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Kaleem M, Alhosin M, Khan K, Ahmad W, Hosawi S, Nur SM, Choudhry H, Zamzami MA, Al-Abbasi FA, Javed MDN. Epigenetic Basis of Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. POLYPHENOLS-BASED NANOTHERAPEUTICS FOR CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021:189-238. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4935-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
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Link A, Balaguer F, Goel A. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary polyphenols: promising role for epigenetics. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1771-92. [PMID: 20599773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes that are not encoded in the DNA sequence itself, but play an important role in the control of gene expression. In mammals, epigenetic mechanisms include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Although epigenetic changes are heritable in somatic cells, these modifications are also potentially reversible, which makes them attractive and promising avenues for tailoring cancer preventive and therapeutic strategies. Burgeoning evidence in the last decade has provided unprecedented clues that diet and environmental factors directly influence epigenetic mechanisms in humans. Dietary polyphenols from green tea, turmeric, soybeans, broccoli and others have shown to possess multiple cell-regulatory activities within cancer cells. More recently, we have begun to understand that some of the dietary polyphenols may exert their chemopreventive effects in part by modulating various components of the epigenetic machinery in humans. In this article, we first discuss the contribution of diet and environmental factors on epigenetic alterations; subsequently, we provide a comprehensive review of literature on the role of various dietary polyphenols. In particular, we summarize the current knowledge on a large number of dietary agents and their effects on DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of expression of the non-coding miRNAs in various in vitro and in vivo models. We emphasize how increased understanding of the chemopreventive effects of dietary polyphenols on specific epigenetic alterations may provide unique and yet unexplored novel and highly effective chemopreventive strategies for reducing the health burden of cancer and other diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Link
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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Khan SN, Khan AU. Role of histone acetylation in cell physiology and diseases: An update. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1401-11. [PMID: 20598676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of histone acetylation in gene regulation has been the subject of many reviews, their impact on cell physiology and pathological states of proliferation, differentiation and genome stability in eukaryotic cells remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this review will discuss the molecular, physiological and biochemical aspects of histone acetylation and focus on the interplay of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in different disease states. Current treatment strategies are mostly limited to enzyme inhibitors, though potential lies in targeting other imperative chromatin remodeling factors involved in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahper N Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Kantarjian HM. Introduction: targeting different pathways to prevent tumor cell development. Semin Oncol 2009; 36:S1-5. [PMID: 19393830 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Gojo I, Jiemjit A, Trepel JB, Sparreboom A, Figg WD, Rollins S, Tidwell ML, Greer J, Chung EJ, Lee MJ, Gore SD, Sausville EA, Zwiebel J, Karp JE. Phase 1 and pharmacologic study of MS-275, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in adults with refractory and relapsed acute leukemias. Blood 2007; 109:2781-90. [PMID: 17179232 PMCID: PMC1852211 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-021873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MS-275 is a benzamide derivative with potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitory and antitumor activity in preclinical models. We conducted a phase 1 trial of orally administered MS-275 in 38 adults with advanced acute leukemias. Cohorts of patients were treated with MS-275 initially once weekly x 2, repeated every 4 weeks from 4 to 8 mg/m2, and after 13 patients were treated, once weekly x 4, repeated every 6 weeks from 8 to 10 mg/m2. The maximum-tolerated dose was 8 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks every 6 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) included infections and neurologic toxicity manifesting as unsteady gait and somnolence. Other frequent non-DLTs were fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia. Treatment with MS-275 induced increase in protein and histone H3/H4 acetylation, p21 expression, and caspase-3 activation in bone marrow mononuclear cells. No responses by classical criteria were seen. Our results show that MS-275 effectively inhibits HDAC in vivo in patients with advanced myeloid leukemias and should be further tested, preferably in patients with less-advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gojo
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Chung EJ, Lee MJ, Lee S, Trepel JB. Assays for pharmacodynamic analysis of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:213-30. [PMID: 16866608 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are a promising new class of targeted anticancer drugs. The pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment of whether a drug has hit its target is critically important to the successful development of any molecular targeted therapy. In the case of HDACIs there are many issues to be considered in PD development and implementation. Although originally it was thought that measurement of core histone hyperacetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells might suffice as a PD marker, as the field is evolving it is becoming evident that other measures may be essential, and are likely to be tumour context specific. This paper provides an overview of the assays that have been performed thus far in HDACI clinical trials, with an analysis of relative strengths and weaknesses, and a delineation of the complexity of HDACI PD analysis. Consideration is given to where new approaches are needed and potential approaches for future monotherapy and combination therapy trials are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Chung
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Medical Oncology Branch, Building 10, Room 12N230, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Majumder P, Pradhan SK, Devi PG, Pal S, Dasgupta D. Chromatin as a target for the DNA-binding anticancer drugs. Subcell Biochem 2007; 41:145-89. [PMID: 17484128 PMCID: PMC7121056 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5466-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been a major approach to treat cancer. Both constituents of chromatin, chromosomal DNA and the associated chromosomal histone proteins are the molecular targets of the anticancer drugs. Small DNA binding ligands, which inhibit enzymatic processes with DNA substrate, are well known in cancer chemotherapy. These drugs inhibit the polymerase and topoisomerase activity. With the advent in the knowledge of chromatin chemistry and biology, attempts have shifted from studies of the structural basis of the association of these drugs or small ligands (with the potential of drugs) with DNA to their association with chromatin and nucleosome. These drugs often inhibit the expression of specific genes leading to a series of biochemical events. An overview will be given about the latest understanding of the molecular basis of their action. We shall restrict to those drugs, synthetic or natural, whose prime cellular targets are so far known to be chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Majumder
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-I, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700 064, India
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Kim IA, Shin JH, Kim IH, Kim JH, Kim JS, Wu HG, Chie EK, Ha SW, Park CI, Kao GD. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-mediated radiosensitization of human cancer cells: class differences and the potential influence of p53. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:940-9. [PMID: 16467109 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) are emerging as potentially useful components of the anticancer armamentarium and as useful tools to dissect mechanistic pathways. HDIs that globally inhibit histone deacetylases (HDAC) have radiosensitizing effects, but the relative contribution of specific HDAC classes remains unclear. Newly characterized HDIs are now available that preferentially inhibit specific HDAC classes, including SK7041 (inhibits class I HDACs) and splitomicin (inhibits class III HDACs). We investigated in human cancer cells the relative radiosensitizations that result from blocking specific HDAC classes. We found that trichostatin A (TSA; inhibitor of both class I and II HDACs) was the most effective radiosensitizer, followed by the class I inhibitor SK7041, whereas splitomicin (inhibitor of class III) had least effect. Interestingly, radiosensitization by TSA in cell lines expressing p53 was more pronounced than in isogenic lines lacking p53. Radiosensitization of cells expressing p53 by TSA was reduced by pifithrin-alpha, a small-molecule inhibitor of p53. In contrast, the radiosensitization by TSA of cells expressing low levels of p53 was enhanced by transfection of wild-type p53-expressing vector or pretreatment with leptomycin B, an inhibitor of nuclear export that increased intracellular levels of p53. These effects on radiosensitization were respectively muted or not seen in cells treated with SK7041 or splitomicin. To our knowledge, this may be among the first systematic investigations of the comparative anticancer effects of inhibiting specific classes of HDACs, with results suggesting differences in the degrees of radiosensitization, which in some cell lines may be influenced by p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ah Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Nuclear morphometric descriptors such as nuclear size, shape, DNA content and chromatin organization are used by pathologists as diagnostic markers for cancer. Tumorigenesis involves a series of poorly understood morphological changes that lead to the development of hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ carcinoma, invasive carcinoma, and in many instances finally metastatic carcinoma. Nuclei from different stages of disease progression exhibit changes in shape and the reorganization of chromatin, which appears to correlate with malignancy. Multistep tumorigenesis is a process that results from alterations in the function of DNA. These alterations result from stable genetic changes, including those of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and DNA stability genes, and potentially reversible epigenetic changes, which are modifications in gene function without a change in the DNA sequence. DNA methylation and histone modifications are two epigenetic mechanisms that are altered in cancer cells. The impact of genetic (e.g., mutations in Rb and ras family) and epigenetic alterations with a focus on histone modifications on chromatin structure and function in cancer cells are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Drobic
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E OV9 Canada.
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Laird PW. [Randomized controlled trial on haiguiyuyang capsule in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2005; 14 Spec No 1:R65-76. [PMID: 15809275 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of haiguiyuyang capsule in the treatment of duodenal ulcer (also diagnosed as weiwan pain and hanrecuoza syndrome according to the theory of TCM). METHODS This is a multi-center clinical trial cooperatively conducted from May 2003 to March 2004 in accordance to the principle of informed consent, to the criteria for subject inclusion, exclusion, discontinuation, and to the relevant guidelines for evaluating the therapeutic effects of new TCM drugs. The design of double-blind, double-dummy and randomized controlled trial was adopted. 438 patients were randomized to the Test group (n = 330, treated with haiguiyuyang capsule) and to the Control group (n = 108, treated with ranitidine). The therapeutic course for both groups was 6 weeks. RESULTS Regarding the efficacy in treating duodenal ulcer, in the Test group, the Marked Efficacy Rate was 66.37% and the Total Efficacy Rate was 82.13%; in the Control group, the Marked Efficacy Rate was 68.61% and the Total Efficacy Rate was 93.34%; there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Regarding the efficacy in treating the syndrome diagnosed by TCM, in the Test group, the Marked Efficacy Rate was 70.31% and the Total Efficacy Rate was 93.34%; in the control group, the rates were 71.29% and 91.66% respectively; there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Besides, regarding the abatement of distention and fullness of stomach after treatment, the haiguiyuyang capsule was better than ranitidine (P<0.05). No adverse side-effect was observed. CONCLUSION The efficacy of haiguiyuyang capsule in treating duodenal ulcer is similar to that of ranitidine. No obvious adverse effect of it was observed in this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Laird
- Department of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, 90086-9176, USA
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Wang W, Huper G, Guo Y, Murphy SK, Olson JA, Marks JR. Analysis of methylation-sensitive transcriptome identifies GADD45a as a frequently methylated gene in breast cancer. Oncogene 2005; 24:2705-14. [PMID: 15735726 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the breast cancer cell line, MDAMB468 with the DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) results in growth arrest, whereas the growth of the normal breast epithelial line DU99 (telomerase immortalized) is relatively unaffected. Comparing gene expression profiles of these two lines after 5-AzaC treatment, we identified 36 genes that had relatively low basal levels in MDAMB468 cells compared to the DU99 line and were induced in the cancer cell line but not in the normal breast epithelial line. Of these genes, 33 have associated CpG islands greater than 300 bp in length but only three have been previously described as targets for aberrant methylation in human cancer. Northern blotting for five of these genes (alpha-Catenin, DTR, FYN, GADD45a, and Zyxin) verified the array results. Further analysis of one of these genes, GADD45a, showed that 5-AzaC induced expression in five additional breast cancer cell lines with little or no induction in three additional lines derived from normal breast epithelial cells. The CpG island associated with GADD45a was analysed by bisulfite sequencing, sampling over 100 CpG dinucleotides. We found that four CpG's, located approximately 700 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site are methylated in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors but not in DNA from normal breast epithelia or matched lymphocytes from cancer patients. Therefore, this simple method of dynamic transcriptional profiling yielded a series of novel methylation-sensitive genes in breast cancer including the BRCA1 and p53 responsive gene, GADD45a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Bhalla KN. Epigenetic and chromatin modifiers as targeted therapy of hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:3971-93. [PMID: 15897549 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.16.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is mediated through alterations in the DNA methylation status, covalent modifications of core nucleosomal histones, rearrangement of histones, and by RNA interference. It is now abundantly clear that deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms cooperates with genetic alterations in the development and progression of cancer and leukemia. Epigenetic deregulation affects several aspects of tumor cell biology, including cell growth, cell cycle control, differentiation, DNA repair, and cell death. This raises the strong possibility that reversing deregulated epigenetic mechanisms may be an effective treatment strategy for leukemia and cancer. This treatment strategy may either be designed to separately or collectively target the specific perturbations in the epigenetic mechanisms found in human hematologic malignancies. The following review describes our current understanding of the important deregulated epigenetic mechanisms and the preclinical and clinical development of epigenetic and chromatin modifiers in the therapy of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil N Bhalla
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Fay JR, Crowell JA, Kopelovich L. Targeting epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in cancer chemoprevention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:315-28. [PMID: 15934918 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the epigenome plays a fundamental role in tumour development. Epigenetic events are a major mechanism for inactivating tumour suppressor and DNA repair genes and occur ubiquitously during the early stages of tumour development. Unlike genes inactivated by mutation, genes silenced epigenetically are intact and potentially responsive to reactivation by small molecules. This review discusses the potential for restoring epigenetic balance as a means to prevent cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Fay
- CCS Associates, 2005 Landings Dr, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Nagpal
- Bone and Inflammation Research, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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