Panc-1, AsPC-1, and Mia-Paca-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines. We tested whether intraperitoneal injections of one of the compounds identified affected growth of xenograft tumors from Panc-1 cells, or orthotopic tumors from Panc-1 and AsPC-1 cells (injected into pancreata), in nude mice. RESULTS We identified a compound, called SP141, which bound directly to MDM2, promoting its auto-ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. The compound reduced levels of MDM2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as their proliferation, with 50% inhibitory concentrations <0.5 μM (0.38-0.50 μM). Increasing concentrations of SP141 induced increasing levels of apoptosis and G2-M-phase arrest of pancreatic cancer cell lines, whether or not they expressed functional P53. Injection of nude mice with SP141 (40 mg/kg/d) inhibited growth of xenograft tumors (by 75% compared with control mice), and led to regression of orthotopic tumors. CONCLUSIONS In a screen for specific inhibitors of MDM2, we identified a compound called SP141 that reduces levels of MDM2 in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as their proliferation and ability to form tumors in nude mice. SP141 is a new class of MDM2 inhibitor that promotes MDM2 auto-ubiquitination and degradation. It might be further developed as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Horrick Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Center, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas; Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas.
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22
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Pal K, Pletnev AA, Dutta SK, Wang E, Zhao R, Baral A, Yadav VK, Aggarwal S, Krishnaswamy S, Alkharfy KM, Chowdhury S, Spaller MR, Mukhopadhyay D. Inhibition of endoglin-GIPC interaction inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2264-75. [PMID: 25125675 PMCID: PMC4229952 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoglin, a 180-kDa disulfide-linked homodimeric transmembrane receptor protein mostly expressed in tumor-associated endothelial cells, is an endogenous binding partner of GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus (GIPC). Endoglin functions as a coreceptor of TβRII that binds TGFβ and is important for vascular development, and consequently has become a compelling target for antiangiogenic therapies. A few recent studies in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), breast cancer, and ovarian cancer, however, suggest that endoglin is upregulated in tumor cells and is associated with poor prognosis. These findings indicate a broader role of endoglin in tumor biology, beyond angiogenic effects. The goal of our current study is to evaluate the effects of targeting endoglin in pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo. We analyzed the antiproliferative effect of both RNAi-based and peptide ligand-based inhibition of endoglin in pancreatic cancer cell lines, the latter yielding a GIPC PDZ domain-targeting lipopeptide with notable antiproliferative activity. We further demonstrated that endoglin inhibition induced a differentiation phenotype in the pancreatic cancer cells and sensitized them against conventional chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Most importantly, we have demonstrated the antitumor effect of both RNAi-based and competitive inhibitor-based blocking of endoglin in pancreatic cancer xenograft models in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first report exploring the effect of targeting endoglin in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexandre A Pletnev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Shamit K Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ruizhi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Aradhita Baral
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Yadav
- G.N.R. Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Suruchi Aggarwal
- G.N.R. Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Khalid M Alkharfy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shantanu Chowdhury
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. G.N.R. Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Mark R Spaller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Grillo-Bosch D, Choquet D, Sainlos M. Inhibition of PDZ domain-mediated interactions. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e531-40. [PMID: 24451645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modulating protein-protein interactions constitutes a promising strategy both for the investigation of biological mechanisms and for developing new therapeutic approaches. Among the many types of inter-actions, PDZ domain-mediated interactions (PDMIs) have emerged over the last decade as attractive targets in the drug discovery field. Indeed, these small domains are involved in the regulation of many signaling pathways and possess structural properties which are favorable for the design of competing ligands. Herein, we describe the recent approaches developed to inhibit this class of protein-protein interactions.
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Keck B, Wach S, Taubert H, Zeiler S, Ott OJ, Kunath F, Hartmann A, Bertz S, Weiss C, Hönscheid P, Schellenburg S, Rödel C, Baretton GB, Sauer R, Fietkau R, Wullich B, Krause FS, Datta K, Muders MH. Neuropilin-2 and its ligand VEGF-C predict treatment response after transurethral resection and radiochemotherapy in bladder cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:443-51. [PMID: 24862180 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment for invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy. In selected patients, bladder-sparing therapy can be performed by transurethral resection (TURBT) and radio-chemotherapy (RCT) or radiotherapy (RT). Our published in vitro data suggest that the Neuropilin-2 (NRP2)/VEGF-C axis plays a role in therapy resistance. Therefore, we studied the prognostic impact of NRP2 and VEGF-C in 247 bladder cancer patients (cN0M0) treated with TURBT and RCT (n = 198) or RT (n = 49) and a follow-up time up to 15 years. A tissue microarray was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. NRP2 expression emerged as a prognostic factor in overall survival (OS; HR: 3.42; 95% CI: 1.48 - 7.86; p = 0.004) and was associated with a 3.85-fold increased risk of an early cancer specific death (95% CI: 0.91 - 16.24; p = 0.066) in multivariate analyses. Cancer specific survival (CSS) dropped from 166 months to 85 months when NRP2 was highly expressed (p = 0.037). Patients with high VEGF-C expression have a 2.29-fold increased risk of shorter CSS (95% CI: 1.03-5.35; p = 0.043) in univariate analysis. CSS dropped from 170 months to 88 months in the case of high VEGF-C expression (p = 0.041). Additionally, NRP2 and VEGF-C coexpression is a prognostic marker for OS in multivariate models (HR: 7.54; 95% CI: 1.57-36.23; p = 0.012). Stratification for muscle invasiveness (T1 vs. T2-T4) confirmed the prognostic role of NRP2 and NRP2/VEGF-C co-expression in patients with T2-T4 but also with high risk T1 disease. In conclusion, immunohistochemistry for NRP2 and VEGF-C has been determined to predict therapy outcome in bladder cancer patients prior to TURBT and RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Keck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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Groulx JF, Giroux V, Beauséjour M, Boudjadi S, Basora N, Carrier JC, Beaulieu JF. Integrin α6A splice variant regulates proliferation and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1217-27. [PMID: 24403311 PMCID: PMC4043246 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α6Aβ4 is up-regulated in colorectal cancers. Knockdown of α6A in adenocarcinoma cell lines revealed a sustained reduction of cell growth both in cellulo and in xenografts as well as a repression of a number of Wnt/β-catenin pathway end points. The integrin α6 subunit pre-messenger RNA undergoes alternative splicing to generate two different splice variants, named α6A and α6B, having distinct cytoplasmic domains. In the human colonic gland, these splice variants display different patterns of expression suggesting specific functions for each variant. We have previously found an up-regulation of the α6β4 integrin in colon adenocarcinomas as well as an increase in the α6A/α6B ratio, but little is known about the involvement of α6Aβ4 versus α6Bβ4 in this context. The aim of this study was to elucidate the function of the α6Aβ4 integrin in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Expression studies on a panel of primary CRCs confirmed that the up-regulation of the α6 subunit in CRC is a direct consequence of the increase of the α6A variant. To investigate the functional significance of an α6A up-regulation in CRC, we specifically knocked down its expression in well-established CRC cell lines using a small-hairpin RNA approach. Results showed a growth rate reduction in all α6A knockdown CRC cell lines studied. The α6A silencing was also found to be associated with a significant repression of a number of Wnt/β-catenin pathway end points. Moreover, it was accompanied by a reduction in the capacity of these cells to develop tumours in xenografts. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the α6A variant is a pro-proliferative form of the α6 integrin subunit in CRC cells and appears to mediate its effects through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Groulx
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Giroux
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marco Beauséjour
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Salah Boudjadi
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nuria Basora
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Julie C Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Accidental interaction between PDZ domains and diclofenac revealed by NMR-assisted virtual screening. Molecules 2013; 18:9567-81. [PMID: 23966078 PMCID: PMC6270271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In silico approaches have become indispensable for drug discovery as well as drug repositioning and adverse effect prediction. We have developed the eF-seek program to predict protein–ligand interactions based on the surface structure of proteins using a clique search algorithm. We have also developed a special protein structure prediction pipeline and accumulated predicted 3D models in the Structural Atlas of the Human Genome (SAHG) database. Using this database, genome-wide prediction of non-peptide ligands for proteins in the human genome was performed, and a subset of predicted interactions including 14 PDZ domains was then confirmed by NMR titration. Surprisingly, diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was found to be a non-peptide PDZ domain ligand, which bound to 5 of 15 tested PDZ domains. The critical residues for the PDZ–diclofenac interaction were also determined. Pharmacological implications of the accidental PDZ–diclofenac interaction are further discussed.
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Katoh M. Functional proteomics, human genetics and cancer biology of GIPC family members. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e26. [PMID: 23743496 PMCID: PMC3701287 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GIPC1, GIPC2 and GIPC3 consist of GIPC homology 1 (GH1) domain, PDZ domain and GH2 domain. The regions around the GH1 and GH2 domains of GIPC1 are involved in dimerization and interaction with myosin VI (MYO6), respectively. The PDZ domain of GIPC1 is involved in interactions with transmembrane proteins [IGF1R, NTRK1, ADRB1, DRD2, TGFβR3 (transforming growth factorβ receptor type III), SDC4, SEMA4C, LRP1, NRP1, GLUT1, integrin α5 and VANGL2], cytosolic signaling regulators (APPL1 and RGS19) and viral proteins (HBc and HPV-18 E6). GIPC1 is an adaptor protein with dimerizing ability that loads PDZ ligands as cargoes for MYO6-dependent endosomal trafficking. GIPC1 is required for cell-surface expression of IGF1R and TGFβR3. GIPC1 is also required for integrin recycling during cell migration, angiogenesis and cytokinesis. On early endosomes, GIPC1 assembles receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and APPL1 for activation of PI3K-AKT signaling, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and RGS19 for attenuation of inhibitory Gα signaling. GIPC1 upregulation in breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers promotes tumor proliferation and invasion, whereas GIPC1 downregulation in cervical cancer with human papillomavirus type 18 infection leads to resistance to cytostatic transforming growth factorβ signaling. GIPC2 is downregulated in acute lymphocytic leukemia owing to epigenetic silencing, while Gipc2 is upregulated in estrogen-induced mammary tumors. Somatic mutations of GIPC2 occur in malignant melanoma, and colorectal and ovarian cancers. Germ-line mutations of the GIPC3 or MYO6 gene cause nonsyndromic hearing loss. As GIPC proteins are involved in trafficking, signaling and recycling of RTKs, GPCRs, integrins and other transmembrane proteins, dysregulation of GIPCs results in human pathologies, such as cancer and hereditary deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Division of Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics, National Cancer Centre, Tokyo, Japan.
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Singer A, Deuse Y, Koch U, Hölscher T, Pfitzmann D, Jakob C, Hehlgans S, Baretton GB, Rentsch A, Baumann M, Muders MH, Krause M. Impact of the adaptor protein GIPC1/Synectin on radioresistance and survival after irradiation of prostate cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2012; 188:1125-32. [PMID: 23128896 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-012-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have shown that GIPC1/Synectin is an essential adaptor protein of receptors that play an important role in cancer progression and therapy resistance. This is the first study to explore the role of GIPC1/Synectin in radioresistance of prostate cancer and as a possible predictive marker for outcome of primary radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of RNA interference-mediated GIPC1/Synectin depletion on clonogenic cell survival after irradiation with 0, 2, 4, or 6 Gy was assayed in two different GIPC1/Synectin-expressing human prostate cancer cell lines. The clinical outcome data of 358 men who underwent radiotherapy of prostate cancer with a curative intention were analyzed retrospectively. Uni- and multivariate analysis was performed of prostate-specific antigen recurrence-free survival and overall survival in correlation with protein expression in pretreatment biopsy specimens. Protein expression was evaluated by standard immunohistochemistry methods. RESULTS In cell culture experiments, no change was detected in radiosensitivity after depletion of GIPC1/Synectin in GIPC1/Synectin-expressing prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, there was no correlation between GIPC1/Synectin expression in human pretreatment biopsy samples and overall or biochemical recurrence-free survival after radiotherapy in a retrospective analysis of the study cohort. CONCLUSION Our results do not show a predictive or prognostic function of GIPC1/Synectin expression for the outcome of radiotherapy in prostate cancer. Furthermore, our in vitro results do not support a role of GIPC1 in the cellular radiation response. However, the role of GIPC1 in the progression of prostate cancer and its precursors should be subject to further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Mu Y, Huang H, Liu S, Cai P, Gao Y. Molecular characterization and ligand binding specificity of the PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC3 from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:227. [PMID: 23050840 PMCID: PMC3504512 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a serious global health problem that afflicts more than 230 million people in 77 countries. Long-term mass treatments with the only available drug, praziquantel, have caused growing concerns about drug resistance. PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-containing proteins are recognized as potential targets for the next generation of drug development. However, the PDZ domain-containing protein family in parasites has largely been unexplored. Methods We present the molecular characteristics of a PDZ domain-containing protein, GIPC3, from Schistosoma japonicum (SjGIPC3) according to bioinformatics analysis and experimental approaches. The ligand binding specificity of the PDZ domain of SjGIPC3 was confirmed by screening an arbitrary peptide library in yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. The native ligand candidates were predicted by Tailfit software based on the C-terminal binding specificity, and further validated by Y2H assays. Results SjGIPC3 is a single PDZ domain-containing protein comprised of 328 amino acid residues. Structural prediction revealed that a conserved PDZ domain was presented in the middle region of the protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SjGIPC3 and other trematode orthologues clustered into a well-defined cluster but were distinguishable from those of other phyla. Transcriptional analysis by quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the SjGIPC3 gene was relatively highly expressed in the stages within the host, especially in male adult worms. By using Y2H assays to screen an arbitrary peptide library, we confirmed the C-terminal binding specificity of the SjGIPC3-PDZ domain, which could be deduced as a consensus sequence, -[SDEC]-[STIL]-[HSNQDE]-[VIL]*. Furthermore, six proteins were predicted to be native ligand candidates of SjGIPC3 based on the C-terminal binding properties and other biological information; four of these were confirmed to be potential ligands using the Y2H system. Conclusions In this study, we first characterized a PDZ domain-containing protein GIPC3 in S. japonicum. The SjGIPC3-PDZ domain is able to bind both type I and II ligand C-terminal motifs. The identification of native ligand will help reveal the potential biological function of SjGIPC3. These data will facilitate the identification of novel drug targets against S. japonicum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Dept, of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, P,R, China
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Müller E, Dunstheimer D, Klammt J, Friebe D, Kiess W, Kratzsch J, Kruis T, Laue S, Pfäffle R, Wallborn T, Heidemann PH. Clinical and functional characterization of a patient carrying a compound heterozygous pericentrin mutation and a heterozygous IGF1 receptor mutation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38220. [PMID: 22693602 PMCID: PMC3365032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine and postnatal longitudinal growth is controlled by a strong genetic component that regulates a complex network of endocrine factors integrating them with cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic processes in target tissues, particularly the growth centers of the long bones. Here we report on a patient born small for gestational age (SGA) with severe, proportionate postnatal growth retardation, discreet signs of skeletal dysplasia, microcephaly and moyamoya disease. Initial genetic evaluation revealed a novel heterozygous IGF1R p.Leu1361Arg mutation affecting a highly conserved residue with the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor suggestive for a disturbance within the somatotropic axis. However, because the mutation did not co-segregate with the phenotype and functional characterization did not reveal an obvious impairment of the ligand depending major IGF1R signaling capabilities a second-site mutation was assumed. Mutational screening of components of the somatotropic axis, constituents of the IGF signaling system and factors involved in cellular proliferation, which are described or suggested to provoke syndromic dwarfism phenotypes, was performed. Two compound heterozygous PCNT mutations (p.[Arg585X];[Glu1774X]) were identified leading to the specification of the diagnosis to MOPD II. These investigations underline the need for careful assessment of all available information to derive a firm diagnosis from a sequence aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Müller
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Klammt
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Friebe
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tassilo Kruis
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandy Laue
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Pfäffle
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tillmann Wallborn
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig, Germany
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Patra CR, Rupasinghe CN, Dutta SK, Bhattacharya S, Wang E, Spaller MR, Mukhopadhyay D. Chemically modified peptides targeting the PDZ domain of GIPC as a therapeutic approach for cancer. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:770-9. [PMID: 22292614 DOI: 10.1021/cb200536r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GIPC (GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus) represents a new target class for the discovery of chemotherapeutics. While many of the current generation of anticancer agents function by directly binding to intracellular kinases or cell surface receptors, the disruption of cytosolic protein-protein interactions mediated by non-enzymatic domains is an underdeveloped avenue for inhibiting cancer growth. One such example is the PDZ domain of GIPC. Previously we developed a molecular probe, the cell-permeable octapeptide CR1023 (N-myristoyl-PSQSSSEA), which diminished proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. We have expanded upon that discovery using a chemical modification approach and here report a series of cell-permeable, side chain-modified lipopeptides that target the GIPC PDZ domain in vitro and in vivo. These peptides exhibit significant activity against pancreatic and breast cancers, both in cellular and animal models. CR1166 (N-myristoyl-PSQSK(εN-4-bromobenzoyl)SK(εN-4-bromobenzoyl)A), bearing two halogenated aromatic units on alternate side chains, was found to be the most active compound, with pronounced down-regulation of EGFR/1GF-1R expression. We hypothesize that these organic acid-modified residues extend the productive reach of the peptide beyond the canonical binding pocket, which defines the limit of accessibility for the native proteinogenic sequences that the PDZ domain has evolved to recognize. Cell permeability is achieved with N-terminal lipidation using myristate, rather than a larger CPP (cell-penetrating peptide) sequence. This, in conjunction with optimization of targeting through side chain modification, has yielded an approach that will allow the discovery and development of next-generation cellular probes for GIPC PDZ as well as for other PDZ domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road,
Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500607, AP, India
| | - Chamila N. Rupasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology
and
Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mark R. Spaller
- Department of Pharmacology
and
Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States
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Paek AR, You HJ. GAIP-interacting protein, C-terminus is involved in the induction of zinc-finger protein 143 in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 in colon cancer cells. Mol Cells 2011; 32:415-9. [PMID: 21909943 PMCID: PMC3887697 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the expression of zinc-finger protein 143 (ZNF143) was induced by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) via reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-linked pathways in colon cancer cells. Here, we investigated whether GAIP-interacting protein, C-terminus (GIPC), a binding partner of IGF-1R, is involved in ZNF143 expression through IGF-1 and IGF-1R signaling in colon cancer cells. The knockdown of GIPC in colon cancer cells reduced ZNF143 expression in response to IGF-1. IGF-1 signaling through its receptor, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway and mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) was unaffected by the knockdown of GIPC, indicating the independence of the GIPC-linked pathway from PI3-kinase- and MAPK-linked signaling in IGF-1-induced ZNF143 expression. In accordance with previous results in breast cancer cells (Choi et al., 2010), the knockdown of GIPC reduced ROS production in response to IGF-1 in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the knockdown of GIPC reduced the expression of Rad51, which is regulated by ZNF143, in response to IGF-1 in colon cancer cells. Taken together, these data suggest that GIPC is involved in IGF-1 signaling leading to ZNF143 expression through the regulation of ROS production, which may play a role for colon cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Jin You
- Carcinogenesis Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute National Cancer Center, Goyang 410-769, Korea
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Abstract
Over 250 PDZ (PSD95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain-containing proteins have been described in the human proteome. As many of these possess multiple PDZ domains, the potential combinations of associations with proteins that possess PBMs (PDZ-binding motifs) are vast. However, PDZ domain recognition is a highly specific process, and much less promiscuous than originally thought. Furthermore, a large number of PDZ domain-containing proteins have been linked directly to the control of processes whose loss, or inappropriate activation, contribute to the development of human malignancies. These regulate processes as diverse as cytoskeletal organization, cell polarity, cell proliferation and many signal transduction pathways. In the present review, we discuss how PBM–PDZ recognition and imbalances therein can perturb cellular homoeostasis and ultimately contribute to malignant progression.
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Fejzo MS, Ginther C, Dering J, Anderson L, Venkatesan N, Konecny G, Karlan B, Slamon DJ. Knockdown of ovarian cancer amplification target ADRM1 leads to downregulation of GIPC1 and upregulation of RECK. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:434-41. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Chittenden TW, Pak J, Rubio R, Cheng H, Holton K, Prendergast N, Glinskii V, Cai Y, Culhane A, Bentink S, Schwede M, Mar JC, Howe EA, Aryee M, Sultana R, Lanahan AA, Taylor JM, Holmes C, Hahn WC, Zhao JJ, Iglehart JD, Quackenbush J. Therapeutic implications of GIPC1 silencing in cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15581. [PMID: 21209904 PMCID: PMC3012716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GIPC1 is a cytoplasmic scaffold protein that interacts with numerous receptor signaling complexes, and emerging evidence suggests that it plays a role in tumorigenesis. GIPC1 is highly expressed in a number of human malignancies, including breast, ovarian, gastric, and pancreatic cancers. Suppression of GIPC1 in human pancreatic cancer cells inhibits in vivo tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. To better understand GIPC1 function, we suppressed its expression in human breast and colorectal cancer cell lines and human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) and assayed both gene expression and cellular phenotype. Suppression of GIPC1 promotes apoptosis in MCF-7, MDA-MD231, SKBR-3, SW480, and SW620 cells and impairs anchorage-independent colony formation of HMECs. These observations indicate GIPC1 plays an essential role in oncogenic transformation, and its expression is necessary for the survival of human breast and colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, a GIPC1 knock-down gene signature was used to interrogate publically available breast and ovarian cancer microarray datasets. This GIPC1 signature statistically correlates with a number of breast and ovarian cancer phenotypes and clinical outcomes, including patient survival. Taken together, these data indicate that GIPC1 inhibition may represent a new target for therapeutic development for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Chittenden
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Pak
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Renee Rubio
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Hailing Cheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Kristina Holton
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Niall Prendergast
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Vladimir Glinskii
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Yi Cai
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Aedin Culhane
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Bentink
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathew Schwede
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Jessica C. Mar
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleanor A. Howe
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Statistics, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Aryee
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University and Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States America
| | - Razvan Sultana
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Anthony A. Lanahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States America
| | | | - Chris Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Jean J. Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - J. Dirk Iglehart
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - John Quackenbush
- Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Lau JS, Patra CR, Cao Y, Bhattacharya S, Dutta S, Nandy D, Wang E, Rupasinghe CN, Vohra P, Spaller MR, Mukhopadhyay D. RGS-GAIP-interacting protein controls breast cancer progression. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1591-600. [PMID: 21047775 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of RGS-GAIP-interacting protein (GIPC) in the biology of malignant cells is well known, the molecular mechanism of GIPC in the inhibition of tumor progression has not been identified. This study focused on elucidating the molecular role of GIPC in breast cancer progression. By using a human breast tumor specimen, an in vivo mouse model, and breast cancer cell lines, we showed for the first time that GIPC is involved in breast cancer progression through regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and invasion. Furthermore, we found that the Akt/Mdm2/p53 axis, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and Cdc42 were downstream of GIPC signaling in breast cancer cells. Moreover, we showed that wild-type p53 reduced GIPC-induced breast cancer cell survival, whereas mutant p53 inhibited GIPC-induced cell invasion. Finally, we demonstrated that an N-myristoylated GIPC peptide (CR1023, N-myristoyl-PSQSSSEA) capable of blocking the PDZ domain of GIPC successfully inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, survival, and further in vivo tumor growth. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the importance of GIPC in breast tumor progression, which has a potentially significant impact on the development of therapies against many common cancers expressing GIPC, including breast and renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gugg 13-21C, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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RGS19 enhances cell proliferation through its C-terminal PDZ motif. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1700-7. [PMID: 20599498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 19 (RGS19), also known as Galpha-interacting protein (GAIP), is a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Galpha(i) subunits. Apart from its GAP function, RGS19 has been implicated in growth factor signaling through binding to GAIP-interacting protein C-terminus (GIPC) via its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. To gain additional insight on its function, we have stably expressed RGS19 in a number of mammalian cell lines and examined its effect on cell proliferation. Interestingly, overexpression of RGS19 stimulated the growth of HEK293, PC12, Caco2, and NIH3T3 cells. This growth promoting effect was not shared by other RGS proteins including RGS4, RGS10 and RGS20. Despite its ability to stimulate cell proliferation, RGS19 failed to induce neoplastic transformation in NIH3T3 cells as determined by focus formation and soft-agar assays, and it did not induce tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Deletion mutants of RGS19 lacking the PDZ-binding motif failed to complex with GIPC and did not exhibit any growth promoting effect. Overexpression of GIPC alone in HEK293 cells stimulated cell proliferation whereas its knockdown in H1299 non-small cell lung carcinomas suppressed cell proliferation. This study demonstrates that RGS19, in addition to acting as a GAP, is able to stimulate cell proliferation in a GIPC-dependent manner.
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