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Wang Y, Cao Y, Wang Y, Sun J, Wang L, Song X, Zhao X. Construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction network for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Comput Biol Med 2024; 182:109156. [PMID: 39276610 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Clinical findings reveal that the five-year survival rate for mid-to late-stage ESCC patients is merely around 20 %, whereas those diagnosed at an early stage can achieve up to a 95 % survival rate. Consequently, early detection is paramount to improving ESCC patient survival. Protein markers are essential for diagnosing diseases, and the identification of new candidate proteins associated with ESCC through the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network is aimed for in this paper. The PPI network related to ESCC was constructed using protein data, comprising 2094 nodes and 19,660 edges. To assess the nodes' importance in the network, three metrics-degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality-were employed, leading to the identification of 81 key proteins. Subsequently, the biological significance of these proteins in the network was explored, combining biomedical knowledge from three perspectives: network, node, and cluster. The results demonstrated that 52 out of 81 key proteins were confirmed to be linked to ESCC. Among the remaining 29 unreported proteins, 18 displayed significant biological significance, indicating their potential as protein markers related to ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuhan Cao
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yingcong Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Junwei Sun
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xueke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment and Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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2
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Hu Q, Huang T. Regulation of the Cell Cycle by ncRNAs Affects the Efficiency of CDK4/6 Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108939. [PMID: 37240281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell division at multiple levels. Aberrant proliferation induced by abnormal cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer. Over the past few decades, several drugs that inhibit CDK activity have been created to stop the development of cancer cells. The third generation of selective CDK4/6 inhibition has proceeded into clinical trials for a range of cancers and is quickly becoming the backbone of contemporary cancer therapy. Non-coding RNAs, or ncRNAs, do not encode proteins. Many studies have demonstrated the involvement of ncRNAs in the regulation of the cell cycle and their abnormal expression in cancer. By interacting with important cell cycle regulators, preclinical studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs may decrease or increase the treatment outcome of CDK4/6 inhibition. As a result, cell cycle-associated ncRNAs may act as predictors of CDK4/6 inhibition efficacy and perhaps present novel candidates for tumor therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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3
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Clinical outcomes and toxicities of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with early thoracic radiation therapy after induction chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2023; 28:550-564. [PMID: 36735115 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and toxicities between induction chemotherapy (IC) + chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) and CRT alone in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), to explore the appropriate thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) timing after IC and to identify prognostic factors. METHODS 450 ESCC patients were included from September 2011 to December 2020, 238 of whom received IC/CRT. Propensity score matching was performed to balance potential confounders between the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify the independent prognostic factors. RESULTS Patients who received IC/CRT experienced improved overall survival (OS) (38.5 vs. 28.8 months) and progression-free survival (PFS) (41.0 vs. 22.0 months) before matching, with similar results after matching. In the IC/CRT group, early TRT had more favorable survival than late TRT both matching before and after. In subgroup analysis, early TRT combination concurrent chemotherapy had better OS and PFS than late TRT combination concurrent chemotherapy. In addition, early TRT had better survival benefits regardless of the N stage. Notably, the IC/CRT group and early TRT group had manageable toxicities reaction compared with CRT alone group and the late TRT group. The nomogram was developed to predict the OS and PFS based on multivariate analysis results. The C-index was 0.743 and 0.722, respectively. CONCLUSION IC/CRT and early TRT could yield satisfactory clinical outcomes and controllable toxicities in locally advanced ESCC. The IC plus early concurrent CRT might be a promising treatment strategy for improving further survival in ESCC.
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Li X. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors as Breast Cancer Therapy: Research Progress and Prospects. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ettl T, Schulz D, Bauer RJ. The Renaissance of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:293. [PMID: 35053461 PMCID: PMC8773807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) regulate cell cycle progression. During tumor development, altered expression and availability of CDKs strongly contribute to impaired cell proliferation, a hallmark of cancer. In recent years, targeted inhibition of CDKs has shown considerable therapeutic benefit in a variety of tumor entities. Their success is reflected in clinical approvals of specific CDK4/6 inhibitors for breast cancer. This review provides a detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms of CDKs as well as a general overview of CDK inhibition. It also summarizes the latest research approaches and current advances in the treatment of head and neck cancer with CDK inhibitors. Instead of monotherapies, combination therapies with CDK inhibitors may especially provide promising results in tumor therapy. Indeed, recent studies have shown a synergistic effect of CDK inhibition together with chemo- and radio- and immunotherapy in cancer treatment to overcome tumor evasion, which may lead to a renaissance of CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ettl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Josef Bauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Sahgal P, Huffman BM, Patil DT, Chatila WK, Yaeger R, Cleary JM, Sethi NS. Early TP53 Alterations Shape Gastric and Esophageal Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5915. [PMID: 34885025 PMCID: PMC8657039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric and esophageal (GE) adenocarcinomas are the third and sixth most common causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for greater than 1.25 million annual deaths. Despite the advancements in the multi-disciplinary treatment approaches, the prognosis for patients with GE adenocarcinomas remains poor, with a 5-year survival of 32% and 19%, respectively, mainly due to the late-stage diagnosis and aggressive nature of these cancers. Premalignant lesions characterized by atypical glandular proliferation, with neoplastic cells confined to the basement membrane, often precede malignant disease. We now appreciate that premalignant lesions also carry cancer-associated mutations, enabling disease progression in the right environmental context. A better understanding of the premalignant-to-malignant transition can help us diagnose, prevent, and treat GE adenocarcinoma. Here, we discuss the evidence suggesting that alterations in TP53 occur early in GE adenocarcinoma evolution, are selected for under environmental stressors, are responsible for shaping the genomic mechanisms for pathway dysregulation in cancer progression, and lead to potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited by a specific class of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranshu Sahgal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.S.); (B.M.H.); (J.M.C.)
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brandon M. Huffman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.S.); (B.M.H.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Deepa T. Patil
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Walid K. Chatila
- Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rona Yaeger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - James M. Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.S.); (B.M.H.); (J.M.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nilay S. Sethi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (P.S.); (B.M.H.); (J.M.C.)
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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7
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Liu Y, Zheng C, Huang Y, He M, Xu WW, Li B. Molecular mechanisms of chemo- and radiotherapy resistance and the potential implications for cancer treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:315-340. [PMID: 34766149 PMCID: PMC8554658 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery is the primary treatment approach for cancer, but the survival rate is very low due to the rapid progression of the disease and presence of local and distant metastasis at diagnosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are important components of the multidisciplinary approaches for cancer treatment. However, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy may result in treatment failure or even cancer recurrence. Radioresistance in cancer is often caused by the repair response to radiation-induced DNA damage, cell cycle dysregulation, cancer stem cells (CSCs) resilience, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Understanding the molecular alterations that lead to radioresistance may provide new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to improve radiotherapy efficacy. Patients who develop resistance to chemotherapy drugs cannot benefit from the cytotoxicity induced by the prescribed drug and will likely have a poor outcome with these treatments. Chemotherapy often shows a low response rate due to various drug resistance mechanisms. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance and chemoresistance in cancer and discusses recent developments in therapeutic strategies targeting chemoradiotherapy resistance to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Ping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Can‐Can Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yun‐Na Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineNational Engineering Research Center of Genetic MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Ming‐Liang He
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wen Wen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineNational Engineering Research Center of Genetic MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
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The cyclin-dependent kinases pathway as a target for prostate cancer treatment: rationale and future perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103199. [PMID: 33316419 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly expanding scenario of treatment options for patients affected by prostate cancer (PC) is leading to improved outcomes; however, PC still represents one of the most frequent causes of male mortality. Thus, while translational research is trying to unravel the molecular landscape underlying carcinogenesis, disease progression and treatment resistance, several clinical trials are evaluating novel options to further expand therapeutic options. The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for different cancer types; due to the pivotal role of this pathway in the regulation of PC cell cycle, three CDK4/6-inhibitors (abemaciclib, palbociclib and ribociclib) are currently being investigated in several clinical trials. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on CDK-pathway and the mechanism of action of CDK-inhibitors; we discuss the biological rationale for their use in PC and the state of the art of clinical trials focused on the demonstration of their potential role in early or advanced stage, in hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant state. Finally, the potential application of precision oncology for treatment selection in PC is discussed.
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9
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Lazow MA, Johnson SL, Johnson ND, Breneman JC, Dexheimer PJ, Szabo S, Pressey JG. Genome-Driven Therapy for Chemotherapy-Resistant Metastatic CDK6-Amplified Osteosarcoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:498-504. [PMID: 35050742 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Lazow
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sheryl L Johnson
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Neil D Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - John C Breneman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Phillip J Dexheimer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sara Szabo
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joseph G Pressey
- Division of Oncology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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10
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Shi W, Gao Z, Song J, Wang W. Silence of FOXD2-AS1 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of esophagus cells by regulating miR-145-5p/CDK6 axis. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1013-1021. [PMID: 32524576 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the function of long non-coding RNA FOXD2 adjacent opposite strand RNA 1 (lncRNA FOXD2-AS1) during the progression of esophagus cancer (EC) and explore its underlying molecular mechanisms. The level of FOXD2-AS1 in EC tissues and paracancerous tissues was detected by using RT-qPCR; ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of FOXD2-AS1 for EC. In addition, CCK8 assay and immunofluorescence staining assay were used to detect the proliferation of Eca-109 and TE-1 cells. To investigate the function of FOXD2-AS1 on cell apoptosis and cell cycle, flow cytometry was performed. To detect the invasion ability of EC cells, transwell invasion assay was performed. Starbase3.0 and Targetscan were used to predict the target genes of FOXD2-AS1 and miR-145-5p, and protein expressions were detected with western blot. We found FOXD2-AS1 was significantly upregulated in EC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, which was positively correlated with clinicopathological parameters of patients with EC. Downregulation of FOXD2-AS1 inhibited the proliferation and invasion by inducing apoptosis of EC cells. Moreover, FOXD2-AS1 may regulate the expression of CDK6 by targeting miR-145-3p. Meanwhile, silencing of FOXD2-AS1 caused G1 phase arrest of EC cells by reducing the expression of CDK6. In conclusion, silening FOXD2-AS1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of EC cells by regulating the miR-145-5p/CDK6 axis. Therefore, FOXD2-AS1 might be used as diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woda Shi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengya Gao
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxiang Song
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China.
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A Regulatory Noncoding RNA, nc886, Suppresses Esophageal Cancer by Inhibiting the AKT Pathway and Cell Cycle Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040801. [PMID: 32225025 PMCID: PMC7226379 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
nc886 is a regulatory non-coding RNA (ncRNA) whose expression is frequently silenced in malignancies. In the case of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), nc886 silencing is associated with shorter survival of patients, suggesting nc886’s tumor suppressor role in ESCC. However, this observation has not been complemented by an in-detail study about nc886’s impact on gene expression and cellular phenotypes. Here we have shown that nc886 inhibits AKT, a key protein in a renowned pro-survival pathway in cancer. nc886-silenced cells (nc886− cells) have activated AKT and altered expression of cell cycle genes. nc886− cells tend to have lower expression of CDKN2A and CDKN2C, both of which are inhibitors for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and higher expression of CDK4 than nc886-expressing cells. As a result, nc886− cells are hyperactive in the progression of the G1 to S cell cycle phase, proliferate faster, and are more sensitive to palbociclib, which is a cancer therapeutic drug that targets CDK4/6. Experimentally by nc886 expression and knockdown, we have determined the AKT target genes and cell cycle genes that are controlled by nc886 (nc886-associated gene sets). These gene sets, in combination with pathologic staging and nc886 expression levels, are a vastly superior predictor for the survival of 108 ESCC patients. In summary, our study has elucidated in ESCC how nc886 inhibits cell proliferation to explain its tumor suppressor role and identified gene sets that are of future clinical utility, by predicting patient survival and responsiveness to a therapeutic drug.
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Liang R, Weigand I, Lippert J, Kircher S, Altieri B, Steinhauer S, Hantel C, Rost S, Rosenwald A, Kroiss M, Fassnacht M, Sbiera S, Ronchi CL. Targeted Gene Expression Profile Reveals CDK4 as Therapeutic Target for Selected Patients With Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:219. [PMID: 32373071 PMCID: PMC7176906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are aggressive tumors with a heterogeneous prognosis and limited therapeutic options for advanced stages. This study aims to identify novel drug targets for a personalized treatment in ACC. RNA was isolated from 40 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ACC samples. We evaluated gene expression of 84 known cancer drug targets by reverse transcriptase quantitative real time-PCR and calculated fold change using 5 normal adrenal glands as reference (overexpression by fold change >2.0). The most promising candidate cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) was investigated at protein level in 104 ACC samples and tested by in vitro experiments in two ACC cell lines (NCI-H295R and MUC1). The most frequently overexpressed genes were TOP2A (100% of cases, median fold change = 16.5), IGF2 (95%, fold change = 52.9), CDK1 (80%, fold change = 6.7), CDK4 (62%, fold change = 2.6), PLK4 (60%, fold change = 2.8), and PLK1 (52%, fold change = 2.3). CDK4 was chosen for functional validation, as it is actionable by approved CDK4/6-inhibitors (e.g., palbociclib). Nuclear immunostaining of CDK4 significantly correlated with mRNA expression (R = 0.52, P < 0.005). We exposed both NCI-H295R and MUC1 cell lines to palbociclib and found a concentration- and time-dependent reduction of cell viability, which was more pronounced in the NCI-H295R cells in line with higher CDK4 expression. Furthermore, we tested palbociclib in combination with insulin-like growth factor 1/insulin receptor inhibitor linsitinib showing an additive effect. In conclusion, we demonstrate that RNA profiling is useful to discover potential drug targets and that CDK4/6 inhibitors are promising candidates for treatment of selected patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunde Liang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Lippert
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sonja Steinhauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simone Rost
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L. Ronchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Cristina L. Ronchi ;
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Caspa Gokulan R, Garcia-Buitrago MT, Zaika AI. From genetics to signaling pathways: molecular pathogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:37-48. [PMID: 31152823 PMCID: PMC6692203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has one of the fastest rising incidence rates in the U.S. and many other Western countries. One of the unique risk factors for EAC is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a chronic digestive condition in which acidic contents from the stomach, frequently mixed with duodenal bile, enter the esophagus resulting in esophageal tissue injury. At the cellular level, progression to EAC is underlined by continuous DNA damage caused by reflux and chronic inflammatory factors that increase the mutation rate and promote genomic instability. Despite recent successes in cancer diagnostics and treatment, EAC remains a poorly treatable disease. Recent research has shed new light on molecular alterations underlying progression to EAC and revealed novel treatment options. This review focuses on the genetic and molecular studies of EAC. The molecular changes that occur during the transformation of normal Barrett's esophagus to esophageal adenocarcinoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander I Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States of America.
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Xu L, Cheng Z, Cui C, Wu X, Yu H, Guo J, Kong Y. Frequent genetic aberrations in the cell cycle related genes in mucosal melanoma indicate the potential for targeted therapy. J Transl Med 2019; 17:245. [PMID: 31358010 PMCID: PMC6664769 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers with extremely poor prognosis, and the median survival time for stage IV patients is approximately 6 to 8 months. Unlike cutaneous melanoma, mucosal melanoma is a rare melanoma subtype among Caucasian patients but its incidence remains as high as 22.6% among Chinese patients. Screening specific genetic variations is the guideline to select targeted drugs for the treatment of advanced melanoma, whereas the genetic variation spectrum and potential therapeutic targets for mucosal melanoma are largely unclear. It is urgent to identify promising genetic variants for mucosal melanoma so as to develop effective targeted therapies for this disease. Methods Tumor samples from 213 Chinese mucosal melanoma patients were involved in this study. P16INK4a/Cyclin D1/CDK4 copy number was examined using the QuantiGene Plex DNA assay and the correlation between abnormal copy number and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. Patient-derived xenograft models (PDX) were performed to detect the effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on the proliferation of mucosal melanoma cells with altered copy number of CDK4 pathway (CDK4, Cyclin D1 and P16INK4a). The molecular mechanisms of CDK4/6 inhibitors on the proliferation of mucosal melanoma were analyzed by RNAseq. Results Among the 213 samples, the amplification rate of CDK4 and CCND1 was 47.0% and 27.7%, respectively, and the deletion rate of P16INK4a was 57.7%. Patients with more than one genetic abnormality were up to 81.7%. CDK4 pathway gene copy number variation was not associated with the prognosis of patients with mucosal melanoma (P > 0.05). Drug sensitivity tests showed that AT7519, a broad-spectrum CDK inhibitor, and PD0332991, a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor, exhibited higher inhibitory effect on CDK4 signaling pathway abnormal mucosal melanoma cells-derived PDX tumors growth than CDK4 signaling pathway normal ones. RNA-seq analysis showed that CDK4 inhibitors may affect tumor proliferation through multiple signaling pathways. Conclusions Abnormal copy number of cell cycle related genes is frequently found in mucosal melanoma. CDK4/6 inhibitors significantly suppress the PDX tumor growth with abnormal CDK4 pathway. CDK4 signaling variations predict the effectiveness of CDK4 inhibitors in mucosal melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1987-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
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15
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Di Sante G, Pagé J, Jiao X, Nawab O, Cristofanilli M, Skordalakes E, Pestell RG. Recent advances with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: therapeutic agents for breast cancer and their role in immuno-oncology. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:569-587. [PMID: 31219365 PMCID: PMC6834352 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1615889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Collaborative interactions between several diverse biological processes govern the onset and progression of breast cancer. These processes include alterations in cellular metabolism, anti-tumor immune responses, DNA damage repair, proliferation, anti-apoptotic signals, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, components of the non-coding genome or onco-mIRs, cancer stem cells and cellular invasiveness. The last two decades have revealed that each of these processes are also directly regulated by a component of the cell cycle apparatus, cyclin D1. Area covered: The current review is provided to update recent developments in the clinical application of cyclin/CDK inhibitors to breast cancer with a focus on the anti-tumor immune response. Expert opinion: The cyclin D1 gene encodes the regulatory subunit of a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates several substrates. CDKs possess phosphorylation site selectivity, with the phosphate-acceptor residue preceding a proline. Several important proteins are substrates including all three retinoblastoma proteins, NRF1, GCN5, and FOXM1. Over 280 cyclin D3/CDK6 substrates have b\een identified. Given the diversity of substrates for cyclin/CDKs, and the altered thresholds for substrate phosphorylation that occurs during the cell cycle, it is exciting that small molecular inhibitors targeting cyclin D/CDK activity have encouraging results in specific tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Sante
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Pagé
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Omar Nawab
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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16
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Etiology, cancer stem cells and potential diagnostic biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 458:21-28. [PMID: 31125642 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) has been a leading cause of cancer death worldwide in part due to late detection and lack of precision treatment. EC includes two major malignancies, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Recent studies reveal that ESCC and EAC have distinct cell of origin and contain cancer stem cells (also known as tumor initiating cells) expressing different cell surface markers. These biomarkers have potentially important values for both early detection and finding effective therapy. In this review we summarize the updated findings for cell of origin and provide an overview of cancer cell biomarkers that have been tested for ESCC and EAC. In addition, we also discuss recent progress in the study of molecular mechanisms leading to these malignancies.
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17
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Qie S, Yoshida A, Parnham S, Oleinik N, Beeson GC, Beeson CC, Ogretmen B, Bass AJ, Wong KK, Rustgi AK, Diehl JA. Targeting glutamine-addiction and overcoming CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 30899002 PMCID: PMC6428878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of Fbxo4-cyclin D1 axis occurs at high frequency in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), where it promotes ESCC development and progression. However, defining a therapeutic vulnerability that results from this dysregulation has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that Rb and mTORC1 contribute to Gln-addiction upon the dysregulation of the Fbxo4-cyclin D1 axis, which leads to the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. This reprogramming is characterized by reduced energy production and increased sensitivity of ESCC cells to combined treatment with CB-839 (glutaminase 1 inhibitor) plus metformin/phenformin. Of additional importance, this combined treatment has potent efficacy in ESCC cells with acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in vitro and in xenograft tumors. Our findings reveal a molecular basis for cancer therapy through targeting glutaminolysis and mitochondrial respiration in ESCC with dysregulated Fbxo4-cyclin D1 axis as well as cancers resistant to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Stuart Parnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gyda C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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18
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Frankell AM, Jammula S, Li X, Contino G, Killcoyne S, Abbas S, Perner J, Bower L, Devonshire G, Ococks E, Grehan N, Mok J, O'Donovan M, MacRae S, Eldridge MD, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. The landscape of selection in 551 esophageal adenocarcinomas defines genomic biomarkers for the clinic. Nat Genet 2019; 51:506-516. [PMID: 30718927 PMCID: PMC6420087 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a poor-prognosis cancer type with rapidly rising incidence. Understanding of the genetic events driving EAC development is limited, and there are few molecular biomarkers for prognostication or therapeutics. Using a cohort of 551 genomically characterized EACs with matched RNA sequencing data, we discovered 77 EAC driver genes and 21 noncoding driver elements. We identified a mean of 4.4 driver events per tumor, which were derived more commonly from mutations than copy number alterations, and compared the prevelence of these mutations to the exome-wide mutational excess calculated using non-synonymous to synonymous mutation ratios (dN/dS). We observed mutual exclusivity or co-occurrence of events within and between several dysregulated EAC pathways, a result suggestive of strong functional relationships. Indicators of poor prognosis (SMAD4 and GATA4) were verified in independent cohorts with significant predictive value. Over 50% of EACs contained sensitizing events for CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors, which were highly correlated with clinically relevant sensitivity in a panel of EAC cell lines and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Frankell
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - SriGanesh Jammula
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianmarco Contino
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Killcoyne
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Sujath Abbas
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginny Devonshire
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Ococks
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Mok
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shona MacRae
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Li F, Xu Y, Liu B, Singh PK, Zhao W, Jin J, Han G, Scott AW, Dong X, Huo L, Ma L, Pizzi MP, Wang Y, Li Y, Harada K, Xie M, Skinner HD, Ding S, Wang L, Krishnan S, Johnson RL, Song S, Ajani JA. YAP1-Mediated CDK6 Activation Confers Radiation Resistance in Esophageal Cancer - Rationale for the Combination of YAP1 and CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Esophageal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:2264-2277. [PMID: 30563933 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal cancer is a lethal disease that is often resistant to therapy. Alterations of YAP1 and CDK6 are frequent in esophageal cancer. Deregulation of both molecules may be responsible for therapy resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expressions of YAP1 and CDK6 were examined in esophageal cancer cells and tissues using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. YAP1 expression was induced in esophageal cancer cells to examine YAP1-mediated CDK6 activation and its association with radiation resistance. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibitions of YAP1 and CDK6 were performed to dissect the mechanisms and assess the antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS YAP1 expression was positively associated with CDK6 expression in resistant esophageal cancer tissues and cell lines. YAP1 overexpression upregulated CDK6 expression and transcription, and promoted radiation resistance, whereas treatment with the YAP1 inhibitor, CA3, strongly suppressed YAP1 and CDK6 overexpression, reduced Rb phosphorylation, as well as sensitized radiation-resistant/YAP1high esophageal cancer cells to irradiation. CDK4/6 inhibitor, LEE011, and knock down of CDK6 dramatically inhibited expression of YAP1 and sensitized resistant esophageal cancer cells to irradiation indicating a positive feed-forward regulation of YAP1 by CDK6. In addition, suppression of both the YAP1 and CDK6 pathways by the combination of CA3 and LEE011 significantly reduced esophageal cancer cell growth and cancer stem cell population (ALDH1 + and CD133 + ), sensitized cells to irradiation, and showed a strong antitumor effect in vivo against radiation-resistant esophageal cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results document that a positive crosstalk between the YAP1 and CDK6 pathways plays an important role in conferring radiation resistance to esophageal cancer cells. Targeting both YAP1 and CDK6 pathways could be a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bovey Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiankang Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guangchun Han
- Department of Genomic Medicine, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ailing W Scott
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaochuan Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Longfei Huo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lang Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa Pool Pizzi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Heath D Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheng Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, U.T.MD. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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20
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Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors have emerged as a powerful class of agents with clinical activity in a number of malignancies. Targeting the cell cycle represents a core attack on a defining feature of cancer. However, the mechanisms through which selective CDK4/6 targeted agents act has few parallels in the current pharmaceutical armamentarium against cancer. Notably, CDK4/6 inhibitors act downstream of most mitogenic signaling cascades, which have implications both related to clinical efficacy and resistance. Core knowledge of cell cycle processes has provided insights into mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors; however, the basis of acquired resistance versus durable response is only beginning to emerge. This review focuses on the mechanism of action and biomarkers to direct the precision use of CDK4/6 inhibitors and rationally-developed combination therapies.
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21
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Javadinia SA, Gholami A, Joudi Mashhad M, Ferns GA, Shahidsales S, Avan A, Kermani AT. Anti-tumoral effects of low molecular weight heparins: A focus on the treatment of esophageal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6523-6529. [PMID: 29741755 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer globally. With current treatment options, the survival is poor, and there are ongoing efforts to find new and more efficient therapeutic approaches. There are several reports on the anti-tumoral effects of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH). We have assessed the possible survival benefits and underlying mechanisms of LMWHs in malignancies with a focus on esophageal cancer. We conclude that the effects of LMWHs on survival of cancer patients is probably due to a combination of direct anti-tumoral, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory effects and indirect effects on the coagulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arezoo Gholami
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Joudi Mashhad
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Taghizadeh Kermani
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Parylo S, Vennepureddy A, Dhar V, Patibandla P, Sokoloff A. Role of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors in the current and future eras of cancer treatment. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2018; 25:110-129. [PMID: 29726787 DOI: 10.1177/1078155218770904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, which act by inhibiting progression from the G1 to S phases of the cell cycle, include palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib, and trilaciclib. Palbociclib and ribociclib are currently food and drug administration-approved for use in combination with aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women with metastatic hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. Palbociclib is also food and drug administration-approved for use in combination with fulvestrant in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer progressing after endocrine therapy. Abemaciclib is the newest cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor to gain Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, specifically as monotherapy for hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer previously treated with chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Abemaciclib also shares a similar indication with palbociclib for use in combination with fulvestrant in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer progressing after endocrine therapy. Trilaciclib use remains largely investigational at this time. However, despite FDA-approval for only metastatic hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer, all four cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors have shown promise in hematologic malignancies and non-breast solid tumors. Although further research is needed, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors represent intriguing developments in the treatment of various malignancies, including those with such poor prognoses as glioblastoma multiforme, mantle cell lymphoma, and metastatic melanoma. We discuss the approved indications, current research, and areas of future exploration for palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib, and trilaciclib.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parylo
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, 7601 Staten Island University Hospital , New York, USA
| | - A Vennepureddy
- 2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, 7601 Staten Island University Hospital , New York, USA
| | - V Dhar
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, 7601 Staten Island University Hospital , New York, USA
| | - P Patibandla
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, 7601 Staten Island University Hospital , New York, USA
| | - A Sokoloff
- 2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, 7601 Staten Island University Hospital , New York, USA
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23
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Somatic DNA Copy-Number Alterations Detection for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Using Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29600372 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7734-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Somatic copy-number alterations are commonly found in cancer and play key roles in activating oncogenes and deactivating tumor suppressor genes. Digital polymerase chain reaction is an effective way to detect the changes in copy number. In esophageal adenocarcinoma, detection of somatic copy-number alterations could predict the prognosis of patients as well as the response to therapy. This chapter will review the methods involved in digital polymerase chain reaction for the research or potential clinical applications in esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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24
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Kosovec JE, Zaidi AH, Omstead AN, Matsui D, Biedka MJ, Cox EJ, Campbell PT, Biederman RW, Kelly RJ, Jobe BA. CDK4/6 dual inhibitor abemaciclib demonstrates compelling preclinical activity against esophageal adenocarcinoma: a novel therapeutic option for a deadly disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100421-100432. [PMID: 29245989 PMCID: PMC5725031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a deadly disease with limited therapeutic options. In the present study, we determined the preclinical efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib for treatment of EAC. In vitro, apoptosis, proliferation, and pathway regulation were evaluated in OE19, OE33, and FLO1 EAC cell lines. In vivo, esophagojejunostomy was performed on rats to induce EAC. At 36 weeks post-surgery, MRI and endoscopic biopsy established baseline tumor volume and molecular correlates, respectively. Next, the study animals were randomized to 26mg/kg intraperitoneal abemaciclib treatment or vehicle control for 28 days. Pre and post treatment MRIs, histopathology, and qRT-PCR were utilized to determine response. Our results demonstrated treatment with abemaciclib lead to increased apoptosis, and decreased proliferation in OE19 (p=0.185), OE33 (p=0.048), and FLO1 (p=0.043) with anticipated downstream molecular inhibition. In vivo, 78.9% of treatment animals demonstrated >20% tumor volume decrease (placebo 0%). Mean tumor volume changed in the treatment arm by -65.5% (placebo +133.5%) (p<0.01), and prevalence changed by -37.5% (placebo +16.7%) (p<0.01). Pre vs post treatment qRT-PCR demonstrated significant inhibition of all downstream molecular correlates. Overall our findings suggest potent antitumor efficacy of abemaciclib against EAC with evident molecular pathway inhibition and reasonable safety, establishing the rationale for future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann E. Kosovec
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ali H. Zaidi
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashten N. Omstead
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mark J. Biedka
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin J. Cox
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick T. Campbell
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronan J. Kelly
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Blair A. Jobe
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Litle VR. Endoscopic resection and the T category: Baby steps toward risk stratification. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:1785-1786. [PMID: 28916218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia R Litle
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
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Lin B, Xie F, Xiao Z, Hong X, Tian L, Liu K. Basal progenitor cells bridge the development, malignant cancers, and multiple diseases of esophagus. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3855-3866. [PMID: 28777465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The esophagus is a pivotal organ originating from anterior foregut that links the mouth and stomach. Moreover, its development involves precise regulation of multiple signal molecules and signal transduction pathways. After abnormal regulation of these molecules in the basal cells of the esophagus occurs, multiple diseases, including esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula, Barrett esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux, and eosinophilic esophagitis, will take place as a result. Furthermore, expression changes of signal molecules or signal pathways in basal cells and the microenvironment around basal cells both can initiate the switch of malignant transformation. In this review, we highlight the molecular events underlying the transition of normal development to multiple esophageal diseases. Additionally, the animal models of esophageal development and related diseases, challenges, and strategies are extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshun Lin
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Xie
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhangwu Xiao
- Emergency Department of the 476 Hospital, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Hong
- Dong fang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Liming Tian
- Dong fang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kuancan Liu
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.,Dong fang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Goel R, Subramaniam RM, Wachsmann JW. PET/Computed Tomography Scanning and Precision Medicine: Esophageal Cancer. PET Clin 2017; 12:373-391. [PMID: 28867110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer commonly has a poor prognosis, which requires an accurate diagnosis and early treatment to improve outcome. Other modalities for staging, such as endoscopic ultrasound imaging and computed tomography (CT) scans, have a role in diagnosis and staging. However, PET with fluorine-18 fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose/CT (FDG PET/CT) scanning allows for improved detection of distant metastatic disease and can help to prevent unnecessary interventions that would increase morbidity. FDG PET/CT scanning is valuable in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy assessment and predicting survival outcomes subsequent to surgery. FDG PET/CT scanning detects recurrent disease and metastases in follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Goel
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA
| | - Jason W Wachsmann
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA.
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Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is therefore a major global health challenge. The two major subtypes of oesophageal cancer are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), which are epidemiologically and biologically distinct. OSCC accounts for 90% of all cases of oesophageal cancer globally and is highly prevalent in the East, East Africa and South America. OAC is more common in developed countries than in developing countries. Preneoplastic lesions are identifiable for both OSCC and OAC; these are frequently amenable to endoscopic ablative therapies. Most patients with oesophageal cancer require extensive treatment, including chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy and/or surgical resection. Patients with advanced or metastatic oesophageal cancer are treated with palliative chemotherapy; those who are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive may also benefit from trastuzumab treatment. Immuno-oncology therapies have also shown promising early results in OSCC and OAC. In this Primer, we review state-of-the-art knowledge on the biology and treatment of oesophageal cancer, including screening, endoscopic ablative therapies and emerging molecular targets, and we discuss best practices in chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, surgery and the maintenance of patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Smyth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London & Sutton. United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Lagergren
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Florian Lordick
- University Cancer Center Leipzig, University Medicine Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manish A. Shah
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York. United States
| | - Pernilla Lagergren
- Surgical care science, Department of Molecular medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London & Sutton. United Kingdom
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Clinical study of genomic drivers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:572-582. [PMID: 28720843 PMCID: PMC5558689 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal cancer with complex genomes and dense fibrotic stroma. This study was designed to identify clinically relevant somatic aberrations in pancreatic cancer genomes of patients with primary and metastatic disease enrolled and treated in two clinical trials. METHODS Tumour nuclei were flow sorted prior to whole genome copy number variant (CNV) analysis. Targeted or whole exome sequencing was performed on most samples. We profiled biopsies from 68 patients enrolled in two Stand Up to Cancer (SU2C)-sponsored clinical trials. These included 38 resected chemoradiation naïve tumours (SU2C 20206-003) and metastases from 30 patients who progressed on prior therapies (SU2C 20206-001). Patient outcomes including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were observed. RESULTS We defined: (a) CDKN2A homozygous deletions that included the adjacent MTAP gene, only its' 3' region, or excluded MTAP; (b) SMAD4 homozygous deletions that included ME2; (c) a pancreas-specific MYC super-enhancer region; (d) DNA repair-deficient genomes; and (e) copy number aberrations present in PDA patients with long-term (⩾ 40 months) and short-term (⩽ 12 months) survival after surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS We provide a clinically relevant framework for genomic drivers of PDA and for advancing novel treatments.
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Chen L, Pan J. Dual cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibition by PD-0332991 induces apoptosis and senescence in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2427-2443. [PMID: 28444744 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aberrant activation of the cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6)-Rb signalling pathway is common in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PD-0332991, a highly specific inhibitor of CDK4/6, has potent antitumour activity against many types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic effect of PD-0332991 against the growth and metastasis of ESCC cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability and any synergy between PD-0332991 and 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin were measured by MTS assay and CalcuSyn software respectively. Cell migration and invasion were detected by wound healing and transwell assays. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry after staining annexin V-FITC/PI. Cellular senescence was assessed by measuring SA-β-gal activity. Nude mouse xenograft models of ESCC were employed to determine the in vivo activity of PD-0332991 against tumour growth and lung metastasis. KEY RESULTS PD-0332991 inhibited cellular growth and induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in ESCC cells. PD-0332991 also suppressed migration, invasion and the expression of MMP-2 in ESCC cells. Furthermore, PD-0332991 treatment caused cell senescence in a FOXM1-dependent manner. In addition, there was synergy between PD-0332991 and cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil. Importantly, the xenografted tumour experiments demonstrated that PD-0332991 potently inhibits ESCC cell growth and lung metastasis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PD-0332991 can elicit a strong antitumour activity against ESCC growth and metastasis and may be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of patients with ESCC. Our results warrant a clinical trial to further evaluate the efficacy of PD-0332991 in ESCC patients, even those with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxuan Pan
- Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu H, Yu S, Liu Q, Yuan X, Mani S, Pestell RG, Wu K. Recent advances of highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:97. [PMID: 28438180 PMCID: PMC5404666 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell division is the hallmark of cancers. Full understanding of cell cycle regulation would contribute to promising cancer therapies. In particular, cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6), which are pivotal drivers of cell proliferation by combination with cyclin D, draw more and more attention. Subsequently, extensive studies were carried out to explore drugs inhibiting CDK4/6 and assess the efficacy and safety of these drugs in cancer, especially breast cancer. Due to the insuperable adverse events and the less activity observed in vivo, the drug development of the initial pan-CDK inhibitor flavopiridol was consequently discontinued, and then highly specific inhibitors were extensively researched and developed, including palbociclib (PD0332991), ribociclib (LEE011), and abemaciclib (LY2835219). Food and Drug Administration has approved palbociclib and ribociclib for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer, and recent clinical trial data suggest that palbociclib significantly improved clinical outcome when combined with letrozole or fulvestrant. Besides, the favorable effects of abemaciclib on prolonging survival of breast cancer patients have also been observed in clinical trials both for single-agent and combination strategy. In this review, we outline the preclinical and clinical advancement of these three orally bioavailable and highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461 USA
| | - Richard G. Pestell
- Pennsylvania Center for Cancer and Regenerative Medicine, Wynnewood, PA 19096 USA
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 People’s Republic of China
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Cell Cycle Protein Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Association of CDK4/CDK6, CCND1, and Phosphorylated Retinoblastoma Protein With Proliferative Index. Pancreas 2017; 46:1347-1353. [PMID: 28991877 PMCID: PMC5645256 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysregulation of the cell cycle has been observed and implicated as an etiologic factor in a range of human malignancies, but remains relatively unstudied in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). We evaluated expression of key proteins involved in cell cycle regulation in a large cohort of NETs. METHODS We evaluated immunohistochemical expression of CDKN1B, CDKN1A, CDKN2A, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1, cyclin E1, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (phospho-RB1) in a cohort of 267 patients with NETs. We then explored associations between cell cycle protein expression, mutational status, histologic features, and overall survival. RESULTS We found that high expression of CDK4, CDK6, CCND1, and phospho-RB1 was associated with higher proliferative index, as defined by MKI67. We additionally observed a trend toward shorter overall survival associated with low expression of CDKN1B. This association seemed strongest in SINETs (multivariate hazards ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.93; P = 0.03). We found no clear association between CDKN1B mutation and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that dysregulation and activation of the CDK4/CDK6-CCND1-phospho-RB1 axis is associated with higher proliferative index in NETs. Investigation of the therapeutic potential of CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors in higher grade NETs is warranted.
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Ooi A, Oyama T, Nakamura R, Tajiri R, Ikeda H, Fushida S, Dobashi Y. Gene amplification of CCNE1, CCND1, and CDK6 in gastric cancers detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Pathol 2016; 61:58-67. [PMID: 27864121 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New and effective treatments for advanced gastric cancer are urgently needed. Cyclins E and D1 form a complex with cyclin-dependent kinase 2, 4, or 6 to regulate G1-S transition. The G1-S regulatory genes encoding cyclin E (CCNE1), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and CDK6 (CDK6) are frequently amplified in gastric cancer and may therefore influence molecularly targeted therapies against ERBB2 or EGFR when coamplified. A total of 179 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded gastric cancer specimens were examined for these gene amplifications by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Amplification of at least 1 G1-S regulatory gene was found in 35 tumors (CCNE1 amplification, 15% of samples; CCND1, 6%; CDK6, 1%). In 13 of the 35 tumors, dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization identified coamplification of the G1-S regulatory genes with ERBB2, EGFR, and/or KRAS in single cancer nuclei. The observation that cells with G1-S regulatory gene amplification contained clonal subpopulations with coamplification of ERBB2, EGFR, or KRAS in 5 early and 3 advanced cancers suggests that amplification of the G1-S regulatory genes represents an early event, which precedes ERBB2, EGFR, or KRAS amplification. Amplified CCNE1, CCND1, and CDK6 in advanced gastric cancer may be potentially useful as direct targets for molecular therapy or for combination therapy with ERBB2 or EGFR inhibitors. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification could be a useful tool for identification of patients who would benefit from such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akishi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan; Pathology Section, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Takeru Oyama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Ritsuko Nakamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Ryousuke Tajiri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Pathology Section, University Hospital, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
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Abstract
Uncontrolled cellular proliferation, mediated by dysregulation of the cell-cycle machinery and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to promote cell-cycle progression, lies at the heart of cancer as a pathological process. Clinical implementation of first-generation, nonselective CDK inhibitors, designed to inhibit this proliferation, was originally hampered by the high risk of toxicity and lack of efficacy noted with these agents. The emergence of a new generation of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, including ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib, has enabled tumour types in which CDK4/6 has a pivotal role in the G1-to-S-phase cell-cycle transition to be targeted with improved effectiveness, and fewer adverse effects. Results of pivotal phase III trials investigating palbociclib in patients with advanced-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer have demonstrated a substantial improvement in progression-free survival, with a well-tolerated toxicity profile. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors are beginning to emerge that, although unwelcome, might enable rational post-CDK4/6 inhibitor therapeutic strategies to be identified. Extending the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors beyond ER-positive breast cancer is challenging, and will likely require biomarkers that are predictive of a response, and the use of combination therapies in order to optimize CDK4/6 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben O'Leary
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Richard S Finn
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.,Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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Kaz AM, Grady WM, Stachler MD, Bass AJ. Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:473-89. [PMID: 26021206 PMCID: PMC4449457 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), wherein normal squamous epithelia is replaced by specialized intestinal metaplasia in response to chronic gastroesophageal acid reflux. BE can progress to low- and high-grade dysplasia, intramucosal, and invasive carcinoma. Both BE and EAC are characterized by loss of heterozygosity, aneuploidy, specific genetic mutations, and clonal diversity. Given the limitations of histopathology, genomic and epigenomic analyses may improve the precision of risk stratification. Assays to detect molecular alterations associated with neoplastic progression could be used to improve the pathologic assessment of BE/EAC and to select high-risk patients for more intensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Kaz
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, R&D Department, Seattle, WA,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - William M. Grady
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew D. Stachler
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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Mikhail S, Albanese C, Pishvaian MJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1185-97. [PMID: 25747534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is a highly conserved and tightly regulated biological system that controls cellular proliferation and differentiation. The cell cycle regulatory proteins, which include the cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and the CDK inhibitors, are critical for the proper temporal and spatial regulation of cellular proliferation. Conversely, alterations in cell cycle regulatory proteins, leading to the loss of normal cell-cycle control, are a hallmark of many cancers, including gastrointestinal cancers. Accordingly, overexpression of CDKs and cyclins and by contrast loss of CDK inhibitors, are all linked to gastrointestinal cancers and are often associated with less favorable prognoses and outcomes. Because of the importance that the cell cycle regulatory proteins play in tumorigenesis, currently there is a broad spectrum of cell-cycle inhibitors under development that, as a group, hold promise as effective cancer treatments. In support of this approach to cancer treatment, the growing availability of molecular diagnostics techniques may help in identifying patients who have driving abnormalities in the cell-cycle machinery and are thus more likely to respond to cell-cycle inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of cell-cycle abnormalities in patients with gastrointestinal cancers and provide a preclinical and clinical overview of new agents that target cell-cycle abnormalities with a special emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Mikhail
- James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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Asghar U, Witkiewicz AK, Turner NC, Knudsen ES. The history and future of targeting cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:130-46. [PMID: 25633797 PMCID: PMC4480421 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1223] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer represents a pathological manifestation of uncontrolled cell division; therefore, it has long been anticipated that our understanding of the basic principles of cell cycle control would result in effective cancer therapies. In particular, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote transition through the cell cycle were expected to be key therapeutic targets because many tumorigenic events ultimately drive proliferation by impinging on CDK4 or CDK6 complexes in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, perturbations in chromosomal stability and aspects of S phase and G2/M control mediated by CDK2 and CDK1 are pivotal tumorigenic events. Translating this knowledge into successful clinical development of CDK inhibitors has historically been challenging, and numerous CDK inhibitors have demonstrated disappointing results in clinical trials. Here, we review the biology of CDKs, the rationale for therapeutically targeting discrete kinase complexes and historical clinical results of CDK inhibitors. We also discuss how CDK inhibitors with high selectivity (particularly for both CDK4 and CDK6), in combination with patient stratification, have resulted in more substantial clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Asghar
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Simmons Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, USA
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Breast Cancer Unit, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Simmons Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, USA
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Yang LX, Li BL, Liu XH, Yuan Y, Lu CJ, Chen R, Zhao J. RNA-seq reveals determinants of sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs in esophageal carcinoma cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:1524-1533. [PMID: 24817948 PMCID: PMC4014232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with incurable disease of esophageal carcinoma. Most patients respond poorly to chemotherapy, it is necessary to figure out biomarkers for chemotherapy sensitivity or resistance to perform the individualized therapy. In present work, the sensitivities of two ESCC cell lines to 9 chemotherapy drugs were identified and the transcriptome of these two cell lines were investigated by RNA-seq, the correlation between the sensitivity to drugs and expression of some genes was attempted to construct. Eca-1 was more resistant to most of the chemotherapy drugs than Eca-109 cell line. RNA-seq results showed that there is dramatic difference in the basal expression between these two ESCC cell lines. Pathway analysis demonstrated that these differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in Gαi signaling, calcium signaling, cAMP-mediated signaling, G-protein coupled receptor signaling and actin cytoskeleton signaling pathways. The molecules in Gαi signaling (ADCY1 and SSTR3) and actin cytoskeleton signaling (MYH6 and MYH7) were highly expressed in multidrug-resistant Eca-1 cells, which were validated by quantitative PCR. Activation of these two pathways results in the upregulation of downstream signaling, PKA signaling and Src-STAT3, and downregulation of RAF-ERK signaling, which was validated by immunoblotting experiments. Our work proposed that activation of Gαi signaling or actin cytoskeleton signaling may confer ESCC cells resistance to most chemotherapy drugs. Our work might provide potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for treatment of EC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Bai-Ling Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chao-Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Rui Chen
- International Joint Cancer Institute of The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- International Joint Cancer Institute of The Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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Baba Y, Watanabe M, Murata A, Shigaki H, Miyake K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Yoshida N, Oki E, Sakamaki K, Nakao M, Baba H. LINE-1 hypomethylation, DNA copy number alterations, and CDK6 amplification in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1114-24. [PMID: 24423610 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Global DNA hypomethylation plays a crucial role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis. DNA methylation of the long interspersed nucleotide element-1, L1 (LINE-1) repetitive element is a good indicator of the global DNA methylation level, and is attracting interest as a useful marker for predicting cancer prognosis. Our previous study using more than 200 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) specimens demonstrated the significant relationship between LINE-1 hypomethylation and poor prognosis. However, the mechanism by which LINE-1 hypomethylation affects aggressive tumor behavior has yet to be revealed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To examine the relationship between LINE-1 hypomethylation and DNA copy number variations, we investigated LINE-1-hypomethylated and LINE-1-hypermethylated ESCC tumors by comparative genomic hybridization array. RESULTS LINE-1-hypomethylated tumors showed highly frequent genomic gains at various loci containing candidate oncogenes such as CDK6. LINE-1 methylation levels were significantly associated with CDK6 mRNA and CDK6 protein expression levels in ESCC specimens. In our cohort of 129 patients with ESCC, cases with CDK6-positive expression experienced worse clinical outcome compared with those with CDK6-negative expression, supporting the oncogenic role of CDK6 in ESCC. In addition, we found that the prognostic impact of LINE-1 hypomethylation might be attenuated by CDK6 expression. CONCLUSION LINE-1 hypomethylation (i.e., global DNA hypomethylation) in ESCC might contribute to the acquisition of aggressive tumor behavior through genomic gains of oncogenes such as CDK6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Baba
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Tänzer M, Liebl M, Quante M. Molecular biomarkers in esophageal, gastric, and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:133-47. [PMID: 23791941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colon contribute to a major health burden worldwide and over 20% of all cancer deaths. Biomarkers that should indicate pathogenic process and are measureable in an objective manner for these tumors are rare and not established in the clinical setting. In general biomarkers can be very useful for cancer management as they can improve clinical decision-making regarding diagnosis, surveillance, and therapy. Biomarkers can be different types of molecular entities (such as DNA, RNA or proteins), which can be detected, in different tissues or body fluids. However, more important is the type of biomarker itself, which allows diagnostic, prognostic or predictive analyses for different clinical problems. This review aims to systematically summarize the recent findings of genetic and epigenetic markers for gastrointestinal tumors within the last decade. While many biomarkers seem to be very promising, especially if used as panels, further development is urgently needed to address practical considerations of biomarkers in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Tänzer
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany
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Targeting cell cycle and hormone receptor pathways in cancer. Oncogene 2013; 32:5481-91. [PMID: 23708653 PMCID: PMC3898261 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)/retinoblastoma (RB)-axis is a critical modulator of cell cycle entry and is aberrant in many human cancers. New nodes of therapeutic intervention are needed that can delay or combat the onset of malignancies. The antitumor properties and mechanistic functions of PD-0332991 (PD; a potent and selective CDK4/6 inhibitor) were investigated using human prostate cancer (PCa) models and primary tumors. PD significantly impaired the capacity of PCa cells to proliferate by promoting a robust G1-arrest. Accordingly, key regulators of the G1-S cell cycle transition were modulated including G1 cyclins D, E and A. Subsequent investigation demonstrated the ability of PD to function in the presence of existing hormone-based regimens and to cooperate with ionizing radiation to further suppress cellular growth. Importantly, it was determined that PD is a critical mediator of PD action. The anti-proliferative impact of CDK4/6 inhibition was revealed through reduced proliferation and delayed growth using PCa cell xenografts. Finally, first-in-field effects of PD on proliferation were observed in primary human prostatectomy tumor tissue explants. This study shows that selective CDK4/6 inhibition, using PD either as a single-agent or in combination, hinders key proliferative pathways necessary for disease progression and that RB status is a critical prognostic determinant for therapeutic efficacy. Combined, these pre-clinical findings identify selective targeting of CDK4/6 as a bona fide therapeutic target in both early stage and advanced PCa and underscore the benefit of personalized medicine to enhance treatment response.
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Schmitt MJ, Philippidou D, Reinsbach SE, Margue C, Wienecke-Baldacchino A, Nashan D, Behrmann I, Kreis S. Interferon-γ-induced activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) up-regulates the tumor suppressing microRNA-29 family in melanoma cells. Cell Commun Signal 2012; 10:41. [PMID: 23245396 PMCID: PMC3541122 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The type-II-cytokine IFN-γ is a pivotal player in innate immune responses but also assumes functions in controlling tumor cell growth by orchestrating cellular responses against neoplastic cells. The role of IFN-γ in melanoma is not fully understood: it is a well-known growth inhibitor of melanoma cells in vitro. On the other hand, IFN-γ may also facilitate melanoma progression. While interferon-regulated genes encoding proteins have been intensively studied since decades, the contribution of miRNAs to effects mediated by interferons is an emerging area of research. We recently described a distinct and dynamic regulation of a whole panel of microRNAs (miRNAs) after IFN-γ-stimulation. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcriptional regulation of miR-29 family members in detail, identify potential interesting target genes and thus further elucidate a potential signaling pathway IFN-γ → Jak→ P-STAT1 → miR-29 → miR-29 target genes and its implication for melanoma growth. Results Here we show that IFN-γ induces STAT1-dependently a profound up-regulation of the miR-29 primary cluster pri-29a~b-1 in melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, expression levels of pri-29a~b-1 and mature miR-29a and miR-29b were elevated while the pri-29b-2~c cluster was almost undetectable. We observed an inverse correlation between miR-29a/b expression and the proliferation rate of various melanoma cell lines. This finding could be corroborated in cells transfected with either miR-29 mimics or inhibitors. The IFN-γ-induced G1-arrest of melanoma cells involves down-regulation of CDK6, which we proved to be a direct target of miR-29 in these cells. Compared to nevi and normal skin, and metastatic melanoma samples, miR-29a and miR-29b levels were found strikingly elevated in certain patient samples derived from primary melanoma. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the miR-29a/b1 cluster is to be included in the group of IFN- and STAT-regulated genes. The up-regulated miR-29 family members may act as effectors of cytokine signalling in melanoma and other cancer cells as well as in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina J Schmitt
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, University of Luxembourg, 162A Avenue de la Faïencerie, Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg.
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Dulak AM, Schumacher S, van Lieshout J, Imamura Y, Fox C, Shim B, Ramos A, Saksena G, Baca S, Baselga J, Tabernero J, Barretina J, Enzinger P, Corso G, Roviello F, Lin L, Bandla S, Luketich J, Pennathur A, Meyerson M, Ogino S, Shivdasani RA, Beer DG, Godfrey TE, Beroukhim R, Bass AJ. Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas of the esophagus, stomach, and colon exhibit distinct patterns of genome instability and oncogenesis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4383-93. [PMID: 22751462 PMCID: PMC3432726 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A more detailed understanding of the somatic genetic events that drive gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas is necessary to improve diagnosis and therapy. Using data from high-density genomic profiling arrays, we conducted an analysis of somatic copy-number aberrations in 486 gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas including 296 esophageal and gastric cancers. Focal amplifications were substantially more prevalent in gastric/esophageal adenocarcinomas than colorectal tumors. We identified 64 regions of significant recurrent amplification and deletion, some shared and others unique to the adenocarcinoma types examined. Amplified genes were noted in 37% of gastric/esophageal tumors, including in therapeutically targetable kinases such as ERBB2, FGFR1, FGFR2, EGFR, and MET, suggesting the potential use of genomic amplifications as biomarkers to guide therapy of gastric and esophageal cancers where targeted therapeutics have been less developed compared with colorectal cancers. Amplified loci implicated genes with known involvement in carcinogenesis but also pointed to regions harboring potentially novel cancer genes, including a recurrent deletion found in 15% of esophageal tumors where the Runt transcription factor subunit RUNX1 was implicated, including by functional experiments in tissue culture. Together, our results defined genomic features that were common and distinct to various gut-derived adenocarcinomas, potentially informing novel opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Dulak
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
| | - Steve Schumacher
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
| | - Jasper van Lieshout
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
| | - Yu Imamura
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
| | - Cameron Fox
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
| | - Byoungyong Shim
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
| | - Alex Ramos
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
| | - Gordon Saksena
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
| | - Sylvan Baca
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
| | - Jose Baselga
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA 02114 U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
| | - Peter Enzinger
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
| | - Giovanni Corso
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology Section of Surgical Oncology, ITT Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena Italy
| | - Franco Roviello
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology Section of Surgical Oncology, ITT Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena Italy
| | - Lin Lin
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 U.S.A
| | - Santhoshi Bandla
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642 U.S.A
| | - James Luketich
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Arjun Pennathur
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
| | - David G Beer
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 U.S.A
| | - Tony E Godfrey
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642 U.S.A
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
| | - Adam J Bass
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 U.S.A
- Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A
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Bandla S, Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Beer DG, Lin L, Bass AJ, Godfrey TE, Litle VR. Comparative genomics of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93:1101-6. [PMID: 22450065 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer consists of two major histologic types: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), predominant globally, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which has a higher incidence in westernized countries. Five-year overall survival is 15%. Clinical trials frequently combine histologic types although they are different diseases with distinct origins. In the evolving era of personalized medicine and targeted therapies, we hypothesized that ESCC and EAC have genomic differences important for developing new therapeutic strategies for esophageal cancer. METHODS We explored DNA copy number abnormalities in 70 ESCCs with publicly available array data and 189 EACs from our group. All data was from single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Analysis was performed using a segmentation algorithm. Log ratio thresholds for copy number gain and loss were set at ±0.2 (approximately 2.3 and 1.7 copies, respectively). RESULTS The ESCC and EAC genomes showed some copy number abnormalities with similar frequencies (eg, CDKN2A, EGFR, KRAS, MYC, CDK6, MET) but also many copy number abnormalities with different frequencies between histologic types, most of which were amplification events. Some of these regions harbor genes for which targeted therapies are currently available (VEGFA, ERBB2) or for which agents are in clinical trials (PIK3CA, FGFR1). Other regions contain putative oncogenes that may be targeted in the future. CONCLUSIONS Using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays we compared genomic abnormalities in a large cohort of EACs and ESCCs. We report here the similar and different frequencies of copy number abnormalities in ESCC and EAC. These results may allow development of histology-specific therapeutic agents for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhoshi Bandla
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642-8410, USA
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Tsai JW, Li CF, Kao YC, Wang JW, Fang FM, Wang YH, Wu WR, Wu LC, Hsing CH, Li SH, Yu SC, Lan J, Huang HY. Recurrent amplification at 7q21.2 Targets CDK6 gene in primary myxofibrosarcomas and identifies CDK6 overexpression as an independent adverse prognosticator. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19:2716-25. [PMID: 22476749 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxofibrosarcoma is genetically complex and remains obscure in molecular determinants of clinical aggressiveness. Our prior study revealed recurrent gains of 7q in myxofibrosarcomas where MET and CDK6 genes displayed increased DNA copies. Previously, we demonstrated the implication of MET overexpression, prompting us to further elucidate the roles of CDK6 in myxofibrosarcomas. MATERIALS On tissue microarrays, CDK6 immunoexpression was assessable in 77 primary tumors, 55 of which were successfully quantified for CDK6 and MET genes by real-time PCR using genomic DNA extracted from laser-microdissected tumor cells. Gene status and protein expression of CDK6 were correlated with each other, clinicopathological variables, metastasis-free survival (MFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS Protein overexpression and gene amplification of CDK6, which were detected in 21 of 77 (27.2 %) and 13 of 55 cases (23.6 %), respectively, were highly related to each other (p < .001) and associated with higher grades (overexpression, p = .004; amplification, p = .014). There was a strong correlation between CDK6 and MET gene copies (p < .001, r = 0.0714). Importantly, CDK6 protein overexpression (MFS, p = .0002; DSS, p = .0015) and gene amplification (MFS, p = .0001; DSS, p = .0083) were both univariately associated with worse outcomes. Together with nonextremity location and AJCC stage III disease, CDK6 overexpression independently portended inferior MFS (p = .0015, risk ratio [RR] = 7.411). This aberration, along with nonextremity location, was also an independent adverse prognosticator of DSS (p = .0069, RR = 6.006). CONCLUSIONS In approximately a quarter of primary myxofibrosarcomas, CDK6 overexpression is mostly driven by gene amplification on 7q, associated with adverse prognosticators, and independently predictive of worse outcomes, highlighting its possible causative role in tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Wei Tsai
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Perotti D, Spreafico F, Torri F, Gamba B, D'Adamo P, Pizzamiglio S, Terenziani M, Catania S, Collini P, Nantron M, Pession A, Bianchi M, Indolfi P, D'Angelo P, Fossati-Bellani F, Verderio P, Macciardi F, Radice P. Genomic profiling by whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism arrays in Wilms tumor and association with relapse. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:644-53. [PMID: 22407497 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the excellent survival rate of Wilms tumor (WT) patients, only approximately one-half of children who suffer tumor recurrence reach second durable remission. This underlines the need for novel markers to optimize initial treatment. We investigated 77 tumors using Illumina 370CNV-QUAD genotyping BeadChip arrays and compared their genomic profiles to detect copy number (CN) abnormalities and allelic ratio anomalies associated with the following clinicopathological variables: relapse (yes vs. no), age at diagnosis (≤ 24 months vs. >24 months), and disease stage (low stage, I and II, vs. high stage, III and IV). We found that CN gains at chromosome region 1q21.1-q31.3 were significantly associated with relapse. Additional genetic events, including allelic imbalances at chromosome arms 1p, 1q, 3p, 3q, and 14q were also found to occur at higher frequency in relapsing tumors. Interestingly, allelic imbalances at 1p and 14q also showed a borderline association with higher tumor stages. No genetic events were found to be associated with age at diagnosis. This is the first genome wide analysis with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays specifically investigating the role of genetic anomalies in predicting WT relapse on cases prospectively enrolled in the same clinical trial. Our study, besides confirming the role of 1q gains, identified a number of additional candidate genetic markers, warranting further molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perotti
- Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy.
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