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Yao H, Zhang M, Wang D. The next decade of SET: from an oncoprotein to beyond. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 16:mjad082. [PMID: 38157418 PMCID: PMC11267991 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This year marks the fourth decade of research into the protein SET, which was discovered in 1992. SET was initially identified as an oncoprotein but later shown to be a multifaceted protein involved in regulating numerous biological processes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. SET dysfunction is closely associated with diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. With the increasing understanding of how SET works and how it is regulated in cells, targeting aberrant SET has emerged as a potential strategy for disease intervention. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the advancements in SET studies, encompassing its biological functions, regulatory networks, clinical implications, and pharmacological inhibitors. Furthermore, we provide insights into the future prospects of SET research, with a particular emphasis on its promising potential in the realm of immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases & Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases & Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Donglai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases & Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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2
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Johnson H, Narayan S, Sharma AK. Altering phosphorylation in cancer through PP2A modifiers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38184584 PMCID: PMC10770906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase integral to the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to the deregulation of PP2A in cancer, many of these processes are turned toward promoting tumor progression. Considerable research has been undertaken to discover molecules capable of modulating PP2A activity in cancer. Because PP2A is capable of immense substrate specificity across many cellular processes, the therapeutic targeting of PP2A in cancer can be completed through either enzyme inhibitors or activators. PP2A modulators likewise tend to be effective in drug-resistant cancers and work synergistically with other known cancer therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the patterns of PP2A deregulation in cancer, and its known downstream signaling pathways important for cancer regulation, along with many activators and inhibitors of PP2A known to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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3
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Peris I, Romero-Murillo S, Vicente C, Narla G, Odero MD. Regulation and role of the PP2A-B56 holoenzyme family in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188953. [PMID: 37437699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inactivation is common in cancer, leading to sustained activation of pro-survival and growth-promoting pathways. PP2A consists of a scaffolding A-subunit, a catalytic C-subunit, and a regulatory B-subunit. The functional complexity of PP2A holoenzymes arises mainly through the vast repertoire of regulatory B-subunits, which determine both their substrate specificity and their subcellular localization. Therefore, a major challenge for developing more effective therapeutic strategies for cancer is to identify the specific PP2A complexes to be targeted. Of note, the development of small molecules specifically directed at PP2A-B56α has opened new therapeutic avenues in both solid and hematological tumors. Here, we focus on the B56/PR61 family of PP2A regulatory subunits, which have a central role in directing PP2A tumor suppressor activity. We provide an overview of the mechanisms controlling the formation and regulation of these complexes, the pathways they control, and the mechanisms underlying their deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Peris
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Romero-Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Vicente
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria D Odero
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Yu H, Zaveri S, Sattar Z, Schaible M, Perez Gandara B, Uddin A, McGarvey LR, Ohlmeyer M, Geraghty P. Protein Phosphatase 2A as a Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Diseases. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1552. [PMID: 37763671 PMCID: PMC10535831 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
New disease targets and medicinal chemistry approaches are urgently needed to develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that reduced activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a complex heterotrimeric enzyme that regulates dephosphorylation of serine and threonine residues from many proteins, is observed in multiple pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer, smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Loss of PP2A responses is linked to many mechanisms associated with disease progressions, such as senescence, proliferation, inflammation, corticosteroid resistance, enhanced protease responses, and mRNA stability. Therefore, chemical restoration of PP2A may represent a novel treatment for these diseases. This review outlines the potential impact of reduced PP2A activity in pulmonary diseases, endogenous and exogenous inhibitors of PP2A, details the possible PP2A-dependent mechanisms observed in these conditions, and outlines potential therapeutic strategies for treatment. Substantial medicinal chemistry efforts are underway to develop therapeutics targeting PP2A activity. The development of specific activators of PP2A that selectively target PP2A holoenzymes could improve our understanding of the function of PP2A in pulmonary diseases. This may lead to the development of therapeutics for restoring normal PP2A responses within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Yu
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Sahil Zaveri
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Zeeshan Sattar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Michael Schaible
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Brais Perez Gandara
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Anwar Uddin
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | - Lucas R. McGarvey
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
| | | | - Patrick Geraghty
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (M.S.); (B.P.G.); (A.U.); (L.R.M.)
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Liu H, Fang D, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Zhao S, Zhang N, Xu J. Circular MTHFD2L RNA-encoded CM-248aa inhibits gastric cancer progression by targeting the SET-PP2A interaction. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1739-1755. [PMID: 37101395 PMCID: PMC10277894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The available targeted therapies for gastric cancer (GC) are still limited, so it is important to discover novel molecules as potential treatment options. Proteins or peptides encoded by circular RNAs (circRNAs) are increasingly reported to play essential roles in malignancies. The aim of the present study was to identify an undiscovered protein encoded by circRNA and explore its key role and molecular mechanism in GC progression. CircMTHFD2L (hsa_circ_0069982) was screened and validated as a downregulated circRNA with coding potential. The protein encoded by circMTHFD2L, named CM-248aa, was identified for the first time by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. CM-248aa was significantly downregulated in GC, while its low expression was associated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and histopathological grade. Low expression of CM-248aa could be an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. Functionally, CM-248aa, instead of circMTHFD2L suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of GC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CM-248aa competitively targeted the acidic domain of SET nuclear oncogene (SET) and acted as an endogenous inhibitor of the SET-protein phosphatase 2A interaction to promote dephosphorylation of AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and P65. Our discovery revealed that CM-248aa could be a potential prognostic biomarker and endogenous therapeutic option for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Deliang Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoji Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianbo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China.
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de los Ríos C, Viejo L, Carretero VJ, Juárez NH, Cruz-Martins N, Hernández-Guijo JM. Promising Molecular Targets in Pharmacological Therapy for Neuronal Damage in Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:118. [PMID: 36670980 PMCID: PMC9854812 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex etiopathogenesis of brain injury associated with neurodegeneration has sparked a lot of studies in the last century. These clinical situations are incurable, and the currently available therapies merely act on symptoms or slow down the course of the diseases. Effective methods are being sought with an intent to modify the disease, directly acting on the properly studied targets, as well as to contribute to the development of effective therapeutic strategies, opening the possibility of refocusing on drug development for disease management. In this sense, this review discusses the available evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Ca2+ miscommunication in neurons, as well as how targeting phosphorylation events may be used to modulate protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in the treatment of neuronal damage. Ca2+ tends to be the catalyst for mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to the synaptic deficiency seen in brain injury. Additionally, emerging data have shown that PP2A-activating drugs (PADs) suppress inflammatory responses by inhibiting different signaling pathways, indicating that PADs may be beneficial for the management of neuronal damage. In addition, a few bioactive compounds have also triggered the activation of PP2A-targeted drugs for this treatment, and clinical studies will help in the authentication of these compounds. If the safety profiles of PADs are proven to be satisfactory, there is a case to be made for starting clinical studies in the setting of neurological diseases as quickly as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal de los Ríos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, University Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Lucía Viejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Jiménez Carretero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Hernández Juárez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Jesús M. Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic and Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma de Madrid, C/. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9,100, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Di Mambro A, Esposito M. Thirty years of SET/TAF1β/I2PP2A: from the identification of the biological functions to its implications in cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20221280. [PMID: 36345878 PMCID: PMC9679398 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding for the protein SE translocation (SET) was identified for the first time 30 years ago as part of a chromosomal translocation in a patient affected by leukemia. Since then, accumulating evidence have linked overexpression of SET, aberrant SET splicing, and cellular localization to cancer progression and development of neurodegenerative tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. Molecular biology tools, such as targeted genetic deletion, and pharmacological approaches based on SET antagonist peptides, have contributed to unveil the molecular functions of SET and its implications in human pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the functions of SET as inhibitor of histone and non-histone protein acetylation and as a potent endogenous inhibitor of serine-threonine phosphatase PP2A. We discuss the role of SET in multiple cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling and gene transcription, DNA repair, oxidative stress, cell cycle, apoptosis cell migration and differentiation. We review the molecular mechanisms linking SET dysregulation to tumorigenesis and discuss how SET commits neurons to progressive cell death in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the rationale of exploiting SET as a therapeutic target for cancer and neurodegenerative tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Mambro
- The Centre for Integrated Research in Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
| | - Maria Teresa Esposito
- The Centre for Integrated Research in Life and Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Science, University of Roehampton, London, U.K
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Kashani E, Vassella E. Pleiotropy of PP2A Phosphatases in Cancer with a Focus on Glioblastoma IDH Wildtype. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5227. [PMID: 36358647 PMCID: PMC9654311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/Threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric (or occasionally, heterodimeric) phosphatase with pleiotropic functions and ubiquitous expression. Despite the fact that they all contribute to protein dephosphorylation, multiple PP2A complexes exist which differ considerably by their subcellular localization and their substrate specificity, suggesting diverse PP2A functions. PP2A complex formation is tightly regulated by means of gene expression regulation by transcription factors, microRNAs, and post-translational modifications. Furthermore, a constant competition between PP2A regulatory subunits is taking place dynamically and depending on the spatiotemporal circumstance; many of the integral subunits can outcompete the rest, subjecting them to proteolysis. PP2A modulation is especially important in the context of brain tumors due to its ability to modulate distinct glioma-promoting signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, Wnt, Ras, NF-κb, etc. Furthermore, PP2A is also implicated in DNA repair and survival pathways that are activated upon treatment of glioma cells with chemo-radiation. Depending on the cancer cell type, preclinical studies have shown some promise in utilising PP2A activator or PP2A inhibitors to overcome therapy resistance. This review has a special focus on "glioblastoma, IDH wild-type" (GBM) tumors, for which the therapy options have limited efficacy, and tumor relapse is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kashani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik Vassella
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Han D, Wang L, Long L, Su P, Luo D, Zhang H, Li Z, Chen B, Zhao W, Zhang N, Wang X, Liang Y, Li Y, Hu G, Yang Q. The E3 Ligase TRIM4 Facilitates SET Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation to Enhance ER-α Action in Breast Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201701. [PMID: 35843886 PMCID: PMC9443474 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) action is critical for hormone-dependent breast cancer, and ER-α dysregulation can lead to the emergence of resistance to endocrine therapy. Here, it is found that TRIM4 is downregulated in tamoxifen (TAM)-resistant breast cancer cells, while the loss of TRIM4 is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that TRIM4 increased ER-α expression and the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to TAM. Mechanistically, TRIM4 is found to target SET, and TRIM4-SET interactions are mediated by the RING and B-box domains of TRIM4 and the carboxyl terminus of SET. Moreover, it is determined that TRIM4 catalyzed the K48-linked polyubiquitination of SET (K150 and K172), promoting its proteasomal degradation and disassociation from p53 and PP2A. Once released, p53 and PP2A are able to further promote ESR1 gene transcription and enhance mRNA stability. Moreover, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses confirm that TRIM4 expression is an independent predictor of overall survival and recurrence-free survival outcomes in patients with ER-α positive breast cancer. Taken together, the data highlights a previously undiscovered mechanism and suggest that TRIM4 is a valuable biomarker that can be analyzed to predict response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianwen Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Pathology Tissue BankQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
- Mianyang Central HospitalSchool of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaMianyangSichuan621000China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of PathologyQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Bing Chen
- Pathology Tissue BankQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Pathology Tissue BankQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
| | - Guohong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell BiologyInstitute of Health SciencesShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200233China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General SurgeryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
- Pathology Tissue BankQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
- Research Institute of Breast CancerShandong UniversityJinanShandong250012China
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Narayan S, Raza A, Mahmud I, Koo N, Garrett TJ, Law ME, Law BK, Sharma AK. Sensitization of FOLFOX-resistant colorectal cancer cells via the modulation of a novel pathway involving protein phosphatase 2A. iScience 2022; 25:104518. [PMID: 35754740 PMCID: PMC9218363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) with FOLFOX shows some efficacy, but these tumors quickly develop resistance to this treatment. We have observed increased phosphorylation of AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 and levels of p21 in FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells. We have identified a small molecule, NSC49L, that stimulates protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, downregulates the AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1-axis, and inhibits p21 translation. We have provided evidence that NSC49L- and TRAIL-mediated sensitization is synergistically induced in p21-knockdown CRC cells, which is reversed in p21-overexpressing cells. p21 binds with procaspase 3 and prevents the activation of caspase 3. We have shown that TRAIL induces apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3 by NSC49L-mediated downregulation of p21 translation, and thereby cleavage of procaspase 3 into caspase 3. NSC49L does not affect global protein synthesis. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of NSC49L as a PP2A agonist, and how its combination with TRAIL sensitizes FOLFOX-resistant CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nayeong Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mary E. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Galiger C, Dahlhaus M, Vitek MP, Debatin KM, Beltinger C. PPP2CA Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Neuroblastoma Cells That Can Be Activated by the SET Inhibitor OP449. Front Oncol 2022; 12:744984. [PMID: 35814385 PMCID: PMC9258974 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.744984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood and has a poor prognosis in high-risk cases, requiring novel therapies. Pathways that depend on phospho-signaling maintain the aggressiveness of NB. Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) with its catalytic subunit PPP2CA is a major phosphatase in cancer cells, including NB. We show that reduction of PPP2CA by knock-down decreased growth of NB cells and that complete ablation of PPP2CA by knock-out was not tolerated. Thus, NB cells are addicted to PPP2CA, an addiction augmented by MYCN activation. SET, a crucial endogenous inhibitor of PP2A, was overexpressed in poor-prognosis NB. The SET inhibitor OP449 effectively decreased the viability of NB cells, independent of their molecular alterations and in line with a tumor suppressor function of PPP2CA. The contrasting concentration-dependent functions of PPP2CA as an essential survival gene at low expression levels and a tumor suppressor at high levels are reminiscent of other genes showing this so-called Goldilocks phenomenon. PP2A reactivated by OP449 decreased activating phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues in the AKT pathway. Conversely, induced activation of AKT led to partial rescue of OP449-mediated viability inhibition. Dasatinib, a kinase inhibitor used in relapsed/refractory NB, and OP449 synergized, decreasing activating AKT phosphorylations. In summary, concomitantly reactivating phosphatases and inhibiting kinases with a combination of OP449 and dasatinib are promising novel therapeutic approaches to NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celimene Galiger
- Section of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Meike Dahlhaus
- Section of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Peter Vitek
- Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Beltinger
- Section of Experimental Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Beltinger,
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12
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Pan J, Zhou L, Zhang C, Xu Q, Sun Y. Targeting protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases: From signaling to therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:177. [PMID: 35665742 PMCID: PMC9166240 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the common pathological basis of autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, malignant tumors, and other major chronic diseases. Inflammation plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. On one hand, inflammation can sense changes in the tissue environment, induce imbalance of tissue homeostasis, and cause tissue damage. On the other hand, inflammation can also initiate tissue damage repair and maintain normal tissue function by resolving injury and restoring homeostasis. These opposing functions emphasize the significance of accurate regulation of inflammatory homeostasis to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases. Potential mechanisms involve protein phosphorylation modifications by kinases and phosphatases, which have a crucial role in inflammatory homeostasis. The mechanisms by which many kinases resolve inflammation have been well reviewed, whereas a systematic summary of the functions of protein phosphatases in regulating inflammatory homeostasis is lacking. The molecular knowledge of protein phosphatases, and especially the unique biochemical traits of each family member, will be of critical importance for developing drugs that target phosphatases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the structure, the "double-edged sword" function, and the extensive signaling pathways of all protein phosphatases in inflammation-related diseases, as well as their potential inhibitors or activators that can be used in therapeutic interventions in preclinical or clinical trials. We provide an integrated perspective on the current understanding of all the protein phosphatases associated with inflammation-related diseases, with the aim of facilitating the development of drugs that target protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lisha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Daniel CJ, Pelz C, Wang X, Munks MW, Ko A, Murugan D, Byers SA, Juarez E, Taylor KL, Fan G, Coussens LM, Link JM, Sears RC. T-cell dysfunction upon expression of MYC with altered phosphorylation at Threonine 58 and Serine 62. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1151-1165. [PMID: 35380701 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a transcription factor that promotes cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis, c-MYC (MYC) expression in the cell is tightly controlled. Disruption of oncogenic signaling pathways in human cancers can increase MYC protein stability, due to altered phosphorylation ratios at two highly conserved sites, Threonine 58 (T58) and Serine 62 (S62). The T58 to Alanine mutant (T58A) of MYC mimics the stabilized, S62 phosphorylated, and highly oncogenic form of MYC. The S62A mutant is also stabilized, lacks phosphorylation at both Serine 62 and Threonine 58, and has been shown to be non-transforming in vitro. However, several regulatory proteins are reported to associate with MYC lacking phosphorylation at S62 and T58, and the role this form of MYC plays in MYC transcriptional output and in vivo oncogenic function is understudied. We generated conditional c-Myc knock-in mice in which the expression of wild-type MYC (MYCWT), the T58A mutant (MYCT58A), or the S62A mutant (MYCS62A) with or without expression of endogenous Myc is controlled by the T-cell-specific Lck-Cre recombinase. MYCT58A expressing mice developed clonal T-cell lymphomas with 100% penetrance and conditional knock-out of endogenous Myc accelerated this lymphomagenesis. In contrast, MYCS62A mice developed clonal T-cell lymphomas at a much lower penetrance, and the loss of endogenous MYC reduced the penetrance while increasing the appearance of a non-transgene driven B-cell lymphoma with splenomegaly. Together, our study highlights the importance of regulated phosphorylation of MYC at T58 and S62 for T-cell transformation. Implications: Dysregulation of phosphorylation at conserved T58 and S62 residues of MYC differentially affects T-cell development and lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Daniel
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Michael W Munks
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Aaron Ko
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Sarah A Byers
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Eleonora Juarez
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Karyn L Taylor
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Guang Fan
- Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lisa M Coussens
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason M Link
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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14
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Tinsley SL, Allen-Petersen BL. PP2A and cancer epigenetics: a therapeutic opportunity waiting to happen. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac002. [PMID: 35118387 PMCID: PMC8807117 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic state of chromatin is altered by regulators which influence gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. While several post-translational modifications contribute to chromatin accessibility and transcriptional programs, our understanding of the role that specific phosphorylation sites play is limited. In cancer, kinases and phosphatases are commonly deregulated resulting in increased oncogenic signaling and loss of epigenetic regulation. Aberrant epigenetic states are known to promote cellular plasticity and the development of therapeutic resistance in many cancer types, highlighting the importance of these mechanisms to cancer cell phenotypes. Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric holoenzyme that targets a diverse array of cellular proteins. The composition of the PP2A complex influences its cellular targets and activity. For this reason, PP2A can be tumor suppressive or oncogenic depending on cellular context. Understanding the nuances of PP2A regulation and its effect on epigenetic alterations can lead to new therapeutic avenues that afford more specificity and contribute to the growth of personalized medicine in the oncology field. In this review, we summarize the known PP2A-regulated substrates and potential phosphorylation sites that contribute to cancer cell epigenetics and possible strategies to therapeutically leverage this phosphatase to suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Tinsley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Mojtahedi H, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells: targeting therapeutic implications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:603. [PMID: 34922630 PMCID: PMC8684082 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein, which plays a pivotal role in CML pathology, diagnosis, and treatment as confirmed by the success of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Despite advances in the development of more potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors, some mechanisms particularly in terms of CML leukemic stem cell (CML LSC) lead to intrinsic or acquired therapy resistance, relapse, and disease progression. In fact, the maintenance CML LSCs in patients who are resistance to TKI therapy indicates the role of CML LSCs in resistance to therapy through survival mechanisms that are not completely dependent on BCR-ABL activity. Targeting therapeutic approaches aim to eradicate CML LSCs through characterization and targeting genetic alteration and molecular pathways involving in CML LSC survival in a favorable leukemic microenvironment and resistance to apoptosis, with the hope of providing a functional cure. In other words, it is possible to develop the combination therapy of TKs with drugs targeting genes or molecules more specifically, which is required for survival mechanisms of CML LSCs, while sparing normal HSCs for clinical benefits along with TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mojtahedi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Savier E, Simon-Gracia L, Charlotte F, Tuffery P, Teesalu T, Scatton O, Rebollo A. Bi-Functional Peptides as a New Therapeutic Tool for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101631. [PMID: 34683924 PMCID: PMC8541685 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The interfering peptides that block protein–protein interactions have been receiving increasing attention as potential therapeutic tools. Methods: We measured the internalization and biological effect of four bi-functional tumor-penetrating and interfering peptides into primary hepatocytes isolated from three non-malignant and 11 hepatocellular carcinomas. Results: These peptides are internalized in malignant hepatocytes but not in non-malignant cells. Furthermore, the degree of peptide internalization correlated with receptor expression level and tumor aggressiveness levels. Importantly, penetration of the peptides iRGD-IP, LinTT1-IP, TT1-IP, and RPARPAR-IP induced apoptosis of the malignant hepatocytes without effect on non-malignant cells. Conclusion: Receptor expression levels correlated with the level of peptide internalization and aggressiveness of the tumor. This study highlights the potential to exploit the expression of tumor-penetrating peptide receptors as a predictive marker of liver tumor aggressiveness. These bi-functional peptides could be developed for personalized tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Savier
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, AP-HP, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.); (O.S.)
- Sant Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Institut Nationale de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Lorena Simon-Gracia
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (L.S.-G.); (T.T.)
| | - Frederic Charlotte
- Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Pierre Tuffery
- Biologie Fontionelle Adaptative (BFA), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8251, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ERL U1133, Inserm, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Precision and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia; (L.S.-G.); (T.T.)
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Olivier Scatton
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Liver Transplantation Surgery, AP-HP, Pitié–Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.); (O.S.)
- Sant Antoine Research Center (CRSA), Institut Nationale de la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Angelita Rebollo
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Inserm U1267, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8258, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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17
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Cancer stem cell phosphatases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2899-2920. [PMID: 34319405 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in the initiation and progression of human malignancies by enabling cancer tissue self-renewal capacity and constituting the therapy-resistant population of tumor cells. However, despite the exhausting characterization of CSC genetics, epigenetics, and kinase signaling, eradication of CSCs remains an unattainable goal in most human malignancies. While phosphatases contribute equally with kinases to cellular phosphoregulation, our understanding of phosphatases in CSCs lags severely behind our knowledge about other CSC signaling mechanisms. Many cancer-relevant phosphatases have recently become druggable, indicating that further understanding of the CSC phosphatases might provide novel therapeutic opportunities. This review summarizes the current knowledge about fundamental, but yet poorly understood involvement of phosphatases in the regulation of major CSC signaling pathways. We also review the functional roles of phosphatases in CSC self-renewal, cancer progression, and therapy resistance; focusing particularly on hematological cancers and glioblastoma. We further discuss the small molecule targeting of CSC phosphatases and their therapeutic potential in cancer combination therapies.
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18
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Vainonen JP, Momeny M, Westermarck J. Druggable cancer phosphatases. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/588/eabe2967. [PMID: 33827975 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation status of oncoproteins is regulated by both kinases and phosphatases. Kinase inhibitors are rarely sufficient for successful cancer treatment, and phosphatases have been considered undruggable targets for cancer drug development. However, innovative pharmacological approaches for targeting phosphatases have recently emerged. Here, we review progress in the therapeutic targeting of oncogenic Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) and tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and select other druggable oncogenic and tumor suppressor phosphatases. We describe the modes of action for currently available small molecules that target phosphatases, their use in drug combinations, and advances in clinical development toward future cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Vainonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Majid Momeny
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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19
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Deregulation of protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor SET is associated with malignant progression in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14238. [PMID: 34244560 PMCID: PMC8270961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanism underlying metastasis, identification of a mechanism-based and common biomarker for circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in heterogenous breast cancer is needed. SET, an endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, was overexpressed in all subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma tissues. Treatment with SET-targeted siRNAs reduced the motility of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in transwell assay. SET knockdown reduced the number of mammospheres by 60–70% in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, which was associated with the downregulation of OCT4 and SLUG. Hence, we analysed the presence of SET-expressing CTCs (SET-CTCs) in 24 breast cancer patients. CTCs were enriched using a size-based method and then immunocytochemically analysed using an anti-SET antibody. SET-CTCs were detected in 6/6 (100%) patients with recurrent breast cancer with a median value of 12 (12 cells/3 mL blood), and in 13/18 (72.2%) patients with stage I–III breast cancer with a median value of 2.5, while the median value of healthy controls was 0. Importantly, high numbers of SET-CTCs were correlated with lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I–III disease. Our results indicate that SET contributes to breast cancer progression and can act as a potential biomarker of CTCs for the detection of metastasis.
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20
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Current Views on the Interplay between Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102311. [PMID: 34065882 PMCID: PMC8151247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The chromosomal alteration t(9;22) generating the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein represents the principal feature that distinguishes some types of leukemia. An increasing number of articles have focused the attention on the relevance of protein phosphatases and their potential role in the control of BCR-ABL1-dependent or -independent signaling in different areas related to the biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Herein, we discuss how tyrosine and serine/threonine protein phosphatases may interact with protein kinases, in order to regulate proliferative signal cascades, quiescence and self-renewals on leukemic stem cells, and drug-resistance, indicating how BCR-ABL1 can (directly or indirectly) affect these critical cells behaviors. We provide an updated review of the literature on the function of protein phosphatases and their regulation mechanism in chronic myeloid leukemia. Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression. This dysregulated protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) is known as the principal driver of the disease and is targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Extensive documentation has elucidated how the transformation of malignant cells is characterized by multiple genetic/epigenetic changes leading to the loss of tumor-suppressor genes function or proto-oncogenes expression. The impairment of adequate levels of substrates phosphorylation, thus affecting the balance PTKs and protein phosphatases (PPs), represents a well-established cellular mechanism to escape from self-limiting signals. In this review, we focus our attention on the characterization of and interactions between PTKs and PPs, emphasizing their biological roles in disease expansion, the regulation of LSCs and TKI resistance. We decided to separate those PPs that have been validated in primary cell models or leukemia mouse models from those whose studies have been performed only in cell lines (and, thus, require validation), as there may be differences in the manner that the associated pathways are modified under these two conditions. This review summarizes the roles of diverse PPs, with hope that better knowledge of the interplay among phosphatases and kinases will eventually result in a better understanding of this disease and contribute to its eradication.
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21
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Scarpa M, Singh P, Bailey CM, Lee JK, Kapoor S, Lapidus RG, Niyongere S, Sangodkar J, Wang Y, Perrotti D, Narla G, Baer MR. PP2A-activating Drugs Enhance FLT3 Inhibitor Efficacy through AKT Inhibition-Dependent GSK-3β-Mediated c-Myc and Pim-1 Proteasomal Degradation. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:676-690. [PMID: 33568357 PMCID: PMC8027945 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine-like kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) is present in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 30% of patients and is associated with short disease-free survival. FLT3 inhibitor efficacy is limited and transient but may be enhanced by multitargeting of FLT3-ITD signaling pathways. FLT3-ITD drives both STAT5-dependent transcription of oncogenic Pim-1 kinase and inactivation of the tumor-suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and FLT3-ITD, Pim-1, and PP2A all regulate the c-Myc oncogene. We studied mechanisms of action of cotreatment of FLT3-ITD-expressing cells with FLT3 inhibitors and PP2A-activating drugs (PADs), which are in development. PADs, including FTY720 and DT-061, enhanced FLT3 inhibitor growth suppression and apoptosis induction in FLT3-ITD-expressing cell lines and primary AML cells in vitro and MV4-11 growth suppression in vivo PAD and FLT3 inhibitor cotreatment independently downregulated c-Myc and Pim-1 protein through enhanced proteasomal degradation. c-Myc and Pim-1 downregulation was preceded by AKT inactivation, did not occur in cells expressing myristoylated (constitutively active) AKT1, and could be induced by AKT inhibition. AKT inactivation resulted in activation of GSK-3β, and GSK-3β inhibition blocked downregulation of both c-Myc and Pim-1 by PAD and FLT3 inhibitor cotreatment. GSK-3β activation increased c-Myc proteasomal degradation through c-Myc phosphorylation on T58; infection with c-Myc with T58A substitution, preventing phosphorylation, blocked downregulation of c-Myc by PAD and FLT3 inhibitor cotreatment. GSK-3β also phosphorylated Pim-1L/Pim-1S on S95/S4. Thus, PADs enhance efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3-ITD-expressing cells through a novel mechanism involving AKT inhibition-dependent GSK-3β-mediated increased c-Myc and Pim-1 proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Scarpa
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine
| | - Prerna Singh
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Christopher M Bailey
- Department of Surgery and
- Division of Immunotherapy, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonelle K Lee
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Shivani Kapoor
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine
| | - Sandrine Niyongere
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yin Wang
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Surgery and
- Division of Immunotherapy, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maria R Baer
- The University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center,
- Department of Medicine
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Wang Z, Cai J, Cheng J, Yang W, Zhu Y, Li H, Lu T, Chen Y, Lu S. FLT3 Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Challenges and Recent Developments in Overcoming Resistance. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2878-2900. [PMID: 33719439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene are often present in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with an incidence rate of approximately 30%. Recently, many FLT3 inhibitors have been developed and exhibit positive preclinical and clinical effects against AML. However, patients develop resistance soon after undergoing FLT3 inhibitor treatment, resulting in short durable responses and poor clinical effects. This review will discuss the main mechanisms of resistance to clinical FLT3 inhibitors and summarize the emerging strategies that are utilized to overcome drug resistance. Basically, medicinal chemistry efforts to develop new small-molecule FLT3 inhibitors offer a direct solution to this problem. Other potential strategies include the combination of FLT3 inhibitors with other therapies and the development of multitarget inhibitors. It is hoped that this review will provide inspiring insights into the discovery of new AML therapies that can eventually overcome the resistance to current FLT3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Jiongheng Cai
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cheng
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Wenqianzi Yang
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Lu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
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Yung Y, Lee E, Chu HT, Yip PK, Gill H. Targeting Abnormal Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020659. [PMID: 33440869 PMCID: PMC7827471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are unique hematopoietic stem cell disorders sharing mutations that constitutively activate the signal-transduction pathways involved in haematopoiesis. They are characterized by stem cell-derived clonal myeloproliferation. The key MPNs comprise chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). CML is defined by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome and BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Despite effective cytoreductive agents and targeted therapy, complete CML/MPN stem cell eradication is rarely achieved. In this review article, we discuss the novel agents and combination therapy that can potentially abnormal hematopoietic stem cells in CML and MPNs and the CML/MPN stem cell-sustaining bone marrow microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Autophagy
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease Susceptibility
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stem Cell Niche
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harinder Gill
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2255-4542; Fax: +852-2816-2863
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The Molecular 'Myc-anisms' Behind Myc-Driven Tumorigenesis and the Relevant Myc-Directed Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249486. [PMID: 33322239 PMCID: PMC7764474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC, a well-studied proto-oncogene that is overexpressed in >20% of tumors across all cancers, is classically known as “undruggable” due to its crucial roles in cell processes and its lack of a drug binding pocket. Four decades of research and creativity led to the discovery of a myriad of indirect (and now some direct!) therapeutic strategies targeting Myc. This review explores the various mechanisms in which Myc promotes cancer and highlights five key therapeutic approaches to disrupt Myc, including transcription, Myc-Max dimerization, protein stability, cell cycle regulation, and metabolism, in order to develop more specific Myc-directed therapies.
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25
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Synergic effect of OP449 and FTY720 on oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Hsiao PC, Chang JH, Lee WJ, Ku CC, Tsai MY, Yang SF, Chien MH. The Curcumin Analogue, EF-24, Triggers p38 MAPK-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death via Inducing PP2A-Modulated ERK Deactivation in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082163. [PMID: 32759757 PMCID: PMC7464750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) has a range of therapeutic benefits against cancers, but its poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its clinical use. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and diphenyl difluoroketone (EF-24) are natural and synthetic curcumin analogues, respectively, with better solubilities and higher anti-carcinogenic activities in various solid tumors than CUR. However, the efficacy of these analogues against non-solid tumors, particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), has not been fully investigated. Herein, we observed that both DMC and EF-24 significantly decrease the proportion of viable AML cells including HL-60, U937, and MV4-11, harboring different NRAS and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) statuses, and that EF-24 has a lower half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) than DMC. We found that EF-24 treatment induces several features of apoptosis, including an increase in the sub-G1 population, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and significant activation of extrinsic proapoptotic signaling such as caspase-8 and -3 activation. Mechanistically, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is critical for EF-24-triggered apoptosis via activating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to attenuate extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activities in HL-60 AML cells. In the clinic, patients with AML expressing high level of PP2A have the most favorable prognoses compared to various solid tumors. Taken together, our results indicate that EF-24 is a potential therapeutic agent for treating AML, especially for cancer types that lose the function of the PP2A tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Hsiao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Hwa Chang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Ying Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-F.Y.); (M.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3237) (M.-H.C.); +886-4-2473-9595 (ext. 34253) (S.-F.Y.); Fax: +886-2-2739-0500 (M.-H.C.); +886-4-2472-3229 (S.-F.Y.)
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-F.Y.); (M.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3237) (M.-H.C.); +886-4-2473-9595 (ext. 34253) (S.-F.Y.); Fax: +886-2-2739-0500 (M.-H.C.); +886-4-2472-3229 (S.-F.Y.)
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Cristóbal I, Rubio J, Santos A, Torrejón B, Caramés C, Imedio L, Mariblanca S, Luque M, Sanz-Alvarez M, Zazo S, Madoz-Gúrpide J, Rojo F, García-Foncillas J. MicroRNA-199b Downregulation Confers Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil Treatment and Predicts Poor Outcome and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061655. [PMID: 32580513 PMCID: PMC7352382 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemoradiotherapy followed by mesorectal excision is the current standard treatment in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) and the lack of complete response represents a major problem that compromises long-term patient survival. However, there is a lack of robust established markers predictive of response to this preoperative treatment available in the clinical routine. The tumor suppressor microRNA (miR)-199b directly targets the PP2A inhibitor SET, which has been involved in 5-FU resistance, and its downregulation has been found to correlate with poor outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer. Here, we studied the functional effects of miR-199b on 5-FU sensitivity after its ectopic modulation, and its expression was quantified by real-time-PCR in a cohort of 110 LARC patients to evaluate its potential clinical significance. Interestingly, our findings demonstrate that miR-199b enhances the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU in a SET-dependent manner, and that both miR-199b overexpression and SET inhibition are able to overcome resistance to this drug using an acquired 5-FU-resistant model. MiR-199b was found downregulated in 26.4% of cases and was associated with positive lymph node levels after chemoradiotherapy (CRT, p = 0.007) and high pathological stage (p = 0.029). Moreover, miR-199b downregulation determined shorter overall (p = 0.003) and event-free survival (p = 0.005), and was an independent predictor of poor response to preoperative CRT (p = 0.004). In conclusion, our findings highlight the clinical impact of miR-199b downregulation predicting poor outcome and pathological response in LARC, and suggest the miR-199b/SET signaling axis as a novel molecular target to prevent the development of resistance to 5-FU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Cristóbal
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (J.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-915504800 (I.C. & J.G.-F.)
| | - Jaime Rubio
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital “Fundación Jiménez Díaz”, UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Santos
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Torrejón
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Caramés
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital “Fundación Jiménez Díaz”, UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Imedio
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Mariblanca
- Cancer Unit for Research on Novel Therapeutic Targets, Oncohealth Institute, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.R.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (C.C.); (L.I.); (S.M.)
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melani Luque
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (M.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (J.M.-G.); (F.R.)
| | - Marta Sanz-Alvarez
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (M.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (J.M.-G.); (F.R.)
| | - Sandra Zazo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (M.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (J.M.-G.); (F.R.)
| | - Juan Madoz-Gúrpide
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (M.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (J.M.-G.); (F.R.)
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.); (M.S.-A.); (S.Z.); (J.M.-G.); (F.R.)
| | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital “Fundación Jiménez Díaz”, UAM, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (J.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-915504800 (I.C. & J.G.-F.)
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Sriratanasak N, Petsri K, Laobuthee A, Wattanathana W, Vinayanuwattikun C, Luanpitpong S, Chanvorachote P. Novel c-Myc-Targeting Compound N, N-Bis (5-Ethyl-2-Hydroxybenzyl) Methylamine for Mediated c-Myc Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Degradation in Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:130-142. [PMID: 32487733 DOI: 10.1124/mol.120.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cellular Myc (c-Myc) is a common feature in the majority of human cancers and has been linked to oncogenic malignancies. Here, we developed a novel c-Myc-targeting compound, N, N-bis (5-ethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl) methylamine (EMD), and present evidence demonstrating its effectiveness in targeting c-Myc for degradation in human lung carcinoma. EMD exhibited strong cytotoxicity toward various human lung cancer cell lines, as well as chemotherapeutic-resistant patient-derived lung cancer cells, through apoptosis induction in comparison with chemotherapeutic drugs. The IC50 of EMD against lung cancer cells was approximately 60 µM. Mechanistically, EMD eliminated c-Myc in the cells and initiated caspase-dependent apoptosis cascade. Cycloheximide chase assay revealed that EMD tended to shorten the half-life of c-Myc by approximately half. The cotreatment of EMD with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 reversed its c-Myc-targeting effect, suggesting the involvement of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation in the process. We further verified that EMD strongly induced the ubiquitination of c-Myc and promoted protein degradation. c-Myc inhibition and apoptosis induction were additionally shown in hematologic malignant K562 cells, indicating the generality of the observed EMD effects. Altogether, we identified EMD as a novel potent compound targeting oncogenic c-Myc that may offer new opportunities for lung cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The deregulation of c-Myc is frequently associated with cancer progression. This study examined the effect of a new compound, N, N-bis (5-ethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl) methylamine (EMD), in targeting c-Myc in several lung cancer cell lines and drug-resistant primary lung cancer cells. EMD induced dramatic c-Myc degradation through a ubiquitin-proteasomal mechanism. The promising anticancer and c-Myc-targeted activities of EMD support its use in potential new approaches to treat c-Myc-driven cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicharat Sriratanasak
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Korrakod Petsri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Apirat Laobuthee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Worawat Wattanathana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Chanida Vinayanuwattikun
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit (N.S., K.P., P.C.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Doctor of Philosophy Program in Interdisciplinary Pharmacology, Graduate School (K.P.), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand (A.L., W.W.); ivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand (C.V.); and Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.L.)
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Wei H, Zhang HL, Xie JZ, Meng DL, Wang XC, Ke D, Zeng J, Liu R. Protein Phosphatase 2A as a Drug Target in the Treatment of Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:1-8. [PMID: 32166659 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase which participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. As a confirmed tumor suppressor, PP2A activity is downregulated in tumors and its re-activation can induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, decreased PP2A activity also plays a key role in promoting tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ generation. In this review, we discussed compounds aiming at modulating PP2A activity in the treatment of cancer or AD. The upstream factors that inactivate PP2A in diseases have not been fully elucidated and further studies are needed. It will help for the refinement and development of novel and clinically tractable PP2A-targeted compounds or therapies for the treatment of tumor and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dong-Li Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Ke
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Ji Zeng
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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30
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Silvestri G, Trotta R, Stramucci L, Ellis JJ, Harb JG, Neviani P, Wang S, Eisfeld AK, Walker CJ, Zhang B, Srutova K, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Pineda G, Jamieson CHM, Stagno F, Vigneri P, Nteliopoulos G, May PC, Reid AG, Garzon R, Roy DC, Moutuou MM, Guimond M, Hokland P, Deininger MW, Fitzgerald G, Harman C, Dazzi F, Milojkovic D, Apperley JF, Marcucci G, Qi J, Polakova KM, Zou Y, Fan X, Baer MR, Calabretta B, Perrotti D. Persistence of Drug-Resistant Leukemic Stem Cells and Impaired NK Cell Immunity in CML Patients Depend on MIR300 Antiproliferative and PP2A-Activating Functions. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:48-67. [PMID: 32974613 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.bcd-19-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of drug-resistant quiescent leukemic stem cells (LSC) and impaired natural killer (NK) cell immune response account for relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is essential for CML-quiescent LSC survival and NK cell antitumor activity. Here we show that MIR300 has antiproliferative and PP2A-activating functions that are dose dependently differentially induced by CCND2/CDK6 and SET inhibition, respectively. MIR300 is upregulated in CML LSCs and NK cells by bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) signals to induce quiescence and impair immune response, respectively. Conversely, BCR-ABL1 downregulates MIR300 in CML progenitors to prevent growth arrest and PP2A-mediated apoptosis. Quiescent LSCs escape apoptosis by upregulating TUG1 long noncoding RNA that uncouples and limits MIR300 function to cytostasis. Genetic and pharmacologic MIR300 modulation and/or PP2A-activating drug treatment restore NK cell activity, inhibit BMM-induced growth arrest, and selectively trigger LSC apoptosis in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts; hence, the importance of MIR300 and PP2A activity for CML development and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovannino Silvestri
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rossana Trotta
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Stramucci
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jason G Harb
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Paolo Neviani
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann-Kathrin Eisfeld
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Klara Srutova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gabriel Pineda
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Catriona H M Jamieson
- Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Fabio Stagno
- Division of Hematology and Unit of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Vigneri
- Division of Hematology and Unit of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Georgios Nteliopoulos
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C May
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair G Reid
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramiro Garzon
- Department of Molecular Virology Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Moutuaata M Moutuou
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Guimond
- Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael W Deininger
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Garrett Fitzgerald
- Center for Advanced Fetal Care University, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Harman
- Center for Advanced Fetal Care University, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Division of Cancer Studies, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dragana Milojkovic
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Leukemia Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jianfei Qi
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ying Zou
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bruno Calabretta
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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The Role of MYC and PP2A in the Initiation and Progression of Myeloid Leukemias. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030544. [PMID: 32110991 PMCID: PMC7140463 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYC transcription factor is one of the best characterized PP2A substrates. Deregulation of the MYC oncogene, along with inactivation of PP2A, are two frequent events in cancer. Both proteins are essential regulators of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and they, directly and indirectly, regulate each other’s activity. Studies in cancer suggest that targeting the MYC/PP2A network is an achievable strategy for the clinic. Here, we focus on and discuss the role of MYC and PP2A in myeloid leukemias.
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Abstract
MYC is a master transcriptional regulator that controls almost all cellular processes. Over the last several decades, researchers have strived to define the context-dependent transcriptional gene programs that are controlled by MYC, as well as the mechanisms that regulate MYC function, in an effort to better understand the contribution of this oncoprotein to cancer progression. There are a wealth of data indicating that deregulation of MYC activity occurs in a large number of cancers and significantly contributes to disease progression, metastatic potential, and therapeutic resistance. Although the therapeutic targeting of MYC in cancer is highly desirable, there remain substantial structural and functional challenges that have impeded direct MYC-targeted drug development and efficacy. While efforts to drug the ‘undruggable’ may seem futile given these challenges and considering the broad reach of MYC, significant strides have been made to identify points of regulation that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. These include targeting the deregulation of MYC transcription in cancer through small-molecule inhibitors that induce epigenetic silencing or that regulate the G-quadruplex structures within the MYC promoter. Alternatively, compounds that disrupt the DNA-binding activities of MYC have been the long-standing focus of many research groups, since this method would prevent downstream MYC oncogenic activities regardless of upstream alterations. Finally, proteins involved in the post-translational regulation of MYC have been identified as important surrogate targets to reduce MYC activity downstream of aberrant cell stimulatory signals. Given the complex regulation of the MYC signaling pathway, a combination of these approaches may provide the most durable response, but this has yet to be shown. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different therapeutic strategies being employed to target oncogenic MYC function, with a focus on post-translational mechanisms.
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A new regulatory mechanism of protein phosphatase 2A activity via SET in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:3. [PMID: 31913266 PMCID: PMC6949222 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy. Although novel emerging drugs are available, the overall prognosis remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are required. PP2A phosphatase is a key regulator of cell homeostasis and is recurrently inactivated in AML. The anticancer activity of several PP2A-activating drugs (e.g., FTY720) depends on their interaction with the SET oncoprotein, an endogenous PP2A inhibitor that is overexpressed in 30% of AML cases. Elucidation of SET regulatory mechanisms may therefore provide novel targeted therapies for SET-overexpressing AMLs. Here, we show that upregulation of protein kinase p38β is a common event in AML. We provide evidence that p38β potentiates SET-mediated PP2A inactivation by two mechanisms: facilitating SET cytoplasmic translocation through CK2 phosphorylation, and directly binding to and stabilizing the SET protein. We demonstrate the importance of this new regulatory mechanism in primary AML cells from patients and in zebrafish xenograft models. Accordingly, combination of the CK2 inhibitor CX-4945, which retains SET in the nucleus, and FTY720, which disrupts the SET-PP2A binding in the cytoplasm, significantly reduces the viability and migration of AML cells. In conclusion, we show that the p38β/CK2/SET axis represents a new potential therapeutic pathway in AML patients with SET-dependent PP2A inactivation.
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Vicente C, Arriazu E, Martínez-Balsalobre E, Peris I, Marcotegui N, García-Ramírez P, Pippa R, Rabal O, Oyarzábal J, Guruceaga E, Prósper F, Mateos MC, Cayuela ML, Odero MD. A novel FTY720 analogue targets SET-PP2A interaction and inhibits growth of acute myeloid leukemia cells without inducing cardiac toxicity. Cancer Lett 2020; 468:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Farrington CC, Yuan E, Mazhar S, Izadmehr S, Hurst L, Allen-Petersen BL, Janghorban M, Chung E, Wolczanski G, Galsky M, Sears R, Sangodkar J, Narla G. Protein phosphatase 2A activation as a therapeutic strategy for managing MYC-driven cancers. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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36
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Zanforlin E, Zagotto G, Ribaudo G. A Chemical Approach to Overcome Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Resistance: Learning from Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6033-6052. [PMID: 29874990 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180607092451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possibilities of treatment for oncological diseases are growing enormously in the last decades. Unfortunately, these developments have led to the onset of resistances with regards to the new treatments. This is particularly true if we face with the therapeutic field of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs). This review gives an overview of possible TKI resistances that can occur during the treatment of an oncologic diesease and available strategies that can be adopted, taking cues from a successful example such as CML. METHODS We performed a literature search for peer-reviewed articles using different databases, such as PubMed and Scopus, and exploiting different keywords and different logical operators. RESULTS 68 papers were included in the review. Twenty-four papers give an overview of the causes of TKIs resistances in the wide oncologic field. The remaining papers deal CML, deeply analysing the TKIs Resistances present in this pathology and the strategies adopted to overcome them. CONCLUSION The aim of this review is to furnish an overview and a methodological guideline for the approach and the overcoming of TKIs Resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Zanforlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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37
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Huang X, Lin H, Huang F, Xie Y, Wong KH, Chen X, Wu D, Lu A, Yang Z. Targeting Approaches of Nanomedicines in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819887048. [PMID: 31853234 PMCID: PMC6906351 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819887048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy, which is commonly
associated with high incidence and mortality among adult patients. The standard
induction regimen for AML has been substantially unchanged over the past 40
years, for which novel nanomedicines have represented a promising strategy in
AML therapies. Despite developments of multiple nanoparticles formulated with
drugs or genes, less there is not much information available about approaches in
AML is available. This review presents an overview of nanomedicines currently
being evaluated in AML. First, it briefly summarized conventional chemotherapies
in use. Second, nanomedicines presently ongoing in clinical trials or
preclinical researches were classified and described, with illustrative examples
from recent literatures. Finally, limitations and potential safety issues
concerns in clinical translation of AML treatment were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Institute of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuning Xie
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Hong Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongyue Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Zhao Z, Kurimchak A, Nikonova AS, Feiser F, Wasserman JS, Fowle H, Varughese T, Connors M, Johnson K, Makhov P, Lindskog C, Kolenko VM, Golemis EA, Duncan JS, Graña X. PPP2R2A prostate cancer haploinsufficiency is associated with worse prognosis and a high vulnerability to B55α/PP2A reconstitution that triggers centrosome destabilization. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:72. [PMID: 31822657 PMCID: PMC6904742 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The PPP2R2A gene encodes the B55α regulatory subunit of PP2A. Here, we report that PPP2R2A is hemizygously lost in ~42% of prostate adenocarcinomas, correlating with reduced expression, poorer prognosis, and an increased incidence of hemizygous loss (>75%) in metastatic disease. Of note, PPP2R2A homozygous loss is less common (5%) and not increased at later tumor stages. Reduced expression of B55α is also seen in prostate tumor tissue and cell lines. Consistent with the possibility that complete loss of PPP2R2A is detrimental in prostate tumors, PPP2R2A deletion in cells with reduced but present B55α reduces cell proliferation by slowing progression through the cell cycle. Remarkably, B55α-low cells also appear addicted to lower B55α expression, as even moderate increases in B55α expression are toxic. Reconstitution of B55α expression in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines with low B55α expression reduces proliferation, inhibits transformation and blocks xenograft tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, we show B55α reconstitution reduces phosphorylation of proteins essential for centrosomal maintenance, and induces centrosome collapse and chromosome segregation failure; a first reported link between B55α/PP2A and the vertebrate centrosome. These effects are dependent on a prolonged metaphase/anaphase checkpoint and are lethal to PCa cells addicted to low levels of B55α. Thus, we propose the reduction in B55α levels associated with hemizygous loss is necessary for centrosomal integrity in PCa cells, leading to selective lethality of B55α reconstitution. Such a vulnerability could be targeted therapeutically in the large pool of patients with hemizygous PPP2R2A deletions, using pharmacologic approaches that enhance PP2A/B55α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Zhao
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Alison Kurimchak
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | | | - Felicity Feiser
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jason S Wasserman
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Holly Fowle
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Tinsa Varughese
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Megan Connors
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | | | - Petr Makhov
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Farrington CC, Yuan E, Mazhar S, Izadmehr S, Hurst L, Allen-Petersen BL, Janghorban M, Chung E, Wolczanski G, Galsky M, Sears R, Sangodkar J, Narla G. Protein phosphatase 2A activation as a therapeutic strategy for managing MYC-driven cancers. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:757-770. [PMID: 31822503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase whose activity is inhibited in most human cancers. One of the best-characterized PP2A substrates is MYC proto-oncogene basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (MYC), whose overexpression is commonly associated with aggressive forms of this disease. PP2A directly dephosphorylates MYC, resulting in its degradation. To explore the therapeutic potential of direct PP2A activation in a diverse set of MYC-driven cancers, here we used biochemical assays, recombinant cell lines, gene expression analyses, and immunohistochemistry to evaluate a series of first-in-class small-molecule activators of PP2A (SMAPs) in Burkitt lymphoma, KRAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer. In all tested models of MYC-driven cancer, the SMAP treatment rapidly and persistently inhibited MYC expression through proteasome-mediated degradation, inhibition of MYC transcriptional activity, decreased cancer cell proliferation, and tumor growth inhibition. Importantly, we generated a series of cell lines expressing PP2A-dependent phosphodegron variants of MYC and demonstrated that the antitumorigenic activity of SMAPs depends on MYC degradation. Collectively, the findings presented here indicate a pharmacologically tractable approach to drive MYC degradation by using SMAPs for the management of a broad range of MYC-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Yuan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sahar Mazhar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Lauren Hurst
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Brittany L Allen-Petersen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Mahnaz Janghorban
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Eric Chung
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Grace Wolczanski
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Matthew Galsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rosalie Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Goutham Narla
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Mäkelä E, Löyttyniemi E, Salmenniemi U, Kauko O, Varila T, Kairisto V, Itälä-Remes M, Westermarck J. Arpp19 Promotes Myc and Cip2a Expression and Associates with Patient Relapse in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111774. [PMID: 31717978 PMCID: PMC6895887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease relapse from standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poorly understood. The importance of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as an AML tumor suppressor is emerging. Therefore, here, we examined the potential role of endogenous PP2A inhibitor proteins as biomarkers predicting AML relapse in a standard patient population by using three independent patient materials: cohort1 (n = 80), cohort2 (n = 48) and The Cancer Genome Atlas Acute Myeloid Leukemia (TCGA LAML) dataset (n = 160). Out of the examined PP2A inhibitors (CIP2A, SET, PME1, ARPP19 and TIPRL), expression of ARPP19 mRNA was found to be independent of the current AML risk classification. Functionally, ARPP19 promoted AML cell viability and expression of oncoproteins MYC, CDK1, and CIP2A. Clinically, ARPP19 mRNA expression was significantly lower at diagnosis (p = 0.035) in patients whose disease did not relapse after standard chemotherapy. ARPP19 was an independent predictor for relapse both in univariable (p = 0.007) and in multivariable analyses (p = 0.0001) and gave additive information to EVI1 expression and risk group status (additive effect, p = 0.005). Low ARPP19 expression was also associated with better patient outcome in the TCGA LAML cohort (p = 0.019). In addition, in matched patient samples from diagnosis, remission and relapse phases, ARPP19 expression was associated with disease activity (p = 0.034), indicating its potential usefulness as a minimal residual disease (MRD) marker. Together, these data demonstrate the oncogenic function of ARPP19 in AML and its risk group independent role in predicting AML patient relapse tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mäkelä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Urpu Salmenniemi
- Department of Hematology, Turku University Hospital (TYKS), 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Otto Kauko
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Taru Varila
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli Kairisto
- Central Laboratory, Turku University Hospital (TYKS), 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Itälä-Remes
- Department of Hematology, Turku University Hospital (TYKS), 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +358-29-450-2880
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41
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Clark AR, Ohlmeyer M. Protein phosphatase 2A as a therapeutic target in inflammation and neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:181-201. [PMID: 31158394 PMCID: PMC6700395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a highly complex heterotrimeric enzyme that catalyzes the selective removal of phosphate groups from protein serine and threonine residues. Emerging evidence suggests that it functions as a tumor suppressor by constraining phosphorylation-dependent signalling pathways that regulate cellular transformation and metastasis. Therefore, PP2A-activating drugs (PADs) are being actively sought and investigated as potential novel anti-cancer treatments. Here we explore the concept that PP2A also constrains inflammatory responses through its inhibitory effects on various signalling pathways, suggesting that PADs may be effective in the treatment of inflammation-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Wu SY, Wen YC, Ku CC, Yang YC, Chow JM, Yang SF, Lee WJ, Chien MH. Penfluridol triggers cytoprotective autophagy and cellular apoptosis through ROS induction and activation of the PP2A-modulated MAPK pathway in acute myeloid leukemia with different FLT3 statuses. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:63. [PMID: 31470848 PMCID: PMC6717358 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy is the main treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the cure rates for AML patients remain low, and the notorious adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs drastically reduce the life quality of patients. Penfluridol, a long-acting oral antipsychotic drug, has an outstanding safety record and exerts oncostatic effects on various solid tumors. Until now, the effect of penfluridol on AML remains unknown. Methods AML cell lines harboring wild-type (WT) Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and internal tandem duplication (ITD)-mutated FLT3 were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of penfluridol by an MTS assay. A flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescence staining were employed to determine the cell-death phenotype, cell cycle profile, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) formation. Western blotting and chemical inhibitors were used to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in penfluridol-mediated cell death. Results We observed that penfluridol concentration-dependently suppressed the cell viability of AML cells with FLT3-WT (HL-60 and U937) and FLT3-ITD (MV4–11). We found that penfluridol treatment not only induced apoptosis as evidenced by increases of nuclear fragmentation, the sub-G1 populations, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and caspase-3 activation, but also triggered autophagic responses, such as the light chain 3 (LC3) turnover and AVO formation. Interestingly, blocking autophagy by the pharmacological inhibitors, 3-methyladenine and chloroquine, dramatically enhanced penfluridol-induced apoptosis, indicating the cytoprotective role of autophagy in penfluridol-treated AML cells. Mechanistically, penfluridol-induced apoptosis occurred through activating protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to suppress Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities. Moreover, penfluridol’s augmentation of intracellular ROS levels was critical for the penfluridol-induced autophagic response. In the clinic, we observed that patients with AML expressing high PP2A had favorable prognoses. Conclusions These findings provide a rationale for penfluridol being used as a PP2A activator for AML treatment, and the combination of penfluridol with an autophagy inhibitor may be a novel strategy for AML harboring FLT3-WT and FLT3-ITD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-019-0557-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Wen
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Ku
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ming Chow
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Remmerie M, Janssens V. PP2A: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Endometrial Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:462. [PMID: 31214504 PMCID: PMC6558005 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the use of targeted therapies has immensely increased in the treatment of cancer. However, treatment for endometrial carcinomas (ECs) has lagged behind, although potential molecular markers have been identified. This is particularly problematic for the type II ECs, since these aggressive tumors are usually not responsive toward the current standard therapies. Therefore, type II ECs are responsible for most EC-related deaths, indicating the need for new treatment options. Interestingly, molecular analyses of type II ECs have uncovered frequent genetic alterations (up to 40%) in PPP2R1A, encoding the Aα subunit of the tumor suppressive heterotrimeric protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). PPP2R1A mutations were also reported in type I ECs and other common gynecologic cancers, albeit at much lower frequencies (0-7%). Nevertheless, PP2A inactivation in the latter cancer types is common via other mechanisms, in particular by increased expression of Cancerous Inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and PP2A Methylesterase-1 (PME-1) proteins. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of direct and indirect PP2A targeting compounds, possibly in combination with other anti-cancer drugs, in EC. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of the PP2A status as a predictive and/or prognostic marker for type I and II ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Javadpour P, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A, Ghasemi R. To be or not to be: PP2A as a dual player in CNS functions, its role in neurodegeneration, and its interaction with brain insulin signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2277-2297. [PMID: 30874837 PMCID: PMC11105459 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has reached the consensus that the balance of phosphorylation state of signaling molecules is a pivotal point in the regulation of cell signaling. Therefore, characterizing elements (kinases-phosphatases) in the phosphorylation balance are at great importance. However, the role of phosphatase enzymes is less investigated than kinase enzymes. PP2A is a member of serine/threonine protein phosphatase that its imbalance has been reported in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we reviewed the superfamily of phosphatases and more specifically PP2A, its regulation, and physiological functions participate in CNS. Thereafter, we discussed the latest findings about PP2A dysregulation in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and possible interplay between this phosphatase and insulin signaling pathways. Finally, activating/inhibitory modulators for PP2A activity as well as experimental methods for PP2A study have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Javadpour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yin L, Zeng Y, Xiao Y, Chen Y, Shen H, Dong J. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1-mediated phosphorylation of SET at serine 7 is essential for its oncogenic activity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:385. [PMID: 31097686 PMCID: PMC6522553 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SE translocation (SET), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), plays important roles in mitosis and possesses oncogenic activity in several types of cancer. However, little is known regarding its regulation. Here we reveal a novel phosphorylation site of SET isoform 1, and we have determined its biological significance in tumorigenesis. We found that the mitotic kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) phosphorylates SET isoform 1 in vitro and in vivo at serine 7 during antitubulin drug-induced mitotic arrest and normal mitosis. SET deletion resulted in massive multipolar spindles, chromosome misalignment and missegregation, and centrosome amplification during mitosis. Moreover, mitotic phosphorylation of SET isoform 1 is required for cell migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumorigenesis in xenograft animal models. We further documented that SET phosphorylation affects Akt activity. Collectively, our findings suggest that SET isoform 1 promotes oncogenesis in a mitotic phosphorylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yongji Zeng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yi Xiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Science, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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De Palma RM, Parnham SR, Li Y, Oaks JJ, Peterson YK, Szulc ZM, Roth BM, Xing Y, Ogretmen B. The NMR-based characterization of the FTY720-SET complex reveals an alternative mechanism for the attenuation of the inhibitory SET-PP2A interaction. FASEB J 2019; 33:7647-7666. [PMID: 30917007 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802264r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The su(var)3-9, enhancer of zeste, trithorax (SET)/inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) oncoprotein binds and inhibits PP2A, composed of various isoforms of scaffolding, regulatory, and catalytic subunits. Targeting SET with a sphingolipid analog drug fingolimod (FTY720) or ceramide leads to the reactivation of tumor suppressor PP2A. However, molecular details of the SET-FTY720 or SET-ceramide, and mechanism of FTY720-dependent PP2A activation, remain unknown. Here, we report the first in solution examination of the SET-FTY720 or SET-ceramide complexes by NMR spectroscopy. FTY720-ceramide binding resulted in chemical shifts of residues residing at the N terminus of SET, preventing its dimerization or oligomerization. This then released SET from PP2ACα, resulting in PP2A activation, while monomeric SET remained associated with the B56γ. Our data also suggest that the PP2A holoenzyme, composed of PP2A-Aβ, PP2A-B56γ, and PP2ACα subunits, is selectively activated in response to the formation of the SET-FTY720 complex in A549 cells. Various PP2A-associated downstream effector proteins in the presence or absence of FTY720 were then identified by stable isotope labeling with amino cells in cell culture, including tumor suppressor nonmuscle myosin IIA. Attenuation of FTY720-SET association by point mutations of residues that are involved in FTY720 binding or dephosphorylation of SET at Serine 171, enhanced SET oligomerization and the formation of the SET-PP2A inhibitory complex, leading to resistance to FTY720-dependent PP2A activation.-De Palma, R. M., Parnham, S. R., Li, Y., Oaks, J. J., Peterson, Y. K., Szulc, Z. M., Roth, B. M., Xing, Y., Ogretmen, B. The NMR-based characterization of the FTY720-SET complex reveals an alternative mechanism for the attenuation of the inhibitory SET-PP2A interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M De Palma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stuart R Parnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yitong Li
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zdzislaw M Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Braden M Roth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yongna Xing
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Deregulation of SET is Associated with Tumor Progression and Predicts Adverse Outcome in Patients with Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030346. [PMID: 30871013 PMCID: PMC6463201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SET nuclear proto-oncogene (SET) deregulation is a novel molecular target in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its role in CRC progression and its potential clinical impact in early-stage CRC patients remain unknown. Here, we studied the biological effects of SET on migration using wound-healing and transwell assays, and anchorage-independent cell growth using soft agar colony formation assays after ectopic SET modulation. SET was analyzed by immuno-staining in 231 early-stage CRC patients, and miR-199b expression was quantified by real-time PCR in a set of CRC patients. Interestingly, SET enhances cell migration, markedly affects the colony-forming ability, promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and induces the expression of the MYC proto-oncogene (c-MYC) in CRC cells. SET overexpression was detected in 15.4% of cases and was associated with worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status (p = 0.021) and relapse in stage-II CRC patients (p = 0.008). Moreover, SET overexpression predicted shorter overall survival (p < 0.001) and time to metastasis (p < 0.001), and its prognostic value was particularly evident in elderly patients. MiR-199b downregulation was identified as a molecular mechanism to deregulate SET in patients with localized disease. In conclusion, SET overexpression is a common alteration in early-stage CRC, playing an oncogenic role associated with progression and aggressiveness, and portends a poor outcome. Thus, SET emerges as a novel potential molecular target with clinical impact in early-stage in CRC.
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Protein Phosphatases-A Touchy Enemy in the Battle Against Glioblastomas: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020241. [PMID: 30791455 PMCID: PMC6406705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor arising from brain parenchyma. Although many efforts have been made to develop therapies for GBM, the prognosis still remains poor, mainly because of the difficulty in total resection of the tumor mass from brain tissue and the resistance of the residual tumor against standard chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, novel adjuvant therapies are urgently needed. Recent genome-wide analyses of GBM cases have clarified molecular signaling mechanisms underlying GBM biology. However, results of clinical trials targeting phosphorylation-mediated signaling have been unsatisfactory to date. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that antagonize phosphorylation signaling by dephosphorylating phosphorylated signaling molecules. Recently, the critical roles of phosphatases in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in malignant tumor cells have been reported, and tumorigenic roles of deregulated phosphatases have been demonstrated in GBM. However, a detailed mechanism underlying phosphatase-mediated signaling transduction in the regulation of GBM has not been elucidated, and such information is necessary to apply phosphatases as a therapeutic target for GBM. This review highlights and summarizes the phosphatases that have crucial roles in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in GBM cells.
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Targeting SET to restore PP2A activity disrupts an oncogenic CIP2A-feedforward loop and impairs triple negative breast cancer progression. EBioMedicine 2019; 40:263-275. [PMID: 30651219 PMCID: PMC6412013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains difficult to be targeted. SET and cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) are intrinsic protein-interacting inhibitors of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and frequently overexpressed in cancers, whereas reactivating PP2A activity has been postulated as an anti-cancer strategy. Here we explored this strategy in TNBC. Methods Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was analyzed. TNBC cell lines were used for in vitro studies. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. The apoptotic cells were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. A SET-PP2A protein-protein interaction antagonist TD19 was used to disrupt signal transduction. In vivo efficacy of TD19 was tested in MDA-MB-468-xenografted animal model. Findings TCGA data revealed upregulation of SET and CIP2A and positive correlation of these two gene expressions in TNBC tumors. Ectopic SET or CIP2A increased cell viability, migration, and invasion of TNBC cells. Notably ERK inhibition increased PP2A activity. ERK activation is known crucial for Elk-1 activity, a transcriptional factor regulating CIP2A expression, we hypothesized an oncogenic feedforward loop consisting of pERK/pElk-1/CIP2A/PP2A. This loop was validated by knockdown of PP2A and ectopic expression of Elk-1, showing reciprocal changes in loop members. In addition, ectopic expression of SET increased pAkt, pERK, pElk-1 and CIP2A expressions, suggesting a positive linkage between SET and CIP2A signaling. Moreover, TD19 disrupted this CIP2A-feedforward loop by restoring PP2A activity, demonstrating in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity. Mechanistically, TD19 downregulated CIP2A mRNA via inhibiting pERK-mediated Elk-1 nuclear translocation thereby decreased Elk-1 binding to the CIP2A promoter. Interpretation These findings suggested that a novel oncogenic CIP2A-feedforward loop contributes to TNBC progression and targeting SET to disrupt this oncogenic CIP2A loop showed therapeutic potential in TNBC.
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