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Parker CC, Petersen PM, Cook AD, Clarke NW, Catton C, Cross WR, Kynaston H, Parulekar WR, Persad RA, Saad F, Bower L, Durkan GC, Logue J, Maniatis C, Noor D, Payne H, Anderson J, Bahl AK, Bashir F, Bottomley DM, Brasso K, Capaldi L, Cooke PW, Chung C, Donohue J, Eddy B, Heath CM, Henderson A, Henry A, Jaganathan R, Jakobsen H, James ND, Joseph J, Lees K, Lester J, Lindberg H, Makar A, Morris SL, Oommen N, Ostler P, Owen L, Patel P, Pope A, Popert R, Raman R, Ramani V, Røder A, Sayers I, Simms M, Srinivasan V, Sundaram S, Tarver KL, Tran A, Wells P, Wilson J, Zarkar AM, Parmar MKM, Sydes MR. Timing of Radiotherapy (RT) After Radical Prostatectomy (RP): Long-term outcomes in the RADICALS-RT trial [NCT00541047]. Ann Oncol 2024:S0923-7534(24)00105-4. [PMID: 38583574 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal timing of radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer has been uncertain. RADICALS-RT compared efficacy and safety of adjuvant RT versus an observation policy with salvage RT for PSA failure. METHODS RADICALS-RT was a randomised controlled trial enrolling patients with ≥1 risk factor (pT3/4, Gleason 7-10, positive margins, pre-op PSA≥10ng/ml) for recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Patients were randomised 1:1 to adjuvant RT ("Adjuvant-RT") or an observation policy with salvage RT for PSA failure ("Salvage-RT") defined as PSA≥0.1ng/ml or 3 consecutive rises. Stratification factors were Gleason score, margin status, planned RT schedule (52.5Gy/20 fractions or 66Gy/33 fractions) and treatment centre. The primary outcome measure was freedom-from-distant metastasis, designed with 80% power to detect an improvement from 90% with Salvage-RT (control) to 95% at 10yr with Adjuvant-RT. Secondary outcome measures were bPFS, freedom-from-non-protocol hormone therapy, safety and patient-reported outcomes. Standard survival analysis methods were used; HR<1 favours Adjuvant-RT. FINDINGS Between Oct-2007 and Dec-2016, 1396 participants from UK, Denmark, Canada and Ireland were randomised: 699 Salvage-RT, 697 Adjuvant-RT. Allocated groups were balanced with median age 65yr. 93% (649/697) Adjuvant-RT reported RT within 6m after randomisation; 39% (270/699) Salvage-RT reported RT during follow-up. Median follow-up was 7.8 years. With 80 distant metastasis events, 10yr FFDM was 93% for Adjuvant-RT and 90% for Salvage-RT: HR=0.68 (95%CI 0·43-1·07, p=0·095). Of 109 deaths, 17 were due to prostate cancer. Overall survival was not improved (HR=0.980, 95%CI 0.667-1.440, p=0.917). Adjuvant-RT reported worse urinary and faecal incontinence one year after randomisation (p=0.001); faecal incontinence remained significant after ten years (p=0.017). INTERPRETATION Long-term results from RADICALS-RT confirm adjuvant RT after radical prostatectomy increases the risk of urinary and bowel morbidity, but does not meaningfully improve disease control. An observation policy with salvage RT for PSA failure should be the current standard after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Parker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - P M Petersen
- Dept of Oncology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Cook
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - N W Clarke
- Dept of Urology, The Christie and Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK; The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Catton
- Dept of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W R Cross
- Dept of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - H Kynaston
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - W R Parulekar
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R A Persad
- Dept of Urology, Bristol Urological Institute, Bristol, UK
| | - F Saad
- Dept of Urology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - L Bower
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G C Durkan
- Dept of Urology, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J Logue
- Dept of Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS FT, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| | - C Maniatis
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - D Noor
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - H Payne
- The Prostate Centre, London, UK
| | - J Anderson
- St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK
| | - A K Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol & Weston NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - F Bashir
- Queen's Centre for Oncology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
| | | | - K Brasso
- Dept of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Capaldi
- Worcester Oncology Centre, Worcestershire Acute NHS Hospitals Trust, Worcester, UK
| | - P W Cooke
- Dept of Urology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - C Chung
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - J Donohue
- Dept of Urology, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, UK
| | - B Eddy
- East Kent University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Kent, UK
| | - C M Heath
- Dept of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - A Henderson
- Dept of Urology, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, UK
| | - A Henry
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R Jaganathan
- Dept of Urology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - H Jakobsen
- Dept of Urology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - N D James
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Joseph
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals, UK; York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals, UK
| | - K Lees
- Dept of Oncology, Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Maidstone, UK
| | - J Lester
- South West Wales Cancer Centre, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK
| | - H Lindberg
- Dept of Oncology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - A Makar
- Dept of Urology, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals Trust, Worcester, UK
| | - S L Morris
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N Oommen
- Wrexham Maelor Hospital, Wrexham, UK
| | - P Ostler
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - L Owen
- Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK; Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds, UK
| | - P Patel
- Dept of Urology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - A Pope
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - R Popert
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Raman
- Kent Oncology Centre, Kent & Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK
| | - V Ramani
- Dept of Urology, The Christie and Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | - A Røder
- Dept of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Sayers
- Deanesly Centre, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - M Simms
- Dept of Urology, Hull University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - V Srinivasan
- Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl, UK
| | - S Sundaram
- Dept of Urology, Mid Yorkshire Teaching Hospital, Pontefract, UK
| | - K L Tarver
- Dept of Oncology, Queen's Hospital, Romford, UK
| | - A Tran
- Dept of Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS FT, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, UK
| | - P Wells
- St Bartholomews Hospital, London UK
| | - J Wilson
- Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - A M Zarkar
- Dept of Oncology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M K M Parmar
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK
| | - M R Sydes
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, UK.
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Abujudeh S, Zeki SS, van Lanschot MCJ, Pusung M, Weaver JMJ, Li X, Noorani A, Metz AJ, Bornschein J, Bower L, Miremadi A, Fitzgerald RC, Morrissey ER, Lynch AG. Low-cost and clinically applicable copy number profiling using repeat DNA. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:599. [PMID: 35978291 PMCID: PMC9386984 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) are an important class of genomic alteration in cancer. They are frequently observed in cancer samples, with studies showing that, on average, SCNAs affect 34% of a cancer cell's genome. Furthermore, SCNAs have been shown to be major drivers of tumour development and have been associated with response to therapy and prognosis. Large-scale cancer genome studies suggest that tumours are driven by somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) or single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). Despite the frequency of SCNAs and their clinical relevance, the use of genomics assays in the clinic is biased towards targeted gene panels, which identify SNVs but provide limited scope to detect SCNAs throughout the genome. There is a need for a comparably low-cost and simple method for high-resolution SCNA profiling. RESULTS We present conliga, a fully probabilistic method that infers SCNA profiles from a low-cost, simple, and clinically-relevant assay (FAST-SeqS). When applied to 11 high-purity oesophageal adenocarcinoma samples, we obtain good agreement (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, rs=0.94) between conliga's inferred SCNA profiles using FAST-SeqS data (approximately £14 per sample) and those inferred by ASCAT using high-coverage WGS (gold-standard). We find that conliga outperforms CNVkit (rs=0.89), also applied to FAST-SeqS data, and is comparable to QDNAseq (rs=0.96) applied to low-coverage WGS, which is approximately four-fold more expensive, more laborious and less clinically-relevant. By performing an in silico dilution series experiment, we find that conliga is particularly suited to detecting SCNAs in low tumour purity samples. At two million reads per sample, conliga is able to detect SCNAs in all nine samples at 3% tumour purity and as low as 0.5% purity in one sample. Crucially, we show that conliga's hidden state information can be used to decide when a sample is abnormal or normal, whereas CNVkit and QDNAseq cannot provide this critical information. CONCLUSIONS We show that conliga provides high-resolution SCNA profiles using a convenient, low-cost assay. We believe conliga makes FAST-SeqS a more clinically valuable assay as well as a useful research tool, enabling inexpensive and fast copy number profiling of pre-malignant and cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Abujudeh
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Sebastian S Zeki
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | | | - Mark Pusung
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jamie M J Weaver
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4TX, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ayesha Noorani
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Metz
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Bornschein
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Edward R Morrissey
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. .,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK. .,School of Mathematics and Statistics/School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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Barnes H, Alexander S, Bower L, Ehlers J, Gani C, Herbert T, Lawes R, Krause P, øller M, Morgan T, Nowee M, Smith G, van Triest B, Tyagi N, Whiteside L, McNair H. PD-0798 Development and results of a patient-reported treatment experience questionnaire on a 1.5 T MR-Linac. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hunt A, Hanson I, Dunlop A, Bower L, Barnes H, Chick J, Herbert T, Lawes R, McNair H, Mitchell A, Mohajer J, Morgan T, Smith G, Nill S, Oelfke U, Huddart R, Hafeez S. OC-0469: MR-guided online adaptive radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer: First UK experience. Radiother Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hunt A, Hanson I, Dunlop A, Barnes H, Bower L, Chick J, Cruickshank C, Hall E, Herbert T, Lawes R, McQuaid D, McNair H, Mitchell A, Mohajer J, Morgan T, Oelfke U, Smith G, Nill S, Huddart R, Hafeez S. Feasibility of magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy for the treatment of bladder cancer. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 25:46-51. [PMID: 33015380 PMCID: PMC7522378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole bladder magnetic resonance image-guided radiotherapy using the 1.5 Telsa MR-linac is feasible. Full online adaptive planning workflow based on the anatomy seen at each fraction was performed. This was delivered within 45 min. Intra-fraction bladder filling did not compromise target coverage. Patients reported acceptable tolerance of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hunt
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - I. Hanson
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A. Dunlop
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H. Barnes
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L. Bower
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J. Chick
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C. Cruickshank
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - E. Hall
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - T. Herbert
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R. Lawes
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D. McQuaid
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H. McNair
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A. Mitchell
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J. Mohajer
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - T. Morgan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - U. Oelfke
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G. Smith
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S. Nill
- The Joint Department of Physics at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R. Huddart
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S. Hafeez
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Noorani A, Li X, Goddard M, Crawte J, Alexandrov LB, Secrier M, Eldridge MD, Bower L, Weaver J, Lao-Sirieix P, Martincorena I, Debiram-Beecham I, Grehan N, MacRae S, Malhotra S, Miremadi A, Thomas T, Galbraith S, Petersen L, Preston SD, Gilligan D, Hindmarsh A, Hardwick RH, Stratton MR, Wedge DC, Fitzgerald RC. Genomic evidence supports a clonal diaspora model for metastases of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2020; 52:74-83. [PMID: 31907488 PMCID: PMC7100916 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The poor outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) prompted us to interrogate the pattern and timing of metastatic spread. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 388 samples across 18 individuals with EAC showed, in 90% of patients, that multiple subclones from the primary tumor spread very rapidly from the primary site to form multiple metastases, including lymph nodes and distant tissues-a mode of dissemination that we term 'clonal diaspora'. Metastatic subclones at autopsy were present in tissue and blood samples from earlier time points. These findings have implications for our understanding and clinical evaluation of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaodun Li
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Goddard
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason Crawte
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludmil B Alexandrov
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jamie Weaver
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Grehan
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shalini Malhotra
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah Galbraith
- Department of Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stephen D Preston
- Department of Histopathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Gilligan
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Hindmarsh
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard H Hardwick
- Cambridge Oesophago-Gastric Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David C Wedge
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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Bornschein J, Wernisch L, Secrier M, Miremadi A, Perner J, MacRae S, O'Donovan M, Newton R, Menon S, Bower L, Eldridge MD, Devonshire G, Cheah C, Turkington R, Hardwick RH, Selgrad M, Venerito M, Malfertheiner P, Fitzgerald RC. Transcriptomic profiling reveals three molecular phenotypes of adenocarcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3389-3401. [PMID: 31050820 PMCID: PMC6851674 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancers occurring at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) are classified as predominantly esophageal or gastric, which is often difficult to decipher. We hypothesized that the transcriptomic profile might reveal molecular subgroups which could help to define the tumor origin and behavior beyond anatomical location. The gene expression profiles of 107 treatment-naïve, intestinal type, gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas were assessed by the Illumina-HTv4.0 beadchip. Differential gene expression (limma), unsupervised subgroup assignment (mclust) and pathway analysis (gage) were undertaken in R statistical computing and results were related to demographic and clinical parameters. Unsupervised assignment of the gene expression profiles revealed three distinct molecular subgroups, which were not associated with anatomical location, tumor stage or grade (p > 0.05). Group 1 was enriched for pathways involved in cell turnover, Group 2 was enriched for metabolic processes and Group 3 for immune-response pathways. Patients in group 1 showed the worst overall survival (p = 0.019). Key genes for the three subtypes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The newly defined intrinsic subtypes were analyzed in four independent datasets of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas with transcriptomic data available (RNAseq data: OCCAMS cohort, n = 158; gene expression arrays: Belfast, n = 63; Singapore, n = 191; Asian Cancer Research Group, n = 300). The subgroups were represented in the independent cohorts and pooled analysis confirmed the prognostic effect of the new subtypes. In conclusion, adenocarcinomas at the GEJ comprise three distinct molecular phenotypes which do not reflect anatomical location but rather inform our understanding of the key pathways expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxford University HospitalsOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lorenz Wernisch
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shona MacRae
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Newton
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ginny Devonshire
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Calvin Cheah
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Richard H. Hardwick
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Selgrad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Marino Venerito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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8
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Eccles C, Adair Smith G, Bower L, Hafeez S, Herbert T, Hunt A, McNair H, Ofuya M, Oelfke U, Nill S, Huddart R. Magnetic resonance imaging sequence evaluation of an MR Linac system; early clinical experience. Tech Innov Patient Support Radiat Oncol 2019; 12:56-63. [PMID: 32095556 PMCID: PMC7033780 DOI: 10.1016/j.tipsro.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically identify the preferred magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences following volunteer imaging on a 1.5 Tesla (T) MR-Linear Accelerator (MR Linac) for future protocol development. METHODS Non-patient volunteers were recruited to a Research and Ethics committee approved prospective MR-only imaging study on a 1.5T MR Linac system. Volunteers attended 1-3 imaging sessions that included a combination of mDixon, T1w, T2w sequences using 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) acquisitions. Each sequence was acquired over 2-7 minutes and reviewed by a panel of 3 observers to evaluate image quality using a visual grading analysis based on a 4-point Likert scale. Sequences were acquired and modified iteratively until deemed fit for purpose (online image matching or re-planning) and all observers agreed they were suitable in 3 volunteers. RESULTS 26 volunteers underwent 31 imaging sessions of six general anatomical regions. Images were acquired in one or two of six general anatomical regions: male pelvis (n = 9), female pelvis (n = 4), chestwall/breast (n = 5), lung/oesophagus (n = 5), abdomen (n = 3) and head and neck (n = 5). Images were acquired using a pre-defined exam-card that on average, included six sequences (range 2-10), with a maximum scan time of approximately one hour. The majority of observers preferred T2-weighted sequences. The thorax teams were the only groups to prefer T1-weighted imaging. CONCLUSIONS An iterative process identified sequence agreement in all anatomical regions. These sequences will now be evaluated in patient volunteers. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This manuscript is the first publication sharing the results of the first systematic selection of MRI sequences for use in on-board MRI-guided radiotherapy by end-users (therapeutic radiographers and clinical oncologists) in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Eccles
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, and the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - G. Adair Smith
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - L. Bower
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - S. Hafeez
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - T. Herbert
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. Hunt
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - H.A. McNair
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mercy Ofuya
- Clinical Trials and Statistic Unit, The Institute for Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Oelfke
- Joint Department of Physics at the Royal Marsden and The Institute of Cancer Research, United Kingdom
| | - Simeon Nill
- Joint Department of Physics at the Royal Marsden and The Institute of Cancer Research, United Kingdom
| | - R.A. Huddart
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Pathmanathan A, Bower L, Creasey H, Dunlop A, Hall E, Hanson I, Herbert T, Lawes R, McQuaid D, McNair H, Mitchell A, Smith G, Huddart R, Oelfke U, Nill S, Tree A. EP-1566 MR-guided online adaptive radiotherapy: First experience in the UK. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Smith GA, Herbert T, Lawes R, Creasey H, Dunlop A, Mitchell A, Pathmanathan A, Bower L, Hanson I, McQuaid D, Huddart R, Oelfke U, Nill S, Tree A, McNair H. EP-2173 Bladder filling in patients undergoing prostate radiotherapy on the MR-linac. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)32593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Frankell AM, Jammula S, Li X, Contino G, Killcoyne S, Abbas S, Perner J, Bower L, Devonshire G, Ococks E, Grehan N, Mok J, O'Donovan M, MacRae S, Eldridge MD, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. The landscape of selection in 551 esophageal adenocarcinomas defines genomic biomarkers for the clinic. Nat Genet 2019; 51:506-516. [PMID: 30718927 PMCID: PMC6420087 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a poor-prognosis cancer type with rapidly rising incidence. Understanding of the genetic events driving EAC development is limited, and there are few molecular biomarkers for prognostication or therapeutics. Using a cohort of 551 genomically characterized EACs with matched RNA sequencing data, we discovered 77 EAC driver genes and 21 noncoding driver elements. We identified a mean of 4.4 driver events per tumor, which were derived more commonly from mutations than copy number alterations, and compared the prevelence of these mutations to the exome-wide mutational excess calculated using non-synonymous to synonymous mutation ratios (dN/dS). We observed mutual exclusivity or co-occurrence of events within and between several dysregulated EAC pathways, a result suggestive of strong functional relationships. Indicators of poor prognosis (SMAD4 and GATA4) were verified in independent cohorts with significant predictive value. Over 50% of EACs contained sensitizing events for CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitors, which were highly correlated with clinically relevant sensitivity in a panel of EAC cell lines and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Frankell
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - SriGanesh Jammula
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianmarco Contino
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Killcoyne
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Sujath Abbas
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ginny Devonshire
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Ococks
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Mok
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Shona MacRae
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- MRC cancer unit, Hutchison/MRC research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Li X, Francies HE, Secrier M, Perner J, Miremadi A, Galeano-Dalmau N, Barendt WJ, Letchford L, Leyden GM, Goffin EK, Barthorpe A, Lightfoot H, Chen E, Gilbert J, Noorani A, Devonshire G, Bower L, Grantham A, MacRae S, Grehan N, Wedge DC, Fitzgerald RC, Garnett MJ. Organoid cultures recapitulate esophageal adenocarcinoma heterogeneity providing a model for clonality studies and precision therapeutics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2983. [PMID: 30061675 PMCID: PMC6065407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence is increasing while 5-year survival rates remain less than 15%. A lack of experimental models has hampered progress. We have generated clinically annotated EAC organoid cultures that recapitulate the morphology, genomic, and transcriptomic landscape of the primary tumor including point mutations, copy number alterations, and mutational signatures. Karyotyping of organoid cultures has confirmed polyclonality reflecting the clonal architecture of the primary tumor. Furthermore, subclones underwent clonal selection associated with driver gene status. Medium throughput drug sensitivity testing demonstrates the potential of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream mediators. EAC organoid cultures provide a pre-clinical tool for studies of clonal evolution and precision therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodun Li
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Oncology IMED, AstraZeneca, Chesterford, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Emma K Goffin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Gilbert
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ayesha Noorani
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Amber Grantham
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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13
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Noorani A, Bornschein J, Lynch AG, Secrier M, Achilleos A, Eldridge M, Bower L, Weaver JMJ, Crawte J, Ong CA, Shannon N, MacRae S, Grehan N, Nutzinger B, O'Donovan M, Hardwick R, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. Corrigendum: A comparative analysis of whole genome sequencing of esophageal adenocarcinoma pre- and post-chemotherapy. Genome Res 2017; 27:1782. [PMID: 28974564 PMCID: PMC5630041 DOI: 10.1101/gr.229153.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Noorani A, Bornschein J, Lynch AG, Secrier M, Achilleos A, Eldridge M, Bower L, Weaver JMJ, Crawte J, Ong CA, Shannon N, MacRae S, Grehan N, Nutzinger B, O'Donovan M, Hardwick R, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. A comparative analysis of whole genome sequencing of esophageal adenocarcinoma pre- and post-chemotherapy. Genome Res 2017; 27:902-912. [PMID: 28465312 PMCID: PMC5453324 DOI: 10.1101/gr.214296.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The scientific community has avoided using tissue samples from patients that have been exposed to systemic chemotherapy to infer the genomic landscape of a given cancer. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a heterogeneous, chemoresistant tumor for which the availability and size of pretreatment endoscopic samples are limiting. This study compares whole-genome sequencing data obtained from chemo-naive and chemo-treated samples. The quality of whole-genomic sequencing data is comparable across all samples regardless of chemotherapy status. Inclusion of samples collected post-chemotherapy increased the proportion of late-stage tumors. When comparing matched pre- and post-chemotherapy samples from 10 cases, the mutational signatures, copy number, and SNV mutational profiles reflect the expected heterogeneity in this disease. Analysis of SNVs in relation to allele-specific copy-number changes pinpoints the common ancestor to a point prior to chemotherapy. For cases in which pre- and post-chemotherapy samples do show substantial differences, the timing of the divergence is near-synchronous with endoreduplication. Comparison across a large prospective cohort (62 treatment-naive, 58 chemotherapy-treated samples) reveals no significant differences in the overall mutation rate, mutation signatures, specific recurrent point mutations, or copy-number events in respect to chemotherapy status. In conclusion, whole-genome sequencing of samples obtained following neoadjuvant chemotherapy is representative of the genomic landscape of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Excluding these samples reduces the material available for cataloging and introduces a bias toward the earlier stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Noorani
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Bornschein
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andy G Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Achilleas Achilleos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie M J Weaver
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Crawte
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chin-Ann Ong
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Shannon
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Shona MacRae
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Grehan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Nutzinger
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hardwick
- Oesophago-Gastric Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Fels Elliott DR, Perner J, Li X, Symmons MF, Verstak B, Eldridge M, Bower L, O’Donovan M, Gay NJ, Fitzgerald RC. Impact of mutations in Toll-like receptor pathway genes on esophageal carcinogenesis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006808. [PMID: 28531216 PMCID: PMC5460900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) develops in an inflammatory microenvironment with reduced microbial diversity, but mechanisms for these influences remain poorly characterized. We hypothesized that mutations targeting the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway could disrupt innate immune signaling and promote a microenvironment that favors tumorigenesis. Through interrogating whole genome sequencing data from 171 EAC patients, we showed that non-synonymous mutations collectively affect the TLR pathway in 25/171 (14.6%, PathScan p = 8.7x10-5) tumors. TLR mutant cases were associated with more proximal tumors and metastatic disease, indicating possible clinical significance of these mutations. Only rare mutations were identified in adjacent Barrett's esophagus samples. We validated our findings in an external EAC dataset with non-synonymous TLR pathway mutations in 33/149 (22.1%, PathScan p = 0.05) tumors, and in other solid tumor types exposed to microbiomes in the COSMIC database (10,318 samples), including uterine endometrioid carcinoma (188/320, 58.8%), cutaneous melanoma (377/988, 38.2%), colorectal adenocarcinoma (402/1519, 26.5%), and stomach adenocarcinoma (151/579, 26.1%). TLR4 was the most frequently mutated gene with eleven mutations in 10/171 (5.8%) of EAC tumors. The TLR4 mutants E439G, S570I, F703C and R787H were confirmed to have impaired reactivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharide with marked reductions in signaling by luciferase reporter assays. Overall, our findings show that TLR pathway genes are recurrently mutated in EAC, and TLR4 mutations have decreased responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and may play a role in disease pathogenesis in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodun Li
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn F. Symmons
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Verstak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria O’Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Secrier M, Li X, de Silva N, Eldridge MD, Contino G, Bornschein J, MacRae S, Grehan N, O'Donovan M, Miremadi A, Yang TP, Bower L, Chettouh H, Crawte J, Galeano-Dalmau N, Grabowska A, Saunders J, Underwood T, Waddell N, Barbour AP, Nutzinger B, Achilleos A, Edwards PAW, Lynch AG, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. Corrigendum: Mutational signatures in esophageal adenocarcinoma define etiologically distinct subgroups with therapeutic relevance. Nat Genet 2017; 49:317. [PMID: 28138154 DOI: 10.1038/ng0217-317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Secrier M, Li X, de Silva N, Eldridge MD, Contino G, Bornschein J, MacRae S, Grehan N, O’Donovan M, Miremadi A, Yang TP, Bower L, Chettouh H, Crawte J, Galeano-Dalmau N, Grabowska A, Saunders J, Underwood T, Waddell N, Barbour AP, Nutzinger B, Achilleos A, Edwards PAW, Lynch AG, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. Mutational signatures in esophageal adenocarcinoma define etiologically distinct subgroups with therapeutic relevance. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1131-41. [PMID: 27595477 PMCID: PMC5957269 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a poor outcome, and targeted therapy trials have thus far been disappointing owing to a lack of robust stratification methods. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 129 cases demonstrated that this is a heterogeneous cancer dominated by copy number alterations with frequent large-scale rearrangements. Co-amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and/or downstream mitogenic activation is almost ubiquitous; thus tailored combination RTK inhibitor (RTKi) therapy might be required, as we demonstrate in vitro. However, mutational signatures showed three distinct molecular subtypes with potential therapeutic relevance, which we verified in an independent cohort (n = 87): (i) enrichment for BRCA signature with prevalent defects in the homologous recombination pathway; (ii) dominant T>G mutational pattern associated with a high mutational load and neoantigen burden; and (iii) C>A/T mutational pattern with evidence of an aging imprint. These subtypes could be ascertained using a clinically applicable sequencing strategy (low coverage) as a basis for therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadeera de Silva
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianmarco Contino
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Bornschein
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tsun-Po Yang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hamza Chettouh
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason Crawte
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Núria Galeano-Dalmau
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Saunders
- Department of Oesophagogastric Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Barbour
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara Nutzinger
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Achilleas Achilleos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andy G. Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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18
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Contino G, Eldridge MD, Secrier M, Bower L, Fels Elliott R, Weaver J, Lynch AG, Edwards PA, Fitzgerald RC. Whole-genome sequencing of nine esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. F1000Res 2016; 5:1336. [PMID: 27594985 PMCID: PMC4991527 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7033.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is highly mutated and molecularly heterogeneous. The number of cell lines available for study is limited and their genome has been only partially characterized. The availability of an accurate annotation of their mutational landscape is crucial for accurate experimental design and correct interpretation of genotype-phenotype findings. We performed high coverage, paired end whole genome sequencing on eight EAC cell lines-ESO26, ESO51, FLO-1, JH-EsoAd1, OACM5.1 C, OACP4 C, OE33, SK-GT-4-all verified against original patient material, and one esophageal high grade dysplasia cell line, CP-D. We have made available the aligned sequence data and report single nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertions and deletions (indels), and copy number alterations, identified by comparison with the human reference genome and known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We compare these putative mutations to mutations found in primary tissue EAC samples, to inform the use of these cell lines as a model of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Contino
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachael Fels Elliott
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jamie Weaver
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy G. Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Alioto TS, Buchhalter I, Derdak S, Hutter B, Eldridge MD, Hovig E, Heisler LE, Beck TA, Simpson JT, Tonon L, Sertier AS, Patch AM, Jäger N, Ginsbach P, Drews R, Paramasivam N, Kabbe R, Chotewutmontri S, Diessl N, Previti C, Schmidt S, Brors B, Feuerbach L, Heinold M, Gröbner S, Korshunov A, Tarpey PS, Butler AP, Hinton J, Jones D, Menzies A, Raine K, Shepherd R, Stebbings L, Teague JW, Ribeca P, Giner FC, Beltran S, Raineri E, Dabad M, Heath SC, Gut M, Denroche RE, Harding NJ, Yamaguchi TN, Fujimoto A, Nakagawa H, Quesada V, Valdés-Mas R, Nakken S, Vodák D, Bower L, Lynch AG, Anderson CL, Waddell N, Pearson JV, Grimmond SM, Peto M, Spellman P, He M, Kandoth C, Lee S, Zhang J, Létourneau L, Ma S, Seth S, Torrents D, Xi L, Wheeler DA, López-Otín C, Campo E, Campbell PJ, Boutros PC, Puente XS, Gerhard DS, Pfister SM, McPherson JD, Hudson TJ, Schlesner M, Lichter P, Eils R, Jones DTW, Gut IG. A comprehensive assessment of somatic mutation detection in cancer using whole-genome sequencing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10001. [PMID: 26647970 PMCID: PMC4682041 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As whole-genome sequencing for cancer genome analysis becomes a clinical tool, a full understanding of the variables affecting sequencing analysis output is required. Here using tumour-normal sample pairs from two different types of cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and medulloblastoma, we conduct a benchmarking exercise within the context of the International Cancer Genome Consortium. We compare sequencing methods, analysis pipelines and validation methods. We show that using PCR-free methods and increasing sequencing depth to ∼ 100 × shows benefits, as long as the tumour:control coverage ratio remains balanced. We observe widely varying mutation call rates and low concordance among analysis pipelines, reflecting the artefact-prone nature of the raw data and lack of standards for dealing with the artefacts. However, we show that, using the benchmark mutation set we have created, many issues are in fact easy to remedy and have an immediate positive impact on mutation detection accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Buchhalter
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sophia Derdak
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Hutter
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lawrence E. Heisler
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Timothy A. Beck
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Jared T. Simpson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Laurie Tonon
- Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Centre Léon Bérard, Cheney C, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69373, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Sertier
- Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Centre Léon Bérard, Cheney C, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69373, France
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Natalie Jäger
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Mail Stop-5120, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Philip Ginsbach
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ruben Drews
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Rolf Kabbe
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sasithorn Chotewutmontri
- Genome and Proteome Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Nicolle Diessl
- Genome and Proteome Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Christopher Previti
- Genome and Proteome Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Genome and Proteome Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lars Feuerbach
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Heinold
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Susanne Gröbner
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Adam P. Butler
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jonathan Hinton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew Menzies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Keiran Raine
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rebecca Shepherd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lucy Stebbings
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jon W. Teague
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Castro Giner
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Raineri
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon C. Heath
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert E. Denroche
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Nicholas J. Harding
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Takafumi N. Yamaguchi
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Universidad de Oviedo—IUOPA, C/Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael Valdés-Mas
- Universidad de Oviedo—IUOPA, C/Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sigve Nakken
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Vodák
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- The Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew G. Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Charlotte L. Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - John V. Pearson
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Sean M. Grimmond
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- WolfsonWohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - Myron Peto
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA
| | | | - Cyriac Kandoth
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Semin Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Singer Ma
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Sahil Seth
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David Torrents
- IRB-BSC Joint Research Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liu Xi
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David A. Wheeler
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Universidad de Oviedo—IUOPA, C/Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul C. Boutros
- Synergie Lyon Cancer Foundation, Centre Léon Bérard, Cheney C, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon 69373, France
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Xose S. Puente
- Universidad de Oviedo—IUOPA, C/Fernando Bongera s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniela S. Gerhard
- National Cancer Institute, Office of Cancer Genomics, 31 Center Drive, 10A07, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2580, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - John D. McPherson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Thomas J. Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A3
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120,Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalised Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalised Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - David T. W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ivo G. Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Cochrane G, Alako B, Amid C, Bower L, Cerdeño-Tárraga A, Cleland I, Gibson R, Goodgame N, Jang M, Kay S, Leinonen R, Lin X, Lopez R, McWilliam H, Oisel A, Pakseresht N, Pallreddy S, Park Y, Plaister S, Radhakrishnan R, Rivière S, Rossello M, Senf A, Silvester N, Smirnov D, Ten Hoopen P, Toribio A, Vaughan D, Zalunin V. Facing growth in the European Nucleotide Archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23203883 PMCID: PMC3531187 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/) collects, maintains and presents comprehensive nucleic acid sequence and related information as part of the permanent public scientific record. Here, we provide brief updates on ENA content developments and major service enhancements in 2012 and describe in more detail two important areas of development and policy that are driven by ongoing growth in sequencing technologies. First, we describe the ENA data warehouse, a resource for which we provide a programmatic entry point to integrated content across the breadth of ENA. Second, we detail our plans for the deployment of CRAM data compression technology in ENA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cochrane
- EMBL - European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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21
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Bower L, Braven J, Manley G. The isolation and characterization of glycosaminoglycans in normal human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 6:67-74. [PMID: 16867441 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(88)80031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1987] [Revised: 06/22/1987] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of conditions for the isolation and characterization of human serum glycosaminoglycans (GAG) is described, together with studies of the accuracy and reproducibility of the method. The principle of the method is proteolytic digestion of serum using papain followed by precipitation of GAGs from the digested sample with cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC). The uronic acid level and electrophoretic separations can be obtained from a 5 ml serum sample. The mean CPC-precipitable uronic acid level in pooled normal serum was 10.8 mg l(-1) serum. Using enzymatic and chemical analysis the major serum GAG was shown to be chondroitin sulphate (CS). Two distinct electrophoretic fractions were identified both consisting of CS but differing in their degree of sulphation. Dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bower
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Torbay Hospital, Torquay UK
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22
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Amid C, Birney E, Bower L, Cerdeño-Tárraga A, Cheng Y, Cleland I, Faruque N, Gibson R, Goodgame N, Hunter C, Jang M, Leinonen R, Liu X, Oisel A, Pakseresht N, Plaister S, Radhakrishnan R, Reddy K, Rivière S, Rossello M, Senf A, Smirnov D, Ten Hoopen P, Vaughan D, Vaughan R, Zalunin V, Cochrane G. Major submissions tool developments at the European Nucleotide Archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:D43-7. [PMID: 22080548 PMCID: PMC3245037 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena), Europe's primary nucleotide sequence resource, captures and presents globally comprehensive nucleic acid sequence and associated information. Covering the spectrum from raw data to assembled and functionally annotated genomes, the ENA has witnessed a dramatic growth resulting from advances in sequencing technology and ever broadening application of the methodology. During 2011, we have continued to operate and extend the broad range of ENA services. In particular, we have released major new functionality in our interactive web submission system, Webin, through developments in template-based submissions for annotated sequences and support for raw next-generation sequence read submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Amid
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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23
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Paisey RB, Bower L, Rosindale S, Lawrence C. Successful treatment of obesity and diabetes with incretin analogue over four years in an adult with Prader-Willi syndrome. Practical Diabetes 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Leinonen R, Akhtar R, Birney E, Bower L, Cerdeno-Tárraga A, Cheng Y, Cleland I, Faruque N, Goodgame N, Gibson R, Hoad G, Jang M, Pakseresht N, Plaister S, Radhakrishnan R, Reddy K, Sobhany S, Ten Hoopen P, Vaughan R, Zalunin V, Cochrane G. The European Nucleotide Archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:D28-31. [PMID: 20972220 PMCID: PMC3013801 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) is Europe's primary nucleotide-sequence repository. The ENA consists of three main databases: the Sequence Read Archive (SRA), the Trace Archive and EMBL-Bank. The objective of ENA is to support and promote the use of nucleotide sequencing as an experimental research platform by providing data submission, archive, search and download services. In this article, we outline these services and describe major changes and improvements introduced during 2010. These include extended EMBL-Bank and SRA-data submission services, extended ENA Browser functionality, support for submitting data to the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) through SRA, and the launch of a new sequence similarity search service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasko Leinonen
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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25
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Leinonen R, Akhtar R, Birney E, Bonfield J, Bower L, Corbett M, Cheng Y, Demiralp F, Faruque N, Goodgame N, Gibson R, Hoad G, Hunter C, Jang M, Leonard S, Lin Q, Lopez R, Maguire M, McWilliam H, Plaister S, Radhakrishnan R, Sobhany S, Slater G, Ten Hoopen P, Valentin F, Vaughan R, Zalunin V, Zerbino D, Cochrane G. Improvements to services at the European Nucleotide Archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D39-45. [PMID: 19906712 PMCID: PMC2808951 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) is Europe’s primary nucleotide sequence archival resource, safeguarding open nucleotide data access, engaging in worldwide collaborative data exchange and integrating with the scientific publication process. ENA has made significant contributions to the collaborative nucleotide archival arena as an active proponent of extending the traditional collaboration to cover capillary and next-generation sequencing information. We have continued to co-develop data and metadata representation formats with our collaborators for both data exchange and public data dissemination. In addition to the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank feature table format, we share metadata formats for capillary and next-generation sequencing traces and are using and contributing to the NCBI SRA Toolkit for the long-term storage of the next-generation sequence traces. During the course of 2009, ENA has significantly improved sequence submission, search and access functionalities provided at EMBL–EBI. In this article, we briefly describe the content and scope of our archive and introduce major improvements to our services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasko Leinonen
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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26
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Cochrane G, Akhtar R, Bonfield J, Bower L, Demiralp F, Faruque N, Gibson R, Hoad G, Hubbard T, Hunter C, Jang M, Juhos S, Leinonen R, Leonard S, Lin Q, Lopez R, Lorenc D, McWilliam H, Mukherjee G, Plaister S, Radhakrishnan R, Robinson S, Sobhany S, Hoopen PT, Vaughan R, Zalunin V, Birney E. Petabyte-scale innovations at the European Nucleotide Archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 37:D19-25. [PMID: 18978013 PMCID: PMC2686451 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dramatic increases in the throughput of nucleotide sequencing machines, and the promise of ever greater performance, have thrust bioinformatics into the era of petabyte-scale data sets. Sequence repositories, which provide the feed for these data sets into the worldwide computational infrastructure, are challenged by the impact of these data volumes. The European Nucleotide Archive (ENA; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl), comprising the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database and the Ensembl Trace Archive, has identified challenges in the storage, movement, analysis, interpretation and visualization of petabyte-scale data sets. We present here our new repository for next generation sequence data, a brief summary of contents of the ENA and provide details of major developments to submission pipelines, high-throughput rule-based validation infrastructure and data integration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cochrane
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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27
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Cochrane G, Akhtar R, Aldebert P, Althorpe N, Baldwin A, Bates K, Bhattacharyya S, Bonfield J, Bower L, Browne P, Castro M, Cox T, Demiralp F, Eberhardt R, Faruque N, Hoad G, Jang M, Kulikova T, Labarga A, Leinonen R, Leonard S, Lin Q, Lopez R, Lorenc D, McWilliam H, Mukherjee G, Nardone F, Plaister S, Robinson S, Sobhany S, Vaughan R, Wu D, Zhu W, Apweiler R, Hubbard T, Birney E. Priorities for nucleotide trace, sequence and annotation data capture at the Ensembl Trace Archive and the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:D5-12. [PMID: 18039715 PMCID: PMC2238915 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ensembl Trace Archive (http://trace.ensembl.org/) and the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/), known together as the European Nucleotide Archive, continue to see growth in data volume and diversity. Selected major developments of 2007 are presented briefly, along with data submission and retrieval information. In the face of increasing requirements for nucleotide trace, sequence and annotation data archiving, data capture priority decisions have been taken at the European Nucleotide Archive. Priorities are discussed in terms of how reliably information can be captured, the long-term benefits of its capture and the ease with which it can be captured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cochrane
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Kulikova T, Akhtar R, Aldebert P, Althorpe N, Andersson M, Baldwin A, Bates K, Bhattacharyya S, Bower L, Browne P, Castro M, Cochrane G, Duggan K, Eberhardt R, Faruque N, Hoad G, Kanz C, Lee C, Leinonen R, Lin Q, Lombard V, Lopez R, Lorenc D, McWilliam H, Mukherjee G, Nardone F, Pastor MPG, Plaister S, Sobhany S, Stoehr P, Vaughan R, Wu D, Zhu W, Apweiler R. EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database in 2006. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:D16-20. [PMID: 17148479 PMCID: PMC1897316 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl) at the EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, UK, offers a large and freely accessible collection of nucleotide sequences and accompanying annotation. The database is maintained in collaboration with DDBJ and GenBank. Data are exchanged between the collaborating databases on a daily basis to achieve optimal synchrony. Webin is the preferred tool for individual submissions of nucleotide sequences, including Third Party Annotation, alignments and bulk data. Automated procedures are provided for submissions from large-scale sequencing projects and data from the European Patent Office. In 2006, the volume of data has continued to grow exponentially. Access to the data is provided via SRS, ftp and variety of other methods. Extensive external and internal cross-references enable users to search for related information across other databases and within the database. All available resources can be accessed via the EBI home page at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/. Changes over the past year include changes to the file format, further development of the EMBLCDS dataset and developments to the XML format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kulikova
- EMBL Outstation-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.
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Blechinger J, Hearshen D, Peck D, Bower L. SU-FF-I-31: An Improved Method for Susceptibility Correction of MR Spectroscopic Images. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1997511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Kersey P, Bower L, Morris L, Horne A, Petryszak R, Kanz C, Kanapin A, Das U, Michoud K, Phan I, Gattiker A, Kulikova T, Faruque N, Duggan K, Mclaren P, Reimholz B, Duret L, Penel S, Reuter I, Apweiler R. Integr8 and Genome Reviews: integrated views of complete genomes and proteomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:D297-302. [PMID: 15608201 PMCID: PMC539993 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integr8 is a new web portal for exploring the biology of organisms with completely deciphered genomes. For over 190 species, Integr8 provides access to general information, recent publications, and a detailed statistical overview of the genome and proteome of the organism. The preparation of this analysis is supported through Genome Reviews, a new database of bacterial and archaeal DNA sequences in which annotation has been upgraded (compared to the original submission) through the integration of data from many sources, including the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database, the UniProt Knowledgebase, InterPro, CluSTr, GOA and HOGENOM. Integr8 also allows the users to customize their own interactive analysis, and to download both customized and prepared datasets for their own use. Integr8 is available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/integr8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kersey
- The EMBL Outstation-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document frequency of severe hypertriglyceridaemia in Alström's syndrome (AS) and its relationship to hepatic and renal function, glycaemia and insulin resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-seven subjects with AS aged 5-35 years, 51% male, were assessed at multidisciplinary clinics in Canada, UK and Italy. Diagnostic criteria were: severe cone/rod dystrophy leading to severe visual impairment in early childhood, sensorineural deafness, moderate overall obesity and normal intelligence. Three patients were treated with thyroxine for primary hypothyroidism and one female patient for secondary amenorrhoea with 20 micro g ethinyloestradial combined oral contraceptive. Two male patients were receiving monthly intramuscular testosterone enanthate for secondary hypogonadism. Fasting bloods were taken for serum insulin, serum glucose, serum triglycerides, hepatic and renal function and glycosylated Hb. Triglyceride levels > 8 mmol/l and fasting serum insulin levels > 16 microunits/ml were considered to represent severe hypertriglyceridaemia and severe insulin resistance, respectively. All subjects with (23) hypertriglyceridaemia also had high insulin resistance, as measured by HOMA modelling. However, there was no significant correlation between log tyriglyceride and log serum insulin or HOMA in the whole group (P = 0.2 and 0.14, respectively). There was no clear relationship between serum triglyceride levels and age, body mass index (BMI), hepatic or renal impairment or glycaemia. CONCLUSION The first overview of serum triglyceride levels in a significant number of reported cases of Alström Syndrome shows an overlap between severe hypertriglyceridaemia and severe hyperinsulinism, but not a direct correlation between the two nor with insulin resistance measured by HOMA. Triglyceride levels were not related to glycaemia, hepatic or renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Paisey
- Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Farrell
- Department of Histopathology, Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, Devon, TQ2 7AA, UK;
| | - L Bower
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Torbay Hospital
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Paisey RB, Frost J, Harvey P, Paisey A, Bower L, Paisey RM, Taylor P, Belka I. Five year results of a prospective very low calorie diet or conventional weight loss programme in type 2 diabetes. J Hum Nutr Diet 2002; 15:121-7. [PMID: 11972741 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-277x.2002.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To complete 5-year follow-up of an intensive weight loss programme in established type 2 diabetic subjects. METHODS Forty-five obese type 2 diabetic subjects, Body mass index (BMI) > 30, expressed interest in an intensive weight loss programme. Group 1 comprised 15 who selected very low calorie diet (VLCD), Group 2, 15 selected intensive conventional diet and exercise (ICD), 15 failed to follow either programme. Group sessions of eight to 15 subjects continued weekly for 6 months, then monthly for 12 months with prospective recording at 3, 6 and 12 months and then annually of quality of life, BMI, waist/hip ratio, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, serum fructosamine and serum lipids. RESULTS Weight loss was slower in the intensive conventional diet group than in the VLCD group, but better maintained at 5 years: group 1, 4.8 +/- 6 kg; group 2, 8.9 +/- 4 kg. In the intensive conventional diet group, 5 year high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased 1.78 +/- 0.26 mmol L-1 vs. 1.10 +/- 0.32 mmol L-1 at baseline, and diastolic blood pressure reduced 74.5 +/- 13.3 vs. 85.5 +/- 13.3 at baseline, both P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Out-patient VLCD treatment proved safe and effective in overweight diabetic subjects but those who chose conventional diet and exercise had a slower but more sustained weight loss. Diabetic patients willing to attempt VLCD may safely lose sufficient weight to allow major surgery, but weight regain is inevitable. Patients willing to undertake a long-term group programme of conventional diet can sustain significant weight loss for 5 years, but still require antidiabetic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Paisey
- The Diabetes Research Group, Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK.
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Pritchard DM, Bower L, Potten CS, Jackman AL, Hickman JA. The importance of p53-independent apoptosis in the intestinal toxicity induced by raltitrexed (ZD1694, Tomudex): genetic differences between BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:4389-95. [PMID: 11106258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (ZD1694, Tomudex) induces greater intestinal toxicity, manifested as diarrhea and weight loss, in BALB/c than in DBA/2 mice. No convincing pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic reason for this strain difference has been established. We have investigated whether this strain difference in response to raltitrexed is related to differential susceptibilities of intestinal mucosae to undergo apoptosis and also whether p53 expression, a critical factor in 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal apoptosis and toxicity, modulates this response. Ten mg/kg or 100 mg/kg raltitrexed were administered as single or double i.p. injections 24 h apart to BALB/c, DBA/2, and p53-/- mice. Apoptosis, mitosis, and tissue damage were assessed in intestinal epithelium, and animal weight was recorded. BALB/c mice developed diarrhea and weight loss following 100 mg/kg x2 raltitrexed, whereas DBA/2 mice did not. BALB/c mice were more sensitive than DBA/2 to induction of small-intestinal and colonic apoptosis 24 h following 100 mg/kg raltitrexed. Inhibition of mitosis was equivalent in both strains. Both strains showed histopathological damage to the small intestine after 100 mg/kg x2 raltitrexed, but only BALB/c mice demonstrated colonic damage. p53-null mice showed the same level of small intestinal apoptosis as their wild-type counterparts 24 h after 100 mg/kg x1 raltitrexed and also the same levels of intestinal toxicity 3, 5, and 7 days after 100 mg/kg x2 raltitrexed. Thus, BALB/c mice were more susceptible to induction of intestinal apoptosis by raltitrexed than DBA/2 mice and also demonstrated more histopathological damage in the colon correlating with the induction of diarrhea and weight loss. In contrast to 5-fluorouracil, the intestinal apoptosis and toxicity induced by raltitrexed were p53-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Pritchard
- Cancer Research Campaign Department of Epithelial Biology, Paterson Institute, Christie Hospital National Health Service Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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35
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Zhang ZG, Bower L, Zhang RL, Chen S, Windham JP, Chopp M. Three-dimensional measurement of cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion, glial fibrillary acidic protein and microtubule associated protein-2 immunoreactivity after embolic stroke in rats: a double fluorescent labeled laser-scanning confocal microscopic study. Brain Res 1999; 844:55-66. [PMID: 10536261 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early astroglial response to post-ischemic microvascular hypoperfusion may contribute to progressive cerebral microcirculatory impairment and ischemic neuronal injury. Using laser-scanning confocal microscopy and three fluorescent probes, we measured in three-dimensions cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion, astrocytic reactivity, and neuronal injury assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, GFAP immunoreactivity, and microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity, respectively, in rats subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Three-dimensional quantitative analysis revealed that 2 h of embolic ischemia resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction of cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion in the ipsilateral cortex and subcortex. Tissue within the ipsilateral cortex and subcortex with low plasma perfusion exhibited a significant (P<0.05) increase in GFAP immunoreactivity compared with the homologous contralateral tissue. Three-dimensional re-constructed images showed that prominent GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes surrounded large vessels with decreased plasma perfusion in downstream capillaries in the ipsilateral MCA territory when compared to the vessels in the contralateral homologous tissue. Triple fluorescence probe-stained sections showed that tissue with decreased plasma perfusion and with increased GFAP immunoreactivity was accompanied by a reduction of MAP2 immunoreactivity. The present study demonstrates that an impairment of microvascular perfusion induces an early increase in GFAP immunoreactivity, and reactive astrocytes may contribute to a further reduction of cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion. The three-dimensional quantitative imaging analysis used in the present study provides a means to investigate parenchymal cellular responses to changes of cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion after MCA occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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36
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Paisey RB, Harvey P, Rice S, Belka I, Bower L, Dunn M, Taylor P, Paisey RM, Frost J, Ash I. An intensive weight loss programme in established type 2 diabetes and controls: effects on weight and atherosclerosis risk factors at 1 year. Diabet Med 1998; 15:73-9. [PMID: 9472867 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199801)15:1<73::aid-dia516>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy, safety, and effect on cardiovascular risk factors of two intensive weight loss programmes in overweight Type 2 diabetic subjects were studied. The patients were recruited from hospital diabetic clinics and control obese subjects from the community. Obese (BMI >30) patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and controls were offered intensive conventional diabetic advice or a very low calorie diet. Weekly 2 h sessions were conducted in two day-room areas of adjacent medical wards of Torbay Hospital. Non-diabetic and diabetic very low calorie diet groups reduced BMI by 6 and 5 kg m(-2), respectively, at 1 year. Waist-hip ratios (-0.06 and -0.05) were also reduced (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01), while HDL/total cholesterol ratios increased (+0.04 and +0.06, p = <0.01). Transient changes in blood pressure and antioxidant vitamin status occurred in the intensive conventional diet group. Fourteen of diabetic very low calorie diet subjects discontinued insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents for the whole year, and psychological well-being transiently improved. Substantial weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors could be maintained for 1 year in Type 2 diabetic patients by the use of a very low calorie diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Paisey
- South Devon Healthcare, Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK
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Paisey RB, Harvey P, Rice S, Belka I, Bower L, Dunn M, Paisey RM, Frost J, Goldman P, Ash I. Short-term results of an open trial of very low calorie diet or intensive conventional diet in Type 2 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1960120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lund DP, Soriano SG, Fauza D, Bower L, Jonas R, Hansen DD, Wilson J. Resection of a massive sacrococcygeal teratoma using hypothermic hypoperfusion: a novel use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30:1557-9. [PMID: 8583324 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3468(95)90156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A 33-week-gestation infant with a massive sacrococcygeal teratoma weighted 4,000 g, but the actual weight of the infant was approximately 1,500 g. With the potential for massive blood loss and impaired lung compliance during resection, some type of cardiopulmonary support was necessary. Resection was undertaken with the assistance of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and hypothermic hypoperfusion. Immediately after removal of the tumor, which weighted 2,420 g, the infant was decannulated from ECMO, and the carotid artery was primarily reconstructed end-to-end. The amount of intraoperative blood loss was 550 mL Postoperatively, the child weighted 1,580 g. Follow-up head ultrasound results were normal, and the patient has done well. This is the first reported case in which ECMO with hypothermic hypoperfusion was used for resection of a massive tumor. This experience shows that ECMO is both useful and safe as a means of temporary cardiopulmonary support for resection of massive tumors in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Lund
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Quantitation of uronic acid precipitable by cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and electrophoretic separation of glycosaminoglycans were performed on sera from patients with chronic renal failure and compared to normal controls. Serum CPC-precipitable uronic acid (CpUA) levels in patients with renal failure were significantly higher (mean 13.7 mg/L, range 7.1-23.6 mg/L) than normal controls (mean 9.6 mg/L, range 5.1-13.9 mg/L) due to increased concentrations of low sulphated chondroitin sulphate. A positive correlation between serum CpUA and creatinine was found in renal failure patients. Urine CpUA excretion was raised in renal failure patients compared to normal controls with an increased excretion of chondroitin sulphate (Ch-S) of reduced electrophoretic mobility. Heparan sulphate (HS), a major glycosaminoglycan in normal urine, was absent from the urine of these patients. The possible origin of urine glycosaminoglycans and the role of the kidney in glycosaminoglycan metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bower
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Torbay Hospital, Torquay, UK
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Bower L, Serafini P, Wikland M, Moyer D. The use of hyaluronic acid for sperm selection--evaluation of sperm head ultrastructure. Int J Fertil 1989; 34:420-4. [PMID: 2574714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The percentage of normal spermatozoal plasma membranes and acrosomes was evaluated by electron microscopy before and after a two-step semen washing and swim-up into culture medium containing either bovine serum albumin or hyaluronic acid. Both techniques of sperm selection increased the concentration of motile spermatozoa when compared with the fresh ejaculate (P less than .001). The percentage of sperm with ultrastructurally intact plasma membranes and acrosomes was increased after both separation procedures in comparison with the original ejaculate (P less than .01). In addition, both techniques of sperm selection significantly reduced the content of sample debris, granulocytes, and nonviable spermatozoa (P less than .01).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bower
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Orange
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Bower L, Manley G. Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline in Paget's disease of bone, compared with neoplastic invasion of bone. J Clin Pathol 1981; 34:1097-101. [PMID: 7309892 PMCID: PMC494372 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.34.10.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Urinary glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline excretion was studied in 11 patients with clear evidence of Paget's disease of bone. Urinary hydroxyproline, cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC)-precipitable uronic acid and CPC-precipitable hexosamine were expressed as ratios to urinary creatinine. Urine samples were concentrated x 1000 by vacuum dialysis and the glycosaminoglycans examined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate followed by staining with alcian blue. All the cases studied showed markedly raised hydroxyproline excretion, whereas the uronic acid excretion was normal or only slightly raised in 10 of the 11 cases studied. One patient who had a raised uronic acid and raised hydroxyproline concentration was shown to have osteosarcoma as a complication of Paget's disease. THE VERY HIGH HYDROXYPROLINE: creatinine ratio in all cases of Paget's disease (mean 241.8 mmol hydroxyproline/mol creatinine) contrasted sharply with the cases of disseminated neoplasm, where the ratio was either normal or slightly raised (mean 29.3 mmol hydroxyproline/mol creatinine). The ratio of hydroxyproline to CPC-precipitable uronic acid was also markedly raised in cases of Paget's disease (mean 77.3 mmol hydroxyproline/mmol uronic acid) and was lower in the neoplastic group (mean 14.1 mmol hydroxyproline/mmol uronic acid) but showed no advantage over the hydroxyproline: creatinine ratio in differentiating the two groups. THE URINARY HYDROXYPROLINE: creatinine ratio promises to be of value in differentiating between Paget's disease of bone and neoplastic invasion of bone. A marked rise in CPC-precipitable uronic acid excretion alone is more suggestive of neoplastic invasion of bone, and if associated with a marked increase in hydroxyproline excretion, it raises the possibility of neoplastic change in Paget's disease of bone. The results of this study also suggest that bone collagen, rather than bone tissue in general, is primarily affected in Paget's disease.
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Abstract
Urinary glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in 24 cases of disseminated neoplasm, 12 of which had unequivocal evidence of skeletal involvement. Urinary hydroxyproline, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-precipitable uronic acid, and CPC-precipitable hexosamine were expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine. Glycosaminoglycans contained in urine concentrated x 1000 by vacuum-dialysis were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and stained with alcian blue. Of the 12 cases with clear evidence of skeletal involvement, eight (66%) showed elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase, five (42%) showed elevation of urinary hydroxyproline, and three (25%) showed elevation of urinary uronic acid. It is concluded that urinary uronic acid is not a sensitive index of skeletal involvement in disseminated neoplasm. The most striking feature of the study was the identification of a well-defined fraction indist inguishable from hyaluronic acid in seven (58%) of the cases with evidence of skeletal involvement. Hyaluronic acid is not normally identifiable in adult human urine. The hyaluronic acid excretors showed more consistent biochemical evidence of bone disease (elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline) than the non-excretors. The possibility that the urinary hyaluronic acid is derived from degradation of skeletal hyaluronic acid is discussed. An alternative explanation is that the hyaluronic acid is derived from neoplastic cells as part of a reversion of glycosaminoglycan synthesis to a more ;fetal' state, a glycosaminoglycan counterpart of the production of oncofetal antigens by neoplastic cells.
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